338:, while simultaneously being Mayor of Paris. Chirac subsequently launched further increased security in public places, while promising "draconian" anti-terrorism measures. At the same time he began a policy of "normalisation" of relations with Iran and Syria. After initially seeming to put a stop to attacks, a renewed bombing campaign in September 1986 turned out to become the most intense and is said to have "virtually paralyzed Paris." In addition, fifteen riot police companies were sent to Paris to reinforce security, while police raced to investigate more than a hundred bomb scares reported by members of the public.
347:
563:
religious seminaries of Qom in the early 1980s, Saleh had begun preaching and proselytising to people both in public places and private, which reportedly led him to be recruited by
Hezbollah agents. During the court case he proclaimed his motivation for the attacks as being "a fighter advocating for the Islamic cause." He also spoke of Joan of Arc and quoted
200:(CSPPA), a previously unknown group, demanding the release of three imprisoned international terrorists. The CSPPA was believed to have been some combination of Palestinians, Armenian nationalists, and Lebanese Marxists, though it was later reported that the attacks were believed to have involved operatives from
298:
France applied a policy in response to attacks from Middle
Eastern terrorism in Europe called the "sanctuary doctrine" by analysts, in which French authorities would not interfere with the activities of transnational terrorist groups operating in France as long as they did not attack France or French
562:
Saleh was charged in
November 1987 by a special anti-terrorism court in France, and was in 1992 found guilty of murder, attempted murder and conspiracy, and sentenced to life in prison. A Tunisian former Sunni Muslim who converted to Shia Islam before moving to Iran and studying for two years in the
554:
After the Paris City Hall bombing in
September 1986, twelve people of Arab origin, mostly Tunisians, were detained and expelled from France. Later, in a police raid on 21 March 1987, Saleh and seven other suspects, two Lebanese French citizens and five Tunisians were arrested, among them a nephew of
537:
in West
Germany, the DST identified Fouad Ali Saleh as the leader of a group of eighteen terrorists directed by Hezbollah from Beirut as being behind all the attacks. Previously, several other groups had been speculated to have been behind the attacks or falsely claimed responsibility. Saleh's group
262:
Thirteen bombings, including attempted ones, were committed, the first in
December 1985, a second wave in February and March 1986, and the third and most notorious wave in September 1986, targeting sites across the French capital. It caused a total of 20 deaths (including seven who died later from
579:
In
September 1986, the French government allegedly sent officials to Syria, concluding a deal with the government in which support for terrorism in France would cease, in return for French arms, economic and diplomatic support to Syria. A similar deal was reportedly made with Iran the next year.
583:
After the arrest of the Saleh group in 1987, Tunisia broke off diplomatic relations with Iran, accusing the country of recruiting
Tunisians to carry out terrorist attacks. France initially accused Iran of "instigating the 1986 bombing campaign and of giving support to a cell of North African
607:
for setting a "dangerous precedent" in dealing with hostage situations. After several more gestures were made by France, including the expulsion of
Iranian opposition leaders from the country, the conflict and further attacks ceased.
518:, and it was later found out that the links between the CSPPA and the FARL were pretty weak, and that the main entity behind the group was Iran. Iran's involvement led to some to describe the attacks as having a dimension of
719:
448:), a bomb was thrown into a shopping street at rue de Rennes from a passing car, blowing in several store fronts and cars. The attack killed seven people and wounded 60, making it the deadliest of the bombings.
611:
In France the attacks triggered "profound changes" in the organisation and legislative base for French counter-terrorism. In
Belgium the attacks had a major part in Belgian police starting to investigate
330:
Following three bombings in February 1986, thousands of extra police officers were sent out to patrol various areas in Paris. On 20 March 1986, a bomb killing two people took place within an hour of
595:, who was wanted for questioning in connection with the Paris attacks, to leave the Iranian embassy in Paris for Iran in order to secure the release of two French hostages who had subsequently
500:
threatened more violence against France unless Garbidjian and the other Middle Eastern prisoners were released. The ASALA claimed co-responsibility for the September 1986 attacks in Paris.
1909:
1451:
1964:
1620:
406:
20 March 1986, a bomb exploded in the Point-Show shopping gallery on the Champs-Élysées, killing two people and wounding 28. Another bomb was found and defused the same day in a
1548:
173:
1252:
707:
1285:
1057:
1024:
1984:
364:
221:
1899:
1344:
385:, tearing up the floor and setting the building ablaze. Four people were wounded, while the fire took seventeen firetrucks and 100 firefighters over an hour to put out.
