425:
213:
294:
374:
95:
1155:
702:
224:
27:
424:
117:
871:
became prime minister. However, as the BNP had received only 31 percent of the popular vote, it was not clear that it could win a presidential vote, especially if the opposition parties agreed on a common candidate, as they probably would have. Because of this, and the fact that the BNP was in power
999:
Since the amendment, critics have argued that the reform did not assure meaningful multiparty participation in lawmaking, as the ruling party often chose to bypass the parliament in making major laws, including the 1994 Anti-Terrorist Bill, by promulgating ordinances instead of submitting proposed
863:
The Awami League, incorrectly expecting that its organisational strength would allow it to win the elections, favoured a parliamentary system, a change that would require the support of two-thirds of the members of the new parliament and the voters' approval of a referendum. The BNP argued for the
879:
was formed to resolve the differences. The committee produced a unanimous report and placed it before the
Parliament on 6 August for approval. After two rounds of voting, the bill was passed by 307 votes to none, and the amendment was then put to a referendum.
847:
by Ershad so that the succession would follow constitutional processes. Ahmed's two assigned tasks were to organise and hold general elections as soon as possible, and meanwhile run the country without being overly interventionist. The major contestants in the
867:
Following the elections, the BNP held 168 seats, the Awami League 88, the Jatiya Party 35, and Jamaat-e-Islami 20. With the BNP winning a clear majority in the 330-seat
Parliament, BNP leader
875:
As a result, on 2 July the BNP introduced the
Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Bill 1991. The Awami League also put forward its own constitutional amendment bill. A 15-member
1451:
553:
739:
1225:
1220:
1143:
1121:
1215:
1507:
438:
267:
242:
1260:
670:
1433:
1456:
1210:
1200:
652:
648:
638:
633:
876:
610:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1265:
796:
596:
591:
503:
1502:
399:
1307:
732:
1497:
1136:
1492:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1040:
849:
567:
459:
342:
390:
1230:
1167:
725:
683:
624:
1335:
1129:
804:
558:
533:
479:
352:
65:
Should or not the
President assent to the Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Bill, 1991 of the People's Republic of Bangladesh?
760:(Twelfth Amendment) Bill, 1991 of the People's Republic of Bangladesh?" The amendments would lead to the reintroduction of
381:
272:
1428:
1353:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
844:
772:
the executive head. It also abolished the position of vice-president and would see the
President elected by Parliament.
769:
712:
1487:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1343:
829:
660:
466:
432:
313:
1090:
Moniruzzaman, M. (2009). "Parliamentary
Democracy in Bangladesh: An Evaluation of the Parliament during 1991–2006".
853:
757:
452:
262:
233:
1482:
836:
792:
675:
347:
285:
257:
1159:
857:
825:
765:
519:
512:
416:
301:
490:
337:
1009:
1005:
1001:
325:
840:
761:
688:
665:
306:
812:
443:
1000:
legislation to parliamentary committees for scrutiny. Opposition parties also often boycotted the
872:
in
Parliament, it seemed advantageous to the BNP to shift power from the president to Parliament.
1107:
1072:
800:
293:
212:
373:
1036:
868:
832:
706:
471:
247:
1099:
1064:
818:
815:
252:
808:
784:
365:
330:
318:
852:, which were organised for February 1991, were the Awami League and the BNP, with the
1476:
1028:
484:
1111:
1052:
788:
756:
on 15 September 1991. Voters were asked "Should or not the
President assent to the
223:
1154:
1103:
753:
860:
and many other small parties and independent candidates also participating.
1076:
526:
795:, and served as chief executive of Bangladesh from January 1972 until
1068:
1125:
423:
372:
292:
211:
775:
The result saw 84% vote in favour, with a turnout of 35%.
1055:(1992). "Bangladesh in 1991: A Parliamentary System".
835:, the agreed-upon candidate of the Awami League and
1444:
1334:
1306:
1166:
768:becoming the constitutional head of state, but the
70:
1031:, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001)
1063:(2). University of California Press: 162–167.
811:, he replaced the parliamentary system with a
1137:
733:
8:
1033:Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I
18:
1144:
1130:
1122:
887:
843:. Prior to this, Ahmed had been appointed
799:in August 1975. In 1974, Mujib declared a
740:
726:
189:
19:1991 Bangladeshi constitutional referendum
864:continuation of the presidential system.
752:A constitutional referendum was held in
76:
1160:Elections and referendums in Bangladesh
1092:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics
1021:
983:
972:
961:
950:
939:
935:
924:
201:
195:This article is part of a series on the
17:
1059:. A Survey of Asia in 1991: Part II.
