1054:
36:
1240:
Postelnicu and Bobu's complicity is proven, the verdict as applied to Mănescu is widely regarded as spurious, including by anti-communists. All defendants initially received life sentences, but had them commuted in 1993, when the genocide convictions were also replaced with aggravated murder or accessory to murder. Also sentenced in that context, Dăscălescu was released on medical grounds in 1995. Bobu and Dincă were conditionally released in the early 1990s, and
Postelnicu followed suit in 1999.
1142:, who was keeping a diary critical of Ceaușescu. As noted by political historians Cristina and Dragoș Petrescu: "The 'Ursu case' deepened the conviction that all those who dared to express such views would end in the same way. However, this was just an extreme case since none of the radical dissidents of the 1970s and the 1980s died in prison or during interrogation." The PNȚ remained active internally and, in February 1987, Coposu obtained its recognition by, and admission into, the
393:. Overall, "the high percentages of women in other political structures are not indicative of their participation in decision making." According to political sociologist Emanuela Simona Gârboni, all political decisions rested with PCR males. "Encouraged and sometimes even coerced", women candidates were often unsuited for the task, meaning that "women politicians were seen as the symbol of an aggressively pursued communist propaganda."
1199:
fled
Bucharest during a revolutionary siege on the Central Committee. Dăscălescu was assigned by them to lead a reduced version of the Central Committee, but opted out. Upon surrendering to the revolutionaries, he decreed a political amnesty, then proclaimed his cabinet dissolved. A new cabinet, headed by deputies Verdeț and Vlad, was accepted by some of the revolutionaries, but rejected by the masses, and dissolved within 20 minutes.
100:
1170:
1096:, the communist-turned-dissident, viewed Dăscălescu as a prototype of the "servile politician". A government reshuffle only occurred in July 1988, when Văduva was sacked from the Foreign Trade Ministry and Dăscălescu threatened with demotion. Like previous government reshuffles, this rested on Ceaușescu's dissatisfaction with his ministers. In this case, the issue was with Văduva's agreement to import and store
2629:
1153:, which erupted that November, was probably caused by Dăscălescu's decision to punish workers at Steagul Roșu for design flaws attributable to poor management. It resulted in large-scale repression, with the arrest of dissenting workers; hundreds were interrogated, and 62, including Somerauer, were deported to various locations in Romania. During the final days of that year, the Securitate detained
1081:. Official communiques noted that support for the candidacy was "unanimous and enthusiastic", with Ceaușescu seen as "the most beloved son of the Romanian people". Propaganda also referred to his reelection as a "sure guarantee for pursuing the magnificent program of creating a multilaterally developed socialist society and of advancing Romania toward communism." As noted by Coposu, voting was a
160:
1210:. As noted by academic Alexandra Ionescu, the FSN leadership regarded itself as a legal and symbolic legatee of the FDUS, in that it claimed to regroup "all the country's sane forces"; she views the FSN Council as having a "list of attributes that was nearly identical to that of the Great National Assembly." On 27 December the FSN leader,
1085:, and chairman Giosan never allowed delegates to vote against the incumbent. Mircea Kivu believes government recognised that there had been a relative drop in support for the FDUS, from 98.5% in 1980, to 97.7% in 1985, which allegedly prompted it to modify the 1974 electoral law, and submit new rules for the Assembly election of 1990.
1218:; however, as Ionescu notes, the legalistic culture encouraged by the FSN viewed them as tolerated and second-rank forces. This trend was questioned by the opposition and overturned by electoral laws which established more equality between the competing groups, with the FSN emerging as a political party.
409:, the leaders of the main religious organisations were also included on the ballot, being automatically awarded parliamentary seats. Created on this basis, the FDUS, described by Kivu as "something like an enlarged Communist Party", also nominated the Central Electoral Commission and counted the votes.
420:
in the constituency was less than 50%, re-runs were held until the requirements were met. Under "internal democracy" laws passed in 1972–1974, several candidates could compete over one seat, though some precincts still presented only one candidate. The most common formula involved two FDUS candidates
368:
The election took place during the regime's effort to conceal its non-democratic nature by a massive recruitment into the PCR. As summarised by journalist
Alexander Clapp: "The fusion of party and state came to resemble the substitution of the state by the party, which expanded beyond all proportion:
1198:
The uprising eventually succeeded in toppling the regime on 21–22 December. Nicu Ceaușescu was captured early on and survived a stabbing. His uncle Ilie, who regarded the regime's clampdown as ineffective, attempted to form an emergency cabinet with Soviet support, but was ignored. Nicolae and Elena
1239:
Some of the major figures in the previous parliament had by then been arrested. Nicu Ceaușescu was found guilty of genocide, but appealed and only served a full term for unlawful gun possession. Bobu, Dincă, Mănescu and
Postelnicu were tried together, and also found guilty of genocide. While Dincă,
1127:, which expanded its news coverage in Romanian. Over those months, local intellectuals became enthusiastic about the: as reported by a Securitate informant in 1985, Romanian writers hoped that Gorbachev would bring his liberalisation to Romania to reintroduce "modesty in public life" and eliminate
384:
and to "Ceaușescu's personal phantasms", wherein "quantitative quotas of 'female comrades' were imposed on all party and state organs." In practice, they were assigned mainly to "propaganda work", and as such preserved stereotypes about "chatty women". Similarly, political scientist Ionela Băluță
404:
which established a socialist republic, electoral freedoms were nominally ensured, but "the right to nominate candidates belonged to the PCR, as well as to all labor unions, cooperatives, youth and women's leagues, cultural associations, and other mass organisations." As surmised by sociologist
1744:
2379:
433:, but submit a ballot upon receiving it; the same author notes that, while members of the commission were "somewhat suspicious" of those who did enter the booth, these were never reprimanded. The more common form of protest from those who took the risk was writing in slogans or
1181:
Although the anti-communist movement had been suppressed during and after the election, the 1985 parliament was the last to be voted in under a single-party system. On 12 December 1989, the PCR Central
Committee set the date for new elections as 11 March 1990. The
1625:
1688:
1252:, argue that he was in fact murdered as punishment for his political past. President Iliescu issued pardons for Vlad, in 1993, and for Popescu-Dumnezeu, in 1994. Another such pardon applied to Homoștean, who was serving time for having ordered an
1190:
and
Securitate, which fired on unarmed crowds. Ceaușescu threatened to resign when his orders were not fully carried out, but Premier Dăscălescu persuaded him not to leave office. Dincă organised a cover-up effort at Timișoara, sending in 20,000
1232:" with Iliescu as a stand-in for Ceaușescu. Both Iliescu and the FSN came out as victorious. There still was a continuity between the two parliaments, in that the majority of 1990 deputies had been PCR members. As many as 15% had belonged to its
1161:, which witnessed a resumption of critical and obscene messages on ballots. One anonymous voter suggested that Ceaușescu's approval of power cuts showed that he was mentally ill, and therefore ineligible, while another warned of a coming revolt.
