450:
97:
1137:
30:
90:
474:. Tactical voting by Labour supporters was partly responsible for the upset. Many also believed that Muldoon, who had no time for his economist candidate, put up the tolls on the harbour bridge just before the contest with the intention of derailing Brash's campaign. Chief aming Muldoon's gripes with Brash was that he had recently hosted the New Zealand visit of arch-monetarist
411:
stated Wood "should be in
Parliament and as soon as possible" by being a candidate in a safe seat. As there was already speculation at the time about Gill's retirement, media commented that Chapman was hinting as East Coast Bays. Brash, Miller, Rayner, Walls and Wood were the shortlisted candidates.
486:
Voting resulted in the election of Knapp, the candidate of the Social Credit Party. That was unexpected, as minor parties rarely won seats in
Parliament at the time, but such voting was more likely in a by-election. Muldoon blamed Brash and the party organisation for the defeat but was strongly
402:
Secretary of the
Auckland National Party John Tremewan said the 12 candidates would be narrowed to 5. Prior to the selection meeting three candidates were identified as the most likely to win; Brash, Rayner and Wood. Based on her performance as National's candidate three months earlier at the
440:
The
National Alternative group, who ran a candidate against Gill and several other National MPs in 1978, did not contest the election. Jim Bridges, a spokesman for the group, stated the group's opposition was to Gill and not the National Party as a whole.
415:
Brash won selection on the first ballot. It was not only a surprise for him to win, especially on the first ballot, but also to media as he had only joined the
National Party six months earlier and was publicly critical of Muldoon's last budget.
461:
from 20 cents to 25 cents, which was a very unpopular move. The Labour Party had ongoing problems with their billboards being vandalised. Muldoon was also embroiled in a public spat with various journalists, most notably cartoonist
1093:
1115:
1108:
1148:
1127:
1101:
432:
as its candidate. Knapp had contested the seat in 1978 where he had boosted Social Credit's vote from 5% to 20%, one of the party's best results at the election.
487:
rebuked by the party for the stance. The loss of the by-election provided the catalyst for growing opposition within the
National Party to Muldoon's leadership.
1711:
283:
1706:
371:
231:
323:
As a safe seat there was much interest from the
National Party membership. 12 candidates came forward for the National nomination. They included:
1701:
387:
1564:
1696:
308:
1652:
1167:
327:
412:
This was later further shortened to four after Walls was hospitalised and was too ill to travel to
Auckland for the selection meeting.
1207:
1467:
1067:
1048:
687:
662:
523:
425:
365:
361:
354:
335:
312:
267:
243:
205:
127:
54:
44:
1141:
408:
331:
83:
1569:
1452:
1413:
1212:
1192:
1472:
1352:
1314:
1245:
1235:
1187:
1172:
350:
1273:
255:
1495:
1667:
1639:
1623:
1605:
1589:
1556:
1546:
1523:
1505:
1487:
1444:
1428:
1380:
1362:
1339:
1306:
1288:
1260:
1222:
1159:
227:
1716:
1457:
1418:
1347:
1182:
1060:
New
Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science
903:
669:
555:
235:
190:
132:
1657:
1574:
1541:
1513:
1370:
1319:
1296:
1278:
1240:
404:
396:
1536:
1408:
1393:
1388:
1202:
1177:
577:
137:
1675:
1647:
1613:
1531:
1462:
1403:
1398:
1324:
1250:
1230:
1197:
458:
263:
186:
1329:
932:
908:
870:
836:
819:
802:
463:
449:
304:
1477:
1268:
964:
466:. But most damaging was Muldoon's lack of enthusiasm for National's candidate for the by-election,
646:
453:
Social Credit's popularity reached its zenith around the time of the East Coast Bays by-election.
303:
over three others to stand in the election. Hoadley, a barrister and adult education lecturer at
723:
1082:
1063:
1044:
343:, member of the New Zealand Planning Council and general manager of the Broadbank Corporation
674:
96:
1036:
475:
691:
259:
1690:
887:
853:
785:
768:
748:
630:
383:
279:
275:
783:
Rudman, Brian (13 August 1980). "National's trio neck and neck in battle for Bays".
599:
1136:
582:
300:
223:
117:
530:
429:
271:
239:
201:
107:
89:
1086:
981:
728:
560:
467:
340:
238:, as their candidate and future leader Don Brash was unexpectedly beaten by
112:
979:
Luke, Peter (8 November 2003). "Chuckle for
Muldoon in Nat coup by Brash".
