309:
218:
647:
608:
603:
56:
643:
983:
30:
40:
991:
707:
648:
646:
1130:
Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2010). "Fluorine
Compounds, Organic". In Bohnet, Matthias; Bellussi, Giuseppe; Bus, James; et al. (eds.).
664:
616:
583:
1011:
Most production, use, and emissions of HFC-152a have occurred within Earth's more industrialized and populated northern hemisphere following the substance's introduction in the 1990s. Its concentration in the northern
895:
in typical EI-MS, major peak at 65 m/z) distinct from anything in air. If mass peaks corresponding to 1,1-difluoroethane are observed immediately after spraying a suspect leak point, leaks may be identified.
869:. Despite its flammability, R152a also presents operating pressures and volumetric cooling capacity (VCC) similar to R134a so it can be used in large chillers or in more particular applications like
1016:
reached an annual average of about 10 parts per trillion by year 2011. The concentration of HFC-152a in the southern troposphere is about 50% lower due to its removal rate (i.e.
974:, added voluntarily to some brands to deter purposeful inhalation, are often not legally required; they do not negate or counteract difluoroethane's intoxicating effects.
720:
649:
1191:
Righetti, Giulia; Zilio, Claudio; Mancin, Simone; Longo, Giovanni A. (2018). "Heat Pipe Finned Heat
Exchanger for Heat Recovery: Experimental Results and Modeling".
1672:
358:
1607:"Observations of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) at AGAGE and SOGE monitoring stations in 1994–2004 and derived global and regional emission estimates"
1164:
Longo, Giovanni A.; Zilio, Claudio; Righetti, Giulia (2015). "Condensation of the low GWP refrigerant HFC152a inside a Brazed Plate Heat
Exchanger".
888:
671:
1427:
865:(GWP) index of 124 and favorable thermophysical properties, 1,1-difluoroethane has been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to
919:
study, rats were exposed to up to 25,000 ppm (67,485 mg/m) for six hours daily, five days a week for two years. This has become the
904:
Difluoroethane is an extremely flammable gas, which decomposes rapidly on heating or burning, producing toxic and irritating fumes, including
1351:
Broussard LA, Brustowicz T, Pittman T, Atkins KD, Presley L (November 1997). "Two traffic fatalities related to the use of difluoroethane".
1148:
323:
920:
456:
562:
1308:
Avella J, Wilson JC, Lehrer M (March 2006). "Fatal cardiac arrhythmia after repeated exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane (DFE)".
1034:
1100:
266:
1657:
287:
891:(GC-MS) systems. The cheap and freely available gas has a molecular weight and fragmentation pattern (base peak 51
887:
The molecular weight of difluoroethane is 66, making it a useful and convenient tool for detecting vacuum leaks in
727:
607:
1667:
881:
795:
657:
1020:) of about 1.5 years being similar in magnitude to the global atmospheric mixing time of one to two years.
862:
799:
783:
747:
931:. Repeated or sufficiently high levels of exposure, particularly purposeful inhalation, can precipitate fatal
1558:
923:
for this substance. Prolonged exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane has been linked in humans to the development of
602:
55:
1279:
213:
1652:
1058:
175:
1662:
1074:
959:
595:
1253:
1002:) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in
1618:
1200:
1029:
967:
68:
1435:
304:
121:
39:
29:
810:
1,1-Difluoroethane is a synthetic substance that is produced by the mercury-catalyzed addition of
1333:
1216:
1003:
932:
850:
791:
1539:
1521:
1490:
1472:
1409:
1368:
1325:
1144:
905:
811:
683:
155:
1626:
1529:
1480:
1462:
1399:
1360:
1317:
1208:
1173:
1136:
924:
751:
476:
381:
275:
909:
195:
1177:
1622:
1583:
1204:
308:
217:
131:
1534:
1509:
1485:
1450:
1321:
1017:
948:
834:
698:
491:
982:
1646:
1220:
1062:
955:
446:
436:
206:
1337:
1243:, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD) (retrieved 2023)
880:
and numerous other retail aerosol products, particularly those subject to stringent
963:
1388:"A motor vehicle accident fatality involving the inhalation of 1,1-difluoroethane"
1233:
1212:
239:
1013:
999:
771:
1039:
944:
877:
787:
404:
186:
1525:
1476:
1140:
1108:
971:
870:
815:
534:
1543:
1494:
1413:
1404:
1387:
1329:
1372:
1631:
1606:
689:
670:
663:
656:
629:
1467:
990:
994:
HFC-152a measured by the
Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (
846:
418:
226:
1364:
958:
receptors. Fatalities linked to difluoroethane abuse include actress
928:
916:
166:
1586:. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories/Global Monitoring Division
697:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1510:"Difluoroethane Inhalant Abuse, Skeletal Fluorosis, and Withdrawal"
989:
981:
866:
786:-152a). It is also used as a propellant for aerosol sprays and in
250:
154:
144:
1449:
Novotny, Clara B; Irvin, Sarah; Espiridion, Eduardo D (2019).