492:. He then attempted to present himself as a candidate in the election, which led to his arrest by authorities. Other figures associated with the group had been placed under constant Securitate surveillance. In April 1985, Securitate informant
2138:
2116:
2298:
1111:. Upon reducing central heating in 1986, he lectured the PCR Central Committee: "there's no shame in us wearing sweaters inside the house, especially at night". Interest in Soviet liberalisation, as expressed in the Soviet policies of
1061:, November 1987. Both candidates' names are crossed out, with handwritten text added: "If an electrified country cannot ensure 10 kilowatts a month per inhabitant, then it follows that its president is either a or driven mad by the
1214:, supported the notion of leaving future elections to be managed by the Front, in order to promote "the ideas of unity and their continued realization." The FSN allowed other parties to organize—including the PNȚ, reemerging as the
1553:
1243:
Ilie Ceaușescu lost his position in the Army and investigated, but never tried, for instigation to first-degree murder. Giosan had died in mysterious circumstances while his case was being investigated. Both
Popescu-Dumnezeu and
351:
during the events, while some members of the parliament and cabinet were singled out for their crimes and all spent time in prison, where Giosan died. Other former
Assembly members were recovered in post-1989 politics, including
1646:
253:(PCR) and including other mass organisations, was the only group to contest the elections, and no prospective candidate could run for office without the Front's approval. Consequently, FDUS candidates won all 369 seats in the
468:
of bread, or more generally because he would not immediately enforce the president's various commands. Dăscălescu's loyalty was tested in 1983, when, like Ceaușescu himself, he refused to recognize that design flaws at
2276:
2091:
369:
by 1985 its membership was approaching some four million—one in four adults, one in three working
Romanians, the largest political party per population in the world." The PCR also officially endorsed a drive for more
429:. By contrast, leaving all names intact was interpreted as an approval of all candidates, and as such a valid vote. As argued by Kivu, the expectation from a committed communist voter was that they never enter the
2163:
1195:. On 20 December, Dăscălescu joined him there and attempted to negotiate the regime's political survival by meeting with a revolutionary delegation; when his outreach effort failed, he supported renewed violence.
2357:
2251:
254:
74:
1146:. Puiu was rearrested in May 1987, after attempting to send Gorbachev a memorandum, but the Securitate was unable to prevent other protest documents from being circulated at home and abroad.
421:
running against each other. Participants only had the option of voting against all or any of the candidates. This was done by crossing out the name of the candidate, or any of the names on a
343:
in 1987, which produced more signals of a coming unrest. The elected parliament never completed its five-year term, as the
Communist Party (PCR) was finally defeated and dissolved during the
1228:
were eventually held on 20 May 1990. As reported by three historians of the period, Iliescu's presidential campaign preserved some core elements of 1980s precedents, also developing into a "
1053:
1207:
348:
2539:
Postdiktatorische Geschichtskulturen im Süden und Osten Europas. Bestandsaufnahme und Forschungsperspektiven (Diktaturen und ihre Überwindung im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert, Band 5)
1134:
Later in 1985, a Romanian Democratic Action was founded by 13 pseudonymous activists, who began monitoring the regime's record on ecology while also expressing full support for
332:
trying and failing to present himself as an opposition candidate. Protests by Romanian dissidents continued over the subsequent Assembly term, reaching an early peak with the
1236:, and 10% had been Assembly deputies at various moments; like new arrivals, these were mostly males, with women representing only 5% of Romania's post-communist parliament.
