30:
610:
37:
1245:
949:
727:
652:
289:. Faults in the Saint Elias region exhibit thrust and reverse slip while there is localised strike-slip deformation evident in some earthquake fault plane solutions. The Saint Elias area is located in the transition area between the zones of convergence and strike-slip plate motions. This area was also the location of two
330:
of a 1964 earthquake and the
Fairweather Fault. This major transform fault, east of the gap, last ruptured during a 1958 earthquake. The Yakataga seismic gap last ruptured during a major earthquake sequence in 1899. Beneath the Saint Elias range, subduction of the Pacific Plate and possibly including
293:
in 1899. Aside from the earthquake of 1979, no other major earthquakes have occurred in the Saint Elias region since 1899, and the 1964 and 1958 earthquakes ruptured adjacent segments of the plate boundary. This part of the plate boundary, dubbed the
Yakataga Gap, extends 250 km (160 mi)
314: ) was evaluated to be 7.4–7.6. It occurred at a shallow depth of 15.0 km (9.3 mi). The earthquake occurred beneath the Chugach and Saint Elias ranges and was observed by 50 seismic stations in the southeastern part of the state, operated by the United States Geological Survey.
489:. The shaking was widespread, with people reportedly feeling the earthquake 1,200 km (750 mi) away, and shaking being felt over a distance of 500,000 km (190,000 sq mi). In Iowa, some wells reported water level fluctuations of up to 1.42 ft (0.43 m).
335:
occurs at a rate of 5.3 cm (2.1 in) annually. The earthquake accommodated around 30 percent of the accumulated stress in the area since the 1899 events. A possible seismic gap exists between the western extent of the 1979 and eastern end of the 1964 earthquake ruptures.
360: 5.2. The aftershock distribution may indicate that the Malaspina fault was involved in the rupture of this event. The largest aftershocks displayed a variety of focal mechanisms involving thrust, strike-slip, and others as a result of normal faulting.
347:
faulting was responsible for the earthquake. The rupture initiated on a thrust fault that dipped to the north. It propagated further east-southeast on the fault before transitioning onto a separate northeast-dipping dextral fault. The distribution of
384:
10 m) rock avalanches fell from slopes near the Seward
Glacier. Many large (3–5 km (1.2–1.9 sq mi)) landslides also occurred. The mainshock and aftershock distribution on land suggest the tsunami was triggered by a small and local
380:. An erroneous entry that was included in a 1979 report stated that a 30 cm (12 in) tsunami was recorded. Many snow avalanches were aerially observed to the south and southeast of the epicentral region. Multiple large (6-10
280:
In the Saint Elias region, the North
American plate and Yakutat Terrane converges with the Pacific Plate. Active subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath North America happens west of the area along the
352:
in the area suggest a maximum rupture dimension of approximately 65 km (40 mi) by 80 km (50 mi) and extending southeast of the epicenter. Part of the rupture extended into Canada's
1643:
272:), damage was minimal and there were no casualties due to the remoteness of the faulting. The epicenter lies near the Alaskan border between the United States and Canada.
991:"Tectonic model of the Pacific-North American Plate Boundary in the Gulf of Alaska from broadband analysis of the 1979 St. Elias, Alaska, earthquake and its aftershocks"
1456:
832:
785:
294:
across, where great earthquakes of magnitudes 8.0 or larger have a recurrence interval of 80 years. Only a section of this gap ruptured during the 1979 earthquake.
788:
1321:
1194:
442:
Lumber Camp, 73 km (45 mi) away, where a logging truck bounced violently. Damage to drywall and plaster, and displaced furniture was observed in
1106:
1512:
139:
503:
29:
1633:
868:
1449:
853:
60:
470:
though the building did not sustain structural damage. Many people in the airport reported difficulties in standing up. Likewise, at
1663:
1500:
1314:
265:
210:
1554:
1494:
1488:
1476:
828:
744:
540:
415:
74:
1383:
1628:
1623:
1572:
1442:
1548:
1465:
513:
508:
1530:
1482:
1307:
290:
1658:
1566:
1524:
1368:
1336:
1333:
1330:
498:
1353:
960:
Doser, Diane I. (2012). "Revisiting the 1979 St. Elias, Alaska, Aftershock
Sequence and Its Regional Significance".
1359:
261:
49:
1031:"A 36-Year Record of Rock Avalanches in the Saint Elias Mountains of Alaska, With Implications for Future Hazards"
1618:
1578:
1560:
443:
1389:
822:
435:
401:
112:
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1638:
1596:
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1584:
779:
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1398:
303:
1374:
455:
406:
286:
1407:
1269:
1206:
1158:
1118:
1077:
1042:
1002:
969:
397:
932:
Catalog of intensities and magnitudes for earthquakes in Alaska and the
Aleutian Islands, 1786-1981
478:
474:, passengers disembarking a plane struggled to stand and a heavy desk in the terminal was shaken.