1974:
780:
1823:
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1123:
675:
1747:
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1177:
1079:
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473:, which each had strained relations with the French state. One of the prisoner demands was Anis Naccache, who was convicted of attempting to assassinate former pre-
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1914:
1969:
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1645:
1379:
243:
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14 September 1986, a bomb exploded after being found in the Pub-Renault, a fashionable cafe and restaurant on the Champs-Élysées killing two policemen.
1944:
2009:
2004:
1884:
1713:
1874:
1869:
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ASALA's involvement was strongly noted by the authorities due to the CSPPA's demand of releasing Varoujan Garbidjian, who was in prison over the
1949:
470:
1999:
1817:
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280:
205:
1480:
1315:
1979:
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1954:
1016:
623:
After the terror attacks of 1986, France was largely free of attacks from international terrorism for the next eight years, when
28:
1934:
1929:
1864:
1859:
496:. In October 1986, a handwritten statement signed by ASALA spokesman Vahran Vahrania and delivered to a western news agency in
304:
24:
1336:
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624:
538:
was in addition to Tunisians connected to Lebanese Hezbollah operatives responsible for mass-casualty bombings including the
1115:
772:
751:
1924:
663:
543:
407:
1091:
1904:
300:
114:
20:
1502:
427:
12 September 1986, a bomb exploded in the cafeteria of the Casino supermarket in the Quatre Temps shopping centre in
1642:
346:
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272:
584:
terrorists," and a subsequent diplomatic row caused France to sever its ties with Iran. France eventually allowed
1414:
445:
316:
533:, the Iranian-backed Lebanese militia, and the cell behind the attacks. In early 1987, following the arrest of
511:
493:
292:
284:
213:
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421:
251:. During the trials it was claimed that the attacks were ordered by Iran to stop France from selling arms to
438:
1854:
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596:
335:
1439:
324:
327:. This naturally created suspicion that they were linked, although eventually none of the three were.
534:
381:
4 February 1986, a bomb exploded in the basement record section of the Gibert Jeune bookstore on the
371:
461:) remained a mystery group at the time. A French defector claimed that the attacks were indirectly
47:
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104:
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247:(DST) to have been the leader of the group of eighteen terrorists directed by Hezbollah from
1679:
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930:
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Hezbollah leader Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin. Police seized two automatic pistols, ammunition and
393:
1649:
1472:
1447:
1307:
1087:
980:
Countering Terrorism in Britain and France: Institutions, Norms and the Shadow of the Past
613:
478:
227:
1534:
The Deadly Sin of Terrorism: Its Effect on Democracy and Civil Liberty in Six Countries
943:
918:
882:
The Deadly Sin of Terrorism: Its Effect on Democracy and Civil Liberty in Six Countries
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556:
503:
331:
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232:
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A plaque commemorating the victims of the 17 September 1986 attack at rue de Rennes.
616:, leading directly to the establishment of a specific office dedicated entirely to
564:
414:
413:
4 September 1986, a bomb was discovered in the carriage of a RER commuter train in
375:
1809:
The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat: From 9/11 to Osama bin Laden's Death
590:
743:
526:
459:
Comité de solidarité avec les prisonniers politiques arabes et du Proche-Orient
519:
238:
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299:
interests directly. A wave of bombings began in Paris in early 1985 with the
530:
360:
315:
Two bombings on the same day occurred in December 1985. It came a day after
201:
141:
1667:
514:
at the time. However others, including Syria, claimed it was linked to the
1683:
952:
1574:"The Islamist Networks in Belgium: Between Nationalism and Globalisation"
198:
Committee for Solidarity With Arab and Middle Eastern Political Prisoners
1733:
Terrorism Revisited: Islamism, Political Violence and State-Sponsorship
486:
482:
320:
287:
in Madrid that killed eighteen people and wounded 82, the hijacking of
100:
1406:
275:
terrorists were arrested while plotting bombings against a plane from
497:
248:
193:
61:
374:, wounding eight people. Another bomb was found and defused in the
388:
5 February 1986, a bomb exploded at a book and record shop of the
345:
189:
57:
389:
252:
1308:"Crude Flame Bombs May Have Caused Department Store Explosions"
1163:
Chirac's France, 1986–88: Contemporary Issues in French Society
529:
were among the factors that helped lead investigators towards
400:
370:
3 February 1986, a bomb exploded in a shopping gallery at the
283:. In 1985 the group was responsible for attacks including the
1090:. United Press International. 7 February 1986. Archived from
1407:"Repères Les attentats de 1982, de 1985, et de 1986 à Paris"
420:
8 September 1986, a bomb exploded in the post office of the
71:
7 December 1985 – 17 September 1986
1578:
Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge in Europe
510:
was responsible due to the prison sentencing of its member
750:. United States Department of State: 14–15. January 1988.