3518:
3503:
1108:
317:
1284:
1215:
2471:
Florica Dobre, Liviu Marius Bejenaru, Clara Cosmineanu-Mareș, Monica Grigore, Alina Ilinca, Oana Ionel, Nicoleta Ionescu-Gură, Elisabeta Neagoe-Pleșa, Liviu Pleșa,
685:
290:
1107:
The regime continued to lose endorsements from regular Romanians, as it persisted with cutbacks, with Ceaușescu insisting on spending all available state funds on
1626:"Werner Sommerauer, sasul torturat de comuniști și care a învins Securitatea lui Ceaușescu: 'Pentru ce m-am sacrificat? Ca să fie bine în România, nu ca să plec'"
464:
in May 1982 (and continued to head the PCR cabinet to 1989). This change of course was ordered by Ceaușescu, reportedly because Verdeț had sought to prevent the
3513:
1335:
1062:
339:
The 1985 parliament was the last single-party one to be held nationally in Romania. The 1985 vote was followed by an early election for the Assembly seats of
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
2617:
3549:
2595:
1745:"Protestul subversiv al românilor la votul din 1987, în plină dictatură comunistă: 'Trădătorul care-a-nfometat poporul și-a pus neamurile-n funcții-cheie'"
3508:
1082:
3483:
2380:"Trecutul sumbru al demnitarului comunist George Homoștean: decesul disidentului Gheorghe Ursu și anihilarea sângeroasă din operațiunea 'Autobuzul'"
1475:
3523:
3498:
3493:
3473:
3463:
695:
Some party dignitaries also served renewed terms, but switched constituencies. Chairman Giosan had served in the 1980 parliament as the envoy for
656:
A list of all elected deputies was announced on 1 April. Among the reconfirmed deputies was Nicolae Ceaușescu himself: he began his last term for
488:"issued a comprehensive political platform" for the PNȚ, calling on the PCR to respect constitutional guarantees and renounce its position as the
3432:
545:
246:
218:
199:
136:
3478:
3398:
2546:
2528:
2511:
2445:
2414:
1157:, who championed human rights in opposition to the regime, and held him until January 1988. Also in November, there were early elections in
3569:
2949:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
665:
438:
50:
3009:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2335:
1070:
473:
had caused the death of 28 employees. Meanwhile, his civilian ministries were being kept in check by Romania's intelligence agency, the
258:
3559:
1203:
3379:
396:
Within the communist system, the FDUS was an organism tasked with vetting all candidacies; it was chaired by Ceaușescu, who was both
3554:
3488:
3422:
2590:
2576:
2484:
2466:
2233:
1382:
1304:
445:
313:
3324:
3345:
2610:
1401:
731:
3374:
3468:
1143:
1128:
477:, which, in 1984, demoted a head of the Religious Affairs Department, Ion Roșianu, who was allegedly trafficking in influence.
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2748:
2668:
2663:
2653:
1292:
1288:
1276:
1268:
1221:
60:
3447:
3442:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3407:
2738:
2733:
2117:"Apostolii Epocii de Aur, episodul #31. Ce greu era să fii fiul dictatorului! Nicu Ceaușescu, 'prințișorul' care n-a domnit"
3389:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
955:
returned to then Assembly after a ten-year hiatus, taking a seat for Bucharest. Several junior members of the high-ranking
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3143:
3138:
2673:
2658:
1092:
believes, underscores the fact that the Prime Minister, alongside ministers Bobu and Rădulescu, was a Ceaușescu favorite.
381:
3564:
1406:
1275:
cabinet, ensuring that market liberalisation was stalled. Verdeț's party faded into political insignificance during the
401:
3437:
758:
373:, which increased the proportion of female party members to 23%. Women were also 35% of successful candidates in 1985.
3384:
2603:
2139:"Apostolii Epocii de Aur, episodul #30. Ceaușescu după Ceaușescu. Fratele care l-a urmat pe dictator în decembrie '89"
1183:
1689:"Cum a ajuns Elena Ceaușescu deputat de Pitești. 'Savanta de renume mondial' a ocupat funcția publică timp de 14 ani"
1435:
481:
453:
325:
324:, which saw 30% of Assembly seats going to women. The communists' full hold on power was contested by an underground
294:
224:
206:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2703:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2678:
1647:
Hotărârea nr. 2/1985 cu privire la validarea alegerii deputaților aleși in Marea Adunare Națională la 17 martie 1985
512:
by stealing ballots which he preserved as "historical documents". This involved stuffing an urn with papers marked:
3279:
3223:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
2708:
2693:
2225:
1192:
493:
480:
The communist status quo was being challenged by underground opposition forces, some of whom were grouped into the
1443:
1260:
1021:
461:
357:
298:
913:
742:
3528:
952:
470:
320:. Popular discontent was contrasted by a massive PCR recruitment drive, as well as by the official approval of
250:
228:
210:
124:
689:
2299:"Apostolii Epocii de Aur, episodul #7. Manea Mănescu, ultimul om care i-a sărutat mâna lui Nicolae Ceaușescu"
1256:
in 1981. At the time of his death in 2016, he was under investigation for his alleged role in Ursu's murder.
830:
978:
2476:
1554:"Apostolii Epocii de Aur, episodul #15. Constantin Dăscălescu, premierul pe care Revoluția l-a prins la WC"
961:
also took seats, with some serving their first term in the Assembly. This was the case for deputy Premiers
882:
668:. This category also includes his wife Elena, who began her third-consecutive (and last) term representing
692:, Giosan owed his political career to Ceaușescu, who "landed him at the Great National Assembly rostrum".
