1024:. The remaining needed funds were provided by the Southern Methodist Church and the Northern Baptist Church in the US. Thus, the small hospital with a small rented building and one doctor was transformed into Huzhou General Hospital (æčć·é«éą), which had 9 acres of land, over 100 nurses and 100 other personnel, in addition to the most modern medical facilities in China. The facilities included a chemistry laboratory, an X-ray facility and a Nursing School. Later, Japanese troops occupied Huzhou General Hospital. The family members of Dr. Manget were able to leave China for the US. However, Dr. Manget was not willing to leave China. When he saw how the Japanese troops treated the Chinese people, he pointed out their wrongdoing. As a consequence, he was arrested by the Japanese troops, who accused him of espionage. Later, the Japanese troops released him. Under the strict control of the Japanese troops, Huzhou General Hospital reopened and Dr. Manget worked there for three and a half years.
539:
missionaries sent out....by the China Inland
Mission, only twenty-two adults remained in the mission, and of these only four or five men and three or four women were much good. It took about five years of language study and work for a missionary to function in Chinaâand many fledgling missionaries resigned or died before completing their tutelage. Overall, in the 19th century, although missionaries arriving in China were usually young and healthy, about one-half of missionaries resigned or died after less than 10 years of service. Health reasons were the principal reason for resignation. Mortality among children born to missionary couples was estimated to be three times that of infant mortality in rural England. In the late 19th century, health and living conditions began to improve as missionary organizations became more knowledgeable and the number of missionary doctors increased.
256:
names (as in baptism), inflaming and misleading many, if proved by authentic testimony, the head or leader shall be sentenced to immediate death by strangulation: he who propagates the religion, inflaming and deceiving the people, if the number be not large, and no names be given, shall be sentenced to strangulation after a period of imprisonment. Those who are merely hearers or followers of the doctrine, if they will not repent and recant, shall be transported to the
Mohammedan cities (in Turkistan) and given to be slaves to the beys and other powerful Mohammedans who are able to coerce them. ... All civil and military officers who may fail to detect Europeans clandestinely residing in the country within their jurisdiction, and propagating their religion, thereby deceiving the multitude, shall be delivered over to the Supreme Board and be subjected to a court of inquiry.
1005:, US. The college was dedicated in 1902 and offered a four-year curriculum. By 1915, there were more than 60 students, mostly in residence. Most students became Christians, due to the influence of Dr. Fulton. The college was officially recognized, with its diplomas marked with the official stamp of the Guangdong provincial government. The college was aimed at the spreading of Christianity and modern medicine and the elevation of Chinese women's social status. The David Gregg Hospital for Women and Children (also known as Yuji Hospital ææżé«éą) was affiliated with this college. The graduates of this college included CHAU Lee-sun (ćšç俥, 1890â1979) and WONG Yuen-hing (é»ć©ćż), both of whom graduated in the late 1910s and then practiced medicine in the hospitals in Guangdong province.
298:
1104:
1068:
403:(CIM) there were 30 different Protestant groups at work in China. But in the seven provinces in which Protestant missionaries were working, there were an estimated 204 million people with only 91 workers. Eleven other provinces with a population estimated at 197 million, had no missionaries. Taylor and others aroused the West put more people and resources into the effort make China a Christian country. Missionary societies and denominations on both sides of the Atlantic responded. Many new societies were formed and hundreds of missionaries were recruited, many from university students influenced by the ministry of
973:
801:
231:) and against teaching foreigners to speak or read the Chinese language provided additional avenues for persecution. Upon his first attempt to print tracts for his village kinsmen, Liang Fa was arrested, beaten on the soles of his feet with bamboo, and released only to pay a massive fine which Morrison on principle refused to help him with; instead, he used the savings he had laid aside for new houses for his wife and father. On the occasion, Morrison sanguinely noted that the conversion of China may well require many such martyrs.
1276:
experience demonstrated that determined courageous advocacy by missionaries did in fact help to shape an
American foreign policy needing to be awakened from its isolationist slumbers." Judd served two decades in Congress 1943-1962 as a Republican, where he was a highly influential spokesman on Asian affairs generally and especially China. He was a liberal missionary but a conservative anti-Communist congressman who defined the extent of American support for the
682:âA number of British and German friends are subscribing to support a new mission with headquarters in Kashgar and Yarkand, two cities of Chinese Turkestan, and the work is to be carried on not among the Chinese, but among the Mohammedans, who are in a large majority in that district. The new mission is interesting, in that it is an attack upon China from the west. Two German missionaries, accompanied by a doctor and a native Christian, will arive [
112:
1244:(1931) was her best-selling novel, and a popular movie. Along with numerous other books and articles she reached a large middle-class American audience with a highly sympathetic view of China. The Nobel Prize committee for literature hailed her, "for the notable works which pave the way to a human sympathy passing over widely separated racial boundaries and for the studies of human ideals which are a great and living art of portraiture."
835:
1100:. Liberal missionaries welcomed the opportunity to participate in the development of the Chinese nation, but the mission enterprise was attacked. As anti-imperialism grew, Christian schools were subjected to government regulation which required that all organizations have Chinese leadership. Many missionaries left China and support in home countries waned, partly because of economic problems during the Great Depression.
377:
1238:(1892â1973) was raised in a bilingual environment in China by her missionary parents. China was the setting for many of her best-selling novels and stories, which explored the hardships, and the depth of humanity of the people she loved, and considered fully equal. After college in the United States, she returned to China as a Presbyterian missionary 1914 to 1932. She taught English at the college level.
902:
914:
706:
531:
1271:(1898â1994) Who served 10 years is a medical missionary in Fujian 1925-1931 and 1934â1938. On his return to Minnesota, he became an articulate spokesman denouncing the Japanese aggression against China, explaining it in terms of Japan's scarcity of raw materials and markets, population pressure, and the disorder and civil war in China. According to biographer Yanli Gao:
698:
spiritual work of missionaries could only be undertaken by ordained men. Over time, as it became clear that
Christian schools were necessary to attract and educate potential Christians and leaders and change foreign cultures that were unreceptive to the Christian message as proclaimed by male missionary preachers. The first unmarried female missionary in China was
930:. Although male missionaries often considered footbinding as a matter of conscience rather than a sin against God, female missionaries vehemently opposed the custom. In the 1860s, American Presbyterian Helen Nevius and others combated foot binding by matchmaking, finding Christian husbands for young women with unbound feet. In 1872 in Beijing, American Methodist
769:
341:
938:, banned girls with bound feet in her school and in 1874 an anti-footbinding organization was founded in Xiamen. By 1908 the majority of the Chinese elite had spoken out against footbinding and in 1911 the practice was prohibited, although the prohibition was not completely effective in remote areas.
820:
The Boxer
Rebellion had a profound impact on both China and the West. The Qing government attempted reform and missionaries found the Chinese more receptive to both their evangelical and their "civilizing" message, but the West lost the certainty of its conviction that it had the right to impose its
780:
The
Chinese had recognized the rights of the missionaries only because of the superiority of Western naval and military power. Many Chinese associated the missionaries with Western imperialism and resented them, especially the educated classes who feared changes that might threaten their position. As
730:
and Sarah
Woolston, received an annual salary of only 300 dollars each. The early unmarried female missionaries were required to live with missionary families. Later, unmarried women missionaries often shared a home. Despite their preponderance in numbers, female missionaries, married and unmarried,
255:
People of the
Western Ocean , should they propagate in the country the religion of Heaven's Lord, or clandestinely print books, or collect congregations to be preached to, and thereby deceive many people, or should any Tartars or Chinese, in their turn, propagate the doctrines and clandestinely give
1019:
in China about the
Foundation's intention to spread the practice of Western medicine in China. After much negotiation, the Chinese Government agreed to provide 9 acres of land, while the Foundation provided US$ 30,000 to build a hospital in Huzhou. The Rockefeller Foundation also funded a hospital
842:
Opium was
Britain's most profitable export to China during the 19th century. Early missionaries, such as Bridgman, criticized the opium tradeâbut missionaries were equivocal. The treaties ending the two opium wars opened up China to missionary endeavor and some missionaries believed that the opium
721:
in the United States and women began to become missionaries around the world in sizable numbers. Women missionaries, married and unmarried, would soon outnumber men. By 1919, American Methodist and Congregationalist (ABCFM) women missionaries numbered more than twice the number of male missionaries
1230:
American missionaries had an audience at home who listen closely to their first-hand accounts. Around 1900 there were on average about 300 China missionaries on furlough back home, and they presented their case to church groups perhaps 30,000 times a year, reaching several million churchgoers. They
1063:
By the 1920s, the mainline Protestant churches realized that conversions were not happening, despite all the schools and hospitals. Furthermore, they had come to appreciate the ethical and cultural values of a different civilization, and began to doubt their own superiority. The mainline Protestant
960:
The Boxer Uprising discredited xenophobia and opened the way for a period of growth in Protestant missionaries and missionary institutions, numbers of Christians, and acceptance by non-Christians. The period from 1900 until 1925 has been called the "Golden Age" for Christian missionaries in China.