1075:"Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing"
892:
767:
1236:
in
Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.);
292:
38:
28:
1508:
Custer, Adam; Corse, Andrew; Vazirani, Sondra (June 2020).
1428:"Autopsy: man in crash died from inhaling computer cleaner"
1238:
947:
with abuse potential. It appears to act primarily through
1451:"Acute Psychosis Following 1,1-Difluoroethane Inhalation"
986:
Growth of HFC-152a in Earth's atmosphere since year 2000.
876:
In addition, 1,1-difluoroethane is also commonly used in
641:
995:
1310:
The
American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
715:
802:(124) and a shorter atmospheric lifetime (1.4 years).
1559:"'Patriot' actress Skye McCole Bartusiak dead at 21"
238:
1303:
1301:
1080:. Cambridge University Press. 2007. p. 212
645:
130:
1133:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1101:"Global Warming Potentials of ODS Substitutes"
8:
1241:, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69
451:−24.7 °C (−12.5 °F; 248.5 K)
1284:National Library of Medicine HSDB Database
307:
216:
194:
17:
1630:
1533:
1484:
1466:
1403:
274:
441:−117 °C (−179 °F; 156 K)
1578:
1576:
1051:
363:
328:
303:
1386:Hahn, T; Avella, J; Lehrer, M (2006).
1166:Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science
207:
1673:Organic compounds with 2 carbon atoms
335:Key: NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
174:
7:
1178:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.06.010
1105:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
889:Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
833:The intermediate in this process is
1605:Greally, B.R.; et al. (2007).
1260:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
345:Key: NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYAM
229:
1322:10.1097/01.paf.0000202715.71009.0e
14:
1392:Journal of Analytical Toxicology
921:no-observed-adverse-effect level
705:
606:
601:
332:InChI=1S/C2H4F2/c1-2(3)4/h2H,1H3
54:
1611:Journal of Geophysical Research
1434:. 10 March 2012. Archived from
790:products. As an alternative to
701:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
342:InChI=1/C2H4F2/c1-2(3)4/h2H,1H3
774:, where it is often listed as
563:Occupational safety and health
1:
1213:10.1080/01457632.2017.1358483
1035:IPCC list of greenhouse gases
1353:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1557:Duke, Alan (22 July 2014).
998:) in the lower atmosphere (
24:
1689:
690:SDS for 1,1-difluoroethane
1193:Heat Transfer Engineering
1135:. John Wiley & Sons.
882:volatile organic compound
796:ozone depletion potential
695:
582:
560:
555:
374:
354:
319:
114:
79:
67:
62:
53:
23:
1141:10.1002/14356007.a11_349
873:finned heat exchangers.
863:global warming potential
800:global warming potential
978:Environmental abundance
748:organofluorine compound
1239:NIST Chemistry WebBook
1107:. 2010. Archived from
1007:
987:
861:With a relatively low
822:HCCH + 2 HF → CH
778:(refrigerant-152a) or
652:
44:
34:
1234:Ethane, 1,1-difluoro-
993:
985:
960:Skye McCole Bartusiak
943:Difluoroethane is an
651:
91:Ethylidene difluoride
42:
32:
1632:10.1029/2006JD007527
1514:Federal Practitioner
1405:10.1093/jat/30.8.638
1280:"1,1-Difluoroethane"
1254:"1,1-Difluoroethane"
1030:List of refrigerants
884:(VOC) requirements.
634:(fire diamond)
69:Preferred IUPAC name
1623:2007JGRD..112.6308G
1468:10.7759/cureus.5565
1205:2018HTrEn..39.1011R
792:chlorofluorocarbons
577:Extremely flammable
477:Solubility in water
457:Critical point
413:g/mol
94:Ethylidene fluoride
20:
19:1,1-Difluoroethane
1658:Hydrofluorocarbons
1111:on 16 October 2010
1059:1,1-Difluoroethane
1008:
1004:parts-per-trillion
988:
933:cardiac arrhythmia
851:polyvinyl fluoride
740:1,1-Difluoroethane
728:Infobox references
653:
73:1,1-Difluoroethane
45:
35:
18:
1438:on 12 March 2012.
1365:10.1520/JFS14284J
1199:(12): 1011–1023.
