1113:, p. 148: 'The whole city was out. I was sleeping — it was midnight. I heard people on the road shouting pro-Pakistani slogans and Islamic slogans — "Allah o Akbar", "What do we want? We want freedom!"' recalls Haseeb, a Kashmiri medical student. (p. 149) In defiance of what came to be called 'crackdown' by the authorities, the people continued to come out on the streets: 'There were loudspeakers in the mosques, encouraging people to come out. Everyday, all day people were shouting slogans,' recalls Haseeb. 'Azadi, Azadi, Allah-o Akbar — Freedom, Freedom, God is Great' was broadcast from the minarets.
1080:, pp. 39–40: "The first act was initiated by the state's top police officers, Director-General of Police J.N. Saksena and Inspector-General of the CRPF 'Tiger' Joginder Singh. To 'welcome' the hardline governor, they instituted the long-awaited crackdown with searches in Guru Bazar and Chota Bazar areas on the morning of 20 January and detained some 250 youths for interrogation. That same morning when Saksena arrived in Jammu from Srinagar to brief Jagmohan, he did not mention the searches or their possible fallout. Perhaps he had misjudged the situation."
1129:, SAGE Publishing India, p. 73: 'The use of the religious places for issuing threats and intimidating the minorities was a reality of that time. To quote Wajahat Habibullah who was posted as Special Commissioner in Anantnag in 1990, "... Places of worship, like the one in Anantnag, where the majority went, were being used to issue threats to them over loudspeakers. I learnt later that these inflammatory sermons, and their reverberating public applause, were audio recordings circulated to mosques to be played over loudspeakers at prayer time.",
730:'s wooden Gawkadal Bridge. According to the J & K police, on approaching the wooden bridge a large crowd of demonstrators started pelting stones, after which the security forces fired on the crowd, leading to the death of several protestors. The police record mentions that "on January 21, a big crowd raising anti-India slogans was heading towards Lal Chowk and the security forces tried to stop the crowd near Gawkadal. Instead of dispersing, the unruly crowd started pelting stones at government buildings and security force personnel."
917:, pp. 129, 137: "By Spring 1988, Zia regime also started pressing JKLF to begin the armed campaign. JKLF didn't yet think the timing was right. But reluctantly agreed to set the Martyrs' Day, 13 July, as the formal start of the campaign. At this stage, there were 10,000 trained militants, working in some fifty units.".
717:
As word of the raids spread on 20 January 1990, crowds gathered outside the
Divisional Commissioner's office in Srinagar to protest the 'atrocities', and were tear-gassed. Organisers fanned out through the city and massive processions were initiated by the evening. A curfew was imposed by night fall.
698:
The night of 19 January also saw the initiation of a mass revolt in the
Kashmir valley. Various reports indicate that Kashmiri Muslims were out on the streets shouting anti-India, pro-Pakistan and Islamic slogans. Mosques crackled with loud speakers, issuing slogans and playing pre-recorded messages.
995:, pp. 159–160: "Like the JKLF, was "overwhelmingly Kashmiri" as far as its cadre went, but it rejected the JKLF's nationalist agenda in favor of an Islamist one. What this meant in theory was that the party saw nothing that was doctrinally incorrect in joining and thereby strengthening Pakistan.".
733:
Indian authorities put the official death toll for the massacre initially at 21–28, however, later raised it to 50 after counting the bodies. International human rights organisations and scholars estimate that at least 50, and likely over 100 protesters were killed—some by gunshot wounds, other by
767:
forces officials responsible for the massacre, or against the officers present at
Gawkadal that night. No government investigation was ever ordered into the incident. Fifteen years later, the police case was closed and those involved in the massacre were declared untraceable. No
559:
protesters in what has been described by some authors as "the worst massacre in
Kashmiri history". Between 50 and 100 people were killed, some from being shot and others from drowning. The massacre happened two days after the Government of India appointed
845:, p. 39), which left almost an entire day when the state was run by only officials. Worse, due to weather conditions, Jagmohan was able to reach Srinagar only on the morning of the 21st to take stock of the situation and issue pertinent orders.
746:
stated in a report from May, 1991, "In the weeks that followed as security forces fired on crowds of marchers and as militants intensified their attacks against the police and those suspected of aiding them, Kashmir’s civil war began in earnest."
