1292:
397:, with both the Soviet Union, Cuba and other East bloc nations enhancing support for the MPLA government, and American conservatives beginning to elevate their support for Savimbi's UNITA. Savimbi developed close relations with influential American conservatives, who saw Savimbi as a key ally in the U.S. effort to oppose and rollback Soviet-backed, non-democratic governments around the world. The conflict quickly escalated, with both
1322:
1300:
237:
386:
367:. While the attack failed, very different interpretations of the attack emerged. UNITA claimed Portuguese-speaking Soviet officers led government troops while the government said UNITA relied on South African paratroopers to defeat the government. The South African government admitted to fighting in the area, but said its troops fought
1330:
522:
454:
reported, "the light blue cargo planes of Santa Lucia
Airways made arms deliveries on three occasions: between March 20 and April 20, for two weeks between May 15 and 30, and during one night in mid-October. Most of the landings were at night, but in May 'it was day and night -quite some activity,'
441:
headquarters to provide the
Angolan rebel leader with military, political and other guidance in his war against the Angolan government. With enhanced U.S. support, the war quickly escalated, both in terms of the intensity of the conflict and also in its perception as a key conflict in the overall
206:
convened at the behest of Angola's ambassador to the UN, E. de
Figuerido, and condemned South Africa's incursions into Angola. President Mobutu of Zaire also sided with the MPLA. The Angolan government recorded 529 instances in which South African forces violated Angola's territorial sovereignty
627:
On August 23, dos Santos complained that the U.S. and South
African governments continued to fund UNITA, warning such activity endangered the already fragile ceasefire. The next day Savimbi announced UNITA would no longer abide by the ceasefire, citing Kaunda's insistence that Savimbi leave the
607:
and the
Heritage Foundation's Michael Johns visited Savimbi in Angola, where they sought to persuade Savimbi to come to the United States in the spring of 1989 to help the Conservative Caucus, the Heritage Foundation and other conservatives in making the case for continued U.S. aid to UNITA.
196:
The South
African military attacked insurgents in Cunene Province on May 12, 1980. The Angolan Ministry of Defense accused the South African government of wounding and killing civilians. Nine days later, the SADF attacked again, this time in Cuando-Cubango, and the MPLA threatened to respond
628:
country and UNITA disband. The government responded to
Savimbi's statement by moving troops from Cuito Cuanavale, under government control, to UNITA-occupied Mavinga. The ceasefire broke down with dos Santos and the U.S. government blaming each other for the resumption in armed conflict.
623:
said a few days after the declaration that
Savimbi had agreed to leave Angola and go into exile, a claim Mobutu, Savimbi, and the U.S. government disputed. Dos Santos agreed with Kaunda's interpretation of the negotiations, saying Savimbi had agreed to temporarily leave the country.
358:
voted 236 to 185 to repeal the Clark
Amendment on July 11, 1985. The Angolan government began attacking UNITA later that month from Luena towards Cazombo along the Benguela Railway, taking Cazombo on September 18. The government tried unsuccessfully to take UNITA's supply depot in
458:
In addition to escalating its military support for UNITA, the Reagan administration and its conservative allies also worked to expand recognition of
Savimbi as a key U.S. ally in an important Cold War struggle. In January 1986, Reagan invited Savimbi to meet with him at the
339:"We, free peoples fighting for our national independence and human rights, assembled at Jamba, declare our solidarity with all freedom movements in the world and state our commitment to cooperate to liberate our nations from the Soviet Imperialists."
201:
described as a "shock attack". The Angolan government arrested 120 Angolans who were planning to set off explosives in Luanda, on June 24, foiling a plot purportedly orchestrated by the South African government. Three days later, the
552:
The Cuban government joined negotiations on January 28, 1988, and all three parties held a round of negotiations on March 9. The South African government joined negotiations on May 3 and the parties met in June and August in
498:
on March 26, saying MPLA trains could pass through as long as an international inspection group monitored trains to prevent their use for counter-insurgency activity. The government did not respond. In April 1987
615:
in June 1989 for negotiations. Savimbi and dos Santos met for the first time and agreed to the Gbadolite Declaration, a ceasefire, on June 22, paving the way for a future peace agreement. President
503:
sent Cuba's Fiftieth Brigade to southern Angola, increasing the number of Cuban troops by twelve to fifteen thousand troops. The Angolan and American governments began negotiating in June 1987.
