1124:, p. 148: 'The whole city was out. I was sleeping — it was midnight. I heard people on the road shouting pro-Pakistani slogans and Islamic slogans — "Allah o Akbar", "What do we want? We want freedom!"' recalls Haseeb, a Kashmiri medical student. (p. 149) In defiance of what came to be called 'crackdown' by the authorities, the people continued to come out on the streets: 'There were loudspeakers in the mosques, encouraging people to come out. Everyday, all day people were shouting slogans,' recalls Haseeb. 'Azadi, Azadi, Allah-o Akbar — Freedom, Freedom, God is Great' was broadcast from the minarets.
1091:, pp. 39–40: "The first act was initiated by the state's top police officers, Director-General of Police J.N. Saksena and Inspector-General of the CRPF 'Tiger' Joginder Singh. To 'welcome' the hardline governor, they instituted the long-awaited crackdown with searches in Guru Bazar and Chota Bazar areas on the morning of 20 January and detained some 250 youths for interrogation. That same morning when Saksena arrived in Jammu from Srinagar to brief Jagmohan, he did not mention the searches or their possible fallout. Perhaps he had misjudged the situation."
1140:, SAGE Publishing India, p. 73: 'The use of the religious places for issuing threats and intimidating the minorities was a reality of that time. To quote Wajahat Habibullah who was posted as Special Commissioner in Anantnag in 1990, "... Places of worship, like the one in Anantnag, where the majority went, were being used to issue threats to them over loudspeakers. I learnt later that these inflammatory sermons, and their reverberating public applause, were audio recordings circulated to mosques to be played over loudspeakers at prayer time.",
741:'s wooden Gawkadal Bridge. According to the J & K police, on approaching the wooden bridge a large crowd of demonstrators started pelting stones, after which the security forces fired on the crowd, leading to the death of several protestors. The police record mentions that "on January 21, a big crowd raising anti-India slogans was heading towards Lal Chowk and the security forces tried to stop the crowd near Gawkadal. Instead of dispersing, the unruly crowd started pelting stones at government buildings and security force personnel."
928:, pp. 129, 137: "By Spring 1988, Zia regime also started pressing JKLF to begin the armed campaign. JKLF didn't yet think the timing was right. But reluctantly agreed to set the Martyrs' Day, 13 July, as the formal start of the campaign. At this stage, there were 10,000 trained militants, working in some fifty units.".
728:
As word of the raids spread on 20 January 1990, crowds gathered outside the
Divisional Commissioner's office in Srinagar to protest the 'atrocities', and were tear-gassed. Organisers fanned out through the city and massive processions were initiated by the evening. A curfew was imposed by night fall.
709:
The night of 19 January also saw the initiation of a mass revolt in the
Kashmir valley. Various reports indicate that Kashmiri Muslims were out on the streets shouting anti-India, pro-Pakistan and Islamic slogans. Mosques crackled with loud speakers, issuing slogans and playing pre-recorded messages.
1006:, pp. 159–160: "Like the JKLF, was "overwhelmingly Kashmiri" as far as its cadre went, but it rejected the JKLF's nationalist agenda in favor of an Islamist one. What this meant in theory was that the party saw nothing that was doctrinally incorrect in joining and thereby strengthening Pakistan.".
744:
Indian authorities put the official death toll for the massacre initially at 21–28, however, later raised it to 50 after counting the bodies. International human rights organisations and scholars estimate that at least 50, and likely over 100 protesters were killed—some by gunshot wounds, other by
778:
forces officials responsible for the massacre, or against the officers present at
Gawkadal that night. No government investigation was ever ordered into the incident. Fifteen years later, the police case was closed and those involved in the massacre were declared untraceable. No
570:
protesters in what has been described by some authors as "the worst massacre in
Kashmiri history". Between 50 and 100 people were killed, some from being shot and others from drowning. The massacre happened two days after the Government of India appointed
856:, p. 39), which left almost an entire day when the state was run by only officials. Worse, due to weather conditions, Jagmohan was able to reach Srinagar only on the morning of the 21st to take stock of the situation and issue pertinent orders.