691:, in an effort to find illegal weapons and root out any hidden militants. Three hundred people were arrested, most of whom were later released. Both Jagmohan and Abdullah deny any involvement in the decision to carry out the raid. According to
759:
to receive arms and training in insurrection
Pakistan came out in open support of secession, and for the first time, did not need to involve its regular troops in the confrontation. In Srinagar, each mosque became a citadel of fervor."
214:
1182:, p. 40: "Throughout 20 January, organizers fanned out across the city and from that evening, massive processions took to the streets demanding azadi, and chanting 'Death to Indian dogs' and 'Allah-o-Akbar' (God is great)."
947:, p. 137: "The ISI initially backed the JKLF only as a way to push its client, the Jamat-i-Islami, into militancy. Moreover, it had planned to replace the JKLF once Jamat-i-Islami could be pushed into the conflict.".
522:
1008:
515:
742:
In the aftermath of the massacre, more demonstrations followed, and in
January 1990, Indian paramilitary forces are believed to have killed around 300 protesters in total. As a
639:, demanding the release of jailed JKLF militants in return for her release. The government's capitulation to this demand strengthened the image of JKLF and gave a fillip to its
584:
by India which saw NC leader Farooq
Abdullah win but "lose his credibility". However, pro-Independence JKLF was not in Pakistan's interest. By October 1989, its secret service
581:
983:, pp. 39–40: "By setting up an umbrella group, Hizbul Mujahedeen, to unite the pro-Pakistan elements, the ISI gradually isolated the JKLF, cut off its aid, and took control.".
1056:
705:
described the mood in the Valley as one of open defiance: "mobs challenged the gun, defying policemen to fire at them". They chanted slogans for "Indian dogs go back" and "
1353:
508:
313:
1193:
576:
as well as the Indian government's handling of it. By this time, the
Kashmir insurgency was one-and-a-half year old, having been launched by the Pakistan-based
1408:
755:
newspaper, said of the massacre, "January 19 became the catalyst which propelled into a mass upsurge. Young men from hundreds of homes crossed over into
221:
1023:, pp. 34–35: "Processions and protests gained even greater popular support, till it now seemed that the whole valley was for azadi or independence.".
1383:
801:
198:
1388:
54:
1373:
1393:
1363:
1335:
1292:
1269:
1246:
1134:
1403:
926:
687:
On the night 19 January 1990 (or the early morning of 20 January), Indian security forces conducted extensive house-to-house searches in
1368:
670:
was dismissed. Abdullah had held it against
Jagmohan, and resigned from Chief Ministership when he heard the news. The state went under
252:
1165:
496:
112:
1358:
1315:
577:
119:
781:
756:
432:
385:
1398:
764:
636:
589:
552:
268:
585:
1378:
666:
to succeed him. Jagmohan had served a previous term as the
Governor in the State, during which the Chief Minister
544:
427:
406:
343:
242:
46:
1255:
692:
464:
601:
327:
289:
604:
was persuaded to take control of Hizbul Mujahideen. Henceforth, the Kashmir insurgency was to run along an
655:
628:
448:
422:
401:
369:
364:
359:
294:
632:
726:
On the evening of 21 January, a large group of protesters shouting pro-independence slogans, reached
643:(freedom) movement, while at the same time undercutting the authority of the state government led by
299:
592:, brought together some of the key Islamist insurgent groups working in Kashmir under the banner of
284:
1098:
1301:
796:
743:
573:
480:
162:
157:
30:
671:
1331:
1325:
1311:
1288:
1265:
1242:
1161:
1153:
1130:
821:
791:
651:
593:
123:
615:
Concurrent to these developments, the Indian central government was going through a crisis.
1009:
Militant movement holds Kashmir in a state of violent siege, separatism gets new legitimacy
786:
667:
644:
556:
1327:
Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations
564:
as the Governor for a second time in a bid to control the mass protests by Kashmiris.
1347:
1061:
1215:
1126:
Jammu and Kashmir: 1990 and Beyond: Competitive Politics in the Shadow of Separatism
619:
lost the general election held in 1989, and a minority government led by opposition
1278:
931:
616:
1305:
1282:
1259:
1236:
1124:
841:, p. 39). Jagmohan was sworn in as the Governor on the evening of the 19th (
701:
659:
624:
877:
650:
Following these events, the Indian government decided to replace the Governor
620:
580:(JKLF) in July 1988 under Pakistani sponsorship, a year after the rigging of
69:
56:
1154:"Narratives from exile: Kashmiri Pandits and their construction of the past"
752:
597:
1219:
748:
727:
688:
663:
605:
561:
540:
143:
42:
1201:
837:
Farooq Abdullah is said to have resigned on "the midnight of the 18th" (
769:
226:
1284:
Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad
548:
1099:
Everyone Lives in Fear: Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir
635:
as the Home Minister. A week later, on 8 December 1989, the JKLF
612:" ("What is the meaning of freedom? It is Islamic State").