197:
militarily. The SADF launched a full-scale invasion of Angola through Cunene and Cuando-Cubango on June 7, destroying SWAPO's operational command headquarters on June 13, in what Prime Minister
841:
549:. Cuito Cuanavale's importance came not from its size or its wealth but its location. The ensuing Battle of Cuito Cuanavale has since been disputed with both sides claiming victory.
408:
The Soviet Union gave an additional $ 1 billion in aid to the Angolan government and Cuba sent an additional 2,000 troops to the 35,000 strong force in Angola to protect
949:
144:
437:
and a Savimbi economic advisor), and others, who played critical roles in elevating escalated U.S. covert aide to Savimbi's UNITA and visited with Savimbi in his
169:
to deliver massive amounts of military aid from 1981 to 1986. The USSR gave the Angolan government over US$ 2 billion in aid in 1984. In 1981, newly elected
165:
increased their activity. The South African government responded by sending troops back into Angola, intervening in the war from 1981 to 1987, prompting the
582:
494:
later that month, on February 26. The South African government agreed to Crocker's terms in principle on March 8. Savimbi proposed a truce regarding the
412:
oil platforms in 1986. Savimbi had called Chevron's presence in Angola, already protected by Cuban troops, a "target" for UNITA in an interview with
731:
161:, fighting spread outward from the southeast, where most of the fighting had taken place in the 1970s, as the African National Congress (ANC) and
355:
1272:
1213:
1128:
1103:
1045:
824:
788:
684:
137:
901:
210:
Cuba increased its 35,000-strong troop force in Angola from 35,000 in 1982 to 40,000 in 1985. South African forces tried to capture
561:. All parties agreed to a ceasefire on August 8. Representatives from the governments of Angola, Cuba, and South Africa signed the
1370:
578:
203:
130:
450:
reported on February 1, 1987, that U.S. weapons shipments to UNITA were escalating considerably. "According to the sources,"
385:
422:
599:
As the Angolan Civil War began to take on a diplomatic component, in addition to a military one, two key Savimbi allies,
542:
110:
475:, UNITA's representative to the U.S., became the Vice President of UNITA in August 1986 at the sixth party congress.
604:
562:
516:
512:
1365:
434:
253:
231:
600:
426:
414:
360:
170:
521:
926:
758:
Southern African Political History: a chronological of key political events from independence to Mid-1997
735:
321:
332:
supported the idea, but both respective countries were deemed inadvisable for hosting the conference.
463:. Following the meeting, Reagan spoke of UNITA winning a victory that "electrifies the world" at the
324:, though unwilling to publicly support the meeting, privately expressed approval. The governments of
409:
198:
446:
299:
1264:
780:
653:
1184:
Resolutions and Statements of the United Nations Security Council (1946–1989): A Thematic Guide
877:
1268:
1209:
1124:
1099:
1041:
820:
816:
784:
732:"Cold War Chat: Chester Crocker, Former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs"
680:
538:
472:
380:
310:
215:
116:
1241:
1168:
716:
869:
645:
611:
President Mobutu invited eighteen African leaders, Savimbi, and dos Santos to his palace in
495:
491:
421:
In Washington, Savimbi forged close relationships with influential conservatives, including
398:
219:
181:
676:
1197:
648:
The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged
530:
430:
349:
177:
92:
82:
77:
72:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
320:
leader, Jack Wheeler, American conservative policy advocate, and many others. While the
1257:
773:
616:
534:
468:
1259:
A Certain Curve of Horn: The Hundred-Year Quest for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola
1359:
1234:
1202:
1161:
1034:
870:
809:
709:
646:
574:
570:
554:
438:
277:
273:
269:
261:
245:
173:
1236:
The Coors Connection: How Coors Family Philanthropy Undermines Democratic Pluralism
1229:
585:, a UN peacekeeping force. UNAVEM troops began arriving in Angola in January 1989.
546:
500:
487:
476:
329:
306:
302:
292:
166:
1146:
Disengagement from Southwest Africa: The Prospects for Peace in Angola and Namibia
1007:
Disengagement from Southwest Africa: The Prospects for Peace in Angola and Namibia
669:
490:
province on February 8, 1986. ANGOP alleged UNITA massacred civilians in Damba in
464:
460:
314:
966:
317:
288:
872:
Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World
612:
594:
537:
province from January 13 to March 23, , in the second largest battle in the
471:
as part of the $ 25 million in aid UNITA received from the U.S. government.