973:
962:
951:
940:
892:
7:
1508:September 1991 events in Bangladesh
14:
1153:
700:
222:
115:
93:
25:
807:in which, with the approval of
824:On 8 December 1990, President
1:
1503:1991 elections in Bangladesh
554:Parliamentary constituencies
634:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1524:
1498:Constitutional referendums
1493:Referendums in Bangladesh
1104:10.1080/14662040802659017
984:
974:Registered voters/turnout
936:
925:
914:
903:
898:
895:
837:Bangladesh National Party
173:Registered voters/turnout
87:
84:
75:
63:
39:
23:
839:(BNP), assumed power as
762:parliamentary government
505:Administrative divisions
400:Leader of the Opposition
826:Hossain Muhammad Ershad
144:Invalid or blank votes
1308:Presidential elections
649:Diplomatic missions of
491:Bangladesh Bar Council
428:
377:
297:
216:
204:Politics of Bangladesh
793:independence struggle
707:Bangladesh portal
427:
376:
296:
215:
689:Bangladeshi diaspora
307:Mohammed Shahabuddin
952:Invalid/blank votes
889:
559:Election commission
460:Metropolitan courts
444:High Court Division
391:Leader of the House
20:
1488:1991 in Bangladesh
1010:Eighth parliaments
888:
801:state of emergency
626:Foreign relations
439:Appellate Division
429:
378:
298:
217:
1470:
1469:
1168:General elections
992:
991:
869:Begum Khaleda Zia
833:Shahabuddin Ahmed
805:Second Revolution
797:his assassination
750:
749:
684:Foreign relations
671:Visa requirements
611:Political parties
472:Syed Refaat Ahmed
353:Local governments
248:Law of Bangladesh
205:
188:
187:
184:
183:
54:
53:
47:15 September 1991
1515:
1483:1991 referendums
1158:
1157:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1049:
1043:
1026:
890:
877:select committee
841:acting President
742:
735:
728:
705:
704:
703:
627:
548:
506:
480:Attorney General
419:
368:
288:
236:
226:
206:
203:
196:
190:
174:
119:
118:
97:
96:
77:
59:
58:
41:
40:
35:
34:
30:
29:
28:
21:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1440:
1336:Local elections
1330:
1302:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1120:
1119:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1069:10.2307/2645214
1051:
1050:
1046:
1027:
1023:
1018:
997:
985:Source: Nohlen
886:
854:Jamaat-e-Islami
803:and launched a
781:
746:
717:
713:Other countries
701:
699:
694:
693:
680:
661:Nationality law
657:
645:
629:
625:
617:
616:
606:
582:
549:
546:
539:
538:
508:
504:
496:
495:
453:District courts
421:
417:
409:
408:
370:
366:
358:
357:
334:
331:Yunus (interim)
322:
310:
290:
286:
278:
277:
273:Judicial review
253:Bangladesh Code
238:
234:
202:
194:
172:
116:
94:
82:
66:
57:
56:
55:
33:
32:
31:
26:
24:
12:
11:
5:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1098:(1): 100–126.
1082:
1044:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1014:
996:
993:
990:
989:
982:
981:
978:
975:
971:
970:
967:
964:
960:
959:
956:
953:
949:
948:
945:
942:
938:
937:
934:
933:
930:
927:
923:
922:
919:
916:
912:
911:
908:
905:
901:
900:
897:
894:
885:
882:
845:Vice President
785:Mujibur Rahman
780:
777:
770:Prime Minister
748:
747:
745:
744:
737:
730:
722:
719:
718:
716:
715:
709:
696:
695:
692:
691:
686:
679:
678:
673:
668:
663:
656:
655:
644:
643:
642:
641:
630:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
607:
605:
604:
599:
594:
590:Presidential:
587:
584:
583:
581:
580:
575:
570:
563:
561:
556:
550:
545:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
534:Local Councils
530:
529:
523:
522:
516:
515:
509:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
488:
476:
475:
463:
462:
456:
455:
449:
448:
447:
446:
441:
422:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
397:
388:
371:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
323:
319:Muhammad Yunus
311:
291:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
239:
232:
231:
228:
227:
219:
218:
208:
207:
199:
198:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
169:
168:
163:
158:
152:
151:
148:
145:
141:
140:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
123:
112:
111:
106:
101:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
73:
72:
68:
67:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
49:
44:
37:
36:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1520:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:Baxter, Craig
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:0-19-924958-X