757:
stated in a report from May, 1991, "In the weeks that followed as security forces fired on crowds of marchers and as militants intensified their attacks against the police and those suspected of aiding them, Kashmir’s civil war began in earnest."
702:, in an effort to find illegal weapons and root out any hidden militants. Three hundred people were arrested, most of whom were later released. Both Jagmohan and Abdullah deny any involvement in the decision to carry out the raid. According to
770:
to receive arms and training in insurrection
Pakistan came out in open support of secession, and for the first time, did not need to involve its regular troops in the confrontation. In Srinagar, each mosque became a citadel of fervor."
225:
1193:, p. 40: "Throughout 20 January, organizers fanned out across the city and from that evening, massive processions took to the streets demanding azadi, and chanting 'Death to Indian dogs' and 'Allah-o-Akbar' (God is great)."
958:, p. 137: "The ISI initially backed the JKLF only as a way to push its client, the Jamat-i-Islami, into militancy. Moreover, it had planned to replace the JKLF once Jamat-i-Islami could be pushed into the conflict.".
533:
1019:
526:
753:
In the aftermath of the massacre, more demonstrations followed, and in
January 1990, Indian paramilitary forces are believed to have killed around 300 protesters in total. As a
650:, demanding the release of jailed JKLF militants in return for her release. The government's capitulation to this demand strengthened the image of JKLF and gave a fillip to its
595:
by India which saw NC leader Farooq
Abdullah win but "lose his credibility". However, pro-Independence JKLF was not in Pakistan's interest. By October 1989, its secret service
592:
994:, pp. 39–40: "By setting up an umbrella group, Hizbul Mujahedeen, to unite the pro-Pakistan elements, the ISI gradually isolated the JKLF, cut off its aid, and took control.".
1067:
716:
described the mood in the Valley as one of open defiance: "mobs challenged the gun, defying policemen to fire at them". They chanted slogans for "Indian dogs go back" and "
1364:
519:
324:
1204:
587:
as well as the Indian government's handling of it. By this time, the
Kashmir insurgency was one-and-a-half year old, having been launched by the Pakistan-based
1419:
766:
newspaper, said of the massacre, "January 19 became the catalyst which propelled into a mass upsurge. Young men from hundreds of homes crossed over into
232:
1034:, pp. 34–35: "Processions and protests gained even greater popular support, till it now seemed that the whole valley was for azadi or independence.".
1394:
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65:
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1414:
937:
698:
On the night 19 January 1990 (or the early morning of 20 January), Indian security forces conducted extensive house-to-house searches in
1379:
681:
was dismissed. Abdullah had held it against
Jagmohan, and resigned from Chief Ministership when he heard the news. The state went under
263:
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507:
123:
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588:
130:
792:
767:
443:
396:
1409:
775:
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to succeed him. Jagmohan had served a previous term as the
Governor in the State, during which the Chief Minister
555:
438:
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253:
57:
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703:
475:
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338:
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was persuaded to take control of Hizbul Mujahideen. Henceforth, the Kashmir insurgency was to run along an
666:
639:
459:
433:
412:
380:
375:
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305:
643:
737:
On the evening of 21 January, a large group of protesters shouting pro-independence slogans, reached
654:(freedom) movement, while at the same time undercutting the authority of the state government led by
310:
603:, brought together some of the key Islamist insurgent groups working in Kashmir under the banner of
295:
1109:
1312:
807:
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173:
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41:
682:
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1141:
832:
802:
662:
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134:
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Concurrent to these developments, the Indian central government was going through a crisis.
1020:
Militant movement holds Kashmir in a state of violent siege, separatism gets new legitimacy
797:
678:
655:
567:
1338:
Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations
575:
as the Governor for a second time in a bid to control the mass protests by Kashmiris.