413:
312:
embraced liberalisation during the same year. Ceaușescu was by then widely unpopular due to his policy of
1272:
1013:
2645:
2568:
1300:
1253:
1225:
1138:. At that stage, the authorities clamped down on dissent by ordering the arrest and killing of engineer
909:
707:, while his rival Verdeț, who only returned to a ministerial position in October 1985, lost his seat at
2406:
1296:
1005:
874:
806:
2960:
2633:
2458:
2402:
2318:
1834:
1767:
1480:
1029:
962:
937:
814:
657:
505:
397:
266:
262:
112:
1593:
Adela Șerban, "Controversial Issues Regarding Resistance and Dissidence in Romania (1945–1989)", in
1571:
Adrian Nicolae Petcu, "Activitatea Departamentului Cultelor în atenția Securității (1970-1989)", in
1374:
970:
798:
3290:
1245:
1150:
1009:
986:
822:
774:
688:, having served continuously in that post since July 1974. According to novelist and fellow deputy
390:
344:
333:
270:
826:
677:
17:
1471:
1280:
1088:
Dăscălescu's cabinet had an unusually long lifespan by Ceaușescu-era standards, which, historian
1037:
994:
818:
434:
406:
1264:
1169:
974:
766:
696:
386:
274:
810:
2586:
2572:
2542:
2524:
2507:
2503:
2480:
2462:
2441:
2410:
2229:
1378:
1154:
917:
889:
673:
485:
449:
329:
282:
278:
2560:
2450:
2358:"Apostolii Epocii de Aur, episodul #22. De ce-a uitat 'Dumnezeu' de lumea pe care a creat-o"
1229:
1089:
1078:
734:
716:
509:
2565:
Social Currents in Eastern Europe: The Sources and Consequences of the Great Transformation
2438:
Dezintegrarea U.R.S.S.: cauze și consecințe. Materialele simpozionului din 7 decembrie 2011
834:
385:
finds that, among this class of female communists, "real power" could be exercised only by
2553:
2217:
1340:
990:
497:
370:
321:
2277:"Apostolii Epocii de Aur, episodul #11. Emil Bobu, tovarășul de companie al Ceaușeștilor"
2092:"Apostolii Epocii de Aur, episodul 17. Impresionanta moștenire a lui Ion Dincă 'Teleagă'"
1033:
870:
866:
854:
746:
712:
501:
2551:
Alexandru Radu, "Reforma sistemului electoral din România. O istorie analitică (2)", in
1402:"(Re)Constructing Democracy without Women: Gender and Politics in Postcommunist Romania"
416:, and had to receive over 50% of the vote. If no candidate passed this threshold, or if
1174:
1097:
893:
878:
681:
489:
457:
353:
286:
99:
444:
1985 marked a slump in the regime national and international prestige. It inaugurated
3543:
2516:
1249:
1187:
1158:
1139:
1093:
1058:
966:
916:
for a position in Titulescu quarter, Bucharest. Popescu-Dumnezeu and fellow novelist
762:
417:
340:
304:
These elections also widened the contrast between Romania and other countries of the
500:
viewed the election as "masterminded and falsified", noting that FDUS candidates in
2164:"Apostolii Epocii de Aur, episodul #18. Ilie Verdeț, celălalt emanat al Revoluției"
1124:
1025:
957:
929:
430:
426:
309:
305:
1765:
Lavinia Betea, "Nicolae Giosan, președintele fostei MAN, a decedat la Jilava", in
1074:
941:
905:
901:
846:
786:
448:
and saw Ceaușescu's positioning as an anti-Soviet asset threatened by the rise of
2489:
Emanuela Simona Gârboni, "Women in Politics during the Romanian Transition", in
2384:
2362:
2303:
2281:
2256:
2252:"Apostolii Epocii de Aur, episodul #10. Cam cât de dobitoc era Tudor Postelnicu"
2168:
2143:
2121:
2096:
1749:
1693:
1630:
1558:
1366:
1211:
1119:
945:
858:
770:
750:
708:
422:
1810:, pp. 61–62, 71, 77, 103, 212, 282, 313, 458, 465, 491, 492, 494, 574, 582, 629
999:
680:. Upon reelection, he renounced his position as Assembly secretary. Agronomist
1411:
782:
669:
474:
1186:, erupting five days after the resolution, began as a confrontation with the
3020:
1362:
1017:
802:
754:
661:
465:
377:
2500:
Du Parti-État à l'État des parties. Changer de régime politique en Roumanie
1012:
became a first-time deputy at Iași. New female deputies included physician
933:
724:
704:
1283:
pursued a career in post-communist politics, joining the PSM and then the
2491:
2340:
1113:
897:
794:
778:
2637:
2628:
2428:
Ana-Maria Cătănuș, "Provocările Gorbaciovismului. Reacții românești la
921:
838:
790:
376:
Such gender quotas are dismissed by researchers as a facade. Historian
242:
2533:
Cristina Petrescu, Dragoș Petrescu, "The Pitești Syndrome: A Romanian
1101:
925:
862:
738:
720:
2455:
Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc
982:
850:
842:
700:
719:, who was leader of the Securitate, was reconfirmed as deputy in
703:. Dăscălescu moved his constituency between two neighborhoods of
269:. The Assembly which elected him included several members of the
2316:
Lavinia Betea, "Nurnbergul românesc: 'Am fost un dobitoc!'", in
1177:
addressing the crowds upon the seizure of power in December 1989
2599:
2399:
The Post-Communist Era: Change and Continuity in Eastern Europe
1365:, "Promovarea femeii sau destructurarea sexului feminin", in
285:. Continuity was also ensured by other incumbents, including
877:, who was married to one of Ceaușescu's sisters, moved from
861:, respectively. Likewise, Ilie Ceaușescu took a new seat in
508:
photographer and pipefitter, also protested the election in
1073:, following a motion submitted by FDUS vice president (and
441:
mostly meant separating valid, blank, and defaced ballots.
2557:, Vol. XX, Issue 6, November–December 2012, pp. 4–10.
2336:"Revoluția din 1989 - Iulian Vlad, 'albit' după Revoluție"
389:, the president's wife, and by a few other members of the
1259:
In November 1990, Verdeț founded a far-left group called
2541:, pp. 502–618. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2010.
1832:"Vasile Bărbulescu, cumnatul lui Nicolae Ceaușescu", in
1202:
On 25 December, marking the accession to power of the
504:
had received only positive votes. Werner Somerauer, a
2440:. Bucharest: Editura Universității București, 2014.
2222:
13–15 iunie 1990. Realitatea unei puteri neocomuniste
993:, who became Assembly secretary. Securitate general
699:, but was now sent to the Assembly by the voters of
437:. According to Kivu, the counting of ballots in the
3456:
3334:
3289:
3019:
2959:
2644:
951:While serving as deputy Premier (to October 1987),
71:
1032:, Bucharest). Also elected for the first time, in
2031:Petrescu & Petrescu, p. 514; Zarojanu, p. 130
1718:
1716:
676:, was reelected for the first and final time in
194:
2537:?", in Stefan Troebst, Susan Baumgartl (eds.),
1040:was sworn in as the Assembly's vice president.
