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set fire to a church in the
Jamlapada village and also attacked and looted several houses On the same day a mob of about 200 people attacked and looted the house of a Tribal Christian. Around midnight, a mob of around 50 people attacked a tribal Christian in Galkund and allegedly robbed another man in Jamalpada. A mob of 200 people demolished and burnt a Church in the Gadhvi Village and the same group allegedly set fire to another church at the Jamalapada village.
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Christians and exploiting communal differences to meet
Political ends. It also blamed the central government's inefficiency in providing protection to the minorities. One of the most used accusations of the right-wing groups against the priests and Christian institutions was "forcible conversions" of Hindus to Christianity, which was denied by the Christians. However, during its investigations the Human rights Watch found no proof of forced conversions anywhere.
524:
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Hindu
Parishad organized an anti-Christian Rally in the village of Pipalwada, near the dang district. This was followed by a series of anti-Christian rallies in all districts of southern Gujarat by Bajrang Dal, VHP and Hindu Jagran Manch which continued for months. The messages of all the rallies were similar, the message is that the Hindus need to protect themselves from the deceiving acts of the missionaries and to "teach them a lesson".
357:
clean drinking water. The district is reported to be one of the most underdeveloped district in the state. The
Missionaries were the first to started developmental works in the area from the early 20th century, which resulted in a steady growth of Christian Population. When more tribal voters converted to Christianity, they became targets for the right-wing groups.
778:
during the early 1998. He is also credited for founding the conversion ritual in the Unai hot springs by which
Christian tribals in the district were taken to Asheemanad's ashram and then to the hot springs in Unai where they were made to forcibly convert to Hinduism which is mainly done by the HJM. They claim it as a reconversion ritual while the tribals were
703:
arrived at the
Navjyot High School in Subir, the mob first destroyed the school's jeep, Christmas decorations and beat up two priests and then went on to attack and burn a building where the food grain for the students was stored. Later, several other mobs went on to attack and damage several Shops owned by Muslims and Christians.
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Church which resulted in violence as the tribal leaders stood up to protect it and ended with police intervention. The other group which was a mob of about 120 went to the Dheep
Darshan high school and pelted stones which damaged the window panes and the roof of the boys' hostel. Another mob at 8 p.m
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On 25 December, more than 4000 people actively participated in the rally mostly HJM activists from outside Ahwa, they shouted anti-Christian slogans in-front of the watching police. The rally started at around 11:30 am and the participants circled around the town, shouting provocative slogans against
364:
On 25 December 1998, The HJM organized an anti-Christian rally in Ahwa town of Dangs district. More than 4000 people actively participated in the rally and shouted anti-Christian slogans under full police protection. Human Rights Watch reported a series of attacks began on
Christians, their places of
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and several other organisations blamed the hate campaign by the Sangh parivar groups for the violence in the state and also mentioned about the attacks peaking at 1998 when the BJP took over the state in the same year. The
Organization accused the local media in propagating inflammatory news against
706:
On the night of 25 December, the rally participants began destroying churches and prayer halls and attacking
Christians at the villages surrounding the Ahwa town and some were forcibly taken to the Unai hot springs for a re-conversion ritual. According to witnesses, about 800 men armed with tridents
306:
reported that from 25 December 1988 to 3 January 1999, at least 20 prayer halls and Churches were damaged or burnt down and Christians and Christian institutions were attacked in the Dangs and its surrounding districts and at least 25 villages had reported incidents of burning and damages to Prayer
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said that the violence against the minorities is coincided with the rise of the Political parties affiliated to the Sangh Parivar. It also reported that the rise of the Bhartiya Janata party in 1998 has helped encouraged a climate for the extremists who have started to believe that violence against
732:
On December 30, members belonging to the Bajrang Dal attacked several tribal Christians, tore their bibles, robbed them and threatened them of dire consequences if they did not leave Christianity in Kattis. On the same day a Church was attacked in Jhalsol along with 4 other Christians. A mob led by