513:
471:
392:
1041:
The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party
82:
1631:
There were no by-elections during the term of the 42nd Parliament.
1597:
There were no by-elections during the term of the 40th Parliament.
1436:
There were no by-elections during the term of the 34th Parliament.
1097:
885:
Early, Frank (8 August 1980). "Socred settles down to work".
457:
Shortly before the election, Muldoon raised the tolls on the
380:
Bill Rayner, chief accountant for Columbus Maritime Services
945:
943:
377:
Bill Raines, secretary of the East Coat Bays National Party
478:
whose economic ideas were contrary to Muldoon's policies.
395:, National's vice-president and candidate in the recent
1081:(4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer.
1666:
1638:
1622:
1604:
1588:
1555:
1522:
1504:
1486:
1443:
1427:
1379:
1361:
1338:
1305:
1287:
1259:
1221:
1158:
65:
470:; Muldoon had favoured the party's vice-president
266:, National Party MP for East Coast Bays since the
1062:. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington.
962:"No such thing as safe seat - look at history".
761:
759:
490:The following table gives the election results:
177:
930:"Vandals Wreck Hoardings In East Coast Bays".
1109:
278:. Muldoon did so against the express wish of
8:
234:electorate. It resulted in an upset for the
21:
1079:New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984
904:"$ 6 toll to cross Auckland Harbour Bridge"
741:
739:
346:Alan McCulloch, the Mayor of East Coat Bays
1116:
1102:
1094:
492:
20:
1144:in the two-party era (1939–1995)
1007:
949:
710:
370:Armyne Raines, deputy chairperson of the
360:Barry O'Connor, National's candidate for
270:, to take up a position as New Zealand's
800:"Something for Every Party in Results".
448:
349:Lesley Miller, National's candidate for
703:
1019:
995:
851:"National picks a Government critic".
746:"They're lining up for Gill's seat".
690:, when he was defeated by National's
645:
629:
500:
7:
1712:September 1980 events in New Zealand
686:Knapp held the electorate until the
817:"Five Chosen for Bays Byelection".
220:East Coast Bays by-election of 1980
766:"12 Nats vie for Bays selection".
14:
902:Dearnaley, Mathew (5 July 2011).
1135:
834:"Byelection Field Cut to Four".
724:"Mayor to stand for by-election"
595:
573:
551:
518:
495:1980 East Coast Bays by-election
95:
88:
81:
28:
22:1980 East Coast Bays by-election
1707:Politics of the Auckland Region
357:and press secretary for Muldoon
1077:Wilson, James Oakley (1985) .
1:
1702:1980 elections in New Zealand
307:, was Labour's candidate for
936:. 29 August 1980. p. 2.
874:. 14 August 1980. p. 1.
868:"Brash Chosen by National".
857:. 14 August 1980. p. 3.
840:. 12 August 1980. p. 1.
1697:By-elections in New Zealand
1142:By-elections in New Zealand
823:. 6 August 1980. p. 2.
772:. 4 August 1980. p. 3.
330:, National's candidate for
284:Minister of Foreign Affairs
228:39th New Zealand Parliament
1733:
1565:Christchurch Central, 1979
1043:. Auckland: Reed Methuen.
752:. 19 July 1980. p. 3.
732:. 30 July 1980. p. 5.
299:The Labour Party selected
1058:Norton, Clifford (1988).
806:. 9 June 1980. p. 3.
661:
616:
512:
509:
506:
503:
175:
73:
38:
26:
1653:Wellington Central, 1992
1168:Christchurch South, 1939
968:. 1 May 1998. p. 2.
1208:Christchurch East, 1943
459:Auckland Harbour Bridge
16:New Zealand by-election
1468:Palmerston North, 1967
933:The New Zealand Herald
909:The New Zealand Herald
871:The New Zealand Herald
837:The New Zealand Herald
820:The New Zealand Herald
803:The New Zealand Herald
454:
305:University of Auckland
182:Member before election
1580:East Coast Bays, 1980
688:1987 general election
452:
1570:Northern Maori, 1980
1453:Southern Maori, 1967
1414:Northern Maori, 1963
1213:Northern Maori, 1943
1193:Mid-Canterbury, 1942
405:Onehunga by-election
397:Onehunga by-election
1473:Eastern Maori, 1967
1353:Bay of Plenty, 1957
1315:Dunedin North, 1953
1246:Dunedin North, 1945
1236:Western Maori, 1945
1188:Bay of Plenty, 1941
1173:Auckland West, 1940
713:, pp. 136–137.