1057:Protest ballot cast in the early elections of
920:similarly changed seats—the former moved from
2611:
2585:. Bucharest: Editura Mașina de Scris, 2005.
2473:Membrii C.C. al P.C.R. (1945–1989). Dicționar
2401:, pp. 70–71. Houndmills & New York City:
1271:, when it emerged as a crucial backer of the
1216:Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party
8:
1020:, she became Romania's head delegate to the
896:also changed constituencies. Rădulescu left
27:
2155:
2153:
2067:Nohlen & Stöver, p. 1604; Radu, pp. 6–7
1761:
1759:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1267:. It won 18 parliamentary seats during the
2618:
2604:
2596:
1617:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1071:reconfirmed Nicolae Ceaușescu as president
523:
425:; crossing out all names was an effective
26:
2268:
2266:
2243:
2241:
2133:
2131:
2108:
2106:
2086:
2084:
2082:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
944:deputy after having previously served in
1505:Nohlen & Stöver, p. 1583; Radu, p. 6
1206:(FSN), Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu were
1168:
1052:
1410:, Vol. 41, Issue 1, 2015 (digitised by
1330:
1328:
1315:
1303:also embraced careers within Iliescu's
643:
630:
617:
604:
591:
587:
573:
1492:
1490:
546:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy
247:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy
1753:(Constanța edition), 12 December 2016
631:
618:
605:
592:
528:
400:and PCR general secretary. Under the
241:Parliamentary elections were held in
7:
2521:Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook
1575:, Vol. II, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 97–100
1431:
1429:
904:, while Văduva changed precincts in
28:1985 Romanian parliamentary election
2495:, Vol. 163, 2014, pp. 247–256.
2388:(Alba Iulia edition), 1 August 2016
1344:, Issue 108, November–December 2017
723:, having previously held a seat at
83:
3550:Parliamentary elections in Romania
2356:Laurențiu Ungureanu, Radu Eremia,
2297:Laurențiu Ungureanu, Radu Eremia,
2275:Laurențiu Ungureanu, Radu Eremia,
2250:Laurențiu Ungureanu, Radu Eremia,
2162:Radu Eremia, Laurențiu Ungureanu,
2137:Radu Eremia, Laurențiu Ungureanu,
2115:Laurențiu Ungureanu, Radu Eremia,
2090:Radu Eremia, Laurențiu Ungureanu,
1697:(Pitești edition), 3 February 2018
1552:Laurențiu Ungureanu, Radu Eremia,
25:
18:1985 Romanian legislative election
2344:(Romanian edition), December 2018
1004:also debuted in the Assembly for
314:cutting down on consumer supplies
2627:
2220:, Ariadna Combes, Anne Planche,
1263:(PSM), which was joined by poet
977:), for Timber Industry Minister
900:and reemerged as the deputy for
158:
98:
34:
2058:Petrescu & Petrescu, p. 587
2022:Petrescu & Petrescu, p. 550
1248:, who were held with Giosan at
446:massive cuts in consumer supply
1634:(Brașov edition), 8 April 2015
1371:Miturile comunismului românesc
1144:Christian Democrat World Union
711:and became instead deputy for
347:. The presidential couple was
316:, which served his project of
159:
1:
2523:. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2010.
1595:Romanian Journal of Sociology
664:borough, where he had served
2334:Ramona Ursu, Flavia Drăgan,
1407:Clio. Women, Gender, History
1322:Nohlen & Stöver, p. 1591
516:("Let us have more meat!").
414:single-member constituencies
3570:March 1985 events in Europe
2436:", in Cristina Diac (ed.),
1977:Cioroianu, pp. 429–430, 485
1523:Cioroianu, pp. 85, 410, 476
908:. A senior PCR journalist,
645:Source: Nohlen & Stöver
412:Candidates were elected in
345:Romanian Revolution of 1989
3586:
2224:, pp. 254–255. Bucharest:
1597:, Issues 1–2, 2009, p. 120
1373:, pp. 268–269. Bucharest:
1208:swiftly tried and executed
439:preceding election of 1980
3560:1985 elections in Romania
2634:Elections and referendums
2583:Viața lui Corneliu Coposu
2535:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
2190:Ionescu, pp. 151, 213–214
1444:Federal Research Division
1305:Party of Social Democracy
1261:Socialist Party of Labour
1109:repaying the foreign debt
1022:Inter-Parliamentary Union
672:. Her and Nicolae's son,
644:
632:Registered voters/turnout
588:
574:
560:
537:
534:
531:
358:Socialist Party of Labour
318:repaying the foreign debt
259:rubber-stamp confirmation
249:(FDUS), dominated by the
192:
80:
44:
32:
3555:1985 elections in Europe
1440:Romania: A Country Study
1204:National Salvation Front
928:, while the latter left
690:Dumitru Popescu-Dumnezeu
514:Dați-ne mai multă carne!