734:
Women missionaries had a "civilizing mission" of introducing Protestant middle-class culture to China, educating Chinese women and "elevating their gender". They played a major role in campaigns against opium and foot binding. The widespread view in Europe and America in the late 19th century was
542:
A blow to the morale of China missionaries was their low rate of success in the achievement of their primary objective: the conversion of Chinese to Christianity. Robert Morrison in 27 years of missionary effort could only report 25 converts and other early missionaries had similar experiences. The
521:
The slogan of the missionary movement was "The evangelization of the world". Later, to give urgency, the slogan was expanded to be: "The evangelization of the world in this generation". China, resistant to missionary efforts and the most populous country in the world, received a large share of the
226:
Though Morrison and his fellows largely escaped punishment, his converts were much less lucky. Morrison's earliest effortsâeven before his first convertâsaw Christianity added (in 1812) to the list of banned religions under the Qing Empire's statue against "Wizards, Witches, and All Superstitions".
946:
Missionaries affected Chinese body culture not only through discouraging footbinding. Since the late 19th century, the YMCA in particular played a very prominent role in spreading scientific approaches to physical education and amateur sports as a form of Protestant citizenship training ("muscular
1263:
magazines from the 1920s to his death. He was born to missionary parents in China, and educated there until age 15. His Chinese experience made a deep impression, and his publications always gave large scale favorable attention to China. He gave some very strong support to Chiang Kai-shek in his
697:
Missionary societies initially sent out only married couples and a few single men as missionaries. Wives served as unpaid "assistant missionaries". The opinion of male-dominated missionary societies was that unmarried women should not live unprotected and alone in a foreign country and that the
1205:
armies in 1949 and suppression of Christian missionary efforts, the members of all missionary societies departed or were expelled from China. Missionaries Arthur Matthews (an American) and Dr. Rupert Clark (British) were placed under house arrest but were finally allowed to leave in 1953. Their
446:
The Protestant missionary movement distributed numerous copies of the Bible, as well as other printed works of history and science. They established and developed schools and hospitals practicing Western medicine. Traditional Chinese teachers viewed the mission schools with suspicion and it was
725:
In China, due to cultural norms, male missionaries could not interact with Chinese women and thus the evangelical work among women was the responsibility of missionary women. Female missionary doctors treated Chinese women and female missionaries managed girl's schools. Women missionaries were
538:
The China missionary lived an arduous life, especially in the 19th century. Attrition was high because of health problems and mental breakdowns. Learning the Chinese language was a long-term and difficult endeavor. A majority of missionaries proved to be ineffective. "Of the first fifty-three
776:
The Boxer Rebellion in 1900 was the worst disaster in missionary history. One hundred and eighty-nine Protestant missionaries, including 53 children, (and many Roman Catholic priests and nuns) were killed by Boxers and Chinese soldiers in northern China. An estimated 2,000 Protestant Chinese
781:
the foreign and missionary presence in China grew, so also did Chinese resentment of foreigners. The Boxers were a peasant mass movement, stimulated by drought and floods in the north China countryside. The Qing dynasty took the side of the Boxers, besieged the foreigners in Beijing in the
98:
Protestant missionary activity exploded during the next few decades. From 50 missionaries in China in 1860, the number grew to 2,500 (counting wives and children) in 1900. 1,400 of the missionaries were British, 1,000 were Americans, and 100 were from continental Europe, mostly Scandinavia.
1275:
Judd was both a Wilsonian moralist and a Jacksonian protectionist, whose efforts were driven by a general Christian understanding of human beings, as well as a missionary complex. As he appealed simultaneously to American national interests and a popular Christian moral conscience, the Judd
808:
The Eight Nation Alliance imposed a heavy indemnity on China which Hudson Taylor of the CIM refused to accept. He wanted to demonstrate "the meekness and gentleness of Christ" to the Chinese. In the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion, the foreign residents in northern China, especially the
961:
By 1919, there were 3,300 missionaries in China (not counting their children) divided about equally among married men, married women, and unmarried women and reached a high of 8,000, including children, in 1925. In 1926, civil war, political unrest, competition from ideologies such as
336:
in 1860 opened up the entire country to travel by foreigners and provided for freedom of religion in China. Protestant missionary activity increased quickly after this treaty and within two decades missionaries were present in nearly every major city and province of China.
688:] in Kashgar next spring and begin work. It may be added that the British and Foreign Bible Society is at present printing the four Gospels in the dialect of Chinese Turkestan, and that in all probability they will be ready before the new mission is settled at Kashgar.
947:
Christianity") in China and other Asian countries. Among the results was the increasing integration of Western physical education practices into school curricular, the hosting of National Games since 1910, and the promotion of China's participation in and hosting of the
99:
Protestant missionary activity peaked in the 1920s and thereafter declined due to war and unrest in China. By 1953, all Protestant missionaries had been expelled by the communist government of China. It is difficult to determine an exact number, but historian
1064:
denomination missionary work declined rapidly. In their place Chinese Christians increasingly took control. Furthermore, there was a rapid growth of fundamentalist, Pentecostal and Jehovah Witness missionaries who remained committed to the conversion process.
825:
in 1907 affirmed that education and health were of equal importance with evangelism although traditionalists complained that "education and health are no substitute for preaching." Missionary activities after the Boxer Rebellion became increasingly secular.
731:
were often excluded from participation in policy decisions within missionary organizations which were usually dominated by men. Only in the 1920s, for example, were women given a full voice and vote in the missionary meetings in China of the American Board.
722:
in China. The rise of female missionaries to prominence was not without friction with men. An 1888 Baptist conference affirmed that "women's work in the foreign field must be careful to recognize the headship of men" and "the head of woman is the man."
66:
in 1807, thousands of Protestant men, their wives and children, and unmarried female missionaries would live and work in China in an extended encounter between Chinese and Western culture. Most missionaries represented and were supported by
980:
Example of missionary activity during this period include the following. Due to social custom, the women of China were reluctant to be treated by male doctors of Western medicine. This resulted in a demand for female doctors of Western
364:
tract given to him years before. (Liang and other Protestants targeted Guangdong's prefectural and provincial examinations as massive gatherings of literate, potentially influential young men.) Forbidden baptism by the American Baptist
543:
pace of conversions picked up with time but by 1900 there were still only 100,000 Chinese Protestant Christians after nearly a century of endeavor by thousands of missionaries. Moreover, critics charged that many of the Chinese were "
843:
wars might be part of God's plan to make China a Christian nation. Later, as the social message of the missionaries began to compete with evangelism as a priority, the missionaries became more forthright in opposing the opium trade.