664:"Evaluating the Effectiveness of French Counter-Terrorism"
1613:"Trial of Accused Mastermind In Bombings Begins in Paris"
839:
Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God
1473:"Armenian Group Asks Chirac to Free Political Prisoners"
525:. Investigations of the hijackers of TWA Flight 847 and
263:
their wounds in hospitals) and 255 people were wounded.
1771:
Democracy and Counterterrorism: Lessons from the Past
1278:"5 Dead, 50 Hurt as Bomb is Hurled on a Paris Street"
1245:"Bomb Rips Office at Headquarters of Police in Paris"
489:
far-left militants were also thought to be involved.
241:, was found in 1987 by the counter-terrorism agency
188:
From 1985 to 1986, a series of terrorist attacks in
161:
148:
136:
128:
120:
110:
94:
86:
67:
53:
36:
1017:"25 Wounded by Bombs at 2 Paris Department Stores"
222:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
1450:. United Press International. 13 September 1986.
620:in the Brussels Gendarmerie anti-terrorism unit.
403:Paris-Lyon high-speed rail, wounding nine people.
1337:"Blast Wounds 4 in Paris; Bomb at Tower Defused"
919:"The 1986 Terrorist Bombing Experience in Paris"
180:Expulsion of opponents of the Iranian government
174:French support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War
90:Shopping venues, public offices, commuter trains
842:. Georgetown University Press. pp. 57–61.
220:(LARF); and Varadjian Garbidjan, member of the
140:CSPPA (mainly Fouad Ali Saleh's network within
540:bombing of the United States embassy in Beirut
1050:"The World; Terrorist Bombs In Central Paris"
8:
1774:. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 141.
1272:
1270:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1116:"Arab Terrorists Claim Paris Arcade Bombing"
1110:
1108:
1044:
1042:
424:, killing one person and wounding 18 others.
355:7 December 1985, two bombs exploded, at the
16:Series of terrorist attacks in Paris, France
1965:Attacks on coffeehouses and cafés in France
1806:Hoffman, Bruce; Reinares, Fernando (2014).
1768:Art, Robert J.; Richardson, Louise (2007).
1567:
1565:
1434:
1432:
885:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 110.
1910:Foreign relations during the Iran–Iraq War
1812:. Columbia University Press. p. 356.
1730:Casaca, Paulo; Wolf, Siegfried O. (2017).
1666:Boroumand, Ladan; Boroumand, Roya (2002).
983:. Cambridge University Press. p. 17.
874:
872:
870:
773:"LA TAUPE du 27 avril 2001 – France Inter"
437:15 September 1986, a bomb exploded in the
396:underground complex, wounding nine people.
244:Direction de la surveillance du territoire
33:
1985:Railway accidents and incidents in France
1155:
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1151:
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1145:
1143:
1141:
942:
831:
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827:
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823:
821:
819:
817:
1900:Islamic terrorist incidents in the 1980s
1366:
1364:
1362:
1196:
1194:
917:Rignault, DP; Deligny, MC (March 1989).
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
363:department stores, wounding 43 people. (
334:being named French Prime Minister under
1975:Attacks on police stations in the 1980s
1401:
1399:
1397:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
738:
736:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
657:
655:
651:
295:that killed one person and wounded 22.
259:, rather than the prisoners' releases.
1382:from the original on 26 September 2017
1060:from the original on 12 September 2017
399:17 March 1986, a bomb exploded on the
1960:Attacks on office buildings in Europe
1920:Terrorist incidents in France in 1986
1915:Terrorist incidents in France in 1985
597:been kidnapped by Hezbollah in Beirut
441:, killing one person and wounding 56.
218:Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Factions
7:
1970:Attacks on police stations in France
1347:from the original on 3 February 2018
1288:from the original on 21 January 2018
1126:from the original on 22 January 2018
744:"Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1986"
208:. The CSPPA demanded the release of
1503:"30 Years Ago: A Look Back at 1986"
1255:from the original on 15 August 2017
1015:Miller, Judith (December 8, 1985).
599:, a move that was condemned by the
167:Release three imprisoned terrorists
1623:from the original on 30 April 2018
1580:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 86.
1207:. Random House. pp. 448–450.