906:hydrogen fluoride
812:hydrogen fluoride
798:of zero, a lower
784:hydrofluorocarbon
766:. This colorless
736:Chemical compound
734:
733:
684:Safety data sheet
288:CompTox Dashboard
156:Interactive image
49:
48:
1680:
1668:Greenhouse gases
1637:
1636:
1634:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1470:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1250:
1244:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1097:
1091:
1090:18 February 2019
1089:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1056:
925:coronary disease
752:chemical formula
718:
712:
709:
708:
673:
666:
659:
644:
610:
605:
550:
546:
542:
525:
521:
517:
510:
506:
502:
485:
430:
426:
412:
382:Chemical formula
312:
311:
296:
294:
278:
242:
231:
220:
209:
198:
178:
158:
134:
58:
25:
21:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1232:
1228:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1026:
1010:
980:
952:
941:
910:carbon monoxide
902:
859:
844:
840:
829:
825:
808:
765:
761:
757:
737:
730:
725:
724:
723: ?)
714:
710:
706:
702:
678:
677:
676:
675:
668:
661:
654:
650:
642:
619:
598:
573:
548:
544:
540:
529:
523:
519:
515:
508:
504:
500:
483:
479:
428:
424:
410:
398:
394:
390:
384:
370:
367:
362:
361:
350:
347:
346:
343:
337:
336:
333:
327:
326:
315:
297:
290:
281:
261:
245:
232:
201:
181:
161:
148:
137:
124:
110:
109:
75:
74:
12:
11:
5:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1597:
1572:
1549:
1520:(6): 288–289.
1500:
1441:
1432:The Times News
1419:
1378:
1343:
1297:
1271:
1245:
1226:
1183:
1156:
1150:978-3527306732
1149:
1122:
1092:
1066:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1022:
979:
976:
950:
940:
937:
901:
898:
858:
855:
842:
838:
835:vinyl fluoride
831:
830:
827:
823:
807:
804:
763:
759:
755:
735:
732:
731:
726:
704:
703:
699:standard state
696:
693:
692:
687:
680:
679:
669:
662:
655:
640:
639:
638:
637:
635:
626:
625:
620:
615:
612:
611:
599:
594:
591:
590:
580:
579:
574:
571:
568:
567:
558:
557:
553:
552:
543:μPa·s (0.00887
537:
531:
530:
528:
527:
512:
496:
494:
492:Vapor pressure
488:
487:
480:
475:
472:
471:
468:
453:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
421:
415:
414:
407:
401:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:
380:
377:
376:
372:
371:
369:
368:
365:
357:
356:
355:
352:
351:
349:
348:
344:
341:
340:
338:
334:
331:
330:
322:
321:
320:
317:
316:
314:
313:
300:
298:
286:
283:
282:
280:
279:
271:
269:
263:
262:
260:
259:
255:
253:
247:
246:
244:
243:
235:
233:
225:
222:
221:
211:
203:
202:
200:
199:
191:
189:
183:
182:
180:
179:
171:
169:
163:
162:
160:
159:
151:
149:
142:
139:
138:
136:
135:
127:
125:
120:
117:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:Difluoroethane
82:
81:
77:
76:
72:
71:
65:
64:
60:
59:
51:
50:
47:
46:
43:Difluoroethane
36:
33:Difluoroethane
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1685:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:Fluoroalkanes
1651:
1650:
1648:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1398:(8): 638–42.
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:(6): 1186–7.
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1123:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:Sigma-Aldrich
1060:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
984:
977:
975:
973:
969:
966:and wrestler
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
938:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
899:
897:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
856:
854:
852:
849:precursor to
848:
836:
821:
820:
819:
817:
813:
805:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:is used as a
769:
753:
749:
745:
741:
729:
722:
717:
700:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
674:
667:
660:
636:
633:
632:
628:
627:
624:
621:
618:
614:
613:
609:
604:
600:
597:
593:
592:
588:
586:
581:
578:
575:
570:
569:
565:
564:
559:
554:
538:
536:
533:
532:
513:
498:
497:
495:
493:
490:
489:
481:
478:
474:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
455:
454:
450:
448:
447:Boiling point
445:
444:
440:
438:
437:Melting point
435:
434:
422:
420:
417:
416:
408:
406:
403:
402:
386:
383:
379:
378:
373:
364:
360:
353:
339:
329:
325:
318:
310:
306:
305:DTXSID0024050
302:
301:
299:
289:
285:
284:
277:
273:
272:
270:
268:
265:
264:
257:
256:
254:
252:
249:
248:
241:
237:
236:
234:
228:
224:
223:
219:
215:
212:
210:
208:ECHA InfoCard
205:
204:
197:
193:
192:
190:
188:
185:
184:
177:
173:
172:
170:
168:
165:
164:
157:
153:
152:
150:
146:
141:
140:
133:
129:
128:
126:
123:
119:
118:
113:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
78:
70:
66:
61:
57:
52:
41:
37:
31:
27:
26:
22:
16:
1663:Refrigerants
1614:
1610:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1563:. Retrieved
1552:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1461:(9): e5565.