1287:
1174:
1093:
327:
990:
748:
544:
79:
431:
66:
1277:
1234:
1214:
1166:
1146:
1126:
1085:
1065:
1050:
1010:
977:
938:
836:
709:
641:
439:
411:
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was displaced on its base. Two fractures appeared in the concrete floor of a restaurant in
486:
482:
463:
377:
353:
344:
282:
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1210:
1162:
1122:
1107:"The effects of the February 28, 1979 Alaskan earthquake on ground water levels in Iowa"
1081:
1046:
1006:
973:
931:
701:
Lahr, J. C.; Plafker, George; Stephens, C.D.; Foglean, K. A.; Blackford, M. E. (1979).
471:
467:
451:
447:
419:
1612:
1291:
1249:
1178:
1097:
953:
731:
656:
393:
369:
332:
310: ) scale, the earthquake measured between 7.1 and 7.7. Its moment magnitude (M
340:
174:
1195:"Intensities and isoseismal map for the St. Elias earthquake of February 28, 1979"
1170:
1089:
802:
702:
1227:
323:
810:. BOEM Environmental Studies. Interior Department, Minerals Management Service.
989:
Estabrook, Charles H.; Nábělek, John L.; Lerner-Lam, Arthur L. (10 May 1992).
804:
Earthquake
Activity and Ground Shaking in and Along the Eastern Gulf of Alaska
459:
349:
1055:
1030:
285:
while strike-slip faulting between the two plates occurrs to the east on the
154:
141:
414:, 74 km (46 mi) away, was the highest recorded ground motion. The
386:
1218:
1130:
637:
1299:
1066:"Alaskan Seismic Gap Only Partially Filled by 28 February 1979 Earthquake"
1282:
1258:"Aftershock Regions of Aleutian-Alaska Megathrust Earthquakes, 1938–2021"
1257:
821:
National
Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972),
1434:
669:
667:
665:
356:. There was no foreshock activity, and the largest aftershock measured M
981:
373:
1014:
879:
877:
703:
Interim report on the St. Elias, Alaska earthquake of 28 February 1979
1238:
1145:
McCann, William R.; Pérez, Omar J.; Sykes, Lynn R. (March 21, 1980).
857:
840:
713:
184:
593:
591:
589:
587:
645:
477:
In Yukon
Territory, fractures appeared in the local school wall at
396:
located within 250 km (160 mi) of the epicenter recorded
256:
affected Alaska at 12:27 AKST on 28 February. The thrust-faulting M
1233:(Report). Open-File Report. U. S. Geological Survey. p. 180.
942:
778:
National
Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS),
188:
1248:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
952:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
730:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
655:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1147:"Yakataga Gap, Alaska: Seismic History and Earthquake Potential"
430:
The earthquake occurred in the sparsely populated and glaciated
376:
was recorded while a 2 in (51 mm) tsunami occurred in
1438:
1303:
485:
sustained cracks while cracked plasters appeared in a lodge at
930:
Brockman, Stanley R.; Espinosa, A. F.; Michael, J. A. (1988).
1064:
Lahr, J. C.; Hasegawa, H.S.; Boatwright, John (21 Mar 1980).
896:
894:
892:
708:(Report). Open-File Report 79-670. U.S. Geological Survey.
1029:
Bessette-Kirton, Erin K.; Coe, Jeffrey A. (16 July 2020).
673:
883:
597:
1422:
indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
638:
Seismicity of the United States, 1568-1989 (revised)
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132:
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108:
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260: 7.4–7.6 earthquake had an epicenter in the
1199:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
1111:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
962:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
801:Lahr, John C.; Stephens, Christopher D. (1983).
640:(Report). Professional Paper 1527. p. 128.
578:
458:. At Border City, a wooden building situated on
1427:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
900:
789:National Centers for Environmental Information
1450:
1315:
326:, a section of a subduction zone between the
8:
1262:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
937:(Report). Bulletin. U.S. Geological Survey.
749:"M 5.4 - 127 km SE of McCarthy, Alaska 1979"
545:"M 7.1 - 113 km SE of McCarthy, Alaska 1979"
418:also recorded digital ground motion data in
19:
1226:Stover, Carl W.; Von Hake, Carl A. (1984).
339:A focal mechanism analysis suggest shallow
1457:
1443:
1435:
1322:
1308:
1300:
18:
1644:February 1979 events in the United States
1281:
1054:
685:
113:
674:Estabrook, Nábělek & Lerner-Lam 1992
504:List of earthquakes in the United States
434:. It was felt the strongest (VII on the
322:The earthquake occurred in the Yakataga
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694:
525:
535:
533:
531:
529:
912:
884:Brockman, Espinosa & Michael 1988
636:Stover, C. W.; Coffman, J.L. (1993).
566:
7:
598:Lahr, Hasegawa & Boatwright 1980
1256:Tape, Carl; Lomax, Anthony (2022).