1080:"Threats Of Bombs Abound In Paris"
718:(4). National Defense University.
678:from the original on 30 April 2018
641:List of Islamist terrorist attacks
325:bomb against a courthouse in Liège
212:, from the Iranian state network;
14:
1417:from the original on 12 June 2018
1027:from the original on July 6, 2018
662:Block, Ludo (14 September 2005).
1945:Shopping mall bombings in Europe
1204:Mitterrand: A Study in Ambiguity
935:10.1097/00000658-198903000-00019
301:bombing of a Marks & Spencer
29:1986 Paris police station attack
2010:1986 in international relations
2005:1985 in international relations
1885:September 1986 events in Europe
1826:from the original on 2024-01-05
1788:from the original on 2024-01-05
1750:from the original on 2024-01-05
1594:from the original on 2024-01-05
1551:from the original on 2024-01-05
1513:from the original on 2018-07-24
1483:from the original on 2018-07-24
1454:from the original on 2016-07-13
1318:from the original on 2018-07-21
1221:from the original on 2024-01-05
1180:from the original on 2024-01-05
997:from the original on 2024-01-05
899:from the original on 2024-01-05
856:from the original on 2024-01-05
783:from the original on 2018-07-24
754:from the original on 2022-05-20
722:from the original on 2017-09-26
25:Rivoli Beaubourg cinema bombing
1875:February 1986 events in Europe
1870:December 1985 events in Europe
1668:"Terror, Islam, and Democracy"
1537:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
629:Armed Islamic Group of Algeria
305:Jewish Rivoli Beaubourg cinema
206:sponsored by the Iranian state
150:
1:
1950:Marketplace attacks in France
303:department store, and of the
281:United States embassy in Rome
1643:Islamist terrorism and Evola
1440:"Bomb Injures 41 Near Paris"
1166:. Springer. pp. 60–63.
748:Patterns of Global Terrorism
708:"Hybridization of Conflicts"
367:also claimed responsibility)
115:Improvised explosive devices
1880:March 1986 events in Europe
1413:(in French). 26 July 1995.
1378:(in French). 26 July 1995.
21:February 1985 Paris bombing
2026:
1940:Building bombings in Paris
1895:Islamic terrorism in Paris
1372:"Les précédents attentats"
571:served as Saleh's lawyer.
273:Islamic Jihad Organization
271:In 1984, Hezbollah-linked
18:
1990:Railway accidents in 1986
1576:. In Coolsaet, R. (ed.).
317:Communist Combatant Cells
41:
2000:France–Lebanon relations
1980:Train bombings in Europe
1736:. Springer. p. 76.
1572:Grignard, Alain (2008).
1531:Charters, David (1994).
1160:Tuppen, John H. (1991).
879:Charters, David (1994).
836:Levitt, Matthew (2015).
544:Beirut barracks bombings
512:Georges Ibrahim Abdallah
494:1983 Orly Airport attack
237:, a Tunisian convert to
214:Georges Ibrahim Abdallah
196:were carried out by the
1955:Attacks on supermarkets
1656:blog. January 29, 2007.
627:was carried out by the
550:Arrests and convictions
439:Paris Police Prefecture
1935:1990s murders in Paris
1930:1986 murders in France
1865:1986 building bombings
1860:1985 building bombings
1201:Short, Philip (2013).
351:
323:and near Paris, and a
293:bombings in Copenhagen
1995:France–Iran relations
1684:10.1353/jod.2002.0023
1284:. 18 September 1986.
1251:. 16 September 1986.
977:Foley, Frank (2013).
706:Bauer, Alain (2013).
527:Air Afrique Flight 56
431:, wounding 54 people.
349:
153: of participants
37:1985–86 Paris attacks
1925:Mass murder in Paris
1672:Journal of Democracy
535:Mohammed Ali Hammadi
19:For other uses, see
1905:Mass murder in 1986
1720:. November 29, 1994
1718:The Washington Post
1619:. 30 January 1990.
1343:. 5 February 1986.
1056:. 9 February 1986.
625:a series of attacks
444:17 September 1986 (
336:François Mitterrand
285:El Descanso bombing
48:terrorism in France
1648:2023-11-24 at the
1617:The New York Times
1341:The New York Times
1282:The New York Times
1249:The New York Times
1120:The New York Times
1054:The New York Times
618:Islamic radicalism
506:believed that the
383:Place Saint-Michel
357:Galeries Lafayette
352:
279:, and against the
1890:Hezbollah attacks
1819:978-0-231-16898-4
1781:978-1-929223-93-0
1743:978-3-319-55690-1
1587:978-0-7546-7217-3
1544:978-0-313-28964-4
1214:978-1-4481-9189-5
1173:978-1-349-09964-1
1122:. 22 March 1986.