482:National Peasants' Party
326:National Peasants' Party
251:Romanian Communist Party
2646:Parliamentary elections
2567:. Durham & London:
979:Gheorghe Constantinescu
888:The party's economists
831:Richard Gheorghe Winter
730:Other examples include
494:Iosif Constantin Drăgan
255:Great National Assembly
75:Great National Assembly
2961:Presidential elections
2581:Tudor Călin Zarojanu,
1916:, pp. 65, 70, 174, 327
1293:November 2000 election
1178:
1066:
245:on 17 March 1985. The
2569:Duke University Press
2477:Editura Enciclopedică
1476:"Amintiri electorale"
1295:. Dăscălescu's aides
1254:extrajudicial killing
1226:Parliament of Romania
1222:Multi-party elections
1172:
1056:
1024:) and trade unionist
454:Constantin Dăscălescu
295:Constantin Dăscălescu
225:Constantin Dăscălescu
207:Constantin Dăscălescu
73:All 369 seats in the
2459:Editura Curtea Veche
2403:Macmillan Publishers
2208:Ionescu, pp. 235–240
2199:Ionescu, pp. 213–234
2181:Ionescu, pp. 150–154
1423:Gârboni, pp. 248–249
1277:next electoral cycle
1123:, was maintained by
1008:, while philosopher
938:Dumitru Radu Popescu
853:, Tractorul-Brașov,
356:, who established a
267:President of Romania
257:, also ensuring the
3565:One-party elections
2498:Alexandra Ionescu,
1890:, pp. 110, 481, 482
1336:"Romania Redivivus"
1184:Romanian Revolution
1063:cult of personality
1014:Veronica Ciobăneanu
769:(from Bucharest to
743:Alexandrina Găinușe
606:Invalid/blank votes
525:
29:
3291:European elections
2407:St. Martin's Press
2260:, 27 February 2016
2013:Ramet, pp. 146–147
1838:, November 6, 2009
1687:Denis Grigorescu,
1649:, at Indaco Lege 5
1584:Ramet, pp. 147–148
1301:Ghiorghi Prisăcaru
1179:
1067:
985:), as well as for
936:; another author,
910:Ion Popescu-Puțuri
873:. Agriculturalist
524:
398:national president
382:national communism
349:tried and executed
273:, namely his wife
169:Popular vote
3537:
3536:
2547:978-3-8353-0637-0
2529:978-3-8329-5609-7
2519:, Philip Stöver,
2512:978-973-27-1881-0
2504:Editura Academiei
2446:978-606-16-0585-9
2415:978-0-312-22368-7
2322:, 3 February 2010
2319:Jurnalul Național
2307:, 6 February 2016
2049:Cioroianu, p. 487
1986:Cioroianu, p. 485
1835:Jurnalul Național
1768:Jurnalul Național
1334:Alexander Clapp,
1297:Șerban Mihăilescu
1155:Gabriel Andreescu
875:Vasile Bărbulescu
686:Assembly chairman
649:
648:
471:Teleajen Refinery
450:Mikhail Gorbachev
402:1965 Constitution
291:Assembly chairman
263:Nicolae Ceaușescu
239:
238:
235:
234:
188:
187:
155:Seat change
113:Nicolae Ceaușescu
67:
66:
16:(Redirected from
3577:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2597:
2561:Sabrina P. Ramet
2451:Adrian Cioroianu
2417:
2395:
2389:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2314:
2308:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2135:
2126:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2088:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1742:
1738:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1609:Zarojanu, p. 122
1607:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1551:
1547:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1485:
1470:
1466:
1447:
1436:Electoral System
1433:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1398:
1385:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1332:
1323:
1320:
1285:Social Democrats
1273:Nicolae Văcăroiu
1269:election of 1992
1230:personality cult
1193:Patriotic Guards
1151:Brașov rebellion
1090:Adrian Cioroianu
1003:
807:George Homoștean
717:Tudor Postelnicu
652:Individual seats
526:
484:(PNȚ). Engineer
391:Ceaușescu family
334:Brașov rebellion
271:Ceaușescu family
195:
162:
161:
102:
82:
81:
46:
45:
39:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3452:
3335:Other elections
3330:
3285:
3021:Local elections
3015:
2955:
2640:
2626:
2624:
2554:Sfera Politicii
2425:
2420:
2396:
2392:
2378:Dorin Țimonea,
2375:
2374:
2370:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2315:
2311:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2218:Mihnea Berindei
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:, 23 April 2016
2159:
2158:
2151:
2136:
2129:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2100:, 17 April 2016
2089:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:Cătănuș, p. 113
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:Cătănuș, p. 112
2003:
1999:
1995:Cătănuș, p. 110
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1771:, 9 August 2010
1764:
1757:
1743:Mariana Iancu,
1740:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1624:Sebastian Dan,
1621:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1549:
1548:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1484:, 31 March 2015
1468:
1467:
1450:
1446:, December 1989
1434:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1400:Ionela Băluță,
1399:
1388:
1361:
1357:
1353:Gârboni, p. 248
1352:
1348:
1341:New Left Review
1333:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1265:Adrian Păunescu
1167:
1069:The parliament
1051:
1049:Incomplete term
1046:
997:
975:Curtea de Argeș
963:Dimitrie Ancuța
912:left a seat in
865:, and engineer
849:, Cluj-Napoca,
833:began terms in
815:Petre Preoteasa
732:Deputy Premiers
654:
522:
498:Corneliu Coposu
387:Elena Ceaușescu
371:gender equality
366:
322:gender equality
227:
222:
209:
204:
202:before election
193:
145:Seats won
72:
40:
35:
33:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3401:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2579:
2558:
2549:
2531:
2514:
2496:
2487:
2469:
2448:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2390:
2368:
2346:
2324:
2309:
2287:
2285:, 6 March 2016
2262:
2237:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2149:
2147:, 17 July 2016
2127:
2125:, 23 July 2016
2102:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1942:, pp. 155, 156
1931:
1929:, pp. 296, 622
1918:
1905:
1892:
1879:
1866:
1864:, pp. 506, 609
1853:
1840:
1825:
1823:, pp. 140, 284
1812:
1799:
1786:
1784:, pp. 203, 615
1773:
1755:
1728:
1712:
1699:
1677:
1664:
1651:
1636:
1611:
1599:
1586:
1577:
1573:Caietele CNSAS
1564:
1562:, 2 April 2016
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1486:
1481:România Liberă
1448:
1425:
1416:
1386:
1375:Editura Nemira
1355:
1346:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1175:Mircea Diaconu
1173:Revolutionary
1166:
1163:
1098:chemical waste
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
971:Nicolae M. Ion
953:Petre Gheorghe
890:Gogu Rădulescu
883:Drăgănești-Olt
799:Neculai Agachi
682:Nicolae Giosan
674:Nicu Ceaușescu
653:
650:
647:
646:
642:
641:
639:
636:
633:
629:
628:
626:
623:
620:
616:
615:
613:
610:
607:
603:
602:
600:
597:
594:
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
579:
576:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
543:
540:
539:
536:
533:
530:
521:
518:
496:reported that
490:vanguard party
462:Prime Minister
380:links them to
365:
362:
299:Prime Minister
287:Nicolae Giosan
281:, and brother
237:
236:
233:
232:
219:Prime Minister
214:
200:Prime Minister
190:
189:
186:
185:
183:
180:
176:
175:
173:
170:
166:
165:
163:
156:
152:
151:
149:
146:
142:
141:
139:
134:
130:
129:
127:
122:
118:
117:
115:
110:
106:
105:
103:
96:
92:
91:
89:
86:
78:
77:
69:
68:
65:
64:
58:
53:
42:
41:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3582:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
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3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
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2977:
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2972:
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2967:
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2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2591:973-8491-23-1
2588:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2577:0-8223-1548-3
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:Dieter Nohlen
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:. Bucharest:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2485:973-45-0486-X
2482:
2478:
2475:. Bucharest:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2467:973-669-175-6
2464:
2460:
2457:. Bucharest:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:(in Romanian)
2372:
2369:
2366:, 21 May 2016
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:(in Romanian)
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:(in Romanian)
2328:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:(in Romanian)
2291:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:(in Romanian)
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:(in Romanian)
2244:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:973-50-1160-3
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:(in Romanian)
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:(in Romanian)
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2076:Radu, pp. 6–7
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:(in Romanian)
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:(in Romanian)
1681:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:(in Romanian)
1640:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:(in Romanian)
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:(in Romanian)
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1514:Radu, pp. 5–6
1511:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:(in Romanian)
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:973-569-209-0
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:. She took a
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:Jilava Prison
1247:
1246:Teodor Mărieș
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1188:Romanian Army
1185:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1159:Tulcea County
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1140:Gheorghe Ursu
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Silviu Brucan
1091:
1086:
1084:
1083:show of hands
1080:
1079:Manea Mănescu
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1059:Tulcea County
1055:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:Dumitru Ghișe
1007:
1001:
996:
992:
989:, elected at
988:
987:Dumitru Alecu
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:Vasile Pungan
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:); ministers
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:Ioan C. Petre
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:(moving from
736:
735:Ștefan Andrei
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:Râmnicu Sărat
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
651:
640:
637:
634:
627:
624:
621:
614:
611:
608:
601:
598:
595:
583:
580:
577:
569:
566:
563:
559:
555:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
541:
527:
519:
517:
515:
511:
510:Brașov County
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
467:
463:
459:
456:had replaced
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
418:voter turnout
415:
410:
408:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
383:
379:
374:
372:
363:
361:
359:
355:
350:
346:
342:
341:Tulcea County
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
231:
230:
226:
221:
220:
215:
213:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
196:
191:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
79:
76:
70:
63: →
62:
59:
57:
56:17 March 1985
54:
52:
49:←
48:
47:
43:
31:
19:
3403:
3395:Transylvania
3394:
3350:
3341:
3323:
3278:
3008:
2948:
2898:
2582:
2564:
2552:
2538:
2534:
2520:
2499:
2490:
2472:
2454:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2398:
2397:Ben Fowkes,
2393:
2383:
2371:
2361:
2349:
2339:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2302:
2290:
2280:
2255:
2221:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2167:
2142:
2120:
2095:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1965:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1748:
1723:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1639:
1629:
1594:
1589:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1557:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1479:
1439:
1419:
1405:
1370:
1358:
1349:
1339:
1318:
1291:seat in the
1258:
1242:
1238:
1234:nomenklatura
1233:
1224:for the new
1220:
1201:
1197:
1180:
1148:
1135:
1133:
1125:Radio Moscow
1118:
1112:
1106:
1087:
1068:
1034:Buzău County
1028:(elected at
1026:Lina Ciobanu
1016:(elected at
958:nomenklatura
956:
950:
930:Vatra Dornei
887:
871:Piatra Neamț
867:Suzana Gâdea
827:Ion Teoreanu
741:to Videle),
729:
713:Bacău County
694:
655:
513:
502:Sălaj County
479:
443:
431:voting booth
427:blank ballot
411:
395:
375:
367:
338:
328:(PNȚ), with
310:Soviet Union
308:, since the
306:Eastern Bloc
303:
240:
223:
216:
205:
198:
88:First party
55:
3457:Referendums
2430:perestroika
1472:Mircea Kivu
1367:Lucian Boia
1281:Maria Lazăr
1212:Ion Iliescu
1136:Perestroika
1120:Perestroika
1038:Maria Lazăr
998: [
995:Iulian Vlad
940:, became a
894:Ilie Văduva
879:Scornicești
819:Eugen Proca
709:Cluj-Napoca
619:Total votes
593:Valid votes
458:Ilie Verdeț
435:obscenities
423:closed list
407:Mircea Kivu
354:Ilie Verdeț
179:Percentage
172:15,375,522
3544:Categories
3509:2007 (Nov)
3504:2007 (May)
3484:1941 (Nov)
3479:1941 (Mar)
3380:1857 (Sep)
3375:1857 (Jul)
3342:Bessarabia
2739:1888 (Oct)
2734:1888 (Jan)
2664:1866 (Nov)
2659:1866 (Apr)
2423:References
1496:Radu, p. 6
1412:Cairn.info
1165:Revolution
1129:censorship
914:Călugăreni
835:Târgoviște
783:Olt County
767:Ioan Avram
763:Dumbrăveni
666:since 1969
635:15,733,060
622:15,732,095
596:15,732,095
578:15,732,095
550:15,375,522
475:Securitate
364:Background
3404:Wallachia
2571:, 1995.