238:
revised the law against superstitions to provide for sentencing Europeans to death for spreading Christianity among Han Chinese and Manchus ("Tartars"). Christian converts who would not repent their conversion were to be sent to
846:
In the 1890s, the effects of opium use were still largely undocumented by science. Protestant missionaries in China compiled data to demonstrate the harm of the drug, which they had observed. They were outraged that the British
951:
since 1913. Moreover, the International YMCA College (now Springfield College) became a central institution for training a first generation of Chinese physical educators in physical education and muscular Christian ideals.
547:", accepting Christianity only for the material benefits of becoming a Christian. Missionaries turned towards establishing hospitals and schools as more effective in attracting Chinese to Christianity than proselytizing.
859:
served as the first president. This organization was instrumental in gathering data from Western-trained medical doctors in China, most of whom were missionaries. They published their data and conclusions in 1899 as
373:, he preached his own form of Christianity, including the belief that he was Jesus's younger brother. Roberts became an advisor to the Taipings but fell out with them in 1862, fleeing for his life and denounced them.
887:
appealed to the London Missionary Conference of 1888 and the Edinburgh Missionary Conference of 1910 to condemn the trade. As he lay dying, the government signed an agreement to end the opium trade within two years.
1804:
1209:
In 1900 there were an estimated 100,000 Protestants in China. By 1950 the number had increased to 700,000, but still far less than one percent of the total Chinese population. Helped by strong leaders such as
1054:
A 2022 study found that the Protestant missionary activities led to a nationalist backlash in China, as local elites saw the missionary activities as a political threat and organized anti-foreign protests.
223:âwere literate men who also became the first Chinese trained in western printing and lithography, they began to express his message in more effective terms and to print hundreds, then thousands, of tracts.
3254:
1341:
1177:. After Japan went to war with the Western countries in 1941, the Japanese interned Western civilians, including about 1,000 Protestant missionaries, in camps until the end the war in 1945, mostly at the
726:
customarily paid less than men. The Methodists in the 1850s paid a male missionary to China a salary of 500 dollars per year, but the first two unmarried female missionaries the Methodists sent to China,
2356:"Captives of Empire: The Japanese Internment of Allied Civilians in China and Hong Kong, 1941-1945 - Captives of Empire: The Japanese Internment of Allied Civilians in China and Hong Kong, 1941-1945"
1027:
Christian missions were especially successful among ethnic groups on the frontiers. For them Christianity offered not only spiritual attraction but resistance to Han Chinese. The British missionary
813:, utilized United States Army troops to confiscate goods and property from Boxers and alleged Boxers to compensate Christian families for their losses. Critics of such actions included the writer
33:
1011:(1880â1979) went from Georgia, US, to Shanghai as a medical missionary in 1909. In 1912, he rented a building in Houzhou to establish a hospital that could hold about 30 beds. At the end of
1206:
wives, Wilda Matthews and Jeannette Clark, had been forced to leave with other missionaries before this. The China Inland Mission was the last Protestant missionary society to leave China.
656:
violently physically assaulted the Yarkand-based Swedish missionaries and would have executed them except they were only banished due to the British Aqsaqal's intercession in their favor.
2897:
211:
was limited to his employees, whom he compelled to attend Sunday services and daily meetings including prayer, Scriptural readings, and the singing of hymns. It took years before
3209:
412:
3272:
864:. The survey included doctors in private practices, particularly in Shanghai and Hong Kong, as well as Chinese who had been trained in medical schools in Western countries.
3548:
2341:
2051:
879:. In 1888 Broomhall formed and became secretary of the "Christian Union for the Severance of the British Empire with the Opium Traffic" and editor of its periodical,
1499:
1471:
1088:
presented view of the liberal wing of the missionary establishment that control should be turned over to Chinese, but the unfortunate title made matters worse. The
32:
3597:
2209:
447:
often difficult for the Christian schools to attract pupils. The schools offered basic education to poor Chinese, both boys and girls. Before the time of the
369:, Hong grew more heterodox. Although he used the Protestant Bible and tracts as his movement's holy books and attached great importance to his version of the
3587:
3592:
2845:
297:
2890:
3602:
1124:
3191:
1143:, dramatized the charges that foreign missions were a form of imperialism. Another skeptical note was sounded by the massive study commissioned by
3534:
3292:
1067:
558:. A Chinese nobleman said of the European and American presence in China: "Take away your missionaries and your opium and you will be welcome."
1131:
for example, returned to the United States in 1932 to ask "Is There a Case for Foreign Missionaries?". Buck's twin biographies of her parents,
1193:, the 1924 Olympic gold medalist and afterwards a missionary, was also interned at Weihsien and died of a cerebral hemorrhage during the war.
1103:
1051:
in southwest China. This resulted in phenomenal church growth among the various ethnic groups in the area that endured into the 21st century.
2883:
1814:
1787:
1760:
1722:
1695:
1412:
822:
777:
Christians also were killed. The China Inland Mission lost more members than any other organization: 58 adults and 20 children were killed.
264:
arrived in Guangzhou in 1830. He established a printing press for Christian literature. The first medical missionary to China was American
207:. He was forced to take work with the East India Company in order to fund these activities and remain at Guangzhou. In such conditions, his
3607:
3376:
3214:
782:
714:
2709:. Vol. V: The twentieth century outside Europe: the Americas, the Pacific, Asia, and Africa: the emerging world Christian community.
1162:. It inspired a new generation of missionaries to seek to work in China despite civil war and the anti-missionary views of many Chinese.
3407:
3371:
3249:
3239:
149:
103:
estimates that some 50,000 foreigners served in mission work in China between 1809 and 1949, including both Protestants and Catholics.
3297:
3307:
2342:
http://www.globalchinacenter.org/analysis/christianity-in-china/christianity-in-china-19001950-the-history-that-shaped-the-present.php
3541:
3151:
2684:
2608:
2550:
2422:
1290:
1084:
994:
268:
who arrived in Guangzhou in 1835. He established a hospital which gained support from the Chinese, treating thousands of patients.
1833:
Mission and Revolution in Central Asia The MCCS Mission Work in Eastern Turkestan 1892â1938 (Mission och revolution i Centralasien)
2414:
The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume V: The Twentieth Century: Themes and Variations in a Global Context
1649:
352:, which convulsed southern and central China from 1850 to 1864. Experiencing a severe mental disturbance after a series of failed
2835:
2196:
The story of Dr. Fred Prosper Manget: for the Woman's Auxiliary of the Bibb County Medical Society, Georgia April 4, 1963 Meeting
471:
436:
194:
2637:. Balanced survey; the Bibliographical essay (pp. 611â24) covers monographs and articles in English, Japanese, and Chinese.
2561:
448:
313:
in 1842 which opened to trade, residence by foreigners, and missionary activity five Chinese port cities: Guangzhou ("Canton"),
3392:
3186:
2492:
Yanli Gao, "Judd's China: a missionary congressman and USâChina policy." Journal of Modern Chinese History 2.2 (2008): 197-219.
1331:
1089:
51:â throughout the English-speaking world, leading to more overseas missionary activity. The nineteenth century became known as
3582:
3577:
3555:
3322:
3161:
2935:
2355:
2071:
1336:
948:
2479:
Yanli Gao and Robert Osburn Jr. "Walter Judd and the Sino-Japanese War: Christian Missionary cum Foreign Policy Activist."
1750:
972:
600:
572:
1189:
for missionary children, grades one to twelve, numbering 239 children and adults, were among those interned at Weihsien.
3361:
3342:
3106:
3006:
2803:
986:
678:
because of a lack of Chinese women, the relatives of the woman and other Muslims reviled the women for their marriages.
506:. Prominent among the China missionaries were idealistic and well-educated young men and women who were members of the
155:
63:
3337:
3317:
2945:
2930:
2772:
Varg, Paul A (1956). "Missionaries and Relations Between the United States and China in the Late Nineteenth Century".
2595:
2518:
649:
An anti-Christian mobs was broke out among the Muslims in Kashgar directed against the Swedish missionaries in 1923.