714:
On December 26, a mob of 500 armed with tridents, iron bars and heavy-sticks set fire to a church on Waki, a tribal Christian and his family members were assaulted in Galkund. On the same day at about 12:30 a.m, a mob pelted stones on several Christian houses in Divan Temrun Village. A mob attacked
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On 11 November, several Christians including a sick woman were beaten up and several Christian families were forced to go through a "reconversion ritual" in the Unai-hot springs in Dahunia village of the Dangs district. The head of the village council prevented the Christians from taking water
356:
Around 90% area of the Dangs district is covered by forests and 97% of the population in the district is tribal. The District was also called the "Cherrapunji of Gujarat" and "Kashmir of Gujarat" due to the negligence by the government of the state. The district also lacked electricity, roads and
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reported that, even though several Christian organisations and NGOs had warned the district collector Bharat Joshi and deputy superintendent of police Rajan Gaikwad to not allow the rally on the day of Christmas as it could end in trouble due to the church burnings in the past month. The District
360:
Many incidents of attacks steadily started from November 1997 with assault, killings, distributing provocative pamphlets and hate speeches against Christians mostly by the Hindu Jagran Manch (HJM), Bhartiya Janata Party, Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) and Bajrang Dal. On 25 December 1997, The Vishwa
777:
went to 311 villages in the Dangs district to spread propaganda and the Hindutva groups have been devising this campaign in south-eastern Gujarat for years. Human Rights Wartch also found out that there was an increase in the forcible conversion of Christians after Swami Aseemanand came to dangs
736:
Together there were at least 20 incidents of church and prayer halls being burnt down and damaged in and around the Dang district from December 25, 1998, to January 3, 1999, as reported by the Human Rights Watch. Several church burnings and damages to places of worship including assaults against
697:
The rally climaxed at about 5 pm at a local school ground where another round of hate speeches openly calling for violence against the Christians were going on. After the rally the HJM crowd pelted stones at several tribal Christians who were mostly women at a market, injuring three women and a
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reported that more than 20 Churches and prayer halls were destroyed or burnt down, many people were physically assaulted, tied up and beaten while the angry mobs took over and attacked their homes from 25 December 1998, to 3 January 1999, in the Dangs district and its surrounding districts. The
718:
On December 27, tribal Christians were tied up and beaten in the villages of Dongiamba and Pipayambal. On the same day, Churches in the Villages of Raochand, Baripada, Mulchond, Barda and Lahankadmal were set on fire. Several Prayer halls and Churches in the village of Karenjpada, Shivbara,
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A mob pelted stones against the Christian houses and churches at about 12:30 a.m damaging the roof tiles. A mob of around 60-80 people damaged the roof tiles of a Church in Nagalkhadi at about 8 p.m. A large mob set a church on fire before trying to demolish it in Padalkhaid.
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said the attacks could be a response to increased and favorable coverage of Christians and Churches in television channels and newspapers during the Christmas season. He claimed that since right-wing extremists can't tolerate this, they went on to attack.
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groups since the beginning of 1998 by giving out hate pamphlets and organizing provocative rallys. The Human Rights Watch noted that a majority of the incidents of violence in 1998, the same year that the Bharatiya Janata Party took control of the state.
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Christians along the Christian institutions celebrating Christmas. The district collector Bharat Joshi was also present in a convocation at the center of the town by the participants, later on that day. The Citizen's commission reported slogans like "
400:
Retired Judge of the Bombay high court Justice S Suresh carried out an investigation and revealed that the attacks reportedly started around November 1997 when a priest in Kudas village was beaten up on 11 November 1997 and when 24 Christians from
390:
Organisation reported that Churches and Christian buildings in at-least 25 villages in Gujarat were burnt down or destroyed during the ten days. One report recorded 108 incidents of attacks against Christians from April to August 1998 in Gujarat.
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have attributed the Violence to the increasing presence of Hindutva groups in the area. The NCM also reported that the damages in the violence very mostly one-sided because the impoverished tribal Christians did not resist to the attacks.