1358:
1072:
1226:
1137:
Jammu and Kashmir: 1990 and Beyond: Competitive Politics in the Shadow of Separatism
630:
lost the general election held in 1989, and a minority government led by opposition
1289:
942:
627:
1316:
1293:
1270:
1247:
1135:
852:, p. 39). Jagmohan was sworn in as the Governor on the evening of the 19th (
712:
670:
635:
888:
661:
Following these events, the Indian government decided to replace the Governor
631:
591:(JKLF) in July 1988 under Pakistani sponsorship, a year after the rigging of
80:
67:
1165:"Narratives from exile: Kashmiri Pandits and their construction of the past"
763:
608:
1230:
759:
738:
699:
674:
616:
572:
551:
154:
53:
1212:
848:
Farooq Abdullah is said to have resigned on "the midnight of the 18th" (
17:
780:
237:
1295:
Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad
559:
1110:
Everyone Lives in Fear: Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir
646:
as the Home Minister. A week later, on 8 December 1989, the JKLF
623:" ("What is the meaning of freedom? It is Islamic State").
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
1068:
Focus shifts to Raj Bhawan, J-K heads for Governor's rule
100:
Government suppression of pro-secessionist demonstration
593:
1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election
831:The slogan itself was an adaptation of that of the
745:drowning after they jumped into the river in fear.
196:
188:
183:
145:
112:
104:
96:
47:
34:
1249:Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir
1014:
1012:
1084:
1082:
783:has been produced against any person in court.
706:, the search was ordered by the police chiefs.
583:January 1990 was a major turning point for the
1321:, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co,
720:" ("What is freedom, Allah is the only god").
325:1995 kidnapping of Western tourists in Kashmir
159:Mohammed Ahmed Zaki (Srinagar Corps commander)
527:
8:
1158:
1156:
774:No known action was ever taken against the
638:took power, with external support from the
233:Jammu & Kashmir Human Rights Commission
534:
520:
205:
31:
1365:Indian war crimes in the Kashmir conflict
1121:
913:
837:Pakistan ka matlab kya, La Ilahi illallah
1205:"Kashmir: The Scarred and the Beautiful"
813:Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir
642:. Singh appointed a Kashmiri politician
558:, India, where, on 21 January 1990, the
27:1990 mass killing of Kashmiri protesters
1167:, in Sugata Bose; Ayesha Jalal (eds.),
868:
824:
718:Azadi ka matlab kya, La Ilahi lilillah
621:Azadi ka matlab kya, La Ilahi lilillah
550:was named after the Gawkadal bridge in
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346:
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245:
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228:on Human Rights and Justice in Kashmir
1190:
1088:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1003:
979:
967:
955:
925:
853:
849:
648:kidnapped his daughter Rubaiya Sayeed
619:paradigm. An often-heard slogan was "
7:
1169:Kashmir and the Future of South Asia
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
1420:Mass shootings in Jammu and Kashmir
264:1990 Zakoora and Tengpora massacre
161:J. N. Saxena (DGP, J&K Police)
25:
1203:Dalrymple, William (1 May 2008),
508:2009 Shopian rape and murder case
1227:Growing up in Kashmir's war zone
226:International People's Tribunal
1395:Massacres of protesters in Asia
1298:, Brookings Institution Press,
1171:, Routledge, pp. 103–104,
124:Government of Jammu and Kashmir
1400:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir
589:Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
131:Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
1:
1385:Political repression in India
793:Zakoora and Tengpora massacre
768:Pakistan administered Kashmir
444:2002 Raghunath temple attacks
397:2000 Chittisinghpura massacre
1405:Massacres committed by India
1375:January 1990 events in India
1209:The New York Review of Books
665:. Under the pressure of the
601:Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir
564:Central Reserve Police Force
280:1991 Kunan Poshpora incident
1415:1990 mass shootings in Asia
1112:. Human Rights Watch. 2006.
1022:, India Today, 31 Jan 1990.