3412:
3349:
3244:
3219:
718:
515:
144:(then romanized as "Canton"). Travel outside these areas was forbidden. Foreign women were permitted only on Macao.
72:
2575:
Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China
1431:
Life among the Chinese: With Characteristic Sketches and Incidents of Missionary Operations and Prospects in China
3437:
3397:
3234:
848:
428:
408:
275:, who started work in China in 1831, German, Scandinavian, and American Lutheran mission societies followed with
2520:
Martyred Missionaries of the China Inland Mission with a record of the Perils and Sufferings of Some Who Escaped
985:. Thus, female medical missionary Dr. Mary H. Fulton (1854â1927) was sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the
852:
800:
3505:
3366:
3171:
3121:
3081:
3021:
2923:
1268:
1028:
276:
265:
91:
missionaries were granted the right to live and work in five coastal cities. In 1860, the treaties ending the
181:
who had been established in China for more than a century. Morrison's early work mostly consisted of learning
71:
organizations or denominations in their home countries. They entered China at a time of growing power by the
3417:
3001:
2797:
The origins of the modern Chinese press: the influence of the Protestant missionary press in late Qing China
1326:
1202:
1182:
1144:
935:
743:
503:
483:
261:
1158:(Philadelphia: China Inland Mission, 1935) was written by Mrs. Howard Taylor, a fellow missionary with the
3527:
3229:
3141:
3136:
2918:
2600:
1295:
1169:
in 1937, the China Inland Mission and many other missionary organizations moved their headquarters up the
1016:
584:
550:
In Chinese eyes, Christianity was associated with opium, the Taiping Rebellion with its millions of dead,
487:
366:
48:
2050:
Hunter, pp. 5, 52; Bays, Daniel H. "Christianity in China 1900â1950: The History that Shaped the Present"
2041:
Stefan Huebner, Pan-Asian Sports and the Emergene of Modern Asia, 1913â1974. Singapore 2016, chapter 1â2.
1963:
325:("Ningpo"), and Shanghai. Protestant missionary organizations established themselves in the open cities.
17:
3056:
2950:
2940:
2758:
1315:
1305:
1139:
884:
786:
668:
561:
495:
178:
1831:
454:
Influential Protestant missionaries arriving in China in the nineteenth century included the Americans
2869:
620:
75:, but were initially restricted from living and traveling in China except for the limited area of the
3166:
3156:
3126:
3096:
3016:
2788:
Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China, 1890â1952
1839:. STUDIA MISSIONALIA UPSA LIENSIA XXXV. Birgitta Ă
hman (translator). Stockholm: Gummessons. p. 6
1310:
1159:
931:
794:
628:
576:
507:
475:
400:
353:
333:
36:
1123:
Criticism and calls for reform came from within the missionary community. Partly as a result of the
3332:
3312:
3302:
3071:
3051:
2971:
2088:
2030:
Historical Reflections, Vol. 8, No. 3, Women in China: Current Directions in Historical Scholarship
1151:
1093:
1079:
1072:
856:
738:
Nineteenth-century women missionaries to China included two early explorers of Tibet, Englishwoman
675:
608:
204:
56:
3422:
2573:
1779:
Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911â1949
1435:
871:, was an active opponent of the opium trade; he wrote two books to promote banning opium smoking:
746:, both of whom undertook much more dangerous expeditions than famous explorers of the day such as
227:
Existing statutes against Chinese travel abroad (as to the London Missionary Society's station at
3402:
3282:
3277:
2590:
2514:
2253:
1321:
868:
739:
674:
Swedish Christian missionary J. E. Lundahl wrote in 1917 that the local Muslim women in Xinjiang
399:(1832â1905) helped increase the number of missionaries in China. By 1865 when Taylor created the
186:
174:
166:
137:
76:
926:
The rise to prominence of women missionaries also gave rise to missionary opposition to Chinese
580:
3500:
3455:
3427:
3224:
3066:
2976:
2680:
2631:
Cohen, Paul (1978). "Christian Missions and Their Impact to 1900". In Fairbank, John K (ed.).
2604:
2546:
2418:
2412:
2245:
2203:
2067:
1874:
1858:
1810:
1783:
1756:
1718:
1712:
1691:
1685:
1408:
1178:
990:
982:
699:
640:
616:
612:
381:
349:
310:
199:
182:
159:
2699:. Vol. III: The 19th Century Outside Europe, the Americas, the Pacific, Asia and Africa.
1777:
1449:
1402:
3485:
3480:
3465:
3327:
3061:
3041:
3036:
3031:
2986:
2857:
2536:
2237:
1466:
1021:
966:
809:
missionaries, came under attack in their home countries for looting. Missionaries, such as
592:
588:
555:
463:
459:
420:
370:
329:
292:
272:
235:
190:
162:
129:
111:
100:
92:
2863:
1996:
Lazich, Michael C. "American Missionaries and the Opium Trade in Nineteenth Century China"
1231:
were suffused with optimism that sooner or later China would be converted to Christianity.
3495:
3490:
3460:
3354:
3287:
3181:
3146:
3131:
1653:
1277:
1147:
entitled "Rethinking Missions" which cast doubt on a wide range of missionary activities.
1040:
763:
727:
653:
511:
499:
440:
388:
306:
288:
158:
and the first missionaries who followed him, life in China consisted of being confined to
115:
88:
1001:, China, and was enabled by a large donation from Mr. Edward A.K. Hackett (1851â1916) of
596:
2807:
1429:
834:
3470:
3046:
3026:
2991:
2762:
2225:
1737:
1646:
1240:
1133:
1032:
604:
544:
44:
2751:
William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the Ideal Missionary
1361:
William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the Ideal Missionary
627:
studied the Uyghur language and wrote works on it. A Turkish convert to Christianity,
376:
43:
In the early 19th century, Western colonial expansion occurred at the same time as an
3571:
3475:
3176:
3076:
3011:
2851:
2725:
2717:
United States Attitudes and Policies toward China The Impact of American Missionaries
2257:
2175:
2115:
2028:
Drucker, Alison R. "The Influence of Western Women on the Anti-Footbinding Movement"
1248:
1235:
1215:
1186:
1170:
1128:
810:
664:
636:
632:
467:
455:
396:
392:
228:
208:
817:, who called Ament and his colleagues the "reverend bandits of the American Board".
3432:
3111:
3091:
2996:
2981:
1300:
1247:
No one had more influence on American political thinking about foreign policy than
1190:
1166:
1108:
927:
855:
among their colleagues in every mission station, for which the American missionary
709:
Susie Carson Rijnhart was a missionary, a medical doctor, and an explorer of Tibet.
424:
357:
2660:
Protestants abroad: how missionaries tried to change the world but changed America
2359:
2285:
Protestants abroad: how missionaries tried to change the world but changed America
220:
2841:
Preservation for the Documentation of Chinese Christianity éŠæžŻæ”žæ性ćžćæžé€š èŻäșșćșçŁćźææç»äżćèšć
2668:
The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China
2540:
2139:
1948:
1592:
1494:
554:, and the special privileges granted foreigners and Christian converts under the
95:
with the French and British opened up the entire country to missionary activity.
3101:
3086:
1044:
1036:
1012:
1008:
751:
551:
491:
479:
404:
2875:
2840:
2729:
1015:, Dr. Manget returned to Shanghai and discussed with the representative of the
702:, an eccentric British woman, who opened a school for girls in Ningpo in 1844.
3116:
1632:
Lutz, Jessie G. "Attrition Among Protestant Missionaries in China, 1807â1890"
1219:
1097:
814:
747:
660:
215:
was interested in baptism. Nonetheless, as Morrison's first convertsâCai Gao,
68:
2568:. Detailed survey, with quotes from many documents but not so much analysis.
2249:
1752:
Envoy of the Raj: The Career of Sir Clarmont Skrine, Indian Political Service
2097:
1211:
1174:
998:
901:
705:
530:
432:
170:
141:
80:
2507:
China's Millions: The China Inland Mission and Late Qing Society, 1832â1905
2155:
1222:, the Chinese Protestant Christian churches became an indigenous movement.
