2224:
895:(Treaty of Waitangi), which was signed in 1840. The meaning of Te Tiriti is complicated by the fact that the Maori and English texts of the agreement are not entirely consistent in their meanings. While the English version is generally interpreted to have ceded absolute sovereignty, the Māori version only cedes governorship. Practically, in the years since 1840, the English interpretation was generally privileged. Thus, New Zealand officially became a British colony and was ruled by a governor until 1852, when the British government passed the
43:
837:, as seen in New Zealand from 1996 onward, is a type of proportional system wherein each voter has two votes. One of these is for the candidate in their electorate and one is for the overall political party. The party vote is what ultimately decides the number of seats each party gains in parliament, with any shortfall between the number of electorates won and the party's overall percentage of the party vote made up by list party members elected.
913:
was mandated to be full blooded Māori. However, all Māori males over the age of 21 were allowed to vote in these electorates regardless of their bloodline. Initially, these seats were created on an interim basis with a provision for their removal after five years had passed. Despite this, the Māori seats have remained even to this day as a part of the New
Zealand political framework and have even been expanded in the Electoral Act 1993.
4829:
656:
1815:
share of the seats in
Parliament that is about the same as its share of the nationwide vote. If the number of its district seats are less than its vote share, it is allocated top-up seats. (Parties who do not exceed this threshold and who do not win at least one electorate seat receive no compensation for being under-represented. Those with less than .8 percent of the vote are not due any seats, of course.)
830:
was conducted featuring only the two highest polling candidates, this ensured one or the other gains over 50%. This was discontinued in 1913, NZ reverting to FPP in single-member districts, the successful candidate winning by plurality, which in many cases was less than half the votes. As well, FPP was producing majority government but not since 1935 has a government been elected by a majority of the votes.
1874:– the ninth since the introduction of MMP – being the first to give a single political party a majority of the seats (with very close to a majority of the votes). This had meant that electoral results have usually required political parties to form coalitions to govern. Indeed, since 1998 there have been minority coalition governments relying on supply and confidence from parties outside of government.
802:(FPP) electoral system, used in New Zealand for much of its history, was a simple plurality system, in which voters marked their preference for the candidate they wish to represent the electorate they live in. The candidate or candidates that garners the most votes through this process is then elected to Parliament. Generally, elections conducted in this manner result in an
925:
resided in New
Zealand for 12 months and in a specific electorate for 6 months. This had an immediate and profound effect on the number of registered voters as they rose from 82,271 (71%) of the adult European population in 1879 to 120,972 (91%) in 1881. Furthermore, this allowed for election of people of different class to Parliament, including many 'working men'.
2276:
2304:
1617:. MMP faced an uphill battle, as acknowledged in the pro-MMP poster to the side, since the proposed model was for increase in the number of MPs from 99 to 120. The CBG responded to the proposed increase in the number of MPs with a controversial television advertisement showing 21 faceless list MPs with paper bags over their heads.
2209:
nearly 47% favoured the former FPP system. In Part A, 57.8 percent of valid votes were in favour of keeping the MMP system, with 42.2 percent in favour of change. Around three percent of the votes were informal. Compared to the 1993 referendum, there was a 3.9 percent increase in support for the MMP system.
2204:
As part of the lead-up to the 2008 general election, the
National Party promised a second referendum to decide whether or not to keep MMP. Upon gaining power, the party legislated that the referendum would be held alongside the 2011 general election, which took place on Saturday 26 November 2011. The
1834:
Coalition governments were rare, but not impossible under the FPP system. Most of the time a single party won majority government even if it did not win a majority of the vote. The majority governments elected in New
Zealand have been mostly false-majority governments. Not since 1935 has a government
1639:
It was the combination of growing public anger with the operation of the political system and the successful efforts of the
Electoral Reform Coalition to harness that dissatisfaction in the cause of electoral reform that proved crucial. Politicians subsequently acquiesced as they lost control of the
878:
in 1985 which ultimately recommended a change to MMP. Finally, both the Labour and
National parties entered the 1990 election with policy for a referendum on electoral reform. (The National Party won majority government in the elections of 1990 and 1993 with less than half the votes – evidence of the
2802:
which removed the option for citizens to require a local poll to decide whether the council should establish a Māori ward. The poll option had been seen as a barrier to establishing Māori wards. Twenty-four councils had sought to establish Māori wards since 2002 and only two had been successful. The
1814:
New
Zealand's MMP system allocates top-up seats only to parties that have achieved an electoral threshold of 5 percent of the nationwide party vote, or success in an electorate, to ensure their proportion of the seat is about equal to its vote share. Parties who meet this threshold are entitled to a
2731:
Former Prime
Minister of New Zealand, Geoffrey Palmer, has expressed support for the introduction of compulsory voting in New Zealand, as has existed in Australia since 1924. It is believed that such a measure will improve democratic engagement, although former Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern opposed
1853:
MMP is arguably a more democratic system than FPP. Supporters of MMP criticised FPP for creating elective dictatorships, and promoting the excessive power of one party government. Supporters consider MMP to provide increased representational fairness, and better-considered, wiser, and more moderate
1689:
reflected in 2003, "Had the referendum been held a week earlier I believe we would have lost." Lending additional legitimacy to the second referendum was the increase in the participation rate, which went from 55% in the 1992 referendum to 85% in the second one. The law had been written so that MMP
829:
system used from 1908 to 1913 was a modification of the existing FPP system. A first election was held same as under FPP, but it guaranteed that a candidate to be elected, must garner over 50% of the votes in their district. If no one reached this threshold in the first count, a new round of voting
814:
With the appearance of a New
Liberal Party and the Independent Labour League, the old-time two-party system was crumbling significantly. As early as the 1890s, in such ridings as Ashburton the successful candidate had been elected with less than half the votes cast in the district – in 1893 with as
2600:
was automatically triggered. The Commission released a public consultation paper on 13 February 2012 calling for public submissions, with particular emphasis placed on six key areas. On 13 August 2012, the Commission released its proposal paper, recommending changes to some of the six areas. After
1822:
Because the system is proportional, it is difficult for any single party to gain a majority in Parliament alone. Therefore, coalitions or agreements between political parties are usually needed before Governments can be formed. The 2017 Election is a good example of this, resulting in a Labour-led
1806:
The first election using the MMP system was held in 1996. Districts were re-drawn as in this election there were 34 fewer district members than had been elected in the 1993 election. As well, the Parliamentary seating had to be reconfigured as overall there were to be 21 more members than had been
1620:
The ERC also had a "David and Goliath" battle financially. With the CBG being backed by a large business lobby, they had large amounts of money to spend. While the CBG could spend large on television, radio and full-page newspaper advertisements, often with fear-evoking graphic images, the ERC had
1151:
appointed a panel chaired by the Ombudsman to oversee the campaign. The panel issued a brochure describing each of the voting systems appearing on the ballot, which was delivered to all households, and sponsored other publications, television programs, and seminars to inform the public. Meanwhile,
924:
was introduced in 1879 by the passing of the Qualification of Electors Act, which abolished the previous requirement to own land. As such, all European men aged over 21 were now eligible to vote in New Zealand's elections. The only qualifiers to this were that to be eligible to vote, one must have
912:
In response to Māori antagonism towards the governments of the time due to their general lack of franchise, in 1867 the Māori Representation Act was passed, which established four additional Māori electorates throughout the country. Each of these would each elect a single member to Parliament, who
903:
consisting of an appointed Legislative Council and a House of Representatives. Following this, the first government was elected using a simple first-past-the-post electoral system, with single and multi-member districts. Importantly, political franchise was only extended at this time to male land
949:
and was one of the first substantive reforms to the mechanism by which winning candidates are elected to Parliament to be seen in New Zealand. This system modified the original first-past-the-post electoral system to require the winning candidate in each electorate to have gained over 50% of the
2208:
Nearly 58% of voters voted to keep the MMP system in preference to any of the other four options, compared to 1993, where just under 54% had favoured MMP in preference to keeping FPP. On the second question, nearly one-third of voters didn't vote, or cast an invalid vote. Of those who did vote,
1826:
Under the FPP, the two main parties had taken the lion's share of the seats in 1993. The National party had taken majority government in 1993 with only 35 percent of the vote. Under MMP the result was much more proportional. The National Party was again the leading party and again took about 35
1155:
This led New Zealanders to vote overwhelmingly for change (84.7%) and to indicate a clear and overwhelming preference for the MMP alternative (70.5%). Such a result could not be ignored by the government, but rather than implementing MMP as the government was urged to do by the Electoral Reform
882:
With both major parties calling for referendum on reform, a referendum to test public sentiment was held in 1992. The 1992 referendum represented the first tangible governmental step towards electoral reform. The results of this referendum overwhelmingly supported change and selected MMP as the
1797:
that failed despite a vote of 57.69% in support of the reform. Late in the campaign, Peter Shirtcliffe had in fact sought to act on this and proposed that the referendum should require a majority of the whole electorate, not just those voting, to pass the reform, which the government rejected.