667:
On 15 December, The Hindu Jagran Manch started to distribute provocative pamphlets against the Christians of the Dangs district, calling people for its rally in the Ahwa town of the Dangs district on 25 December. The local dailies,
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to Hinduism. The youth of Bajrang dal are taught to execute operations secretly and deny any knowledge when communal outbursts take place. The attacks on Christians and their Churches are the part of this programme.
288:. The attacks included assaults on and killings of Christians, attacks against Christian schools, institutions and shops, damages, demolition and burning down of Prayer Halls and Churches mainly by members of the
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visited the Dangs district on 10 January 1999 and criticized the Gujarati government for failing to ban the rally on Christmas Day. He also ordered the Gujarati government to take action against the attackers.
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On 5 March, members of the VHP brought two blind persons to a Pentecostal church, demanded them to be healed, then went on desecrated the stage, amplifiers and microphones in the church and assaulted the
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On 4 November, a church in the Borigautha Village was attacked, its surrounding structures were set on fire and Christian tribals were robbed. On the same day a church in the village of Gadhvi was burnt
259:
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On December 28, tribal Christians who went to a police station to report about an attack were threatened of grave repercussions. On the same day, a mob damaged two Christian houses in Savardakasad.
1917:
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were incriminated in false cases on 14 November 1999. On 26 December, people celebrating Christmas were stoned and harassed the entire night in the Dagadpada Village and were later sent to jail.
824:
1711:
Violence in Gujarat: test case for a larger fundamentalist agenda: report of the Citizen's Commission on persecution of Christians in Gujarat, an initiative of the National Alliance of Women
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spirit worshippers to begin with During an interview, Aseemanand claimed to have converted forty-thousand Christians and demolished 30 Churches from mid December 1998 to January 1999.
284:
from late 1997 to early 1999. The attacks reportedly started at the end of 1997 before peaking during the Christmas of 1998 after the anti-Christian rallies in the Dangs District by the
870:
called for the dismissal of the Bharatiya Janata Party's rule in Gujarat. She also went on to say that Gujarat attacks have become a black mark to the fair name of the country.
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The committee to Protect Democratic Rights and the Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee in October 1998 reported that a well planned programme is being carried out by the
715:
and made serious damages to several Churches in the villages of Karadiamba and Bahdun. On the same day six churches in different areas of the Dangs district were demolished.
442:
In July, a prayer hall was damaged in Dholidod, a prayer hall in Bobkhal was attempted to burned down and several Christians were attacked during their prayers in Padalkhadi.
372:, the Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee and the committee to Protect Democratic Rights (CPDR) reported that the attacks were started because of the hate campaign by
310:
The Human Rights Watch reported that the majority of incidents of violence occurred in 1998, the same year that the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) took control of the state.
252:
1169:
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from the village well and from working in any government projects. The village head also banned the Christians to have their livestock graze with the livestock of others.
1540:
2562:
1776:
1273:
197:
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On 23 July, Hindutva activists along with a revenue official allegedly attacked tribals in a prayer hall with sticks and later false cases were filed on the victims.
2572:
2557:
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On January 1, the HJM attacked a church in Kasadbari and set fire to it. On January 3, HJM activists severely damaged several Christian Houses at Naktiyanuvat.
245:
136:
2592:
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On 20 February, worshippers in a prayer hall were physically assaulted with sticks by the village heads and the police during their prayers in Divan Tembrum.
167:
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On 15 April, witnesses reported a crowd of about 400 people which included the VHP, the police, and members of the local BJP government used iron bars and
2254:
202:
894:'s leader V. S Rao said the home ministry acts like a "passive onlooker" when Christians were being attacked in Gujarat for the past three months.
812:
394:
2395:
1338:
2542:
2178:
2026:
2001:
1675:
1648:
1638:
1046:
933:
923:
223:
182:
144:
2139:
1135:
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Christians and damages to Christian institutions were reported in at least 25 villages around the Dangs during the ten days of violence.
808:
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the HJM tried to set a church on fire in Jalsod and another church in Naktiyanuvat was badly damaged by the fundamentalists of the HJM.