990:978-1-107-02969-9
923:Annals of Surgery
892:978-0-313-28964-4
849:978-1-62616-201-3
668:Terrorism Monitor
559:during the raid.
523:Islamic terrorism
463:sponsored by Iran
291:from Athens, and
186:
185:
172:Backlash against
105:Islamic terrorism
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410:commuter train.
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255:for use in the
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228:Fouad Ali Saleh
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1031:September 25,
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516:Iran–Iraq War
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477:Iran premier
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44:Iran–Iraq War
40:
35:
30:
26:
22:
1828:. Retrieved
1808:
1801:
1790:. Retrieved
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1507:The Atlantic
1506:
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1311:
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1290:. Retrieved
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1257:. Retrieved
1248:
1223:. Retrieved
1203:
1182:. Retrieved
1162:
1128:. Retrieved
1119:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:the original
1084:Sun Sentinel
1083:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1053:
1029:. Retrieved
1020:
1010:
999:. Retrieved
979:
926:
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901:. Retrieved
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858:. Retrieved
838:
785:. Retrieved
777:France Inter
776:
767:
756:. Retrieved
747:
724:. Retrieved
715:
711:
680:. Retrieved
671:
667:
622:
610:
586:Wahid Gordji
582:
578:
565:Julius Evola
561:
553:
502:
491:
458:
456:
415:Gare de Lyon
376:Eiffel Tower
329:
314:
297:
270:
261:
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226:
197:
187:
1678:(2): 5–20.
1421:8 September
1386:8 September
1351:19 December
1292:19 December
1259:19 December
1130:19 December
1064:19 December
589: [
457:The CSPPA (
319:attacks in
231: [
137:Perpetrator
96:Attack type
1844:Categories
1830:2020-10-01
1792:2020-10-01
1754:2020-10-01
1598:2020-10-01
1555:2020-10-01
1517:2018-09-07
1487:2018-09-07
1458:2021-12-31
1411:l'Humanité
1376:Libération
1322:2018-09-07
1225:2020-10-01
1184:2020-10-01
1098:2021-12-31
1001:2020-10-01
903:2020-10-01
860:2020-10-01
787:2018-09-07
758:2017-09-08
726:2017-09-26
647:References
475:Revolution
429:La Défense
267:Background
239:Shia Islam
79:1986-09-17
75:1985-12-07
1700:154152742
1692:1086-3214
575:Aftermath
546:in 1983.
531:Hezbollah
361:Printemps
224:(ASALA).
202:Hezbollah
142:Hezbollah
1824:Archived
1786:Archived
1748:Archived
1646:Archived
1627:30 April
1621:Archived
1592:Archived
1549:Archived
1511:Archived
1481:Archived
1452:Archived
1415:Archived
1380:Archived
1345:Archived
1316:Archived
1286:Archived
1253:Archived
1219:Archived
1178:Archived
1124:Archived
1058:Archived
1025:Archived
995:Archived
897:Archived
854:Archived
781:Archived
752:Archived
720:Archived
682:30 April
676:Archived
635:See also
603:and the
542:and the
487:Lebanese
483:Armenian
311:Overview
101:Bombings
77: –
54:Location
42:Part of
1477:AP News
1312:AP News
953:2647053
944:1493943
631:(GIA).
342:Attacks
321:Belgium
129:Injured
111:Weapons
73: (
1816:
1778:
1740:
1698:
1690:
1584:
1541:
1211:
1170:
987:
951:
941:
889:
846:
674:(17).
498:Beirut
249:Beirut
194:France
162:Motive
121:Deaths
87:Target
62:France
27:, and
1696:S2CID
712:PRISM
593:]
471:Libya
467:Syria
365:ASALA
235:]
190:Paris
58:Paris
1814:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1688:ISSN
1629:2018
1582:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1423:2017
1388:2017
1353:2017
1294:2017
1261:2017
1209:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1132:2017
1066:2017
1033:2018
985:ISBN
949:PMID
887:ISBN
844:ISBN
684:2018
520:Shia
508:FARL
469:and
390:Fnac
359:and
253:Iraq
68:Date
1680:doi
939:PMC
931:doi
927:209
408:RER
401:TGV
151:No.
132:255
1846::
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144:)
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31:.
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