673:government in Delhi, chose
562:paramilitary troops of the
1436:
1380:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir
566:opened fire on a group of
163:Joginder Singh (IG, CRPF)
1134:Chowdhary, Rekha (2019),
439:2002 Qasim Nagar massacre
418:2001 Chalwalkote massacre
355:1997 Sangrampora massacre
254:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
200:
150:
117:
39:
476:2004 Teli Katha massacre
1335:Sirrs, Owen L. (2016),
613:Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir
339:Murder of Jalil Andrabi
301:1993 Bijbehara massacre
667:Bharatiya Janata Party
640:Bharatiya Janata Party
607:. In a key meeting in
460:2003 Nadimarg Massacre
434:2002 Kaluchak massacre
413:2001 Kishtwar massacre
381:1998 Prankote massacre
376:1998 Chapnari massacre
371:1998 Wandhama massacre
306:1993 Kishtwar massacre
259:1990 Gawkadal massacre
1370:1990 murders in India
889:Kashmir's first blood
644:Mufti Muhammad Sayeed
1246:Jamal, Arif (2009),
611:on 14 January 1990,
311:1993 Sopore massacre
212:in Jammu and Kashmir
210:Human rights abuses
1410:History of Srinagar
1318:Kashmir in Conflict
1313:Schofield, Victoria
1163:Rai, Mridu (2021),
599:, working with the
296:1993 Lal Chowk fire
176:(Hizbul commander)
81:34.0748°N 74.8092°E
77: /
1272:The Lost Rebellion
1252:, Melville House,
1215:on 1 February 2016
808:Bijbehara massacre
755:Human Rights Watch
585:Kashmir insurgency
492:2006 Doda massacre
174:Muhammad Ahsan Dar
169:Ashfaq Majeed Wani
42:Kashmir insurgency
1390:Massacres in 1990
1348:978-1-317-19609-9
1305:978-0-8157-2283-0
1282:978-0-14-027846-0
1275:, Penguin Books,
1259:978-1-933633-59-6
1233:." 16 August 2007
1147:978-93-5328-232-5
1058:, pp. 38–39.
833:Pakistan movement
803:Handwara massacre
663:K. V. Krishna Rao
605:Hizbul Mujahideen
556:Jammu and Kashmir
548:Gawkadal massacre
544:
543:
204:
203:
141:
140:
135:Hizbul Mujahideen
58:Jammu and Kashmir
35:Gawkadal massacre
16:(Redirected from
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171:(JKLF commander)
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86:34.0748; 74.8092
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1225:Mirza, Waheed.
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798:Sopore massacre
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683:Governor's rule
679:Farooq Abdullah
656:Farooq Abdullah
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1122:Schofield 2003
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1048:
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1024:
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996:
984:
982:, pp. 142–143.
972:
970:, pp. 140–141.
960:
948:
946:24 March 2016.
930:
918:
916:, p. 148.
914:Schofield 2003
897:
893:Indian Express
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1341:, Routledge,
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1290:Riedel, Bruce
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1073:Express India
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1049:
1046:, p. 38.
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938:Dateline 1987
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895:, 1 May 2005.
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146:Lead figures
29:
992:Riedel 2012
713:India Today
704:Manoj Joshi
671:V. P. Singh
636:V. P. Singh
84: /
1359:Categories
1328:1860648983
1191:Joshi 1999
1089:Joshi 1999
1056:Joshi 1999
1044:Joshi 1999
1032:Joshi 1999
1004:Sirrs 2016
980:Jamal 2009
968:Jamal 2009
956:Jamal 2009
926:Jamal 2009
864:References
854:Joshi 1999
850:Joshi 1999
733:21 January
724:20 January
694:19 January
632:Janata Dal
579:Background
184:Casualties
157:(Governor)
72:74°48′33″E
69:34°04′29″N
52:Gawkadal,
1315:(2003) ,
764:Asian Age
749:Aftermath
609:Kathmandu
97:Caused by
1292:(2012),
1269:(1999),
1231:BBC News
787:See also
760:MJ Akbar
739:Srinagar
700:Srinagar
675:Jagmohan
617:Islamist
573:Jagmohan
568:Kashmiri
552:Srinagar
189:Death(s)
155:Jagmohan
108:Shooting
54:Srinagar
48:Location
40:Part of
18:Gawkadal
1240:Sources
781:challan
238:Papa II
113:Parties
105:Methods
60:, India
1345:
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1279:
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689:Events
669:, the
634:under
560:Indian
819:Notes
652:azadi
218:Notes
1343:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1142:ISBN
776:CRPF
546:The
500:2009
484:2006
468:2004
452:2003
426:2002
405:2001
389:2000
363:1998
347:1997
331:1996
319:1995
288:1993
272:1991
246:1990
1229:. "
597:ISI
1361::
1207:,
1155:^
1096:^
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839:.
535:e
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20:)
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