1039:
language in order to translate the Bible. A musician and an engineer named
407:. The most prominent of the missionary organisations were the CIM and the
2179:
913:
340:
128:: Until 1842, foreigners "from the Southern Sea" were required to live in
2872:
Special Collections & Archives, Hong Kong Baptist University Library.
2866:
Special Collections & Archives, Hong Kong Baptist University Library.
2860:
Special Collections & Archives, Hong Kong Baptist University Library.
2854:
Special Collections & Archives, Hong Kong Baptist University Library.
2848:
Special Collections & Archives, Hong Kong Baptist University Library.
624:
416:
361:
244:
216:
2442:
1363:
Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishing Company, 2009, p. 14; Hunter, Jane
1112:
1002:
962:
565:
301:
An opium den in 18th-century China through the eyes of a Western artist
212:
2691:. Lucid explanation of the social philosophy and theology of missions.
2625:
Earthen vessels: American evangelicals and foreign missions, 1880-1980
2399:
2298:
Earthen vessels: American evangelicals and foreign missions, 1880-1980
1964:
http://www.omf.org/omf/singapore/about_omf/omf_history/boxer_rebellion
768:
646:
The Bible was translated into the Kashgari dialect of Turki (Uyghur).
2836:"Missionary, Sinology, and Literary Periodicals, 1817â1949" from GALE
2677:
Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions
1048:
790:
322:
318:
314:
240:
133:
2015:
Crusaders against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874â1917
883:. He lobbied the British Parliament to stop the opium trade. He and
177:
and confronting opposition from the Chinese government and from the
2241:
976:
First graduating class of University Medical School in Canton, 1911
3510:
2394:
Michael H. Hunt, "Pearl Buck-Popular Expert on China, 1931-1949."
1611:
Reprint of 1885 edition. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2010
1107:
A Fundamentalist cartoon portraying Modernism as the descent from
1102:
1066:
971:
833:
799:
767:
704:
671:, which was why Turki prostitutes were common around the country.
529:
375:
339:
296:
136:("Whampoa") anchorage; even bonded traders were restricted to the
110:
84:
31:
2635:. Vol. 10 Pt 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 543â90.
2437:
Michael H. Hunt, "East Asia in Henry Luce's 'American Century'."
1082:
criticized all traditional beliefs and religions. The 1922 study
2846:
Documentation of Christianity in Hong Kong Database (éŠæžŻćșçŁææç»æžæćș«)
2829:
2101:
663:) would almost never prostitute their daughters, Turki Muslims (
248:
173:(then known as "Canton") with only the reluctant support of the
2879:
713:
In the 1860s women's missionary organizations, especially the
684:
2823:
3255:
List of Protestant missionary societies in China (1807â1953)
1342:
List of Protestant missionary societies in China (1807â1953)
862:
Opinions of Over 100 Physicians on the Use of Opium in China
348:
Protestant missionaries were indirectly responsible for the
2858:
Christianity in Contemporary China Clippings ç¶ä»ŁäžććșçŁæçŒć±ćȘć ±æžæćș«
867:
In Britain, the home director of the China Inland Mission,
522:
attention of the burgeoning worldwide missionary movement.
2753:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Publishing Company.
2226:"The Missionary Roots of Nationalism: Evidence from China"
1987:
New York: American Tract Society, n.d., title page, p. 380
1953:, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1904, p. 1; Broomhall p. x
1267:
The politically most influential returning missionary was
735:
that "Civilization cannot exist apart from Christianity."
451:, they would have otherwise received no formal schooling.
360:
had a dream which he interpreted in light of the 500-page
332:(1856â1860) Great Britain and France defeated China. The
2468:
Missionary for Freedom: The Life and Times of Walter Judd
1127:
missions came under questioning. Novelist and missionary
838:
Map showing the amount of opium produced in China in 1908
2336:
2334:
1902:
Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2009, p. 9
1550:
1548:
1291:
East Asia-United States relations#Missionaries in China
1185:
in Hong Kong. The entire staff and student body of the
1096:
of 1925â1927 led to the unification of China under the
942:
Physical education, sport, and "muscular Christianity"
785:
and was invaded by a coalition of foreign armies, the
2455:
Henry R. Luce, TIME, and the American crusade in Asia
1404:
A Star in the East: The Rise of Christianity in China
1154:
were murdered by Communist soldiers. Their biography
631:
went to China to spread Christianity to the Uyghurs.
3210:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
1647:
http://www.wecf-cong.org/articles/robertmorrison.pdf
413:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
3519:
3446:
3385:
3263:
3200:
2964:
2911:
2809:
Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese
2741:
The Home Base of American China Missions, 1880â1920
1537:Issachar Jacox Roberts and the Taiping Rebellion"
1020:in Suzhou, China, after a request from missionary
659:George W. Hunter noted that while Tungan Muslims (
571:Christian missionaries such as British missionary
3549:Journal of the West China Border Research Society
2643:Robert Morrison and the Protestant Plan for China
1738:The Holy Bible in Eastern (Kasiigar) Turki (1950)
643:are other Uyghurs who converted to Christianity.
562:Xinjiang was proselytized by Swedish missionaries
2812:. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press.
2764:Robert Morrison: The Pioneer of Chinese Missions
2670:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
969:saw the missionary enterprise begin to decline.
789:. The greatest loss of missionary lives was in
2824:Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity
2542:How Christianity Came to China: A Brief History
1985:Chinese Centenary Missionary Conference Records
1500:Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity
1472:Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity
1454:. Maruzen Kabushiki Kaisha. 1838. pp. 54â.
253:
1594:Evangelisation of the World, a Missionary Band
934:, who became the wife of Boxer Rebellion hero
851:visited India but not China. They created the
2891:
2169:
2167:
1900:Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions
1714:Language and Identity: Discourse in the World
1634:International Bulletin of Missionary Research
1523:After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire
8:
2623:Carpenter, Joel, and Wilbert R. Shenk, eds.
1690:. Columbia University Press. pp. 179â.
1367:New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984, p. 6
305:The defeat of China by Great Britain in the
2296:Joel Carpenter, and Wilbert R. Shenk, eds.
1863:. Funk & Wagnalls. 1899. pp. 157â.
1434:. New York, Carlton & Porter. pp.
1115:, first published in 1922 and then used in
793:where, among others, all 15 members of the
415:. Other missionaries were affiliated with
2898:
2884:
2876:
2864:China Through the Eyes of CIM Missionaries
2545:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press.
2309:
2208:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2008:
2006:
1687:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
1525:. London: London: Allen Lane. p. 431.
1059:Setbacks, questioning, and war (1919â1945)
490:. Prominent British missionaries included
283:Expanding missionary influence (1842â1900)
247:and given as slaves to Muslim leaders and
2852:Christianity Rare Books Database ćșçŁæć€ç±æžæćș«
2326:, Cambridge University Press, p. 149
2224:Mattingly, Daniel C.; Chen, Ting (2022).
2194:McMichael, Nona B (Mrs Robert S) (1963),
2017:, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky
1636:, Vol, 36, No. 1, January 2012, pp. 22â27
1566:
18:19th-century Protestant missions in China
2870:Library Holdings on China Inland Mission
2679:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2645:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
2563:A History of Christian Missions in China
1717:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 101â.
1401:Rodney Stark; Xiuhua Wang (2 May 2015).
652:In the name of Islam, the Uyghur leader
260:The first American missionary to China,
3535:Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal
2141:A crusade of compassion for the healing
2000:, Vol. 17, No. 2, June 2007, pp 210â211
1879:. Princeton Press. 1899. pp. 157â.
1376:
1352:
1071:Beijing students protesting during the
2956:Protestant missions in China 1807â1953
2201:
1776:Andrew D. W. Forbes (9 October 1986).
