383:
501:
441:
Despite the fact that the protests were triggered by a troubling economic situation, the crowd's demands became political. Protestors accused the government of rampant corruption, and demanded that the prime minister Zaid Al-Rifai be sacked; martial law be lifted; the electoral laws be reformed; and
458:
In May 1989 just before the elections, Hussein announced his intentions of appointing a 60-person royal commission to draft a reformist document named the
National Charter. The National Charter sought to set a timetable for democratization acts. Although most members of the commission were regime
483:
Many Arab leaders were not pleased about this. They felt that King
Hussein was letting the genie out of the bottle. In addition, they accused him of interfering indirectly in their domestic politics. They were especially critical of the notion of citizens' rights. The Saudis and others felt that
454:
to form a new government. In 1986 a new electoral law was passed, thus the decision to reintroduce parliamentary elections went smoothly. The cabinet passed amendments to the electoral law that excluded articles dealing with West Bank representation.
271:
on 18 April after the government cut food subsidies, increasing food price. Demonstrations and riots quickly reached neighboring southern towns. Protestors accused the government of rampant corruption, and demanded that the prime minister
368:
An IMF statement read: "Jordan agreed to strengthen foreign reserves, reduce inflation through tight credit policies and improve the current account balance. It also pledged to reform the tax system and reduce its budget deficit."
412:
On 16 April, the
Government increased prices of gasoline, licensing fees, alcoholic beverages and cigarettes, between 15% and 50%, in a bid to increase revenues per an agreement with the
353:(renouncing claim of sovereignty and cutting administrative links) the previous year in July 1988, proved to be depressing for the economy. Jordan's foreign debt was double that of its
322:
on 8 November 1989, the first in 22 years, and the
National Charter was drafted in 1990. Some Arab countries, primarily Saudi Arabia, were apprehensive about Jordan's democratization.
488:
included that. They were apprehensive. They did not understand the relevancy of democracy to the Saudi people. For them the Shari'a law was all that the Saudi people needed.
416:(IMF). The IMF agreement was to enable Jordan to reschedule its $ 6 billion debt, and obtain loans totaling $ 275 million over 18 months. On 18 April, riots from
304:
729:
350:
397:
749:
315:. The King also appointed a royal commission to draft the National Charter, a document with a timetable for reforms and democratization acts.
292:
435:
695:
633:
551:
724:
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466:
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331:
319:
123:
519:
338:, and when the parliament's tenure ended in 1971, no elections could be held due to the fact that the West Bank was under
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339:
152:
413:
659:
438:. 6 protestors were killed, and 42 were injured, while 2 policemen were killed and 47 were injured in the clashes.
472:
734:
524:
96:
744:
354:
625:
Institutions and the
Politics of Survival in Jordan: Domestic Responses to External Challenges, 1988–2001
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responded to the protests by sacking Al-Rifai, lifting martial law that had been in place since
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be reformed; and restrictions on freedom of expression and freedom of the press be removed.
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451:
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measures, Western economists attributed the crisis due to government overspending. The
281:
718:
683:
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of Jordan, later said in an interview about Jordan's 1989 moves towards democracy:
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186:
47:
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277:
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reported that around 4,000 people gathered in the streets and clashed with the
537:
496:
37:
450:
Hussein relented to the demands by dismissing Zaid Al-Rifai, and appointing
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335:
296:
133:
Royal commission established in April 1990 for drafting the
National Charter
42:
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restrictions on freedom of expression and freedom of the press be removed.
421:
417:
268:
469:). The National Charter was drafted and ratified by parliament in 1991.
425:
459:
loyalists, it included a number of opposition figures and critics.