1830:
The 5% threshold has been criticised as a significant problem for minor parties, and impedes their ability to gain seats in Parliament. (In 2017 the Opportunities party took more than 2 percent of the vote and was due two seats proportionally but took none. About 6 percent of the vote in that
936:
followed in 1893 with the passing of the Electoral Act 1893. With this, New Zealand became the first self-governing nation in the world to grant women the vote. However, women still had not gained the right to stand for Parliament. Women's suffrage only allowed women to vote for existing male
1810:
Under MMP, each voter has two votes: the first vote is called the party vote and voters use this vote to express their support for a particular party. The second vote is the electorate vote, which is used to express support for a candidate to represent the voter's electorate in Parliament.
883:
preferred electoral system to replace FPP. Due to this a binding referendum was held the following year in 1993, offering a choice between these two systems. MMP was selected by a vote of 53.9% to 46.1%, a majority in favour of change. and was implemented before the next election in 1996.
860:
Another major factor that highlighted the weaknesses of FPP was the potential abuse of power that could occur. New Zealand does not have a written Constitution, and as such it is subject to change. Under FPP the power is concentrated with the leader of the winning party. Prime Minister
904:
owners over the age of 21, which disqualified many Māori due to their communal ownership of land. Furthermore, no women were extended the right to vote. However this changed in 1893 when New Zealand became the first self-governing country in the world to allow women the right to vote.
1654:
The CBG's backing of business leaders and politicians proved to be damaging to their cause, giving the impression that they were "a front for the business roundtable". The ERC capitalised on severe disenchantment with New Zealand's political class after the severe effects of the
806:, in which the party who wins the most votes wins a majority of seats and has the absolute power in the house. The only deviation from this in New Zealand during the FPP era was before the 1890s during which each member was independent and as such no political parties existed.
1667:. After three elections in a row in which the parties that won power broke their promises and imposed unpopular market-oriented reforms, the New Zealand public came to see MMP as a way to curb the power of governments to engage in dramatic and unpopular reforms. Cartoonist
1792:
Noteworthy in understanding the New Zealand case is that the reforms were able to go forward on the basis of majority support. This stands in contrast to the 60% requirement imposed in some other cases, such as the 2005 referendum on this issue in the Canadian province of
970:
from 1914 to 1993 returned to the first-past-the-post system for parliamentary elections. However, in the newfound party context that had solidified throughout the second-ballot era it had somewhat unforeseen effects. While initially three main parties existed (the
869:
Due to these factors, in 1979 the Labour Party adopted policy to seriously consider the adoption of proportional representation in place of the contemporary FPP system. While changes resultant from this were extremely delayed, the undercurrent of support for
2205:
referendum was similar to the 1992 referendum, in that voters were asked firstly to choose whether to keep the MMP system or to change to another system, and secondly to indicate which alternative system would, in the case of change, have their preference.
848:
gained 9% of the vote and yet won only a single seat. Furthermore, this disproportionality often lead to the successful party winning less overall votes than the opposition, but gaining more seats. An example of this is the 1978 election, in which the
1317:
and ACT, and upper houses in NSW, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia; in which the country or province or state is divided into multimember constituencies; and each voter casts a single vote and ranks candidates in declining order of
1152:
the Electoral Reform Coalition campaigned actively in favour of the MMP alternative originally recommended by the royal commission. These measures made it possible for voters to make an informed choice on what was otherwise a complicated issue.
865:
showed this clearly when he illegally abolished the Superannuation scheme upon his election in 1975. Though the Judiciary ruled this move illegal, they were unable to halt the action and Muldoon faced no repercussions for this abuse of power.
2799:
1086:
campaign, Labour promised to hold a referendum on MMP at, or before, the next election. Although Labour was returned to power in that election, it failed to proceed further on the matter due to its own internal divisions. In May 1990,
2689:
In any dispute relating to the selection of candidates for election as members of Parliament, the version of the party’s rules that should be applied is that supplied to the Commission under section 71B as at the time the dispute
1578:
on 6 November 1993. Although reform had been strongly favoured by the electorate in 1992, the campaign in the second referendum was hard fought, as opposition to the reforms came together under an umbrella organisation called
1146:
voting system. Voters were asked two questions: whether or not to replace FPP with a new voting system; and which of four different alternative systems should be adopted instead (see question one and question two, below). The
1074:
recommended the adoption of an MMP electoral system. Recognising that a parliament dominated by the major parties might fail to implement a sweeping reform of this sort, the commission also proposed a referendum on the issue.
1918:
The 2017 election saw a severe decrease in the vote share for the two larger minor parties that were returned to parliament. This could be attributed to political scandals and the popularity of the Labour leader candidate,
1818:
For example, if a party gets 30% of the party vote it is due roughly 36 MPs in Parliament (being 30% of 120 seats). If that party won 20 electorate seats, it will receive 16 List MPs in addition to its 20 Electorate MPs.
786:. Proportional representation led to an increase in minor parties entering Parliament, making multi-party governments the norm. Since the introduction of MMP, there have been occasional proposals for further reform; in a
1827:
percent of the vote but this time won only 44 seats out of 120. Six parties won seats in the chamber compared to four under FPP in 1993. Such wide representation would be produced by MMP in every election until 2017.
1354:
As noted earlier, an overwhelming majority of those favouring a new electoral system voted for MMP. The percentages of the vote cast for the four possible electoral system options offered in the second question were:
3010:
Report of meeting on "Proportional representation," or effective voting, held at River House, Chelsea, on Tuesday, July 10th 1894. Addressed by Miss Spence, Mr. Balfour, Mr. Courtney, Sir John Lubbock, and Sir John
3528:
2716:
Consideration should be given to fixing the ratio of electorate seats to list seats at 60:40 to help maintain the diversity of representation and proportionality in Parliament obtained through the list seats.
1156:
Coalition, it opted to hold a second binding referendum on reform. This referendum featured a direct choice between FPP and MMP and was planned to be held to coincide with the next general election in 1993.
3870:
3400:
2601:
submissions on the proposals were considered, the final report was presented to the Minister of Justice on 29 October 2012. It is up to Parliament to decide whether to enact any of the recommendations.
2961:
3032:
1896:
was elected to Parliament for first time, joining the earlier elected Alliance, National, New Zealand First and Labour parties. Within a few years eight parties had seats in the chamber, after the
822:, for the first time, all members were elected in single-member districts. Concern for fairness and avoidance of the bad effects of vote spitting led NZ to try out a majoritarian system of voting.
3377:
Moon, Paul (2013). "'A Proud Thing To Have Recorded' : The Origins and Commencement of National Indigenous Political Representation in New Zealand through the 1867 Maori Representation Act".
2788:
authorities in New Zealand use FPP. However the Greater Wellington Regional Council used STV for the first time in the 2013 elections, becoming the first time that a regional authority used STV.
950:
overall votes cast within their constituency. When the leading candidate did not achieve this, a second ballot would be held a week later featuring only the two leading candidates, to assure an
2738:
In October 2021, the Labour government initiated a review of aspects of New Zealand's electoral law. The Independent Electoral Review Panel was established in May 2022 and has its own website.
4717:
4285:
5216:
4568:
2212:
In terms of electorates, 56 voted in majority to keep MMP while 14 voted in majority to change system. The seven Maori electorates had the largest votes in favour of keeping MMP, with
4351:
3104:
1685:
In the face of a strong opposition campaign, the final result was much closer than in 1992, but the reforms carried the day, with 53.9% of voters in favour of MMP. ERC spokesperson
3629:
4545:
2686:
Political parties should be required to give a public assurance by statutory declaration that they have complied with their rules in selecting and ranking their list candidates.
