79:
72:
152:
280:
1485:
780:
27:
852:
Kekkonen had in the spring of 1975 agreed to become the Social
Democratic presidential candidate, and after that all the major Finnish political parties chose him as their candidate. Kekkonen's opponents, such as the Christian League's presidential candidate Raino Westerholm, claimed that Kekkonen's
845:'s term by four years by Parliament. The public elected presidential electors to an electoral college on 15 and 16 January. The electors, in turn assembled in Helsinki on 15 February to formally elect the President.
853:
long presidency weakened the
Finnish democracy. Over one-third of the Finnish voters abstained from voting, partly as a protest against Kekkonen's expected landslide victory.
2138:
820:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
551:
546:
541:
2115:
1473:
1451:
2170:
453:
2185:
1890:
747:
743:
727:
694:
1371:
934:
569:
400:
970:
606:
2133:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
629:
529:
524:
519:
303:
2180:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
898:
838:
576:
505:
500:
495:
357:
51:
41:
2175:
1024:
813:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1466:
1126:
470:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
856:
The 77-year-old
Kekkonen's health was already declining, although this was not easily noticeable in his public appearances.
763:
755:
2077:
1898:
1269:
1072:
611:
465:
340:
109:
806:
793:
720:
849:, president since 1956, was re-elected on the first ballot by the electors. The turnout for the popular vote was 64%.
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1459:
1309:
1108:
458:
448:
441:
436:
426:
419:
376:
313:
191:
1712:
675:
353:
952:
586:
431:
1400:
Timo
Vihavainen (2003) "The Welfare Finland" (Hyvinvointi-Suomi), pp883–884 in Seppo Zetterberg et al., eds.,
601:
308:
298:
1249:
916:
656:
591:
318:
253:
238:
104:
1497:
395:
1908:
1489:
1304:
484:
336:
176:
2029:
1289:
1090:
270:
186:
78:
988:
637:
370:
1006:
71:
1367:
151:
1264:
94:
404:
346:
279:
1284:
784:
733:
171:
2164:
1359:
1244:
891:
846:
842:
249:
234:
89:
616:
596:
363:
581:
2125:
1440:
Seeger, Murray (1 February 1978). "Finland's
Kekkonen Seems Indispensable".
1484:
834:
1455:
2124:
2076:
2028:
1907:
1889:
1711:
1496:
225:
2151:Elections in brackets were not public elections
833:Two-stage presidential elections were held in
1467:
837:in 1978. They were the first elections since
814:
8:
18:
1474:
1460:
1452:
1222:
868:
821:
807:
265:
17:
1349:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1210:
1197:
1184:
1171:
1158:
1154:
1140:
268:
1227:
1198:
1185:
1172:
1159:
873:
7:
1490:Elections and referendums in Finland
1402:A Small Giant of the Finnish History
1364:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
1355:
1353:
1426:Aarno Laitinen et al., eds. (1981)
1417:, Finnish Literature Society, p963
935:Finnish People's Democratic League
19:1978 Finnish presidential election
14:
2171:Presidential elections in Finland
1428:Tamminiemi's Inheritance Dividers
1483:
778:
278:
150:
77:
70:
25:
764:Politics of the European Union
587:National Coalition Party (KOK)
459:Regional Administrative Courts
1:
2186:January 1978 events in Europe
1310:Constitutional People's Party
1109:Constitutional People's Party
841:, as Parliament had extended
577:Social Democratic Party (SDP)
192:Constitutional People's Party
1127:Finnish People's Unity Party
1042:Private Entrepreneurs' Party
607:Swedish People's Party (RKP)
454:Supreme Administrative Court
1362:& Philip Stöver (2010)
1337:Source: Nohlen & Stöver
1212:Source: Nohlen & Stöver
728:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
695:Wellbeing services counties
304:Declaration of Independence
2202:
1413:Pentti Virrankoski (2009)
889:
887:
2181:1978 elections in Finland
2147:
1391:Nohlen & Stöver, p624
1382:Nohlen & Stöver, p606
1336:
1332:
1321:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1211:
1199:Registered voters/turnout
1155:
1141:
1125:
1107:
1089:
1071:
1055:
882:
879:
876:
230:President before election
223:
141:
62:
35:
23:
2176:1978 elections in Europe
1270:Finnish Christian League
1073:Finnish Christian League
953:National Coalition Party
630:Administrative divisions
612:Christian Democrats (KD)
1498:Parliamentary elections
1025:Socialist Workers Party
899:Social Democratic Party
1909:Presidential elections
971:Swedish People's Party
744:Diplomatic missions of
471:Chancellor of Justice
449:Administrative Courts
1415:A History of Finland
198:Electoral vote
116:Electoral vote
1713:Municipal elections
1290:Finnish Rural Party
1224:
1173:Invalid/blank votes
1091:Finnish Rural Party
890:Supporters of
870:
667:Ekonomiska regioner
617:Movement Now (LIIK)
602:Left Alliance (VAS)
597:Green League (VIHR)
592:Centre Party (KESK)
271:Politics of Finland
20:
2030:European elections
1223:
869:
785:Finland portal
466:Prosecutor General
209:Popular vote
129:Popular vote
47:15–16 January 1978
2158:
2157:
1442:Los Angeles Times
1430:, Journalists Ltd
1372:978-3-8329-5609-7
1341:
1340:
1219:Electoral college
1216:
1215:
874:Party or alliance
831:
830:
721:Foreign relations
701:Hyvinvointialueet
570:Political parties
264:
263:
260:
259:
245:Elected President
219:
218:
58:
57:
2193:
1891:County elections
1488:
1487:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1444:. p. I-A-1.