854:International Seismological Centre
781:Global Historical Tsunami Database
466:. Wallboards cracking occurred at
14:
1392:(6.7 & 7.1, Nov 14 & 27)
1243:
947:
829:National Geophysical Data Center
725:
650:
416:Alyeska Pipeline Service Company
35:
28:
1228:United States Earthquakes, 1979
995:Journal of Geophysical Research
824:Significant Earthquake Database
203:
1105:Logel, John (1 October 1980).
766:Bessette-Kirton & Coe 2020
579:McCann, Pérez & Sykes 1980
264:. Though the maximum recorded
1:
1634:Tsunamis in the United States
1171:10.1126/science.207.4437.1309
1090:10.1126/science.207.4437.1351
615:Global Centroid Moment Tensor
514:List of earthquakes in Canada
509:List of earthquakes in Alaska
422:using their accelerographs.
402:peak horizontal acceleration
400:data from the earthquake. A
372:, a 6 in (150 mm)
862:. Thatcham, United Kingdom.
499:List of earthquakes in 1979
266:Modified Mercalli intensity
254:1979 Saint Elias earthquake
20:1979 Saint Elias earthquake
1680:
1035:Frontiers in Earth Science
901:Stover & Von Hake 1984
128:15.0 km (9.3 mi)
89:28 February 1979
1472:
1417:
1343:
755:. U.S. Geological Survey.
551:. U.S. Geological Survey.
24:
1664:Natural history of Yukon
1056:10.3389/feart.2020.00293
436:Mercalli intensity scale
1501:1957 Andreanof Islands
1219:10.1785/BSSA0700051635
1193:Stover, C. W. (1980).
1131:10.1785/BSSA0700051667
304:surface-wave magnitude
1629:Earthquakes in Canada
1624:Earthquakes in Alaska
1555:2014 Aleutian Islands
1495:1946 Aleutian Islands
1489:1906 Aleutian Islands
1477:1585 Aleutian Islands
1466:Earthquakes in Alaska
753:Comprehensive Catalog
686:Tape & Lomax 2022
549:Comprehensive Catalog
364:Environmental effects
287:Queen Charlotte Fault
1283:10.1029/2022JB024336
398:strong ground motion
16:Earthquake in Alaska
1334:Earthquakes in 1979
1274:2022JGRB..12724336T
1211:1980BuSSA..70.1635S
1163:1980Sci...207.1309M
1157:(4437): 1309–1314.
1123:1980BuSSA..70.1667L
1082:1980Sci...207.1351L
1076:(4437): 1351–1353.
1047:2020FrEaS...8..293B
1007:1992JGR....97.6587E
974:2012BuSSA.102.2392D
859:Bulletin of the ISC
151: /
136:Granite Mountains,
55:1979-02-28 21:27:06
21:
1659:Disasters in Yukon
982:10.1785/0120120007
155:60.642°N 141.593°W
1606:
1605:
1531:1975 Near Islands
1432:
1431:
1015:10.1029/92JB00131
1001:(B5): 6587–6612.
291:large earthquakes
262:Granite Mountains
250:
249:
224:Peak acceleration
1671:
1619:1979 earthquakes
1567:2016 Old Iliamna
1537:1979 Saint Elias
1525:1965 Rat Islands
1483:1899 Yakutat Bay
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1348:1979 Saint Elias
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1371:(5.7, Aug 6)
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195:Total damage
1573:2018 Kodiak
1543:2002 Denali
1519:1964 Alaska
1507:1958 Huslia
1369:Coyote Lake
1184:11 December
1136:11 December
1020:11 December
350:aftershocks
345:strike-slip
324:seismic gap
270:Very strong
235:Aftershocks
214:Very strong
158: /
146:141°35′35″W
63: event
1613:Categories
1549:2013 Craig
1360:Montenegro
913:Logel 1980
567:Doser 2012
520:References
460:permafrost
444:Mendenhall
298:Earthquake
243:Casualties
143:60°38′31″N
93:1979-02-28
52: time
1292:249857173
1179:128624810
1098:128903415
387:landslide
268:was VII (
212:MMI VII (
206:intensity
133:Epicenter
109:Magnitude
1354:Petatlán
493:See also
404:of 0.16
1390:Ghaenat
1270:Bibcode
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1159:Bibcode
1151:Science
1119:Bibcode
1078:Bibcode
1070:Science
1043:Bibcode
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1003:Bibcode
970:Bibcode
923:Sources
464:Yakutat
440:Icy Bay
412:Icy Bay
378:Yakutat
374:tsunami
318:Geology
302:On the
198:Limited
120:7.4–7.6
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869:670396
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621:9 July
617:. GCMT
452:Juneau
448:Haines
426:Damage
420:Valdez
392:Three
341:thrust
185:Alaska
175:Thrust
80:ComCat
67:670396
1599:(8.2)
1593:(7.6)
1587:(7.8)
1581:(7.0)
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227:0.16
189:Yukon
125:Depth
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1408:Bali
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1138:2022
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833:NOAA
786:NOAA
745:ANSS
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454:and
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331:the
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