958:. However, this system only remained in place for five years as it was abolished in 1913 due to its supposed inequitable nature in the emerging party environment of Parliament.
4785:
4660:
3911:
3831:
1291:); in which roughly half of the seats are elected by FPP; and the remainder are filled from party lists to top-up the local seats so as to ensure a proportional overall result;
3783:
1857:
Furthermore, MMP is considered to increase the representation of a diverse population, enabling a higher percentage of Maori, women, Pasifika and Asian people in Parliament.
477:
204:
4068:
4038:
1078:
Ambivalence by the major parties and party politics led the issue to languish for several years, but in the meantime, an influential lobby group which had been formed, the
2891:
2735:
Palmer has also expressed support for lowering the voting age to 16, considering that this may provide a platform for increased civic education during high school years.
1047:
was a victim of disproportionality as while they won 16.1% of the vote in 1978 and 20.7% of the vote in 1981, they only won one and two seats in Parliament respectively.
3524:
3166:
2702:
Abolishing the provision of overhang seats for parties not reaching the threshold. The extra electorates would be made up at the expense of list seats to retain 120 MPs
1794:
1640:
referendum process because to have done otherwise would have courted the full wrath of a public incensed by their own impotence in the face of years of broken promises.
693:
2713:
Identifying reduced proportionality as a medium-term issue, with it unlikely to be affected until electorate MPs reach 76, around 2026 based on 2012 population growth.
4795:
1877:
With the introduction of MMP, due to New Zealand's unique provision for parties to win list seats if they win at least one local seat despite getting less than the 5%
4817:
3697:
3613:
5317:
5246:
5236:
3396:
1058:
committed itself to appoint a royal commission on electoral reform if elected. Labour won that election and in 1985 Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice
4381:
1350:
elections; similar to FPP but with voters ranking candidates in descending order of preference in single-seat constituencies (also called Instant Runoff Voting).
5226:
2987:
2953:
1019:
This ushered in an era of relative stability for many years, until the electoral reform debate began in earnest following two successive general elections in
2804:
1571:
1557:
1336:; a semi-proportional mixed system with proportional representation used only for the seats filled by lists; and a larger proportion of seats elected by FPP.
809:
A bill was put forward in 1887 to divide the country into two districts, each of 20 members, and to use STV to elect the members. However, it failed to pass.
763:
4691:
4594:
5241:
5231:
3288:
3258:
3024:
1164:
The first question asked voters if they wished to retain FPP or change electoral systems. The result was 84.7% favour of replacing FPP, and 15.3% against.
5271:
4886:
4863:
2638:
to review the operation of the 4% party vote threshold and report to the Minister of Justice for presentation to Parliament after three general elections.
4442:
518:
500:
496:
168:
3550:
1926:
The transition to MMP increased the democratic accountability and tightened the relationship between votes cast and the seats. The change decreased the
5266:
5256:
5251:
2199:
1148:
787:
482:
2931:
5370:
5312:
4146:
1675:, with Wal telling The Dog (and by extension the viewer), "Want a good reason for voting for MMP? Look at the people who are telling you not to..."
1272:
1063:
875:
834:
235:
128:
91:
5322:
5302:
4713:
139:
4619:
4473:
1630:, came out in support of the MMP proposal in the last week of the campaign, and press coverage overall was extensive and largely favourable. The
4744:
3468:
5284:
3435:
2762:
1631:
452:
150:
4292:
2864:
1867:
Prior to the switch to MMP, New Zealand largely had a two party system, with government interchanging between Labour and National since 1935.
5151:
3905:
3864:
3825:
3724:
686:
565:
4344:
3112:
3065:
5279:
5261:
5221:
1268:
The second question asked voters which new system should replace FPP. Voters could choose between the following (as listed on the ballot):
560:
199:
4181:
1682:, politicians took lesser roles in the 1993 campaign, realising that their opposition to reform only increased voters' desire for change.
3978:
3626:
2749:
ruled out implementing changes such as lowering the voting age to 16, allowing prisoners to vote, and increasing the size of parliament.
1911:
after its adoption of MMP), but instead seven or eight parties consistently had seats (see the table below). This was the case until the
937:
candidates and as such, there was still a great deal of progress required until women had the same legal rights as men in these regards.
5349:
5307:
4810:
4321:
1897:
1610:
1609:
The Electoral Reform Coalition (ERC) was the main advocate for the adoption of MMP, and had support from several people, including the
5339:
4845:
3945:
580:
531:
257:
4652:
3893:
3815:
3750:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4881:
4868:
4858:
4853:
3787:
3145:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2140:
2127:
2114:
2101:
2088:
2075:
2062:
2040:
2027:
2014:
2001:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1949:
1912:
1885:
1871:
1847:
1575:
1119:
1115:
1083:
1051:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1024:
1020:
896:
845:
819:
771:
756:
752:
721:
555:
284:
279:
274:
269:
215:
4060:
3228:
3197:
1888:, there were four parties in the chamber. After the switch to MMP, the 1996 election gave seats in Parliament to six parties. The
5344:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
2836:
2831:
2778:
2774:
2758:
2649:
2635:
2597:
679:
619:
614:
470:
396:
326:
311:
306:
301:
296:
163:
4030:
3854:
3352:
3499:
2926:
2887:
2826:
714:
457:
440:
391:
245:
124:
87:
3158:
1563:
5143:
4803:
4656:
4626:
733:
362:
4790:
3665:
3581:
3319:
2223:
2728:
In response to generally declining voter turnout, a number of commentators have proposed changes to the electoral system.
1011:
parties dominated New Zealand politics, with only a small number of independent and other party candidates being elected.
642:
380:
146:
4000:
1059:
747:
This system continued for a long time, with major diversions being only a change to the second ballot system (a type of
666:
590:
351:
346:
4495:
4377:
2746:
1143:
775:
508:
187:
55:
2596:
On the back of the majority of voters voting to keep the MMP system, a review into the workings of the system by the
4209:
2983:
1580:
1031:
won a majority in Parliament with less than 40% of the vote and a lower overall share of the vote than the opposing
5201:
4837:
2769:(although often referred to as first-past-the-post). In 2004, at the discretion of the council, they could use the
2742:
2741:
The Ministry of Justice published the final report of the Independent Electoral Review on 16 January 2024. The new
1843:
1839:
1131:
1123:
1107:
1103:
1095:
submitted a private members bill to force a binding referendum on the electoral system, but the bill was defeated.
1079:
1028:
1004:
996:
976:
854:
799:
523:
321:
2766:
2247:
992:
972:
767:
375:
3280:
3250:
4833:
4775:
2821:
2816:
2770:
2474:
1294:
1280:
1127:
1099:
1088:
1055:
1032:
1008:
1000:
980:
967:
850:
595:
550:
339:
228:
4873:
4424:
1590:, then a senior National Cabinet Minister, had said MMP would be "a catastrophic disaster for democracy", and
3558:
4683:
921:
725:
585:
575:
240:
72:
33:
1831:
election did not deliver any representation.) This has led to proposals to lower the percentage threshold.
4429:
4238:
2921:
2785:
1626:
946:
779:
737:
710:
570:
447:
181:
134:
117:
4138:
1915:
where the number of parties in Parliament fell to five, the lowest it has been since MMP was introduced.
724:
and were conducted over a period of two and a half months. At this time, the country was divided into 24
17:
2792:
2732:
it on the grounds that citizens should vote because they're engaged, not because they are compelled to.
2451:
1339:
900:
810:
1860:
However, supporters of FPP believe FPP provides a more stable Parliament, and avoids a minority party "
4465:
3720:
879:
effects of vote-splitting under FPP, a system not well-suited to the multi-party system that NZ had.)
4740:
2497:
1321:
513:
104:
3427:
3460:
2856:
2428:
1306:
1298:
1142:
In 1992, a non-binding referendum was held on whether or not FPP should be replaced by a new, more
741:
412:
368:
4780:
3057:
1893:
1878:
1134:
government elected in 1990 was, like its predecessor, stuck with a rashly made campaign promise.