2050:
816:
2203:
1568:
1455:
1318:
873:
192:
848:
The Congress accused the Bharatiya Janata Party of trying to increase its vote banks by attacking minorities. Congress politician
1514:
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recorded 32 registered cases of violence against Christians from 1964 to 1996, 15 cases in 1997 and 90 registered cases in 1998.
1478:
1397:
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also carried on the message about the upcoming anti-Christian rally by the HJM, previously these newspapers together with the
172:
2369:
2227:
2309:
1851:
2577:
2547:
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Delhi Embassy said that Vatican is extremely concerned and disturbed about the attacks against Christians in the country.
2343:
2567:
2087:. Gujarat: Submission Made to the Special Bench of the National Commission of Minorities by the UCFHR. 7 January 1999.
770:
228:
953:
2552:
1071:
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On 20 July, members suspected to be from Bajrang Dal and VHP burned hundreds of bible at the I.P. Mission School,
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2582:
928:
187:
1833:
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collector gave permission for the rally only on the particular day and even attended a part of the rally.
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289:
277:
981:
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On 8 July, according to witnesses, local VHP leaders dug out a Methodist man's corpse from a cemetery in
699:
584:
567:
293:
233:
177:
83:
66:
2527:
1195:"'We Have No Orders To Save You': State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat"
884:
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reported that the Christians are being used as a political scapegoat for India's national elections.
1896:"'Welcome to Hindu Rashtra' Saffron bridge unleashes terror against Christian and Muslims in Gujrat"
856:
218:
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On 18 July, a church was burnt down and the local Christians were harassed in the Bhapkal Village.
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worship, Christian houses and schools, and shops owned by Muslims and Christians after the rally.
891:
799:
748:
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child. Instigated by the speech, the HJM crowd split into two groups, one group went to a nearby
580:
386:
369:
348:
303:
285:
79:
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2199:
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1997:
1991:
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1314:
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to communalise the state of in Gujarat and to convert the tribal people in the tribal-belt of
562:
61:
2168:
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On 16 July, the Jesuit Priest run Shantiniketan High School was broken in and stoned in
439:
On 29 June, a prayer hall in Umerpada was attacked by attackers who failed to set it on fire.
774:
761:
682:
676:
2475:"Rediff On The NeT: Christians are safe in India, Vajpayee asks embassies to tell the West"
500:
protesting against the attacks on the Christians in Gujarat and other parts of the country.
1363:
Mukerji, Dedasish; Vijayamohan, D.; Malekar, Anosh (17 January 1999). "Leave Them Alone".
1227:
463:
1918:"Attacks by VHP cadres on minorities threatens to rip apart communally sensitive Gujarat"
517:
Violence against Christians and Christian places of worship in Dangs district for 10 days
523:
436:
On 26 June, a prayer hall was burned in the Lahan Kadmal village at about 8:30 p.m.
1895:
1747:
903:
867:
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was said to be one of the most affected areas during the anti-Christian Riots of 1998.
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to demolish the St. Antony's Catholic Church and several other affiliated buildings in
2536:
2114:
1814:
Rawat, Basant (29 July 1998). "Politicisation Strains Community Relations In Dangs".
1303:
790:
786:
373:
1422:
Ghatwai, Milind; Kumar, Virender (10 January 1999). "No One Came When Dangs Burnt".
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The attacks slowly started occurring all over 1998 before peaking during Christmas.
2421:
911:
849:
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member, Vijay Moray, told Human Rights Watch that the Hindu Jagran Manch (HJM) and
597:
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On 21 June, a prayer hall was burnt down late at the night in the Singhana Village.
427:. The crowd also destroyed the icons and stole the donations from the donation box.
96:
1491:
2446:
1709:
1665:
1479:
Christianity and the Adivasis of Gujarat - David Hardiman - University of Warwick
2474:
1667:
Pentecostals, Proselytization, and Anti-Christian Violence in Contemporary India
1598:. A Report by the Combined Fact Finding Team of CPDR and APCLC. 1998. p. 7.