1437:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1357:
1265:Raino Westerholm
1225:
871:
823:
816:
809:
787:
783:
782:
781:
708:
689:
670:
651:
582:Finns Party (PS)
437:Courts of Appeal
282:
266:
226:
162:
154:
110:Christian League
95:Raino Westerholm
81:
74:
64:
63:
37:
36:
30:
29:
28:
21:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2143:
2120:
2072:
2024:
1903:
1885:
1707:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1305:Ahti M. Salonen
1221:
1007:Ă…land Coalition
867:
862:
827:
798:
794:Other countries
779:
777:
776:
769:
768:
760:
752:
740:
723:
713:
712:
709:
698:
697:
690:
679:
678:
671:
660:
659:
652:
641:
640:
632:
622:
621:
572:
562:
561:
558:
534:
510:
487:
476:
475:
442:District Courts
422:
412:
411:
405:Jussi Halla-aho
391:
383:
382:
347:Alexander Stubb
332:
324:
323:
314:Law enforcement
294:
273:
252:
247:
237:
232:
224:
177:Ahti M. Salonen
163:
158:
142:
31:
26:
24:
12:
11:
5:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2078:Sámi elections
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1285:Veikko Vennamo
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
986:
983:
982:
979:
976:
973:
968:
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
950:
947:
946:
943:
940:
937:
932:
929:
928:
925:
922:
919:
914:
911:
910:
907:
904:
901:
896:
894:
888:
885:
884:
881:
878:
875:
866:
863:
861:
858:
829:
828:
826:
825:
818:
811:
803:
800:
799:
797:
796:
790:
789:
788:
771:
770:
767:
766:
759:
758:
751:
750:
739:
738:
737:
736:
734:Elina Valtonen
724:
719:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
705:Välfärdsområde
693:
691:
676:Municipalities
674:
672:
655:
653:
636:
633:
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
573:
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
557:
556:
549:
544:
537:
535:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
516:Parliamentary:
513:
511:
509:
508:
503:
498:
494:Presidential:
491:
488:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
468:
463:
462:
461:
456:
446:
445:
444:
439:
434:
427:General Courts
423:
418:
417:
414:
413:
410:
409:
408:
407:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
373:
368:
367:
366:
354:Prime Minister
351:
350:
349:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
275:
274:
269:
262:
261:
258:
257:
242:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
206:
205:
202:
199:
195:
194:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
172:Veikko Vennamo
169:
165:
164:
157:
155:
148:
144:
143:
139:
138:
135:
130:
126:
125:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
82:
75:
68:
60:
59:
56:
55:
49:
44:
33:
32:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2198:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:Dieter Nohlen
1356:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1327:
1324:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:Urho Kekkonen
1243:
1241:
1240:
1226:
1218:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
984:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
966:
962:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:
944:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
930:
926:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
912:
908:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
893:
892:Urho Kekkonen
886:
872:
864:
859:
857:
854:
850:
848:
847:Urho Kekkonen
844:
843:Urho Kekkonen
840:
836:
824:
819:
817:
812:
810:
805:
804:
802:
801:
795:
792:
791:
786:
775:
774:
773:
772:
765:
762:
761:
757:
754:
753:
749:
745:
742:
741:
735:
731:
730:
729:
726:
725:
722:
717:
716:
706:
702:
696:
692:
687:
683:
677:
673:
668:
664:
658:
654:
649:
645:
639:
635:
634:
631:
626:
625:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
571:
566:
565:
555:
554:
550:
548:
545:
543:
539:
538:
536:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
515:
514:
512:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
493:
492:
490:
489:
486:
480:
479:
472:
469:
467:
464:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
450:
447:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