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
1057:
Focus shifts to Raj Bhawan, J-K heads for Governor's rule
89:
Government suppression of pro-secessionist demonstration
582:
1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election
820:The slogan itself was an adaptation of that of the
734:drowning after they jumped into the river in fear.
185:
177:
172:
134:
101:
93:
85:
36:
23:
1238:Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir
1003:
1001:
1073:
1071:
772:has been produced against any person in court.
695:, the search was ordered by the police chiefs.
572:January 1990 was a major turning point for the
1310:, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co,
709:" ("What is freedom, Allah is the only god").
314:1995 kidnapping of Western tourists in Kashmir
148:Mohammed Ahmed Zaki (Srinagar Corps commander)
516:
8:
1147:
1145:
763:No known action was ever taken against the
627:took power, with external support from the
222:Jammu & Kashmir Human Rights Commission
523:
509:
194:
20:
1354:Indian war crimes in the Kashmir conflict
1110:
902:
826:Pakistan ka matlab kya, La Ilahi illallah
1194:"Kashmir: The Scarred and the Beautiful"
802:Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir
631:. Singh appointed a Kashmiri politician
547:, India, where, on 21 January 1990, the
16:1990 mass killing of Kashmiri protesters
1156:, in Sugata Bose; Ayesha Jalal (eds.),
857:
813:
707:Azadi ka matlab kya, La Ilahi lilillah
610:Azadi ka matlab kya, La Ilahi lilillah
539:was named after the Gawkadal bridge in
488:
472:
456:
440:
414:
393:
377:
351:
335:
319:
307:
276:
260:
234:
206:
197:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
980:
217:on Human Rights and Justice in Kashmir
1179:
1077:
1044:
1032:
1020:
992:
968:
956:
944:
914:
842:
838:
637:kidnapped his daughter Rubaiya Sayeed
608:paradigm. An often-heard slogan was "
7:
1158:Kashmir and the Future of South Asia
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
1409:Mass shootings in Jammu and Kashmir
253:1990 Zakoora and Tengpora massacre
150:J. N. Saxena (DGP, J&K Police)
14:
1192:Dalrymple, William (1 May 2008),
497:2009 Shopian rape and murder case
1216:Growing up in Kashmir's war zone
215:International People's Tribunal
1384:Massacres of protesters in Asia
1287:, Brookings Institution Press,
1160:, Routledge, pp. 103–104,
113:Government of Jammu and Kashmir
1389:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir
578:Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
120:Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
1:
1374:Political repression in India
782:Zakoora and Tengpora massacre
757:Pakistan administered Kashmir
433:2002 Raghunath temple attacks
386:2000 Chittisinghpura massacre
1394:Massacres committed by India
1364:January 1990 events in India
1198:The New York Review of Books
654:. Under the pressure of the
590:Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir
553:Central Reserve Police Force
269:1991 Kunan Poshpora incident
1404:1990 mass shootings in Asia
1101:. Human Rights Watch. 2006.
1011:, India Today, 31 Jan 1990.
662:government in Delhi, chose
551:paramilitary troops of the
1425:
1369:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir
555:opened fire on a group of
152:Joginder Singh (IG, CRPF)
1123:Chowdhary, Rekha (2019),
428:2002 Qasim Nagar massacre
407:2001 Chalwalkote massacre
344:1997 Sangrampora massacre
243:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
189:
139:
106:
28:
465:2004 Teli Katha massacre
1324:Sirrs, Owen L. (2016),
602:Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir
328:Murder of Jalil Andrabi
290:1993 Bijbehara massacre
656:Bharatiya Janata Party
629:Bharatiya Janata Party
596:. In a key meeting in
449:2003 Nadimarg Massacre
423:2002 Kaluchak massacre
402:2001 Kishtwar massacre
370:1998 Prankote massacre
365:1998 Chapnari massacre
360:1998 Wandhama massacre
295:1993 Kishtwar massacre
248:1990 Gawkadal massacre
1359:1990 murders in India
878:Kashmir's first blood
633:Mufti Muhammad Sayeed
1235:Jamal, Arif (2009),
600:on 14 January 1990,
300:1993 Sopore massacre
201:in Jammu and Kashmir
199:Human rights abuses
1399:History of Srinagar
1307:Kashmir in Conflict
1302:Schofield, Victoria
1152:Rai, Mridu (2021),
588:, working with the
285:1993 Lal Chowk fire
165:(Hizbul commander)
70:34.0748°N 74.8092°E
66: /
1261:The Lost Rebellion
1241:, Melville House,
1204:on 1 February 2016
797:Bijbehara massacre
744:Human Rights Watch
574:Kashmir insurgency
481:2006 Doda massacre
163:Muhammad Ahsan Dar
158:Ashfaq Majeed Wani
31:Kashmir insurgency
1379:Massacres in 1990
1337:978-1-317-19609-9
1294:978-0-8157-2283-0
1271:978-0-14-027846-0
1264:, Penguin Books,
1248:978-1-933633-59-6
1222:." 16 August 2007
1136:978-93-5328-232-5
1047:, pp. 38–39.