988:
933:
892:
841:
660:
427:
194:
844:
FPP elections are prone to. Prominent examples of this include the 1966 election, in which the
4434:
3970:
3901:
3860:
3821:
3691:
3607:
3141:
2404:
If New Zealand were to change to another voting system, which voting system would you choose?
1741:
I vote for the proposed Mixed Member Proportional system as provided by the Electoral Act 1993
1603:
1599:
951:
803:
637:
417:
156:
42:
4317:
3580:
For a good summary background on the referendum, see pp. 3–5 in LeDuc, Lawrence; et al.
3345:"New Zealand women and the vote – Women and the vote | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"
1864:", as was the case in 2017 with New Zealand First determining who would lead the government.
4345:"Report of the Electoral Commission on the Review of the MMP Voting System, 29 October 2012"
4103:
3934:
2217:
1310:
984:
955:
871:
748:
355:
3746:
3633:
3281:"New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 – Archives New Zealand. Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga"
3251:"New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 – Archives New Zealand. Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga"
1939:
1927:
1889:
1591:
4423:, Brian Rudman Brian Rudman is a NZ Herald feature writer and columnist (11 April 2017).
4791:
NEW ZEALAND: A Long-Established Westminster Democracy Switches to PR by Nigel S. Roberts
3220:
3189:
1082:, continued to press for implementation of the royal commission’s proposals. During the
4263:
1920:
1901:
1722:
I vote for the present First Past the Post system as provided by the Electoral Act 1956
862:
486:
208:
1586:
Many senior politicians in both major parties and businesspeople were opposed to MMP:
5364:
4167:
Jonathan Boston, Stephen Church, Stephen Levine, Elizabeth McLeay and Nigel Roberts,
3344:
2697:
2569:
2379:
2346:
1774:
1672:
1656:
1534:
1246:
929:
826:
3491:
1870:
Under MMP, National and Labour lost their complete dominance in the House, with the
1279:(there called personalized proportional representation, and later under the name "
1900:
separated from the Alliance for the 1999 election, and after the creation of the
1850:
it took six weeks to form a coalition, showing that this is not a quick process.
1066:. Palmer had promoted proportional representation as a law professor in his book
4828:
4421:
3672:
3649:
Vowles, Jack (January 1995). "The Politics of Electoral Reform in New Zealand".
3588:
3311:
2888:"Political participation and electoral change in nineteenth-century New Zealand"
2674:
2662:
Status quo: someone on the party list can simultaneously stand in an electorate
1668:
1660:
1092:
79:
4595:"Electoral review's major recommendations ruled out on release of final report"
1881:, there has been a widening of political parties represented within the House.
1634:
heavily supported MMP, featuring "vote MMP" on all of its election billboards.
709:
has been a political issue in the past as major changes have been made to both
4008:
3779:
1690:
came automatically into effect upon approval by the electorate, which it did.
1686:
1664:
1614:
1595:
1587:
1111:
899:. This Act established settler self-government in New Zealand by the way of a
97:
4438:
4239:"2011 Referendum on the Voting System Preliminary Results for Advance Votes"
3461:"Brief history – Women and the vote | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"
3428:"Universal male suffrage introduced | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"
2678:
1861:
1838:
As an example of a coalition government under FPP, in 1931–35 there was the
1343:
65:
1854:
policies because of cooperation of the leading party and minority parties.
4108:
4091:
1907:
The number of political parties was then expected to fall (as happened in
2213:
1314:
1284:
4125:
A Bark but No Bite: Inequality and the 2014 New Zealand general election
1275:(MMP); also known as the seat linkage compensatory mixed system used in
4714:"Changes to 'fundamentally unfair' process to make way for Māori wards"
1908:
1562:
1276:
1070:, also published in 1984. The Royal Commission's 1986 report, entitled
840:
The impetus to change from FPP to MMP was largely due to the excessive
783:
3784:"Proportional Representation in NZ – how the people let themselves in"
3221:"2. – Nation and government – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
3190:"1. – Nation and government – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
2922:"Government – Parliamentary Elections: Second Ballot System (1908–13)"
1678:
Given the link between the success of the referendum and anger at the
2807:, which recommended more time was provided to consult on the change.
1329:
4786:
Proportional Representation in NZ – how the people let themselves in
4546:"Recent Reviews and Electoral Reforms: Independent Electoral Review"
4210:"Results by Electorate for the 2011 Referendum on the Voting System"
2800:
Local Electoral (Māori Wards and Māori Constituencies) Amendment Act
4769:
4520:
3492:"2. – Political parties – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
1823:
government with coalitions with New Zealand First and the Greens.
1621:
limited funds and concentrated more on advocating in communities.
1561:
1333:
1325:
1302:
1288:
833:
Many NZ voters became dissatisfied with this voting by the 1990s.
3817:
The Politics of Electoral Reform: Changing the Rules of Democracy
3710:
Farrell and McAllister, The Australian Electoral System, p. 50-51
3490:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
3310:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
3219:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
3188:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
3157:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
2705:
Abolish, provided the one-electorate-seat threshold is abolished
1647:
The Politics of Electoral Reform: Changing the Rules of Democracy
1606:
at the time and leader of the CBG, said MMP "would bring chaos".
732:) depending on their population. In the multiple-seat districts,
1347:
4799:
4425:"Brian Rudman: Compulsory voting not the answer to low turnout"
2220:
had the highest percentage in favour of change – 55.4 percent.
1671:
reflected this perception in a cartoon starring his characters
3666:"The Quiet Referendum: Why Electoral Reform Failed in Ontario"
3582:"The Quiet Referendum: Why Electoral Reform Failed in Ontario"
3312:"1. – Voting rights – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
2623:
Reducing the party vote threshold from 5 percent to 4 percent.
4741:"Māori wards change was fast-tracked against official advice"
3809:
3807:
3805:
3105:"Report of the Royal Commission on the Electoral System 1986"
2777:. However, only five territorial authorities used STV in the
1324:
system (SM); commonly called the parallel system, used in
3859:. Auckland: Auckland University Press. pp. 145–146.
3747:"Cartoon from the MMP campaign – Government and Politics"
954:
of votes was achieved. This method is otherwise known as
874:
continued and were bolstered by the commissioning of the
3159:"Results of the 1993 referendum on the electoral system"
2481:
I would choose the Single Transferable Vote system (STV)
2216:
having the highest percentage in favour – 85.5 percent.
1196:
I vote to retain the present First Past The Post system.
1122:. Although there was even less support for reform among
891:
Authority for government in New Zealand is derived from
1923:, and evidence of the beginning of an overall decline.
4291:. Electoral Commission. 13 August 2012. Archived from
3820:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 207.
3627:
MMP Or SM? A Big Decision Looms For New Zealand Voters
2803:
government enacted the change against advice from the
4496:"Independent panel appointed to review electoral law"
4410:. Wellington: Victoria University Press. p. 226.
4123:
Vowles. Coffe. Curtin, Jack. Hilde. Jennifer (2017).
3900:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 296–297.
2942:– via Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
1417:
I vote for the Mixed Member Proportional system (MMP)
1114:
promised to carry on with a referendum if elected in
928:
Under huge pressure from suffrage campaigners led by
720:
National elections in New Zealand were first held in
3965:
3963:
1598:'s government said MMP "would bring economic ruin".
1463:
I vote for the Single Transferable Vote system (STV)
5295:
5209:
5200:
5142:
4844:
4264:"Enrolment statistics for the whole of New Zealand"
2504:
I would choose the Supplementary Member system (SM)
2435:
I would choose the First Past the Post system (FPP)
1624:At the same time, the country's largest newspaper,
1566:
A pro-MMP poster from the 1993 referendum campaign.
1362:
Voting method referendum, 19 September 1992: Part B
1171:
Voting method referendum, 19 September 1992: Part A
1106:opposition criticised the government inaction, and
740:) was used; in the single-seat districts the basic
4286:"Review of the MMP voting system: Proposals Paper"
3519:
3517:
2458:I would choose the Preferential Voting system (PV)
1035:. Other examples of this are evident in both the
3896:. In Gallagher, Michael; Mitchell, Paul (eds.).