281:
236:
479:
made Crocker's proposal, the withdrawal of foreign troops from Angola and
569:
and ending the direct involvement of foreign troops in the civil war, in
394:
364:
265:
566:
480:
284:
211:
185:
620:
558:
402:
325:
28:
467:
in January 1986. Two months later, Reagan announced the delivery of
1204:
High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood
520:
483:, a prerequisite to Cuban withdrawal from Angola on September 10.
384:
368:
257:
241:
235:
162:
1148:. University of Miami Institute for Soviet and East. p. 79.
295:
811:
Gang of Five: Leaders at the Center of the Conservative Crusade
1036:
Brothers at War: Dissidence and Rebellion in Southern Africa
405:
seeing it as a critical strategic conflict in the Cold War.
529:
UNITA and South African forces attacked the MPLA's base at
393:
By 1986, Angola began to assume a more central role in the
868:
Zolberg, Aristide R.; Astri Suhrke; Sergio Aguayo (1989).
252:
On June 2, 1985, American conservative activists held the
176:'s U.S. assistant secretary of state for African affairs,
925:
Molotsky, Irvin; Weaver Jr., Warren (February 6, 1986).
902:"C.I.A. Said to Send Weapons Via Zaire to Angola Rebels"
1121:
The Covert War: Koevoet Operations in Namibia 1979-1989
950:"CIA Said to Send Weapons Via Zaire to Angola Rebels,"
429:'s foreign policy analyst and a key Savimbi advocate),
188:
independence to Cuban withdrawal and peace in Angola.
256:, a symbolic meeting of anti-Communist militants, at
775:
Cuba and the United States: A Chronological History
644:Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2001).
581:passed Resolution 626 later that day, creating the
1256:
1233:
1201:
1160:
1033:
808:
772:
708:
668:
389:SWAPO's and South Africa's operations (1978–1980)
276:and Jack Wheeler, participants included Savimbi,
335:The participants released a communiqué stating,
1163:Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction
711:Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction
138:
8:
1293:"Angola Pact's Unanswered Question: Savimbi"
967:"Obituary: Jonas Savimbi, Unita's local boy"
863:
861:
1040:. British Academic Press. p. XIX–XXI.
1027:
1025:
583:United Nations Angola Verification Mission
545:, the largest in sub-Saharan Africa since
272:and organized by anti-Communist activists
145:
131:
18:
1070:Mendelsohn, John; Selma El Obeid (2004).
802:
800:
1286:
1284:
840:Fuerbringer, Jonathan (July 11, 1985).
636:
101:
34:
26:
16:Angola-related events during the 1980's
1323:"Savimbi Says Rebels Will Honor Truce"
1072:Okavango River: The Flow of a Lifeline
842:"House acts to allow Angola rebel aid"
356:United States House of Representatives
1321:William Claiborne (August 28, 1989).
7:
1096:South Africa's border war, 1966-1989
486:UNITA forces attacked Camabatela in
1291:William Claiborne (June 25, 1989).
702:
700:
698:
696:
667:Zemtsov, Ilya; John Farrar (1989).
900:Brooke, James (February 1, 1987).
756:Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey (1999).
675:. Transaction Publishers. p.
14:
815:. Simon & Schuster. pp.
671:Gorbachev: The Man and the System
507:Cuito Cuanavale and New York City
1255:Walker, John Frederick (2004).
992:Historical Dictionary of Angola
579:United Nations Security Council
469:Stinger surface-to-air missiles
207:between January and June 1980.
204:United Nations Security Council
1:
1123:. Galago Publishihg Pty Ltd.
965:Chris Simpson (2002-02-25).
1144:Kahn, Owen Ellison (1991).
1005:Kahn, Owen Ellison (1991).
565:, granting independence to
1387:
1182:Wellens, Karel C. (1990).
1098:. Gibraltar: Ashanti Pub.
890:Franklin (1997). Page 219.
592:
577:on December 22, 1988. The
517:Tripartite Accord (Angola)
510:
378:
347:
229:
1084:Alao (1994). Pages 33–34.
990:Martin, James W. (2004).
513:Battle of Cuito Cuanavale
807:Easton, Nina J. (2000).
435:Americans for Tax Reform
254:Democratic International
232:Democratic International
226:Democratic International
1350:Kalley (1999). Page 46.
1263:. Grove Press. p.
1019:Kalley (1999). Page 36.
779:. Ocean Press. p.