822:Pakistan movement
792:Handwara massacre
652:K. V. Krishna Rao
594:Hizbul Mujahideen
545:Jammu and Kashmir
537:Gawkadal massacre
533:
532:
193:
192:
130:
129:
124:Hizbul Mujahideen
47:Jammu and Kashmir
24:Gawkadal massacre
1416:
1340:
1320:
1297:
1274:
1251:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1200:, archived from
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1081:
1075:
1066:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1005:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
885:
875:
846:
835:
829:
824:from the 1940s:
818:
525:
518:
511:
195:
160:(JKLF commander)
108:
107:
81:
80:
78:
77:
76:
75:34.0748; 74.8092
71:
67:
64:
63:
62:
59:
21:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1323:
1318:
1300:
1295:
1277:
1272:
1254:
1249:
1234:
1226:
1214:Mirza, Waheed.
1213:
1209:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1084:
1076:
1069:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:Shekhar Gupta,
1006:
999:
991:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
955:
951:
943:
939:
925:
921:
913:
909:
901:
888:
876:
859:
855:
850:
849:
836:
832:
819:
815:
810:
787:Sopore massacre
778:
740:
724:
715:
685:
680:
672:Governor's rule
668:Farooq Abdullah
645:Farooq Abdullah
570:
529:
216:
200:
168:
167:
161:
154:
151:
149:
147:
126:
122:
115:
74:
72:
68:
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55:
53:
52:
51:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1321:
1316:
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1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1207:
1184:
1172:
1166:
1141:
1135:
1115:
1111:Schofield 2003
1103:
1082:
1067:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
997:
985:
973:
971:, pp. 142–143.
961:
959:, pp. 140–141.
949:
937:
935:24 March 2016.
919:
907:
905:, p. 148.
903:Schofield 2003
886:
882:Indian Express
856:
854:
851:
848:
847:
830:
812:
811:
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40:
38:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
13:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
1421:
1410:
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1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1330:, Routledge,
1329:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1285:
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1279:Riedel, Bruce
1276:
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1217:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
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1176:
1173:
1169:
1167:9781000318722
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1062:Express India
1058:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:, p. 38.
1034:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
986:
982:
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970:
965:
962:
958:
953:
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946:
941:
938:
934:
933:
928:
927:Dateline 1987
923:
920:
916:
911:
908:
904:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
887:
884:, 1 May 2005.
883:
879:
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866:
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862:
858:
852:
844:
840:
834:
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981:Riedel 2012
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73: /
1348:Categories
1317:1860648983
1180:Joshi 1999
1078:Joshi 1999
1045:Joshi 1999
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1021:Joshi 1999
993:Sirrs 2016
969:Jamal 2009
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853:References
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839:Joshi 1999
722:21 January
713:20 January
683:19 January
621:Janata Dal
568:Background
173:Casualties
146:(Governor)
61:74°48′33″E
58:34°04′29″N
41:Gawkadal,
1304:(2003) ,
753:Asian Age
738:Aftermath
598:Kathmandu
86:Caused by
1281:(2012),
1258:(1999),
1220:BBC News
776:See also
749:MJ Akbar
728:Srinagar
689:Srinagar
664:Jagmohan
606:Islamist
562:Jagmohan
557:Kashmiri
541:Srinagar
178:Death(s)
144:Jagmohan
97:Shooting
43:Srinagar
37:Location
29:Part of
1229:Sources
770:challan
227:Papa II
102:Parties
94:Methods
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808:Notes
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207:Notes
1332:ISBN
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