2634:There should be a statutory requirement for the
853:won more than 10,000 votes (0.6%) more than the
4169:New Zealand Votes: The General Election of 2002
4092:"Evaluating democracy in New Zealand under MMP"
1637:
1443:I vote for the Supplementary Member system (SM)
983:parties), the system quickly solidified into a
945:The second-ballot system was introduced in the
4187:. Gallagher Index. 2 February 2024. p. 34
1395:I vote for the Preferential Voting system (PV)
4811:
4716:. Politics / Te Ao Māori. Radio New Zealand.
4258:
4256:
3138:Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II
3136:Nohlen, D, Grotz, F & Hartmann, C (2001)
2857:"New Zealand's first general election begins"
2626:Abolishing the one-electorate-seat threshold.
729:
687:
8:
4620:"The Local Government Electoral Option 2008"
4320:. Television New Zealand. 13 February 2012.
2798:In February 2021, the government passed the
1904:in 2004, and with the continued use of MMP.
1558:1993 New Zealand electoral reform referendum
4171:Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2003
3894:"New Zealand: The Consolidation of Reform?"
3696:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3612:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3052:
3050:
1215:I vote for a change to the electoral system
778:(PR) in which there is a mix of electorate(
5206:
4818:
4804:
4796:
4781:New Zealand's Change to MMP by Paul Harris
4647:
4645:
4643:
4233:
4231:
2648:Status quo: sitting list MPs can stand in
694:
680:
28:
4406:Palmer, Geoffrey; Butler, Andrew (2018).
4107:
3853:Eyley, Claudia Pond; Salmon, Dan (2015).
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
2314:I vote to change to another voting system
2200:2011 New Zealand voting system referendum
1835:been elected by a majority of the votes.
1697:Voting method referendum, 6 November 1993
1297:(STV); a proportional system used in the
857:but gained 11 fewer seats in Parliament.
728:, who elected one, two or three members (
18:1992 New Zealand voting method referendum
4266:. Electoral Commission. 26 November 2011
3664:pp. 3–4 in LeDuc, Lawrence; et al.
2603:
2400:
2242:
2222:
1932:
1695:
1692:
1360:
1357:
1169:
1166:
1064:Royal Commission on the Electoral System
876:Royal Commission on the Electoral System
4684:"Māori wards Bill passes third reading"
3942:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
3671:. University of Toronto. Archived from
3587:. University of Toronto. Archived from
2848:
1779:
1539:
1251:
327:Political funding and election expenses
53:
31:
4031:"It's time to ditch the MMP threshold"
3981:from the original on 24 September 2014
3689:
3651:International Political Science Review
3605:
3531:from the original on 14 September 2018
3099:
3097:
3095:
3058:"Reasons for change: Election results"
2402:Voting system referendum 2011: Part B
1118:and do so before the next election in
790:, New Zealanders voted to retain MMP.
770:(MMP) system, which was first used in
4401:
4399:
4324:from the original on 15 February 2012
4204:
4202:
3873:from the original on 15 February 2017
3721:"Decision Maker – MMP's First Decade"
3455:
3453:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3372:
3370:
3355:from the original on 24 February 2020
3339:
3337:
3132:
3130:
2863:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage.
2773:. Eight local bodies used STV in the
2244:Voting system referendum 2011: Part A
478:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
7:
4720:from the original on 1 February 2021
4476:from the original on 19 October 2021
4466:"Government to review electoral law"
4357:from the original on 4 February 2014
4061:"Coalition and Minority Governments"
3727:from the original on 16 October 2008
3471:from the original on 24 October 2016
3438:from the original on 16 January 2018
3231:from the original on 23 October 2020
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2618:Basis of eligibility for list seats
2286:I vote to keep the MMP voting system
4663:from the original on 1 October 2013
4593:Mathias, Shanti (17 January 2024).
4521:"Independent Electoral Review Home"
3948:from the original on 16 August 2016
2886:Martin, John E. (29 January 2016).
1264:Question two in the 1992 referendum
1160:Question one in the 1992 referendum
4376:Electoral Commission New Zealand.
4343:Electoral Commission New Zealand.
3914:from the original on 28 April 2022
3834:from the original on 15 March 2022
3111:. 11 December 1986. Archived from
917:Introduction of universal suffrage
908:Establishment of Māori electorates
766:, New Zealanders voted to adopt a
532:New Zealand and the United Nations
25:
4694:from the original on 3 March 2021
4574:. New Zealand Ministry of Justice
4569:"Final Report: Executive Summary"
4548:. New Zealand Ministry of Justice
4071:from the original on 10 June 2016
3898:The Politics of Electoral Systems
3291:from the original on 1 April 2019
3261:from the original on 1 April 2019
3025:"MMP – Mixed Member Proportional"
2724:2024 Independent Electoral Review
1574:was held in conjunction with the
1003:. This ushered in an era wherein
897:New Zealand Constitution Act 1852
4827:
4747:from the original on 11 May 2021
4445:from the original on 25 May 2018
4384:from the original on 7 July 2014
4214:New Zealand Electoral Commission
4149:from the original on 12 May 2018
4041:from the original on 22 May 2018
3753:from the original on 2 June 2010
3502:from the original on 24 May 2018
3403:from the original on 24 May 2018
3322:from the original on 25 May 2018
3200:from the original on 24 May 2018
3169:from the original on 24 May 2018
3109:New Zealand Electoral Commission
3068:from the original on 1 June 2016
3035:from the original on 21 May 2018
2990:from the original on 23 May 2018
2964:from the original on 21 May 2018
2934:from the original on 23 May 2018
2894:from the original on 23 May 2018
2867:from the original on 24 May 2018
2837:Political funding in New Zealand
2832:History of voting in New Zealand
2302:
2274:
1944:Number of Parties in Parliament
1594:, former Minister of Finance in
1138:1992 electoral system referendum
1102:vulnerability on the issue, the
815:few as 32 percent of the vote.
764:1993 electoral reform referendum
654:
620:History of voting in New Zealand
615:Political history of New Zealand
41:
5371:Electoral reform in New Zealand
4378:"The Results of the MMP Review"
3087:Fitzgerald v Muldoon and Others
2927:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
2827:Electoral system of New Zealand
1736:Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)
1459:Single Transferable Vote (STV)
1412:Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)
1015:Debates around electoral reform
995:parties combined to create the
835:Mixed-member proportional (MMP)
707:Electoral reform in New Zealand
4657:Department of Internal Affairs
4627:Department of Internal Affairs
4567:Independent Electoral Review.
3379:Journal of New Zealand Studies
2805:Department of Internal Affairs
1581:Campaign for Better Government
941:Second-ballot system 1908–1913
887:Parliamentary electoral reform
759:and swiftly repealed in 1913.
734:multiple non-transferable vote
1:
5217:1894–1987 (alcohol licensing)
3551:"General elections 1890–1993"
2924:. In McLintock, A. H. (ed.).
2920:Foster, Bernard John (1966).
2227:Part A results by electorate
1126:parliamentarians than in the
962:Return to first past the post
4770:Independent Electoral Review
2791:Before their abolition, all
2246:Should New Zealand keep the
1930:of New Zealand's elections.
1043:elections. Furthermore, the
3856:Helen Clark: Inside Stories
2954:"FPP – First Past the Post"
2817:Constitution of New Zealand
1772:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1729:
1726:
1572:second, binding, referendum
1532:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1203:
1200:
776:proportional representation
188:54th New Zealand Parliament
5387:
5318:2009 (corporal punishment)
4838:referendums in New Zealand
4408:Towards Democratic Renewal
2890:. New Zealand Parliament.
2753:Local government elections
2197:
1718:First Past the Post (FPP)
1555:
1439:Supplementary Member (SM)
1080:Electoral Reform Coalition
1072:Towards a Better Democracy
934:universal women's suffrage
800:first-past-the-post voting
169:State services departments
5335:
5247:1990 (parliamentary term)
5237:1967 (parliamentary term)
2775:2007 local body elections
2584:
2574:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2394:
2384:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2248:Mixed Member Proportional
2052:
1846:coalition. Following the
1552:1993 electoral referendum
1391:Preferential Voting (PV)
1377:
1374:
1371:
1281:additional member" system
1273:Mixed Member Proportional
768:mixed-member proportional
5227:1949 (military training)
4139:"Metiria Turei bows out"
2822:Elections in New Zealand
2771:single transferable vote
2670:Ordering of party lists
2475:Single Transferable Vote
1295:Single Transferable Vote
200:House of Representatives
5350:Supplementary elections
4877:(First Māori elections)
3632:1 November 2011 at the
3013:. 1894. pp. 30–31.