1339:"Why the Christian community should steer clear of the RSS 'hand of friendship'"
1194:
1109:
1020:
877:
617:
557:
297:
116:
56:
2140:"How the Sangh conducted its ghar vapsi programmes in Gujarat's Dangs district"
622:
121:
2213:
2036:
1465:
1147:
654:
At-least 25 Villages reported Church burnings and damages all over the state.
1578:
726:
686:
carried out a series of provocative articles against the Christian priests.
497:
446:
2051:"The 'Laboratory of Hindutva' Began Experimenting During Vajpayee's Reign"
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condemned the incidents are destroying the country's spirit of tolerance.
1047:"How Gujarat's Christians are rallying for peace and the Pulwama martyrs"
453:
402:
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On May, Christians attending a convention event were attacked in Jorsod.
779:
612:
607:
420:
281:
111:
106:
42:
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We demolished 30 churches and built temples. There was some commotion.
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On August, Christian families were beaten up at Morjira and Jamniamal.
2447:"Rediff On The NeT: Vajpayee orders punishment for un-Christian acts"
863:
852:
accused the BJP of trying to divide people on the basis of religion.
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Pipaldaghad, and Sepuamba were also attacked and left badly damaged.
496:
On 4 December, more than 35,000 Christians rallied in the streets of
424:
825:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF)
2499:
1515:"Rights-Religion: "Concerted Campaign" Against Christians in India"
276:
refers to the wave of attacks against Christians mostly around the
16:
Attacks directed against Christians and Christian places of worship
1170:"Church of north India to focus on tribal Christians' development"
954:"Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 1999: India"
832:
479:
347:-Translation of the slogans during the December 25, 1998 rally by
1110:"Rediff On The NeT: 'Anti-Christian attacks started in Nov 1997'"
1274:"Bearing the cross: Recent attacks against Christians worrisome"
602:
101:
1136:"Opinion | Is India Imitating China in Persecuting Christians?"
493:
On 14 November, a prayer hall in Lahancharia was partly burned.
1959:
Incidents of Violence against the Christian Community in India
1021:"Politics by Other Means: Attacks Against Christians in India"
828:
the religious minorities will not be punished systematically.
2374:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
1852:"Rights-India: Hindu Fundamentalists Now Target Christians"
1640:
Social Exclusion: Essays in Honour of Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak
902:
Rev. Anand Muttungal of the Catholic Bishops Conference of
1714:. National Alliance of Women (India) Citizen's Commission.
472:
On 9 August, RSS members demolished a church in Ahmedabad.
651:
At-least 20 burned down or damages in and around the Dang
456:. The School's playground was also ploughed by a tractor.
2344:"Rights-India: Christians Offered Sops As Churches Burn"
478:
On November, Several prayer halls were burnt down in
2500:"Christmas Season Attacks Worry Christians in India"
2396:"Gujarat: Tension over Church construction in Dangs"
2196:
Communal violence in Gujarat and Christian response
1448:
Communal violence in Gujarat and Christian response
631:
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576:
550:
538:
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511:
89:
75:
49:
36:
28:
23:
1302:
274:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat
163:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat
24:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat
807:Several fact-finding organizations including the
1596:Attacks on Religious Minorities in South Gujarat
198:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka
1993:The Other India: Realities of an Emerging Power
1201:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1027:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
754:
482:, Kamath, Borigouda, Lahancharia and Nirgudmal.
318:
982:"Anti-Christian Violence on the Rise in India"
2255:"Christians may be targeted again in Gujarat"
1748:"The bloody trail -Cover Story- October 1998"
1554:
1552:
253:
8:
2115:"Grisly Christmas for Christians in Gujarat"
1228:"VI. The Context of the Violence in Gujarat"
168:1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district
725:On December 29, a church in the village of
1643:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 42.
522:
508:
505:The ten-day violence in the Dangs District
260:
246:
131:
20:
2228:"History of Communal Violence in Gujarat"
1990:Chakrabarti, Rajesh (10 September 2009).