1620:
1578:
1554:
1541:, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Nov 1963), pp. 55â67
1388:
1251:(1898â1967), founder and publisher of
62:Beginning with the English missionary
3598:Foreign relations of the Qing dynasty
2734:(7th ed.). London: James Nisbet.
2457:(Cambridge UP, 2005). pp 1-4, 247-49.
1467:"Elijah Coleman Bridgman (1801â1861)"
823:China Centenary Missionary Conference
7:
3377:Reformed Church in the United States
3215:American Methodist Episcopal Mission
1950:A Thousand Miles of Miracle in China
1125:FundamentalistâModernist Controversy
804:Troops of the Eight Nations Alliance
783:Siege of the International Legations
380:Missionary preaching in China using
3372:Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association
3250:Protestant Episcopal Church Mission
2830:China Historical Christian Database
2707:Christianity in a Revolutionary Age
2697:Christianity in a Revolutionary Age
2578:, Carlton & Porter, p. 337
2509:, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdman's
2324:Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography
1165:When the Japanese invaded China in
821:culture and religion on China. The
623:and the Uyghur converted Christian
150:Foreign relations of imperial China
2695:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1969).
2560:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1929),
1860:The Missionary Review of the World
1156:The Triumph of John and Betty Stam
991:medical college for women in China
715:Woman's Foreign Missionary Society
25:
3542:The Christian Occupation of China
2731:China's Spiritual Need and Claims
2652:Through Earthquake, wind and fire
1407:. Templeton Press. pp. 13â.
1085:The Christian Occupation of China
995:Hackett Medical College for Women
87:. In the 1842 treaty ending the
3603:Protestant missionaries in China
2749:Thompson, Larry Clinton (2009).
2411:Mark P. Hutchinson, ed. (2018).
1711:David Evans (18 December 2014).
912:
900:
579:, and Swedish missionaries like
472:William Alexander Parsons Martin
3393:Bible translations into Chinese
1609:The Evangelization of the World
1332:Bible translations into Chinese
1043:was the first to work with the
534:Hudson and Maria Taylor in 1865
107:Missionary activity (1807â1842)
3588:ChinaâUnited Kingdom relations
3556:The West China Missionary News
2786:——— (1958).
2705:——— (1962).
2654:. Edinburgh: St Andrews Press.
2641:Daily, Christopher A. (2013).
2633:The Cambridge History of China
2572:Maclay, Robert Samuel (1861),
1645:"Robert Morrison (1782â1834)"
1337:Timeline of Christian missions
949:Far Eastern Championship Games
1:
3593:ChinaâUnited States relations
2715:Neils, Patricia, ed. (1990).
2675:Hutchison, William R (1987).
1806:Bamberger Zentralasienstudien
1782:. CUP Archive. pp. 87â.
997:(ć€èć„łćé«ćžéą), it was located in
119:
3362:English Presbyterian Mission
3343:Peking Union Medical College
2906:Protestant missions to China
2523:, London: Morgan & Scott
2013:Lodwick, Kathleen L (1996),
1539:The Journal of Asian Studies
1264:battles against Mao Zedong.
1092:of the early 1920s, and the
1031:, for instance, devised the
987:Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)
830:Abolition of the opium trade
126:View of the Canton Factories
39:missionaries in native dress
3608:Christian missions in China
3338:West China Union University
3318:Fukien Christian University
2596:The Search for Modern China
2481:Journal of Church and State
2178:; Wong, Cecilia Ng (2012),
1938:White, 351; Thompson, p. 13
1803:Michael Friederich (1994).
1591:Benjamin Broomhall (1885).
1226:Impact on the United States
27:Christian missions in China
3624:
3408:Chinese Christian colleges
3350:Methodist Episcopal Church
3240:National Christian Council
3220:Canadian Methodist Mission
2417:. Oxford UP. p. 427.
2372:, accessed 29 January 2013
2344:, accessed 29 January 2013
2138:Allen, Belle Jane (1919),
2053:, accessed 29 January 2013
1966:, accessed 28 January 2013
1684:James A. Millward (2007).
1656:, accessed 27 January 2012
1495:"Peter Parker (1804â1888)"
1117:Seven Questions in Dispute
853:Anti-Opium League in China
761:
719:Methodist Episcopal Church
669:prostitute their daughters
516:Student Volunteer Movement
286:
277:Lutheran missions to China
147:
73:British East India Company
3398:Medical missions in China
3235:London Missionary Society
2767:. London: S.W. Partridge.
2739:Rabe, Valentin H (1978).
2064:In as much: Mary H Fulton
1755:. Porpoise. p. 114.
1201:After the victory of the
1119:by William Jennings Bryan
873:Truth about Opium Smoking
849:Royal Commission on Opium
772:A Boxer during the revolt
429:American Reformed Mission
409:London Missionary Society
3506:Second Sino-Japanese War
3367:Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui
3328:College of Yale-in-China
3172:Elwood Gardner Tewksbury
2924:Protestantism in Sichuan
2032:, Fall 1981, pp. 179â199
1998:Journal of World History
1809:. Schwarz. p. 352.
1359:Thompson, Larry Clinton
1090:Anti-Christian campaigns
956:Expansion: 1901 to 1920s
877:The Chinese Opium Smoker
526:Missionary life in China
271:Following the appeal of
195:bidirectional dictionary
79:in Canton, now known as
3245:US Presbyterian Mission
2774:World Affairs Quarterly
2650:Fulton, Austin (1967).
2601:WW Norton & Company
2230:The Journal of Politics
1830:Hultvall, John (1981).
1365:The Gospel of Gentility
1327:China Christian Council
1183:Stanley Internment Camp
1145:John D. Rockefeller Jr.
744:Susanna Carson Rijnhart
504:William Edward Soothill
484:John Livingstone Nevius
262:Elijah Coleman Bridgman
3528:The Chinese Repository
3278:University of Shanghai
3230:Church Mission Society
3137:Issachar Jacox Roberts
2919:Protestantism in China
2505:Austin, Alvyn (2007),
2441:23.2 (1999): 321-353.
2322:Conn, Peter J (1996),
1451:The Chinese Repository
1296:Protestantism in China
1197:Final exodus 1945â1953
1120:
1075:
1017:Rockefeller Foundation
977:
881:National Righteousness
839:
805:
773:
758:Boxer Rebellion (1900)
710:
690:
564:to preach and convert
535:
488:Arthur Henderson Smith
384:
367:Issachar Jacox Roberts
345:
302:
258:
145:
49:Second Great Awakening
40:
3583:20th century in China
3578:19th century in China
3308:St. John's University
3293:University of Nanking
3057:Elizabeth G. K. Hewat
2941:Christianity in China
2666:Hunter, Jane (1984).
2566:, New York: Macmillan
2483:58.4 (2016): 615-632.
2453:Robert E. Herzstein,
2353:"Captives of Empire"
2174:Chung, Rebecca Chan;
1947:Glover, Archibald B.
1876:The Missionary Review
1749:John Stewart (1989).
1652:23 March 2013 at the
1607:Broomhall, Benjamin
1597:. Morgan & Scott.
1521:Darwin, John (2007).
1428:R. S. MACLAY (1861).
1316:Chinese Union Version
1306:Christianity in China
1106:
1070:
975:
919:A bandaged bound foot
885:James Laidlaw Maxwell
837:
803:
787:Eight Nation Alliance
771:
708:
680:
533:
496:Walter Henry Medhurst
379:
354:imperial examinations
343:
300:
205:translating the Bible
148:Further information:
114:
35:
3225:China Inland Mission
3167:John Leighton Stuart
3157:Vincent John Stanton
3127:Karl Ludvig Reichelt
3097:Robert Samuel Maclay
2726:Taylor, James Hudson
2658:Hollinger, David A.
2537:Lodwick, Kathleen L.
2381:John King Fairbank,
2283:David A. Hollinger,
2270:John King Fairbank,
1898:Anderson, Gerald H.