2765:were elected using the
2763:territorial authorities
2650:electorate by-elections
1054:campaign platform, the
922:Universal male suffrage
453:Territorial authorities
34:Politics of New Zealand
5242:1967 (licensing hours)
5232:1949 (licensing hours)
4430:The New Zealand Herald
4241:. Electoral Commission
3814:Renwick, Alan (2010).
2793:district health boards
2645:By-election candidacy
2240:
1642:
1627:The New Zealand Herald
1567:
947:Second Ballot Act 1908
780:single-member district
661:New Zealand portal
497:Diplomatic missions of
5340:Parliamentary makeups
4145:. 24 September 2017.
4109:10.26686/pq.v8i2.4412
4065:Parliamentary Library
3933:Ball, Murray (1993).
3397:"Features (pre 2016)"
2250:(MMP) voting system?
2226:
1848:1996 general election
1565:
968:New Zealand elections
901:bi-cameral Parliament
713:and local government
405:Courts Martial Appeal
5267:2011 (voting method)
5257:1993 (voting method)
5252:1992 (voting method)
5210:Parliament-initiated
4318:"MMP review details"
4090:Nagel, Jack (2012).
4067:. 23 November 1999.
4011:on 19 September 2014
4005:Electoral Commission
3975:Electoral Commission
3892:Jack Vowles (2005).
3555:Electoral Commission
3029:Electoral Commission
2958:Electoral Commission
2779:2013 local elections
2759:2004 local elections
2636:Electoral Commission
2598:Electoral Commission
2498:Supplementary Member
1701:Choose one proposal:
1322:Supplementary Member
1175:Choose one proposal:
893:Te Tiriti o Waitangi
258:Electoral Commission
118:Executive government
105:Realm of New Zealand
5313:1999 (MP reduction)
5303:1995 (firefighters)
4298:on 1 September 2012
3971:"MMP Voting System"
3678:on 11 November 2014
3594:on 11 November 2014
3561:on 30 December 2015
2452:Preferential Voting
2429:First Past the Post
2405:
2310:No – change system
2251:
1802:Introduction of MMP
1673:Wal Footrot and Dog
1604:Telecom New Zealand
1499:Invalid/blank votes
1340:Preferential Voting
1299:Republic of Ireland
1045:Social Credit Party
846:Social Credit Party
774:. MMP is a type of
742:first-past-the-post
216:Official Opposition
125:List of governments
5323:2013 (asset sales)
5296:Citizens-initiated
4216:. 10 December 2011
4182:"Election indices"
4037:. 2 October 2017.
3782:(21 August 2003).
3653:. um 16, no 1: 96.
3115:on 10 January 2018
2401:
2243:
2241:
1940:Disproportionality
1928:disproportionality
1894:United New Zealand
1645:Alan Renwick,
1568:
1366:Choose one option:
1313:, lower houses in
842:disproportionality
428:Law of New Zealand
262:Recent elections:
195:King-in-Parliament
5358:
5357:
5331:
5330:
4878:
4846:General elections
4690:. NZ Parliament.
4653:"STV Information"
4472:. NZ Government.
4143:Radio New Zealand
3907:978-0-19-925756-0
3866:978-1-77558-820-7
3827:978-0-521-76530-5
3525:"Research papers"
3465:nzhistory.govt.nz
3432:nzhistory.govt.nz
3349:nzhistory.govt.nz
2745:justice minister
2721:
2720:
2589:
2588:
2521:Total valid votes
2506:
2483:
2460:
2437:
2399:
2398:
2331:Total valid votes
2316:
2288:
2191:
2190:
2057:
1807:elected in 1993.
1784:
1783:
1743:
1724:
1600:Peter Shirtcliffe
1543:
1542:
1480:Total valid votes
1465:
1445:
1419:
1397:
1307:Australian Senate
1255:
1254:
1217:
1198:
952:absolute majority
804:absolute majority
744:(FPP) was used.
715:electoral systems
704:
703:
643:Nuclear-free zone
519:Visa requirements
471:Foreign relations
418:Waitangi Tribunal
236:Political parties
164:Executive Council
157:Christopher Luxon
16:(Redirected from
5378:
5272:2015–2016 (flag)
5207:
4876:
4832:
4831:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4797:
4776:Campaign for MMP
4772:(commenced 2022)
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4682:Mahuta, Nanaia.
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4649:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4624:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4573:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4525:Electoral Review
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4403:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4349:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4235:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4178:
4172:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4096:Policy Quarterly
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4007:. Archived from
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3939:
3935:"Pro-MMP poster"
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3811:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3786:. Archived from
3776:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3695:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3670:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3640:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3586:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3557:. Archived from
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3424:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3285:archives.govt.nz
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3255:archives.govt.nz
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3154:
3148:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3101:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2853:
2710:Proportionality
2683:As August; also
2631:As August; also
2610:August proposals
2604:
2551:Total votes cast
2502:
2479:
2456:
2433:
2406:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2252:
2237:
2231:
2218:Clutha-Southland
2053:
1933:
1795:British Columbia
1739:
1720:
1693:
1650:
1576:general election
1514:Total votes cast
1461:
1441:
1415:
1393:
1358:
1311:Northern Ireland
1213:
1194:
1167:
1068:Unbridled Power?
985:two party system
872:electoral reform
751:), used for the
749:two-round system
731:
696:
689:
682:
659:
658:
657:
566:Environmentalism
458:Community boards
441:Local government
356:Helen Winkelmann
251:Electoral reform
246:Electoral system
88:Governor-General
82:
45:
29:
21:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5327:
5291:
5222:1949 (gambling)
5196:
5144:Local elections
5138:
4840:
4826:
4824:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4748:
4739:Sachdeva, Sam.
4738:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4688:Beehive.govt.nz
4681:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4651:
4650:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4527:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4504:
4502:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4470:Beehive.govt.nz
4463:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4150:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3908:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3867:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3828:
3813:
3812:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3778:
3777:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3688:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3634:Wayback Machine
3625:
3621:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3426:
3425:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3135:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3103:
3102:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2984:"Quick history"
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2919:
2918:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2813:
2755:
2726:
2659:Dual candidacy
2613:October report
2594:
2501:
2478:
2455:
2432:
2403:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2283:
2282:Yes – keep MMP
2279:
2275:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2202:
2196:
2194:2011 referendum
1890:Act New Zealand
1804:
1786:Source: Nohlen
1738:
1719:
1699:
1652:
1644:
1592:Ruth Richardson
1560:
1554:
1545:Source: Nohlen
1460:
1440:
1414:
1392:
1364:
1266:
1257:Source: Nohlen
1212:
1193:
1173:
1162:
1140:
1060:Geoffrey Palmer
1017:
964:
943:
919:
910:
889:
796:
788:2011 referendum
700:
671:
667:Other countries
655:
653:
648:
647:
633:
625:
624:
610:
602:
601:
600:
545:
537:
536:
528:
509:Nationality law
505:
493:
473:
463:
462:
443:
433:
432:
422:
408:
401:
363:Court of Appeal
342:
332:
331:
316:
289:
231:
221:
220:
191:
190:
184:
174:
173:
120:
110:
109:
78:
68:
58:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5384:
5382:
5374:
5373:
5363:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5308:1999 (justice)
5305:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5262:1997 (pension)
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5213:
5211:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4765:
4764:External links
4762:
4759:
4758:
4731:
4705:
4674:
4639:
4611:
4585:
4559:
4537:
4512:
4487:
4456:
4413:
4395:
4368:
4335:
4309:
4277:
4252:
4227:
4198:
4173:
4160:
4130:
4115:
4082:
4052:
4022:
3992:
3959:
3925:
3906:
3884:
3865:
3845:
3826:
3801:
3790:on 5 June 2011
3764:
3738:
3712:
3703:
3656:
3641:
3639:, 30 June 2011
3619:
3572:
3542:
3513:
3482:
3449:
3414:
3388:
3366:
3333:
3302:
3272:
3242:
3211:
3180:
3149:
3126:
3091:
3079:
3046:
3016:
3001:
2975:
2945:
2905:
2878:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2754:
2751:
2747:Paul Goldsmith
2743:National Party
2725:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2698:Overhang seats
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2536:Informal votes
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:Informal votes
2343:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2234:
2228:
2198:Main article:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2055:MMP introduced
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1921:Jacinda Ardern
1803:
1800:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1636:
1602:, chairman of
1556:Main article:
1553:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1352:
1351:
1342:(PV); used in
1337:
1319:
1292:
1265:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1161:
1158:
1139:
1136:
1108:National Party
1062:established a
1029:National Party
1016:
1013:
999:to oppose the
997:National Party
966:Subsequently,
963:
960:
942:
939:
918:
915:
909:
906:
888:
885:
863:Robert Muldoon
855:National Party
795:
792:
702:
701:
699:
698:
691:
684:
676:
673:
672:
670:
669:
663:
650:
649:
646:
645:
640:
638:Māori politics
634:
632:Related topics
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
617:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
599:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
504:
503:
501:in New Zealand
492:
491:
490:
489:
487:Winston Peters
474:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
444:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
425:
424:
423:
421:
420:
415:
409:
407:
406:
402:
400:
399:
394:
388:
385:Other Courts:
383:
381:District Court
378:
373:
372:
371:
360:
359:
358:
343:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
319:
318:
317:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
292:
290:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
265:
260:
255:
254:
253:
243:
238:
232:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
212:
211:
209:Gerry Brownlee
197:
186:
185:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
166:
161:
160:
159:
147:Prime Minister
144:
143:
142:
137:
121:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
101:
100:
85:
84:
83:
69:
64:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
47:
46:
38:
37:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5383:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
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5055:
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5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
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5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4807:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4732:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4675:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4628:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4586:
4570:
4563:
4560:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4464:Fafoi, Kris.