1496:. Elgin, Ill.: Brethren Publishing House.
1255:"PM's visit puts Keshubhai in the dock".
1134:Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (13 January 1999).
203:2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka
2528:Violence in Gujarat - Human Rights Watch
2370:"Countries of Particular Concern: India"
2310:"The Context Of The Violence In Gujarat"
2021:. New York: Facts on File. p. 277.
1996:. SAGE Publications India. p. 113.
817:National Commission for minorities (NCM)
2563:Religiously motivated violence in India
2422:"Vajpayee calls for debate on religion"
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2279:"NCM to stick to its recommendations".
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
1775:Cooper, Kenneth J. (17 November 1998).
945:
210:
154:
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1911:
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1266:
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1248:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1168:Thomas, Melvyn Reggie (9 April 2013).
368:The investigations carried out by the
2294:"Conversions: a threat or a bogey?".
1970:
1968:
1827:
1825:
1777:"In India, More Attack on Christians"
1770:
1768:
1703:
1701:
1699:
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1689:
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1607:
1605:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1376:
1374:
1309:. Human Rights Watch. 1995. pp.
307:halls and Churches all over Gujarat.
7:
2573:Violence against Christians in India
2558:Hinduism-motivated violence in India
1832:Filkins, Dexter (12 November 1998).
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1072:"Church leaders gun for 'utter lie'"
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
976:
974:
934:Violence against Christians in India
924:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal
643:Damages to Churches and prayer halls
449:and dumped the body near his church.
224:Violence against Christians in India
183:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal
2593:Persecution of Christians by Hindus
2113:Gonsalves, Francis (January 1999).
1664:Bauman, Chad M. (2 February 2015).
809:Citizens Commission on Human Rights
2198:. Delhi: Media House. p. 31.
2173:. Random House India. p. 67.
1975:"State of Human Rights in India".
1942:"State of Human Rights in India".
1877:"State of Human Rights in India".
1794:"State of Human Rights in India".
1725:"State of Human Rights in India".
1563:. Delhi: Isha Books. p. 145.
1450:. Delhi: Media House. p. 17.
1396:Arora, Vishal (11 November 2008).
1381:Mahurkar, Uday; Halarnkar, Samar.
910:The Official Spokesperson for the
866:and Chief minister of Tamil Nadu,
512:The ten-day anti-Christian attacks
14:
2253:Mehta, Harit (23 December 2003).
2167:Nair, Supriya (11 January 2017).
2085:Christmas Day 1998 and Thereafter
1916:Mahurkar, Uday (10 August 1998).
1398:"Politics and violence in Orissa"
534:25 December 1998 – 3 January 1999
193:2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case
1834:"Christians Under Fire in India"
1337:Dayal, John (11 February 2016).
322:That the Christians are thieves
320:There is a noise in the streets
729:was badly damaged by the mob.
692:Hindus Awake, Christians flee"
173:1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence
1:
1559:Shinde, Prem K., ed. (2005).
1493:The Missionary Visitor (1912)
2543:Attacks on churches in India
2170:The Caravan Book of Profiles
1708:Chenoy, Kamal Mitra (1999).
862:The former President of the
694:were used during the rally.
1670:. Oxford University Press.
1545:. Human Rights Watch. 1999.
771:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
338:Who will protect our faith?
229:Religious violence in India
2609:
1490:W. B. Stover, ed. (1912).
2504:World-Wide Religious News
2017:Walsh, Judith E. (2006).
1613:"IV. Violence in Gujarat"
636:
521:
516:
340:Bajrang Dal, Bajrang Dal
330:Will be ground into dust.
2019:A brief history of India
300:and Hindu Jagran Manch.
2194:Appathurai, S. (2006).
1977:Indian Social Institute
1944:Indian Social Institute
1879:Indian Social Institute
1796:Indian Social Institute
1727:Indian Social Institute
1561:Dalits and human rights
1446:Appathurai, S. (2006).