2506:, 2009.
2479:, 2004.
2461:, 2005.
2409:, 1999.
2228:, 2006.
2226:Humanitas
1363:Zoe Petre
1075:Timișoara
1044:Aftermath
1018:Adamclisi
942:Constanța
906:Dorobanți
869:moved to
855:Târnăveni
847:Fălticeni
811:Ion Pățan
803:Emil Bobu
787:Ion Dincă
759:Dragalina
755:Ioan Totu
747:Comănești
697:Căzănești
662:Bucharest
658:23 August
466:rationing
378:Zoe Petre
336:of 1987.
133:Alliance
3351:Moldavia
2492:Procedia
2434:glasnost
2385:Adevărul
2363:Adevărul
2341:Newsweek
2304:Adevărul
2282:Adevărul
2257:Adevărul
2169:Adevărul
2144:Adevărul
2122:Adevărul
2097:Adevărul
1968:, p. 388
1955:, p. 359
1903:, p. 469
1877:, p. 485
1797:, p. 487
1750:Adevărul
1726:, p. 298
1710:, p. 143
1694:Adevărul
1675:, p. 139
1662:, p. 142
1631:Adevărul
1559:Adevărul
1377:, 1998.
1114:Glasnost
1077:deputy)
1006:Domnești
946:Lechința
918:Ion Brad
859:Negrești
795:Medgidia
771:Ploiești
751:Oltenița
684:was the
486:Ion Puiu
330:Ion Puiu
217:Elected
2638:Romania
1851:, p. 91
1369:(ed.),
1289:Chamber
839:Craiova
785:), and
670:Pitești
564:356,573
561:Against
520:Results
360:(PSM).
243:Romania
182:97.73%
109:Leader
95:
85:
2589:
2575:
2545:
2527:
2510:
2483:
2465:
2444:
2413:
2405:&
2232:
1966:et al.
1964:Dobre
1953:et al.
1951:Dobre
1940:et al.
1938:Dobre
1927:et al.
1925:Dobre
1914:et al.
1912:Dobre
1901:et al.
1899:Dobre
1888:et al.
1886:Dobre
1875:et al.
1873:Dobre
1862:et al.
1860:Dobre
1849:et al.
1847:Dobre
1821:et al.
1819:Dobre
1808:et al.
1806:Dobre
1795:et al.
1793:Dobre
1782:et al.
1780:Dobre
1724:et al.
1722:Dobre
1708:et al.
1706:Dobre
1673:et al.
1671:Dobre
1660:et al.
1658:Dobre
1381:
1102:Sulina
991:Novaci
969:) and
934:Răcari
926:Reghin
902:Găești
863:Moreni
829:, and
789:(from
777:(from
757:(from
745:(from
739:Horezu
725:Băicoi
721:Videle
705:Brașov
625:100.00
599:100.00
581:100.00
277:, son
121:Party
2382:, in
2360:, in
2301:, in
2279:, in
2254:, in
2166:, in
2141:, in
2119:, in
2094:, in
1747:, in
1691:, in
1628:, in
1556:, in
1478:, in
1438:, in
1404:, in
1338:, in
1311:Notes
1030:1 Mai
1002:]
983:Siret
898:Buzău
851:Lugoj
843:Bicaz
779:Măcin
701:Adjud
638:99.99
575:Total
553:97.73
538:Seats
532:Votes
529:Party
506:Saxon
275:Elena
3529:2019
3524:2018
3519:2012
3514:2009
3499:2003
3494:1991
3489:1986
3474:1938
3469:1866
3464:1864
3448:1861
3443:1860
3438:1859
3433:1857
3428:1846
3423:1842
3418:1841
3413:1836
3408:1831
3399:1918
3390:1860
3385:1858
3370:1847
3365:1842
3360:1837
3355:1832
3346:1917
3325:2029
3319:2024
3314:2019
3309:2014
3304:2009
3299:2007
3280:2028
3274:2024
3269:2020
3264:2016
3259:2012
3254:2008
3249:2004
3244:2000
3239:1996
3234:1992
3229:1987
3224:1985
3219:1982
3214:1980
3209:1977
3204:1975
3199:1969
3194:1967
3189:1965
3184:1963
3179:1961
3174:1958
3169:1956
3164:1953
3159:1950
3154:1938
3149:1937
3144:1936
3139:1930
3134:1926
3129:1914
3124:1912
3119:1911
3114:1907
3109:1905
3104:1901
3099:1899
3094:1895
3089:1891
3084:1890
3079:1888
3074:1884
3069:1883
3064:1879
3059:1876
3054:1874
3049:1871
3044:1870
3039:1869
3034:1866
3029:1864
3010:2024
3004:2019
2999:2014
2994:2009
2989:2004
2984:2000
2979:1996
2974:1992
2969:1990
2950:2024
2944:2020
2939:2016
2934:2012
2929:2008
2924:2004
2919:2000
2914:1996
2909:1992
2904:1990
2899:1985
2894:1980
2889:1975
2884:1969
2879:1965
2874:1961
2869:1957
2864:1952
2859:1948
2854:1946
2849:1939
2844:1937
2839:1933
2834:1932
2829:1931
2824:1928
2819:1927
2814:1926
2809:1922
2804:1920
2799:1919
2794:1918
2789:1914
2784:1912
2779:1911
2774:1907
2769:1905
2764:1901
2759:1899
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