101:
342:. In 1984, Hussein appointed a parliament from both banks of the
115:
King
Hussein dismisses prime minister Zaid Al-Rifai and appoints
465:
were held on 8 November 1989, the first in 22 years (since
543:
Lion of Jordan: The Life of King
Hussein in War and Peace
291:
was suffering a recession during that time after Jordan
357:(GNP). Jordan was combating an economic crisis with
224:
199:
170:
139:
109:
90:
55:
31:
23:
18:
686:, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001)
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334:took place in 1967 just before Jordan lost the
78:Removal of restrictions on freedom of the press
8:
688:Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I
15:
578:"Hussein Goes on TV And Vows an Election"
566:
365:had lost a third of its value in 1988.
706:
660:"Jordan's Revolt Is Against Austerity"
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651:
649:
647:
645:
572:
570:
617:
615:
613:
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605:
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122:Parliamentary elections held for the
7:
420:spread to other southern towns like
264:
730:Riots and civil disorder in Jordan
14:
499:
395:
381:
351:disengagement from the West Bank
515:1989 Jordanian general election
1:
750:Jordanian democracy movements
658:Alan Cowell (21 April 1989).
81:Dismissal of prime minister
475:, Hussein's cousin who was
414:International Monetary Fund
311:that had been paused since
181:Muslim Brotherhood figures
27:18 April 1989 – 30 May 1989
766:
628:. SUNY Press. p. 25.
520:2011–12 Jordanian protests
622:Russell E. Lucas (2012).
267:, April boon) started in
229:
204:
175:
144:
584:. Reuters. 27 April 1989
525:2018 Jordanian protests
463:Parliamentary elections
320:parliamentary elections
309:parliamentary elections
257:1989 Jordanian protests
74:parliamentary elections
19:1989 Jordanian protests
725:Nonviolent revolutions
490:
355:gross national product
473:Prince Ra'ad bin Zeid
225:Casualties and losses
160:Jordanian Government
119:to form a government
126:in 22 years (since
664:The New York Times
582:The New York Times
431:The New York Times
340:Israeli occupation
153:Muslim Brotherhood
546:. Vintage Books.
289:Jordanian economy
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477:Lord Chamberlain
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332:general election
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68:Electoral reform
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531:Further reading
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452:Zaid ibn Shaker
448:
410:
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402:Prime minister
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363:Jordanian dinar
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307:, and resuming
280:be lifted; the
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117:Zaid ibn Shaker
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5:
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735:1989 in Jordan
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709:, p. 477.
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282:electoral laws
276:lose his job;
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179:Tribal leaders
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97:Demonstrations
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745:1989 protests
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684:Dieter Nohlen
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507:Jordan portal
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404:Zaid Al-Rifai
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667:. Retrieved
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624:
586:. Retrieved
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542:
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389:King Hussein
367:
348:
344:Jordan River
329:
318:Jordan held
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301:King Hussein
286:
256:
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187:King Hussein
185:
178:
171:Lead figures
150:Tribal towns
48:Unemployment
707:Shlaim 2009
669:1 September
588:2 September
538:Shlaim, Avi
486:Shari'a law
278:martial law
63:martial law
61:Lifting of
740:1989 riots
719:Categories
562:References
326:Background
293:disengaged
244:47 injured
237:42 injured
124:first time
38:Corruption
359:austerity
349:Jordan's
336:West Bank
299:in 1988.
297:West Bank
295:from the
265:هبة نيسان
43:Inflation
32:Caused by
540:(2009).
493:See also
446:Response
428:, where
422:Al-Karak
373:Protests
72:Holding
690:, p148
215:Unknown
140:Parties
91:Methods
694:
632:
550:
436:police
426:Tafila
261:Arabic
242:2 dead
235:6 dead
200:Number
110:Status
418:Ma'an
269:Ma'an
210:4,000
102:Riots
56:Goals
692:ISBN
671:2017
630:ISBN
590:2017
548:ISBN
467:1967
424:and
313:1967
305:1957
287:The
255:The
128:1967
24:Date
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662:.
644:^
598:^
580:.
569:^
346:.
330:A
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673:.
638:.
592:.
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259:(
130:)
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