929:2008 Kandhamal violence
328:Whoever gets in our way
188:2008 Kandhamal violence
1076:www.telegraphindia.com
767:
544:Dang district, Gujarat
344:
32:Late 1997 – early 1999
632:Casualties and losses
585:religious persecution
568:religious nationalism
294:Vishwa Hindu Parishad
290:Bhartiya Janata Party
234:Religious persecution
178:1999 Ranalai violence
84:religious persecution
67:religious nationalism
2578:Dang district, India
2548:Hate crimes in India
885:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
342:Praise Lord Hanuman
2348:Inter Press Service
1856:Inter Press Service
1781:The Washington Post
1637:Lal, A. K. (2003).
1519:Inter Press Service
988:. 30 September 1999
958:1997-2001.state.gov
857:Inter Press Service
800:Communanlism Combat
334:Praise mother India
332:Hindus are brothers
286:Hindu Jagaran Manch
219:Freedom of religion
148:Christians in India
2568:Sectarian violence
2402:. 28 November 2018
2400:The Indian Express
2298:. 17 January 1999.
2283:. 24 January 1999.
2259:The Times of India
2234:. 22 November 2002
2119:Communalism Combat
1900:Communalism Combat
1816:The Indian Express
1752:Communalism Combat
1617:Human Rights Watch
1424:The Indian Express
1305:Human Rights Watch
1259:. 12 January 1999.
1232:Human Rights Watch
1174:The Times of India
1140:The New York Times
986:Human Rights Watch
898:Religious response
892:Telugu Desam Party
844:Political response
749:Human Rights Watch
387:Human Rights Watch
370:Human Rights Watch
349:Human Rights Watch
304:Human Rights Watch
2553:Hindu nationalism
2350:. 17 January 1999
2180:978-93-5214-049-7
2028:978-1-4381-0825-4
2003:978-81-321-0421-6
1838:Los Angeles Times
1677:978-0-19-026631-8
1650:978-81-8069-053-2
1383:Burning the Cross
665:
664:
661:
660:
563:mass mobilization
270:
269:
130:
129:
62:mass mobilization
2600:
2588:Crime in Gujarat
2583:1990s in Gujarat
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2496:
2490:
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2191:
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2155:
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2123:
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2110:
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2063:
2061:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1961:. pp. 3, 4.
1954:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
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1892:
1883:
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1521:. 2 October 1999
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969:
968:
966:
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831:The area around
775:Swami Aseemanand
765:
762:Swami Aseemanand
677:Gujarat Samachar
638:
637:
526:
509:
352:
280:of Southeastern
262:
255:
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149:
146:Violence against
132:
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2376:. 18 March 2008
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2092:
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2016:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
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1902:. October 1998.
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1280:. 15 March 2015
1278:Hindustan Times
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883:Prime Minister
874:Digvijaya Singh
846:
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766:
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746:
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645:
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572:
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383:
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336:Praise Lord Ram
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1858:. 28 July 1998
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2121:. p. 11.
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1957:Dayal, John.
1953:
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1385:. p. 22.
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1367:. p. 32.
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788:
787:Sangh Parivar
783:
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769:An erstwhile
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41:Southeastern
39:
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27:
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19:
2507:. Retrieved
2503:
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2482:. Retrieved
2479:m.rediff.com
2478:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:
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2429:. Retrieved
2425:
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2399:
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2352:. Retrieved
2347:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:
2304:
2295:
2289:
2280:
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2262:. Retrieved
2258:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2195:
2189:
2169:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:
2118:
2084:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:
2045:
2018:
2012:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1899:
1878:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1855:
1846:
1837:
1818:. p. 4.
1815:
1795:
1789:
1780:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:
1726:
1720:
1710:
1666:
1659:
1639:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:
1595:
1560:
1541:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1518:
1492:
1485:
1474:
1447:
1423:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1391:
1382:
1364:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:
1304:
1282:. Retrieved
1277:
1256:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:
1203:. Retrieved
1198:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1139:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1114:m.rediff.com
1113:
1079:. Retrieved
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