771:Franklin, Jane (1997).
730:John Hashimoto (1999).
601:The Conservative Caucus
525:Cuando Cubango province
427:The Heritage Foundation
415:Foreign Policy magazine
171:United States President
1371:1980s decade overviews
1159:Tvedten, Inge (1997).
1060:George (2005). Page 1.
1032:Alao, Abiodun (1994).
707:Tvedten, Inge (1997).
526:
390:
264:. Primarily funded by
249:
1094:Steenkamp, W (1989).
927:"A Mending of Fences"
734:. CNN. Archived from
524:
388:
322:Reagan administration
239:
192:South African attacks
543:Battle of El Alamein
1327:The Washington Post
1297:The Washington Post
1186:. pp. 235–236.
954:, February 1, 1987.
298:rebel leader, U.S.
260:'s headquarters in
111:War of Independence
22:Part of a series on
1333:on October 1, 2007
1303:on October 1, 2007
1198:Crocker, Chester A
1119:Stiff, P. (2000).
952:The New York Times
931:The New York Times
906:The New York Times
846:The New York Times
738:on August 31, 2004
527:
455:one source said."
452:The New York Times
447:The New York Times
391:
300:Lieutenant Colonel
250:
222:in December 1983.
1274:978-0-8021-4068-5
1215:978-0-393-03432-5
1130:978-1-919854-03-8
1105:978-0-620-13967-0
1047:978-1-85043-816-8
826:978-0-684-83899-1
790:978-1-875284-92-4
760:. pp. 13–14.
686:978-0-88738-222-2
563:Tripartite Accord
539:history of Africa
473:Jeremias Chitunda
381:Angolan Civil War
375:A war intensifies
311:Abdurrahim Wardak
309:security forces,
155:
154:
1378:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1329:. Archived from
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1299:. Archived from
1288:
1279:
1278:
1262:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1039:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1002:
996:
995:
987:
981:
980:
978:
977:
962:
956:
947:
941:
940:
938:
937:
922:
916:
915:
913:
912:
897:
891:
888:
882:
881:
875:
865:
856:
855:
853:
852:
837:
831:
830:
814:
804:
795:
794:
778:
768:
762:
761:
753:
747:
746:
744:
743:
727:
721:
720:
714:
704:
691:
690:
674:
664:
658:
657:
651:
641:
496:Benguela railway
280:, leader of the
220:Operation Askari
147:
140:
133:
27:20th century of
19:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1366:1980s in Angola
1356:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1208:. W.W. Norton.
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1003:
999:
989:
988:
984:
975:
973:
964:
963:
959:
948:
944:
935:
933:
924:
923:
919:
910:
908:
899:
898:
894:
889:
885:
867:
866:
859:
850:
848:
839:
838:
834:
827:
806:
805:
798:
791:
770:
769:
765:
755:
754:
750:
741:
739:
729:
728:
724:
706:
705:
694:
687:
666:
665:
661:
643:
642:
638:
634:
605:Howard Phillips
597:
591:
531:Cuito Cuanavale
519:
511:Main articles:
509:
431:Grover Norquist
418:on January 31.
383:
377:
352:
350:Clark Amendment
346:
344:Clark Amendment
240:U.S.-supported
234:
228:
194:
178:Chester Crocker
159:1980s in Angola
151:
122:
97:
68:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1343:
1313:
1280:
1273:
1247:
1221:
1214:
1189:
1174:
1151:
1136:
1129:
1111:
1104:
1086:
1077:
1062:
1053:
1046:
1021:
1012:
1009:. p. 213.
997:
982:
957:
942:
917:
892:
883:
857:
832:
825:
796:
789:
763:
748:
722:
692:
685:
659:
635:
633:
630:
617:Kenneth Kaunda
593:Main article:
590:
587:
535:Cuando Cubango
508:
505:
433:(President of
379:Main article:
376:
373:
348:Main article:
345:
342:
341:
340:
230:Main article:
227:
224:
216:Huíla province
193:
190:
182:linkage policy
180:, developed a
153:
152:
150:
149:
142:
135:
127:
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:(1975 to 2002)
114:
113:(1961 to 1975)
107:
104:
103:
99:
98:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
69:
67:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1383:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1347:
1344:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1230:Bellant, Russ
1225:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1074:. p. 56.
1073:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1001:
998:
994:. p. 33.