1311:Chinese house church
1181:in Shandong and the
1160:China Inland Mission
629:Johannes Avetaranian
577:Johannes Avetaranian
500:Fred Charles Roberts
476:Calvin Wilson Mateer
401:China Inland Mission
334:Convention of Peking
132:or the ships of the
55:of modern religious
37:China Inland Mission
3333:Huachung University
3313:Hangchow University
3303:Yenching University
3192:(more missionaries)
3162:John and Betty Stam
3072:Carl C. Jeremiassen
3052:Laura Askew Haygood
3007:William Jones Boone
2972:David Howard Adeney
2721:. Research essays.
2515:Broomhall, Marshall
2398:3.1 (1977): 33-64.
2312:, pp. 686â704.
2300:(2012) pp xiii-xiv.
1674:Thompson, pp. 12â15
1152:John and Betty Stam
1094:Northern Expedition
1080:May Fourth Movement
1073:May Fourth Movement
989:to found the first
857:Hampden Coit DuBose
676:married Chinese men
585:Nils Fredrik Höijer
395:and the work of J.
3428:Foochow Roman Type
3418:Chinese Roman Type
3403:Manchurian revival
3323:Lingnan University
3298:Soochow University
3283:Cheeloo University
2799:(Routledge, 2007).
2591:Spence, Jonathan D
2439:Diplomatic History
2362:on 6 November 2009
1962:"Boxer Rebellion"
1493:Doyle, G. Wright.
1322:Chinese New Hymnal
1121:
1076:
1009:Dr. Fred P. Manget
978:
869:Benjamin Broomhall
840:
806:
774:
740:Annie Royle Taylor
711:
693:Women missionaries
536:
385:
346:
303:
197:based on the 1714
175:East India Company
169:trading ghetto in
167:Thirteen Factories
146:
140:trading ghetto in
138:Thirteen Factories
77:Thirteen Factories
41:
3565:
3564:
3511:People's Republic
3501:Chinese Civil War
3456:Taiping Rebellion
3423:Minnan Roman Type
3067:Robert A. Jaffray
2977:Mary Ann Aldersey
2936:Missions timeline
2759:Townsend, William
1911:Hunter, pp. 13â14
1816:978-3-87997-235-7
1789:978-0-521-25514-1
1762:978-1-870304-03-0
1724:978-0-567-56614-0
1697:978-0-231-13924-3
1535:Teng, Yuan Chung
1414:978-1-59947-488-5
1203:Chinese Communist
1179:Weihsien Compound
1098:Nationalist Party
983:medicine in China
700:Mary Ann Aldersey
641:Alimujiang Yimiti
568:(Turki Muslims).
421:Southern Baptists
382:The Wordless Book
350:Taiping Rebellion
311:Treaty of Nanking
200:Kangxi Dictionary
183:Classical Chinese
53:the Great Century
16:(Redirected from
3615:
3486:Kucheng Massacre
3481:Tianjin Massacre
3466:Second Opium War
3433:Anti-footbinding
3187:William C. White
3062:Jennie V. Hughes
3037:Frederick Graves
3032:Jonathan Goforth
2987:Thomas J. Arnold
2900:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2813:
2804:Wylie, Alexander
2795:Zhang, Xiantao.
2791:
2781:
2768:
2754:
2744:
2735:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2690:
2671:
2655:
2646:
2636:
2613:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2567:
2556:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2510:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2408:
2402:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2358:. Archived from
2351:
2345:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2287:(2017) pp 59-93.
2281:
2275:
2274:(1987) pp 21-23.
2268:
2262:
2261:
2236:(3): 1638â1651.
2221:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2181:Piloted to Serve
2171:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2126:(3): 45â48, 2002
2112:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2010:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1929:Hunter, pp 83â84
1927:
1921:
1920:White, pp. 26â28
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1465:Stowe, David M.
1462:
1456:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1357:
1035:for writing the
1022:John Abner Snell
993:. Known as the
967:Great Depression
916:
904:
621:Oskar Hermannson
609:Stina MĂ„rtensson
601:Albert Andersson
589:Father Hendricks
573:George W. Hunter
556:Unequal Treaties
464:Chester Holcombe
460:Justus Doolittle
449:Chinese Republic
371:Ten Commandments
330:Second Opium War
309:resulted in the
293:Second Opium War
236:Daoguang Emperor
191:Nanjing Mandarin
124:
121:
101:Kathleen Lodwick
93:Second Opium War
21:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3515:
3496:1911 Revolution
3461:First Opium War
3448:
3442:
3413:Chinese hymnody
3381:
3355:Hwa Nan College
3288:Ginling College
3265:
3259:
3202:
3196:
3182:Thomas Torrance
3147:Cambridge Seven
3132:Timothy Richard
3107:Robert Morrison
3022:Thomas Cochrane
2960:
2931:Chinese history
2907:
2904:
2820:
2802:
2785:
2771:
2757:
2748:
2738:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2687:
2674:
2665:
2649:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2618:Further reading
2611:
2589:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2559:
2553:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2513:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2461:
2452:
2448:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2332:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2310:Latourette 1929
2308:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2265:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:Thompson, p. 14
1664:
1660:
1654:Wayback Machine
1644:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1602:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1287:
1278:Chiang Kai-shek
1228:
1199:
1061:
1041:James O. Fraser
958:
944:
924:
923:
922:
921:
920:
917:
909:
908:
905:
894:
832:
797:were executed.
766:
764:Boxer Rebellion
760:
695:
661:Chinese Muslims
654:Abdullah Bughra
581:Magnus BĂ€cklund
545:Rice Christians
528:
512:Cambridge Seven
307:First Opium War
295:
289:First Opium War
285:
156:Robert Morrison
152:
122:
116:William Daniell
109:
89:First Opium War
64:Robert Morrison
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3621:
3619:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:Unequal treaty
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:Francis Hanson
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:Hunter Corbett
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:Gladys Aylward
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2838:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2818:External links
2816:
2815:
2814:
2800:
2793:
2783:
2769:
2755:
2746:
2736:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2685:
2672:
2663:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2628:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2587:
2569:
2557:
2551:
2533:
2511:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2485:
2472:
2459:
2446:
2430:
2423:
2403:
2387:
2374:
2346:
2330:
2314:
2302:
2289:
2276:
2263:
2242:10.1086/716972
2216:
2186:
2176:Chung, Deborah
2163:
2147:
2130:
2107:
2079:
2072:
2055:
2043:
2034:
2021:
2002:
1989:
1977:
1975:Thompson, p. 1
1968:
1955:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1891:
1882:
1866:
1850:
1822:
1815:
1795:
1788:
1768:
1761:
1741:
1730:
1723:
1703:
1696:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1638:
1625:
1623:, p. 136.
1613:
1600:
1583:
1581:, p. 208.
1571:
1567:Broomhall 1901
1559:
1557:, p. 206.
1544:
1528:
1513:
1485:
1457:
1441:
1420:
1413:
1393:
1391:, p. 336.
1381:
1377:Lodwick (2016)
1369:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1241:The Good Earth
1227:
1224:
1198:
1195:
1134:Fighting Angel
1060:
1057:
1033:Pollard Script
1029:Samuel Pollard
957:
954:
943:
940:
936:Frank Gamewell
918:
911:
910:
906:
899:
898:
897:
896:
895:
893:
890:
831:
828:
762:Main article:
759:
756:
694:
691:
617:Gösta Raquette
613:John Törnquist
605:Gustaf Ahlbert
527:
524:
356:, the scholar
284:
281:
193:; compiling a
108:
105:
47:revival â the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3620:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:Yangzhou riot
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Hudson Taylor
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Charles Scott
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Griffith John
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Karl GĂŒtzlaff
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Pearl S. Buck
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:0-226-36309-0
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2610:0-393-30780-8
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2552:9781451472301
2548:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:Lee Edwards,
2463:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2424:9780192518224
2420:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1569:, p. 27.
1568:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1379:, p. XV.