4460:
4457:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4369:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4336:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4294:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4119:
4116:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4083:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3849:
3846:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3573:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3501:
3497:
3496:teara.govt.nz
3493:
3486:
3483:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3321:
3317:
3316:teara.govt.nz
3313:
3306:
3303:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3230:
3226:
3225:teara.govt.nz
3222:
3215:
3212:
3199:
3195:
3194:teara.govt.nz
3191:
3184:
3181:
3168:
3164:
3163:teara.govt.nz
3160:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3146:0-19-924959-8
3143:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3002:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:Up until the
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2591:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2407:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2253:
2249:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1913:2017 election
1910:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:1996 election
1884:Prior to the
1882:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1872:2020 election
1868:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1211:
1210:Change System
1208:
1207:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1084:1987 election
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:in which the
1026:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
961:
959:
957:
956:runoff voting
953:
948:
940:
938:
935:
931:
930:Kate Sheppard
926:
923:
916:
914:
907:
905:
902:
898:
894:
886:
884:
880:
877:
873:
867:
864:
858:
856:
852:
847:
843:
838:
836:
831:
828:
827:second-ballot
823:
821:
820:1905 election
816:
812:
811:
807:
805:
801:
793:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
757:1911 election
754:
753:1908 election
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
711:parliamentary
708:
697:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
677:
675:
674:
668:
665:
664:
662:
652:
651:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
629:
628:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
606:
605:
597:
594:
592:
591:Republicanism
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
541:
540:
533:
530:
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
498:
495:
494:
488:
484:
481:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
467:
466:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
442:
437:
436:
429:
426:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
404:
403:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
387:
386:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
370:
366:
365:
364:
361:
357:
353:
352:Chief Justice
350:
349:
348:
347:Supreme Court
345:
344:
341:
336:
335:
328:
325:
323:
320:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
294:
293:
291:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
267:
266:
264:
263:
261:
259:
256:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
230:
225:
224:
217:
214:
210:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
189:
183:
178:
177:
170:
167:
165:
162:
158:
155:
154:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
130:
126:
123:
122:
119:
114:
113:
106:
103:
99:
96:
95:
93:
89:
86:
81:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
67:
62:
61:
57:
52:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
35:
30:
27:
19:
5345:By-elections
5132:
4749:. Retrieved
4743:. Newsroom.
4734:
4722:. Retrieved
4708:
4696:. Retrieved
4687:
4677:
4667:29 September
4665:. Retrieved
4630:. Retrieved
4614:
4604:14 September
4602:. Retrieved
4598:
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4562:
4550:. Retrieved
4540:
4528:. Retrieved
4524:
4515:
4503:. Retrieved
4499:
4490:
4478:. Retrieved
4469:
4459:
4447:. Retrieved
4428:
4416:
4407:
4386:. Retrieved
4371:
4359:. Retrieved
4338:
4326:. Retrieved
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4293:the original
4280:
4268:. Retrieved
4243:. Retrieved
4218:. Retrieved
4213:
4189:. Retrieved
4176:
4168:
4163:
4151:. Retrieved
4142:
4133:
4127:. ANU Press.
4124:
4118:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4073:. Retrieved
4064:
4055:
4043:. Retrieved
4034:
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
4009:the original
4004:
3995:
3983:. Retrieved
3974:
3950:. Retrieved
3941:
3928:
3916:. Retrieved
3897:
3887:
3875:. Retrieved
3855:
3848:
3836:. Retrieved
3816:
3792:. Retrieved
3788:the original
3755:. Retrieved
3741:
3729:. Retrieved
3715:
3706:
3680:. Retrieved
3673:the original
3659:
3650:
3644:
3636:
3622:
3596:. Retrieved
3589:the original
3575:
3563:. Retrieved
3559:the original
3554:
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3504:. Retrieved
3495:
3485:
3473:. Retrieved
3464:
3440:. Retrieved
3431:
3405:. Retrieved
3391:
3382:
3378:
3357:. Retrieved
3348:
3324:. Retrieved
3315:
3305:
3293:. Retrieved
3284:
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3254:
3245:
3233:. Retrieved
3224:
3214:
3202:. Retrieved
3193:
3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3162:
3152:
3137:
3117:. Retrieved
3113:the original
3108:
3086:
3082:
3070:. Retrieved
3061:
3037:. Retrieved
3028:
3019:
3009:
3004:
2992:. Retrieved
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2957:
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2925:
2896:. Retrieved
2881:
2869:. Retrieved
2860:
2851:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2756:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2677:rather than
2673:Status quo:
2595:
2580:
2568:
2561:
2550:
2520:
2503:
2480:
2457:
2434:
2390:
2378:
2362:
2330:
2313:
2285:
2238: Change
2211:
2207:
2203:
2054:
1925:
1917:
1906:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1740:
1735:
1721:
1700:
1696:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1608:
1585:
1569:
1546:
1544:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1462:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1394:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1214:
1209:
1195:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1144:proportional
1141:
1128:Labour Party
1097:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1056:Labour party
1049:
1033:Labour Party
1018:
1001:Labour Party
987:wherein the
965:
944:
927:
920:
911:
890:
881:
868:
859:
851:Labour Party
839:
832:
824:
817:
813:
808:
797:
761:
746:
738:block voting
719:
706:
705:
561:Conservatism
250:
56:Constitution
26:
5202:Referendums
4698:24 February
4632:22 December
4599:The Spinoff
4530:6 September
4505:6 September
4500:The Beehive
4480:15 November
4328:16 February
4270:10 December
4245:10 December
4102:(2): 3–11.
3780:Donald, Rod
3637:scoop.co.nz
2784:Almost all
2675:closed list
2592:2012 review
2363:Total votes
1902:Māori Party
1757:Total votes
1669:Murray Ball
1661:Rogernomics
1659:reforms of
1611:Green Party
1318:preference;
1283:adopted in
1229:Total votes
1192:Retain FPP
1093:John Terris
726:electorates
524:Visa policy
397:Environment
369:Mark Cooper
367:President:
322:Referendums
241:Electorates
182:Legislature
80:Charles III
5285:euthanasia
4724:1 February
4388:25 January
4361:25 January
3731:5 February
3089:2 NZLR 615
2843:References
2795:used STV.