993:
986:
983:
972:
968:
961:
958:
955:
953:
946:
943:
932:
928:
921:
918:
907:
903:
896:
893:
887:
884:
879:
874:
873:
864:
862:
858:
847:
843:
836:
833:
828:
822:
818:
813:
812:
803:
801:
797:
792:
786:
782:
777:
776:
767:
764:
759:
752:
749:
737:
733:
726:
723:
718:
713:
712:
703:
701:
699:
697:
693:
688:
682:
678:
673:
672:
663:
660:
655:
650:
649:
640:
637:
631:
629:
625:
622:
618:
614:
609:
606:
602:
596:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
575:United States
572:
571:New York City
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:New York City
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
523:
518:
514:
506:
504:
502:
497:
493:
492:Uíge Province
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
456:
453:
449:
448:
443:
440:
439:Jamba, Angola
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:Michael Johns
419:
417:
416:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
387:
382:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
357:
351:
343:
338:
337:
336:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
307:South African
304:
301:
297:
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
278:Adolfo Calero
275:
274:Jack Abramoff
271:
270:Lewis Lehrman
267:
263:
262:Jamba, Angola
259:
255:
247:
246:Jonas Savimbi
243:
238:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
214:, capital of
213:
208:
205:
200:
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:Ronald Reagan
172:
168:
164:
160:
148:
143:
141:
136:
134:
129:
128:
126:
125:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
106:
105:
100:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
41:
39:
38:
33:
30:
25:
21:
20:
1346:
1335:. Retrieved
1331:the original
1326:
1316:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1296:
1258:
1250:
1235:
1224:
1203:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1162:
1154:
1145:
1139:
1120:
1114:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1056:
1035:
1015:
1006:
1000:
991:
985:
974:. Retrieved
970:
960:
951:
945:
934:. Retrieved
930:
920:
909:. Retrieved
905:
895:
886:
871:
849:. Retrieved
845:
835:
810:
774:
766:
757:
751:
740:. Retrieved
736:the original
725:
710:
670:
662:
647:
639:
626:
610:
598:
551:
547:World War II
541:, after the
528:
501:Fidel Castro
488:Cuanza Norte
485:
477:Fidel Castro
457:
451:
445:
444:
420:
413:
407:
392:
353:
334:
330:South Africa
303:Oliver North
251:
209:
195:
167:Soviet Union
158:
156:
87:
1240:. pp.
1167:. pp.
715:. pp.
465:White House
461:White House
371:militants.
1360:Categories
1337:2007-09-20
1307:2007-09-20
976:2007-09-20
936:2007-12-27
911:2007-12-27
876:. p.
851:2007-09-20
742:2007-09-20
652:. p.
632:References
442:Cold War.
399:Washington
318:Mujahideen
289:Pa Kao Her
282:Nicaraguan
613:Gbadolite
595:Gbadolite
589:Ceasefire
117:Civil War
1232:(1991).
1200:(1992).
971:BBC News
395:Cold War
365:Menongue
268:founder
266:Rite Aid
186:Namibian
184:, tying
102:See also
817:165–167
567:Namibia
481:Namibia
410:Chevron
361:Mavinga
296:Laotian
285:Contras
244:leader
212:Lubango
157:In the
35:Decades
1271:
1212:
1127:
1102:
1044:
823:
787:
683:
621:Zambia
559:Geneva
403:Moscow
326:Israel
315:Afghan
29:Angola
1242:53–54
1169:38–40
717:38–39
369:SWAPO
363:from
293:Hmong
258:UNITA
242:UNITA
218:, in
199:Botha
163:SWAPO
93:1990s
88:1980s
83:1970s
78:1960s
73:1950s
64:1940s
59:1930s
54:1920s
49:1910s
44:1900s
1269:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1042:ISBN
821:ISBN
785:ISBN
681:ISBN
654:1065
557:and
515:and
401:and
354:The
328:and
1265:190
878:312
781:212
677:309
619:of
533:in
1362::
1325:.
1295:.
1283:^
1267:.
1024:^
969:.
929:.
904:.
860:^
844:.
819:.
799:^
783:.
695:^
679:.
603:'
573:,
313:,
305:,
291:,
287:,
1340:.
1310:.
1277:.
1244:.
1218:.
1171:.
1133:.
1108:.
1050:.
979:.
939:.
914:.
880:.
854:.
829:.
793:.
745:.
719:.
689:.
656:.
425:(
248:.
146:e
139:t
132:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