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:Henry R. Luce
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:Pearl S. Buck
1232:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1216:Wang Ming-Dao
1213:
1207:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:Chefoo School
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:Pearl S. Buck
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
974:
970:
968:
964:
955:
953:
950:
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
915:
903:
891:
889:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
863:
858:
854:
850:
844:
836:
829:
827:
824:
818:
816:
812:
811:William Ament
802:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
778:
770:
765:
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
742:and Canadian
741:
736:
732:
729:
723:
720:
716:
707:
703:
701:
692:
689:
687:
686:
679:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
650:
647:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:Yaqup Istipan
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:Josef MĂ€ssrur
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
557:
553:
548:
546:
540:
532:
525:
523:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:Henry W. Luce
465:
461:
457:
456:William Ament
452:
450:
444:
442:
438:
437:Episcopalians
434:
430:
426:
425:Presbyterians
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:Hudson Taylor
394:
390:
383:
378:
374:
372:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
342:
338:
335:
331:
326:
324:
321:("Foochow"),
320:
316:
312:
308:
299:
294:
290:
282:
280:
278:
274:
273:Karl GĂŒtzlaff
269:
267:
263:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
237:
234:In 1826, the
232:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:proselytizing
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
151:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
117:
113:
106:
104:
102:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3520:Publications
3491:Boxer Crisis
3273:United Board
3266:universities
3264:Colleges and
3152:George Smith
3112:George Moule
3092:Eric Liddell
2997:Joseph Beech
2982:Roland Allen
2955:
2828:
2808:
2796:
2787:
2780:(2): 153â71.
2777:
2773:
2763:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2716:
2706:
2696:
2676:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2642:
2632:
2624:
2594:
2580:, retrieved
2574:
2562:
2541:
2525:, retrieved
2519:
2506:
2499:Bibliography
2488:
2480:
2475:
2467:
2462:
2454:
2449:
2438:
2433:
2413:
2406:
2396:Modern China
2395:
2390:
2385:(1987) p. 21
2382:
2377:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:the original
2349:
2323:
2317:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2195:
2189:
2180:
2156:
2150:
2140:
2133:
2123:
2120:ćčżć·ć€§ćŠćŠæ„ïŒç€ŸäŒç§ćŠç
2119:
2110:
2089:
2087:"Abstract",
2082:
2063:
2058:
2046:
2037:
2029:
2024:
2014:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1899:
1894:
1889:White, p. 21
1885:
1875:
1869:
1859:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1832:
1825:
1805:
1798:
1778:
1771:
1751:
1744:
1733:
1713:
1706:
1686:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1498:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1470:
1460:
1450:
1444:
1430:
1423:
1403:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1318:of the Bible
1301:Che Kam Kong
1266:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1208:
1200:
1191:Eric Liddell
1167:World War II
1164:
1155:
1149:
1138:
1132:
1122:
1116:
1109:Christianity
1083:
1077:
1062:
1053:
1026:
1007:
979:
959:
945:
928:foot binding
925:
907:A bound foot
880:
876:
872:
866:
861:
845:
841:
819:
807:
795:Oberlin Band
779:
775:
737:
733:
724:
712:
696:
683:
681:
673:
658:
651:
648:
645:
597:Anna MĂ€ssrur
570:
560:
549:
541:
537:
520:
508:Oberlin Band
453:
445:
386:
358:Hong Xiuquan
347:
344:Hong Xiuquan
327:
304:
270:
266:Peter Parker
259:
254:
233:
225:
198:
153:
125:
97:
61:
52:
42:
29:
3122:David Paton
3102:Lottie Moon
3087:James Legge
3082:Walter Judd
3017:John Burdon
2383:China Watch
2272:China Watch
2198:, Macon, GA
1621:Austin 2007
1579:Spence 1991
1555:Spence 1991
1389:Maclay 1861
1269:Walter Judd
1045:Lisu people
1013:World War I
932:Mary Porter
892:Footbinding
752:Aurel Stein
552:imperialism
492:James Legge
480:Lottie Moon
405:D. L. Moody
123: 1805
45:evangelical
3572:Categories
3438:Anti-opium
3201:Missionary
3117:Gideon Nye
3002:John Birch
2946:Nestorians
2912:Background
2073:1140341804
1348:References
1220:Andrew Gih
965:, and the
815:Mark Twain
748:Sven Hedin
637:Wu'erkaixi
514:, and the
433:Methodists
411:, and the
317:("Amoy"),
287:See also:
243:cities in
160:Portuguese
69:Protestant
2745:. 299 pp.
2258:244633741
2250:0022-3816
1234:Novelist
1212:John Sung
1175:Chongqing
1173:River to
1140:The Exile
999:Guangzhou
441:Wesleyans
389:Awakening
387:The 1859
221:Qu Ya'ang
187:Cantonese
171:Guangzhou
142:Guangzhou
81:Guangzhou
3203:agencies
2806:(1867).
2761:(1890).
2728:(1868).
2593:(1991),
2539:(2016).
2517:(1901),
2204:citation
1650:Archived
1285:See also
1150:In 1934
667:) would
625:Nur Luke
417:Baptists
362:Liang Fa
245:Xinjiang
217:Liang Fa
165:and the
57:missions
3447:Pivotal
2951:Jesuits
2662:(2017).
2627:(2012).
2527:21 June
2470:(1990).
2116:"CQVIP"
1843:11 July
1506:11 June
1478:11 June
1280:regime.
1261:FORTUNE
1113:atheism
1003:Indiana
963:Marxism
717:of the
665:Uyghurs
566:Uyghurs
393:Britain
328:In the
229:Malacca
213:Cai Gao
179:Jesuits
3449:events
3386:Impact
2965:People
2683:
2607:
2582:6 July
2549:
2443:Online
2421:
2400:online
2340:Bays,
2256:
2248:
2070:
1813:
1786:
1759:
1721:
1694:
1411:
1218:, and
1171:Yangzi
1049:Yunnan
791:Shanxi
728:Beulah
639:, and
510:, the
502:, and
486:, and
439:, and
323:Ningbo
319:Fuzhou
315:Xiamen
241:Muslim
203:; and
189:, and
134:Pazhou
83:, and
2366:3 May
2254:S2CID
2094:(PDF)
2090:These
1837:(PDF)
163:Macao
130:Macao
85:Macau
2681:ISBN
2605:ISBN
2584:2011
2547:ISBN
2529:2006
2419:ISBN
2368:2009
2246:ISSN
2210:link
2102:HKBU
2068:ISBN
1845:2016
1811:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1508:2018
1480:2018
1409:ISBN
1259:and
1257:LIFE
1253:TIME
1137:and
1078:The
1037:Miao
875:and
750:and
291:and
249:beys
154:For
2238:doi
1436:336
1111:to
1047:of
685:sic
391:in
118:'s
3574::
2778:27
2776:.
2603:,
2599:,
2333:^
2252:.
2244:.
2234:84
2232:.
2228:.
2206:}}
2202:{{
2166:^
2157:QQ
2122:,
2118:,
2100::
2098:HK
2096:,
2066:,
2005:^
1547:^
1497:.
1469:.
1438:â.
1255:,
1214:,
754:.
635:,
619:,
615:,
611:,
607:,
603:,
599:,
595:,
591:,
587:,
583:,
575:,
518:.
498:,
494:,
482:,
478:,
474:,
470:,
466:,
462:,
458:,
443:.
435:,
431:,
427:,
423:,
419:,
279:.
251:.
219:,
185:,
120:c.
59:.
2899:e
2892:t
2885:v
2792:.
2790:.
2782:.
2743:.
2719:.
2711:.
2701:.
2689:.
2555:.
2532:.
2427:.
2370:.
2328:.
2260:.
2240::
2214:.
2212:)
2161:.
2145:.
2128:.
2124:1
2105:.
2077:.
2019:.
1847:.
1819:.
1792:.
1765:.
1727:.
1700:.
1510:.
1482:.
1417:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.