2665:As August
2654:As August
2585:3,070,847
2581:Electorate
2395:3,070,847
2391:Electorate
2232: Keep
1892:party and
1746:1,032,919
1687:Rod Donald
1680:status quo
1665:Ruthanasia
1657:neoliberal
1615:Rod Donald
1613:co-leader
1596:Jim Bolger
1588:Bill Birch
1220:1,031,257
1149:government
1130:, the new
1112:Jim Bolger
782:) MPs and
581:Liberalism
413:Māori Land
392:Employment
376:High Court
98:Cindy Kiro
77:King
4887:1875–1876
4864:1860–1861
4834:Elections
4439:1170-0777
4302:13 August
3062:janda.org
2861:NZHistory
2767:bloc vote
2679:open list
2555:2,257,243
2525:1,509,157
2367:2,257,243
2335:2,194,774
2291:1,267,955
1936:Election
1879:threshold
1862:kingmaker
1762:1,917,833
1519:1,217,284
1485:1,121,261
1344:Australia
1234:1,217,284
596:Socialism
556:Christian
551:Anarchism
340:Judiciary
268:General:
229:Elections
140:Ministers
66:The Crown
5365:Category
5280:cannabis
4745:Archived
4718:Archived
4692:Archived
4661:Archived
4474:Archived
4443:Archived
4382:Archived
4352:Archived
4322:Archived
4147:Archived
4069:Archived
4039:Archived
3979:Archived
3946:Archived
3938:(poster)
3912:Archived
3871:Archived
3832:Archived
3751:Archived
3725:Archived
3723:. 2006.
3692:cite web
3682:16 April
3630:Archived
3608:cite web
3598:16 April
3529:Archived
3500:Archived
3469:Archived
3436:Archived
3401:Archived
3385:: 52–65.
3353:Archived
3320:Archived
3289:Archived
3259:Archived
3229:Archived
3198:Archived
3167:Archived
3066:Archived
3033:Archived
2988:Archived
2962:Archived
2932:Archived
2892:Archived
2865:Archived
2811:See also
2786:regional
2409:Response
2255:Response
2214:Waiariki
1727:884,964
1707:Response
1632:Alliance
1468:194,796
1372:Response
1315:Tasmania
1285:Scotland
1201:186,027
1181:Response
1132:National
1124:National
1104:National
1100:Labour’s
1098:Sensing
1005:National
794:Overview
784:list MPs
586:Populism
576:Feminism
544:Ideology
514:Passport
483:Minister
3918:22 July
3877:20 July
3838:22 July
3140:, p723
2575:73.51%
2570:Turnout
2539:748,086
2509:364,373
2486:252,503
2463:188,164
2440:704,117
2385:73.51%
2380:Turnout
2373:100.00
2319:926,819
1909:Germany
1780:82.61%
1775:Turnout
1583:(CBG).
1535:Turnout
1448:62,278
1423:790,648
1400:73,539
1277:Germany
1247:Turnout
1110:Leader
1050:In its
993:Liberal
973:Liberal
818:In the
762:In the
609:History
571:Fascism
448:Regions
295:Local:
205:Speaker
135:Cabinet
129:current
73:Monarch
4751:11 May
4578:2 July
4552:2 July
4449:27 May
4437:
4220:16 May
4191:7 July
4153:24 May
4075:24 May
4045:21 May
4015:21 May
3985:21 May
3952:4 July
3904:
3863:
3824:
3794:6 July
3757:6 July
3565:24 May
3535:21 May
3506:24 May
3475:24 May
3442:24 May
3407:24 May
3359:24 May
3326:24 May
3295:24 May
3265:24 May
3235:24 May
3204:24 May
3173:23 May
3144:
3119:17 May
3072:20 May
3039:20 May
2994:23 May
2968:20 May
2938:23 May
2898:23 May
2871:23 May
2761:, all
2690:arose.
2562:100.00
2545:33.14
2531:66.86
2528:100.00
2515:16.14
2492:11.19
2477:(STV)
2446:31.19
2431:(FPP)
2423:total
2351:62,469
2341:97.23
2338:100.00
2325:41.06
2297:56.17
2269:total
2236:
2230:
1898:Greens
1844:Reform
1840:United
1788:et al.
1767:100.00
1749:53.86
1730:46.14
1547:et al.
1527:100.00
1502:96,023
1494:92.11
1490:100.00
1474:16.00
1471:17.37
1386:total
1330:Russia
1305:, the
1287:, and
1259:et al.
1239:100.00
1223:84.72
1204:15.28
1089:Labour
1009:Labour
989:Reform
981:Labour
977:Reform
5276:2020
4623:(PDF)
4572:(PDF)
4355:(PDF)
4348:(PDF)
4296:(PDF)
4289:(PDF)
4185:(PDF)
4035:Stuff
4001:"MMP"
3676:(PDF)
3669:(PDF)
3592:(PDF)
3585:(PDF)
2512:24.14
2500:(SM)
2489:16.30
2469:8.34
2466:12.47
2454:(PV)
2443:46.66
2420:valid
2412:Votes
2357:2.77
2322:42.23
2294:57.77
2266:valid
2258:Votes
2045:18.19
2032:17.24
2006:15.40
1993:16.63
1980:15.55
1967:12.93
1954:12.06
1710:Votes
1508:7.89
1454:5.12
1451:5.55
1433:64.95
1428:70.51
1406:6.04
1403:6.56
1383:valid
1375:Votes
1334:Italy
1326:Japan
1303:Malta
1289:Wales
1184:Votes
5192:2022
5187:2019
5182:2016
5177:2013
5172:2010
5167:2007
5162:2004
5157:2001
5152:1853
5133:Next
5127:2023
5122:2020
5117:2017
5112:2014
5107:2011
5102:2008
5097:2005
5092:2002
5087:1999
5082:1996
5077:1993
5072:1990
5067:1987
5062:1984
5057:1981
5052:1978
5047:1975
5042:1972
5037:1969
5032:1966
5027:1963
5022:1960
5017:1957
5012:1954
5007:1951
5002:1949
4997:1946
4992:1943
4987:1938
4982:1935
4977:1931
4972:1928
4967:1925
4962:1922
4957:1919
4952:1914
4947:1911
4942:1908
4937:1905
4932:1902
4927:1899
4922:1896
4917:1893
4912:1890
4907:1887
4902:1884
4897:1881
4892:1879
4882:1871
4874:1868
4869:1866
4859:1855
4854:1853
4836:and
4753:2021
4726:2021
4700:2021
4669:2013
4634:2023
4606:2024
4580:2024
4554:2024
4532:2022
4507:2022
4482:2021
4451:2018
4435:ISSN
4390:2014
4363:2014
4330:2012
4304:2012
4272:2011
4247:2011
4222:2018
4193:2024
4155:2018
4077:2018
4047:2018
4017:2018
3987:2018
3954:2016
3920:2016
3902:ISBN
3879:2016
3861:ISBN
3840:2016
3822:ISBN
3796:2011
3759:2011
3733:2009
3698:link
3684:2014
3614:link
3600:2014
3567:2018
3537:2018
3508:2018
3477:2018
3444:2018
3409:2018
3361:2018
3328:2018
3297:2018
3267:2018
3237:2018
3206:2018
3175:2018
3142:ISBN
3121:2018
3074:2018
3041:2018
3011:Hall
2996:2018
2970:2018
2940:2018
2900:2018
2873:2018
2607:Area
2184:2.63
2180:2023
2171:4.15
2167:2020
2158:2.73
2154:2017
2145:3.72
2141:2014
2132:2.38
2128:2011
2119:3.84
2115:2008
2106:1.13
2102:2005
2093:2.37
2089:2002
2080:2.97
2076:1999
2067:3.43
2063:1996
2041:1993
2028:1990
2019:8.89
2015:1987
2002:1984
1989:1981
1976:1978
1963:1975
1950:1972
1663:and
1570:The
1348:Fiji
1346:and
1332:and
1120:1993
1116:1990
1052:1984
1041:1931
1039:and
1037:1911
1025:1981
1023:and
1021:1978
1007:and
991:and
979:and
825:The
798:The
772:1996
755:and
722:1853
312:2022
307:2019
302:2016
297:2013
285:2023
280:2020
275:2017
270:2014
151:list
92:list
4104:doi
1091:MP
730:MPs
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