432:Supreme Court
430:
429:
428:
425:
424:
421:
416:
415:
406:
402:
399:
398:
397:
394:
393:
387:
386:
378:
374:
372:
369:
365:
362:
361:
359:
355:
352:
348:
345:
344:
342:
338:
335:
334:
328:
327:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
290:
289:
286:
285:
281:
277:
276:
272:
267:
256:
255:
251:
250:Urho Kekkonen
246:
243:
241:
240:
236:
235:Urho Kekkonen
231:
228:
227:
222:
214:
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
173:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
153:
149:
146:
145:
140:
136:
134:
131:
128:
127:
123:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
91:
90:Urho Kekkonen
88:
85:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
54: →
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:←
39:
38:
34:
22:
16:
1979:
1701:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1414:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1363:
1250:Centre Party
917:Centre Party
865:Popular vote
855:
851:
832:
704:
700:
685:
681:
666:
662:
647:
643:
552:
375:Ministries (
364:Petteri Orpo
309:Human rights
299:Constitution
248:
244:
233:
229:
159:
132:
119:
46:
15:
2126:Referendums
1186:Total votes
1160:Valid votes
756:Ambassadors
663:Seutukunnat
657:Sub-regions
390:Legislative
187:Rural Party
2165:Categories
1344:References
748:in Finland
732:Minister:
540:European:
396:Parliament
371:Government
168:Candidate
86:Candidate
1228:Candidate
1202:3,844,279
1189:2,470,339
1163:2,448,384
1145:2,448,384
1059:2,017,631
644:Maakunnat
485:elections
420:Judiciary
337:President
331:Executive
133:2,017,631
989:Liberals
686:Kommuner
648:Landskap
319:Military
212:114,488
137:215,244
1366:, p630
1095:114,488
1077:215,244
957:360,310
939:445,098
921:475,372
903:569,154
860:Results
835:Finland
638:Regions
483:Recent
401:Speaker
215:82,478
147:
67:
1404:, WSOY
1370:
1328:100.00
1192:100.00
1176:21,955
1148:100.00
1131:18,543
1113:82,478
993:71,232
975:88,054
682:Kunnat
254:Centre
239:Centre
183:Party
105:Centre
101:Party
1322:Total
1257:86.33
1234:Votes
1231:Party
1205:64.26
1166:99.11
1142:Total
1062:82.41
1056:Total
1029:2,187
1011:5,331
960:14.72
942:18.18
924:19.42
906:23.25
883:Seats
877:Votes
293:State
2139:1994
2134:1931
2116:2023
2111:2019
2106:2015
2101:2011
2096:2007
2091:2003
2086:1999
2068:2024
2063:2019
2058:2014
2053:2009
2048:2004
2043:1999
2038:1996
2020:2024
2015:2018
2010:2012
2005:2006
2000:2000
1995:1994
1990:1988
1985:1982
1980:1978
1975:1968
1970:1962
1965:1956
1960:1950
1954:1946
1947:1943
1940:1940
1934:1937
1929:1931
1924:1925
1918:1919
1899:2022
1881:2021
1876:2017
1871:2012
1866:2008
1861:2004
1856:2000
1851:1996
1846:1992
1841:1988
1836:1984
1831:1980
1826:1976
1821:1972
1816:1968
1811:1964
1806:1960
1801:1956
1796:1953
1791:1950
1786:1947
1781:1945
1776:1936
1771:1933
1766:1930
1761:1928
1756:1925
1751:1924
1746:1923
1741:1922
1736:1921
1731:1920
1726:1919
1721:1918
1702:2027
1696:2023
1691:2019
1686:2015
1681:2011
1676:2007
1671:2003
1666:1999
1661:1995
1656:1991
1651:1987
1646:1983
1641:1979
1636:1975
1631:1972
1626:1970
1621:1966
1616:1962
1611:1958
1606:1954
1601:1951
1596:1948
1591:1945
1586:1939
1581:1936
1576:1933
1571:1930
1566:1929
1561:1927
1556:1924
1551:1922
1546:1919
1541:1917
1536:1916
1531:1913
1526:1911
1521:1910
1516:1909
1511:1908
1506:1907
1368:ISBN
1317:2.00
1297:3.33
1277:8.33
1179:0.89
1134:0.76
1116:3.37
1098:4.68
1080:8.79
1048:0.04
1032:0.09
1014:0.22
996:2.91
978:3.60
839:1968
553:2024
547:2019
542:2014
530:2023
525:2019
520:2015
506:2018
501:2012
496:2006
377:list
358:list
341:list
52:1982
42:1968
1325:300
1254:259
1151:300
1065:260
1045:893
201:10
160:CPP
124:25
120:259
2167::
1352:^
1294:10
1274:25
1101:10
1083:24
981:12
963:45
945:56
927:64
909:74
746:/
703:,
684:,
665:,
646:,
403::
360:)
343:)
204:6
1956:)
1952:(
1949:)
1945:(
1942:)
1938:(
1920:)
1916:(
1475:e
1468:t
1461:v
1314:6
1237:%
1137:0
1119:6
1051:0
1035:0
1017:1
999:8
880:%
822:e
815:t
808:v
707:)
699:(
688:)
680:(
669:)
661:(
650:)
642:(
379:)
356:(
339:(
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