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:Dieter Nohlen
1025:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
994:
988:
979:
976:
968:
965:
957:
954:
946:
943:
931:
928:
920:
917:
913:
909:
906:
902:
891:
883:
881:
878:
873:
870:
865:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:
830:Chief Justice
828:resigned and
827:
822:
820:
819:authoritarian
817:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
778:
776:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
743:
738:
736:
731:
729:
724:
723:
721:
720:
714:
711:
710:
708:
698:
697:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
653:in Bangladesh
650:
647:
646:
640:
637:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
621:
620:
613:
612:
608:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
589:
588:
586:
585:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
565:
564:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
543:
542:
535:
532:
531:
528:
525:
524:
521:
518:
517:
514:
511:
510:
507:
500:
499:
492:
489:
487:
486:
485:AM Amin Uddin
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
468:
467:Chief Justice
465:
464:
461:
458:
457:
454:
451:
450:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
434:
433:Supreme Court
431:
430:
426:
420:
413:
412:
405:
401:
398:
396:
392:
389:
387:
383:
380:
379:
375:
369:
362:
361:
354:
351:
349:
348:Civil Service
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
333:
332:
327:
324:
321:
320:
315:
314:Chief Adviser
312:
309:
308:
303:
300:
299:
295:
289:
282:
281:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:
230:
229:
225:
221:
220:
214:
210:
209:
200:
197:
192:
191:
179:
176:
171:
170:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
149:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
122:
114:
113:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
92:
91:
79:
78:
74:
69:
62:
50:
48:
45:
43:
42:
38:
22:
16:
1461:
1434:
1296:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1060:
1057:Asian Survey
1056:
1047:
1032:
1024:
998:
986:
874:
866:
862:
858:Jatiya Party
823:
813:presidential
789:Awami League
782:
774:
758:Constitution
751:
609:
601:
577:
572:
527:Subdistricts
483:
470:
403:
394:
385:
329:
317:
305:
263:Human rights
235:Constitution
193:
165:
160:
155:
133:Valid votes
120:
108:
103:
98:
46:
15:
1445:Referendums
963:Total votes
941:Valid votes
791:during the
764:, with the
676:Visa policy
367:Parliament
177:62,204,118
156:Total votes
136:21,698,439
1477:Categories
1266:1996 (Jun)
1261:1996 (Feb)
1016:References
977:62,204,118
966:21,888,437
944:21,698,439
929:21,698,439
907:18,308,377
809:parliament
779:Background
754:Bangladesh
547:Elections
418:Judiciary
287:Government
268:Article 70
258:Penal Code
243:Amendments
161:21,888,437
125:3,390,062
104:18,308,377
995:Aftermath
918:3,390,062
850:elections
816:one-party
766:President
566:General:
520:Districts
513:Divisions
302:President
1112:67779420
821:system.
787:led the
666:Passport
639:Minister
343:Agencies
338:Taxation
147:189,998
1435:2024–25
1429:2020–21
1354:1983–84
1077:2645214
1035:, p534
1006:Seventh
955:189,998
915:Against
884:Results
783:Sheikh
382:Speaker
326:Cabinet
180:35.19%
166:100.00%
139:99.13%
128:15.62%
71:Results
1110:
1075:
1039:
1008:, and
987:et al.
969:100.00
932:100.00
893:Choice
404:Vacant
395:Vacant
386:Vacant
150:0.87%
109:84.38%
85:Votes
81:Choice
1108:S2CID
1073:JSTOR
1002:Fifth
980:35.19
947:99.13
926:Total
921:15.62
910:84.38
896:Votes
1462:1991
1457:1985
1452:1977
1424:2019
1419:2018
1414:2016
1409:2015
1404:2014
1399:2011
1394:2009
1389:2003
1384:2000
1379:1997
1374:1994
1369:1990
1364:1988
1359:1985
1349:1977
1344:1973
1326:1986
1321:1981
1316:1978
1297:Next
1291:2024
1286:2018
1281:2014
1276:2008
1271:2001
1256:1991
1251:1988
1246:1986
1241:1979
1236:1973
1231:1970
1226:1965
1221:1962
1216:1954
1211:1946
1206:1945
1201:1937
1196:1934
1191:1930
1186:1926
1181:1923
1176:1920
1037:ISBN
958:0.87
856:and
602:2028
597:2023
592:2018
568:2024
1100:doi
1065:doi
904:For
578:TBD
573:TBD
99:Yes
1479::
1106:.
1096:47
1094:.
1071:.
1061:32
1012:.
1004:,
651:/
482::
469::
435::
402::
393::
384::
328::
316::
304::
121:No
88:%
1145:e
1138:t
1131:v
1114:.
1102::
1079:.
1067::
899:%
741:e
734:t
727:v
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