647:Registered electors
497:
426:Social Credit Party
244:Social Credit Party
23:
1274:Mount Albert, 1947
493:
455:
144:Popular vote
1717:1980s in Auckland
1684:
1683:
1496:Marlborough, 1970
1153:
1132:
684:
683:
216:
215:
212:
211:
171:
170:
61:
60:
1724:
1547:Rangitikei, 1978
1145:
1140:
1139:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1090:
1073:
1054:
1037:Gustafson, Barry
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
986:
976:
970:
969:
959:
953:
947:
938:
937:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
899:
893:
892:
882:
876:
875:
865:
859:
858:
848:
842:
841:
831:
825:
824:
814:
808:
807:
797:
791:
790:
780:
774:
773:
763:
754:
753:
743:
734:
733:
720:
714:
708:
515:
498:
407:party president
386:, former MP for
178:
99:
92:
85:
75:
74:
50:6 September 1980
40:
39:
33:
32:
31:
24:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1668:44th Parliament
1662:
1640:43rd Parliament
1634:
1624:42nd Parliament
1618:
1606:41st Parliament
1600:
1590:40th Parliament
1584:
1557:39th Parliament
1551:
1524:38th Parliament
1518:
1506:37th Parliament
1500:
1488:36th Parliament
1482:
1458:Fendalton, 1967
1445:35th Parliament
1439:
1429:34th Parliament
1423:
1419:Grey Lynn, 1963
1381:33rd Parliament
1375:
1363:32nd Parliament
1357:
1348:Riccarton, 1956
1340:31st Parliament
1334:
1307:30th Parliament
1301:
1289:29th Parliament
1283:
1261:28th Parliament
1255:
1223:27th Parliament
1217:
1183:Waitemata, 1941
1160:26th Parliament
1154:
1134:
1122:
1076:
1070:
1057:
1051:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
978:
977:
973:
961:
960:
956:
948:
941:
929:
928:
924:
914:
912:
901:
900:
896:
884:
883:
879:
867:
866:
862:
850:
849:
845:
833:
832:
828:
816:
815:
811:
799:
798:
794:
782:
781:
777:
765:
764:
757:
745:
744:
737:
722:
721:
717:
709:
705:
700:
484:
476:Milton Friedman
447:
372:East Coast Bays
292:
252:
232:East Coast Bays
204:
199:
189:
184:
176:
69:18,611 (63.64%)
34:
29:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1658:Tauranga, 1993
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1575:Onehunga, 1980
1572:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1542:Pahiatua, 1977
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1514:Sydenham, 1974
1510:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1371:Hamilton, 1959
1367:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1320:Onehunga, 1953
1317:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1297:Brooklyn, 1951
1293:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1279:Westland, 1947
1276:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1241:Hamilton, 1945
1238:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1149:(1996–present)
1123:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1074:
1068:
1055:
1049:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:, p. 218.
1012:
1010:, p. 138.
1008:Gustafson 1986
1000:
998:, p. 211.
988:
985:. p. A10.
971:
954:
952:, p. 137.
950:Gustafson 1986
939:
922:
894:
877:
860:
843:
826:
809:
792:
775:
755:
735:
715:
711:Gustafson 1986
702:
701:
699:
696:
692:Murray McCully
682:
681:
679:
677:
672:
660:
657:
656:
654:
652:
649:
643:
642:
639:
636:
633:
627:
626:
624:
621:
618:
614:
613:
611:
608:
605:
602:
597:
594:
593:
591:
588:
585:
580:
575:
572:
571:
569:
566:
563:
558:
553:
550:
549:
544:
539:
534:
527:
520:
517:
516:
511:
508:
505:
502:
483:
480:
446:
443:
438:
437:
422:
421:
409:George Chapman
400:
399:
390:
381:
378:
375:
374:National Party
368:
358:
347:
344:
338:
321:
320:
297:
296:
291:
288:
260:Robert Muldoon
256:Prime Minister
251:
248:
236:National Party
214:
213:
210:
209:
197:Elected Member
194:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
141:
140:
135:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
101:
100:
93:
86:
79:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
58:
52:
47:
36:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1729:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Mangere, 1977
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:Otahuhu, 1963
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Waitaki, 1962
1392:
1390:
1389:Hurunui, 1961
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:Hauraki, 1942
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:Waipawa, 1940
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1069:0-475-11200-8
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1050:0-474-00177-6
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
984:
983:
975:
972:
967:
966:
958:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
935:
934:
926:
923:
911:
910:
905:
898:
895:
890:
889:
888:Auckland Star
881:
878:
873:
872:
864:
861:
856:
855:
854:Auckland Star
847:
844:
839:
838:
830:
827:
822:
821:
813:
810:
805:
804:
796:
793:
789:. p. 16.