1458:
1454:
1444:
1436:the original
1431:
1422:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1316:(1): 58–60.
1313:
1309:
1288:. Retrieved
1283:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1257:
1248:
1237:
1229:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1132:
1125:
1115:20 September
1113:. Retrieved
1109:the original
1104:
1095:
1082:. Retrieved
1069:
1054:
1009:
964:Aaron Carter
942:
914:
903:
886:
875:
860:
832:
809:
794:, it has an
779:
775:
743:
739:
738:
630:
622:
584:
576:
572:Main hazards
561:
507:mmHg) @ 21.1
464:
460:
251:RTECS number
176:ChEMBL325493
115:Identifiers
80:Other names
15:
1590:12 February
1565:24 February
1172:: 509–515.
1014:troposphere
1000:troposphere
878:gas dusters
772:refrigerant
617:Signal word
566:(OHS/OSH):
375:Properties
214:100.000.788
106:Tinned Wind
1647:Categories
1617:(D06308).
1584:"HFC-152a"
1046:References
1040:Canned air
972:Bitterants
945:intoxicant
806:Production
788:gas duster
596:Pictograms
470:113.45 °C
405:Molar mass
276:0B1U8K2ME0
187:ChemSpider
143:3D model (
122:CAS Number
88:Freon 152a
1526:1078-4497
1477:2168-8184
1221:126263840
968:Mike Bell
962:, singer
956:glutamate
871:heat pipe
847:monomeric
816:acetylene
750:with the
587:labelling
535:Viscosity
522:bar) @ 20
503:kPa (4020
482:0.54% @ 0
258:KI1410000
1544:32669782
1495:31695984
1414:17132266
1338:22312214
1330:16501351
1258:WebWISER
1024:See also
1018:lifetime
845:F), the
780:HFC-152a
746:, is an
631:NFPA 704
556:Hazards
547:cP) @ 25
518:kPa (5.1
427:g/L @ 25
97:HFC-152a
1619:Bibcode
1535:7357883
1486:6820689
1373:9397568
1264:2 April
1201:Bibcode
721:what is
719: (
419:Density
399:
227:PubChem
132:75-37-6
1542:
1532:
1524:
1493:
1483:
1475:
1455:Cureus
1412:
1371:
1336:
1328:
1290:8 June
1286:. 1994
1219:
1147:
1084:11 May
929:angina
917:DuPont
900:Safety
776:R-152a
716:verify
713:
686:(SDS)
623:Danger
549:
545:
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520:
516:
509:
505:
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484:
429:
425:
411:
366:FC(F)C
359:SMILES
167:ChEMBL
100:R-152a
63:Names
1561:. CNN
1334:S2CID
1217:S2CID
1078:(PDF)
996:AGAGE
939:Abuse
915:In a
867:R134a
742:, or
409:66.05
324:InChI
145:JSmol
1592:2021
1567:2019
1540:PMID
1522:ISSN
1491:PMID
1473:ISSN
1410:PMID
1369:PMID
1326:PMID
1292:2010
1266:2022
1145:ISBN
1117:2010
1086:2017
954:and
949:GABA
927:and
908:and
857:Uses
539:8.87
267:UNII
240:6368
196:6128
1627:doi
1615:112
1530:PMC
1481:PMC
1463:doi
1400:doi
1361:doi
1318:doi
1209:doi
1174:doi
1137:doi
1061:at
893:m/z
826:CHF
814:to
768:gas
744:DFE
585:GHS
551:°C
514:510
499:536
486:°C
431:°C
423:900
293:EPA
230:CID
103:DFE
1649::
1625:.
1613:.
1609:.
1575:^
1538:.
1528:.
1518:37
1516:.
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1471:.
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1300:^
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1215:.
1207:.
1197:39
1195:.
1170:68
1168:.
1143:.
1103:.
970:.
935:.
912:.
853:.
837:(C
818::
589::
526:°C
511:°C
467:)
463:,
1635:.
1629::
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951:A
843:3
841:H
839:2
828:2
824:3
782:(
764:2
762:F
760:4
758:H
756:2
754:C
711:Y
672:0
665:4
658:1
465:P
461:T
459:(
397:2
395:F
393:4
391:H
389:2
387:C
295:)
291:(
147:)
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