788:
787:
786:Auckland Star
779:
776:
771:
770:
769:Auckland Star
762:
760:
756:
751:
750:
749:Auckland Star
742:
740:
736:
731:
730:
725:
719:
716:
712:
707:
704:
697:
695:
693:
689:
680:
678:
676:
673:
671:
667:
664:
663:Social Credit
659:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
644:
640:
637:
634:
632:
628:
625:
622:
619:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
592:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
570:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
532:
528:
526:
525:
524:Social Credit
521:
519:
499:
496:
491:
488:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
451:
444:
442:
435:
434:
433:
431:
427:
420:Social Credit
419:
418:
417:
413:
410:
406:
398:
394:
391:
389:
388:Dunedin North
385:
384:Richard Walls
382:
379:
376:
373:
369:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
345:
342:
339:
337:
333:
329:
326:
325:
324:
318:
317:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
293:
289:
287:
285:
281:
280:Brian Talboys
277:
276:United States
273:
269:
268:1972 election
265:
261:
257:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
208:
207:
206:Social Credit
203:
198:
195:
193:
192:
188:
183:
180:
179:
174:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
128:Social Credit
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
103:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
68:
64:
57: →
56:
53:
51:
48:
46:
43:←
42:
41:
37:
25:
19:
1676:Selwyn, 1994
1648:Tamaki, 1992
1614:Timaru, 1985
1579:
1532:Nelson, 1976
1463:Petone, 1967
1404:Timaru, 1962
1399:Buller, 1962
1325:Onslow, 1954
1251:Raglan, 1946
1231:Awarua, 1944
1198:Temuka, 1942
1147:
1126:
1078:
1059:
1040:
1015:
1003:
991:
980:
974:
963:
957:
931:
925:
913:. Retrieved
907:
897:
891:. p. 6.
886:
880:
869:
863:
852:
846:
835:
829:
818:
812:
801:
795:
784:
778:
767:
747:
727:
718:
706:
685:
665:
604:Janet Moore
546:
541:
536:
529:
522:
494:
489:
485:
456:
439:
423:
414:
401:
322:
298:
262:, appointed
253:
219:
217:
200:
196:
185:
181:
55:1981 general
49:
45:1978 general
18:
1330:Patea, 1954
1128:(1912–1938)
1020:Norton 1988
996:Wilson 1985
583:Wyn Hoadley
309:North Shore
301:Wyn Hoadley
226:during the
224:by-election
158:Percentage
118:Wyn Hoadley
1691:Categories
1478:Hutt, 1968
1269:Avon, 1947
1030:References
965:Daily News
531:Gary Knapp
504:Candidate
430:Gary Knapp
328:John Banks
290:Candidates
282:, who was
272:ambassador
264:Frank Gill
250:Background
240:Gary Knapp
202:Gary Knapp
187:Frank Gill
108:Gary Knapp
104:Candidate
1087:154283103
982:The Press
729:The Press
617:Majority
561:Don Brash
468:Don Brash
464:Tom Scott
428:selected
341:Don Brash
113:Don Brash
1039:(1986).
670:National
556:National
472:Sue Wood
445:Campaign
393:Sue Wood
362:New Lynn
319:National
191:National
133:National
1146:»
1133:
1125:«
915:26 July
651:29,243
641:−12.95
635:18,611
631:Turnout
547:+23.33
482:Results
332:Roskill
274:to the
242:of the
230:in the
78:
66:Turnout
1152:»
1131:«
1085:
1066:
1047:
638:63.64
600:Values
590:17.71
587:3,296
578:Labour
568:38.20
565:7,110
542:43.31
537:8,061
507:Votes
501:Party
436:Others
295:Labour
222:was a
167:17.71
164:38.20
161:43.31
153:3,296
150:7,110
147:8,061
138:Labour
124:Party
698:Notes
675:Swing
668:from
623:5.11
610:0.77
351:Taupo
1083:OCLC
1064:ISBN
1045:ISBN
917:2013
666:gain
620:951
607:144
424:The
366:1975
355:1978
336:1978
313:1975
254:The
218:The
364:in
353:in
334:in
311:in
1693::
942:^
906:.
758:^
738:^
726:.
694:.
514:±%
510:%
315:.
286:.
258:,
246:.
1117:e
1110:t
1103:v
1089:.
1072:.
1053:.
919:.
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