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84:. Thereafter, James told lecture audiences that people only meet a fraction of their full mental potential, which is a plausible claim. Brain Activity: Modern neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI and PET scans, show that a wide range of brain regions are active even when we are at rest. Different tasks and mental processes involve different brain areas, but almost all parts of the brain have a known function.
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conscious experiences. So far, there is no evidence that there is one site for consciousness, which leads experts to believe that it is truly a collective neural effort. Therefore, as with James's idea that humans have untapped cognitive potential, it may be that a large number of questions about the brain have not been fully answered.
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documentary of the same title, though it was about a different patient who had normal brain mass distributed in an unusual way in a very large skull. Explanations were proposed for the first student's situation, with reviewers noting that Lorber's scans evidenced that the subject's brain mass was not
234:
would have eliminated the inefficient brain portions. It is also highly unlikely that a brain with so much redundant matter would have evolved in the first place; given the historical risk of death in childbirth associated with the large brain size (and therefore skull size) of humans, there would be
229:
The brain is enormously costly to the rest of the body, in terms of oxygen and nutrient consumption. It can require up to 20 percent of the body's energy—more than any other organ—despite making up only 2 percent of the human body weight. If most of it were unnecessary, there would be a
1084:
The skull had been enlarged by pressure from the hydrocephalus fluid. Her brain was thinly spread, but occupied her entire braincase, and its thickness was such that she had a brain volume of approximately 200 cm. The woman had been told all her life that she had only 15% of normal brain mass, but
728:
Campbell followed up on this notion in a note to another story published five years later: "The total capacity of the mind, even at present, is to all intents and purposes, infinite. Could the full equipment be hooked into a functioning unit, the resulting intelligence should be able to conquer a
63:
Changes in grey and white matter following new experiences and learning have been shown, but it has not yet been proven what the changes are. The popular notion that large parts of the brain remain unused, and could subsequently be "activated", rests in folklore and not science. Though specific
95:
Evolutionary
Perspective: From an evolutionary standpoint, the human brain is a highly complex and energy-intensive organ. It would be inefficient and counterproductive for evolution to develop and maintain such a large brain with 90% being functionally useless. The concept gained currency by
192:
Although parts of the brain have broadly understood functions, many mysteries remain about how brain cells (i.e., neurons and glia) work together to produce complex behaviors and disorders. Perhaps the broadest, most mysterious question is how diverse regions of the brain collaborate to form
209:
Studies of brain damage: If 10% of the brain is normally used, then damage to other areas should not impair performance. Instead, there is almost no area of the brain that can be damaged without loss of abilities. Even slight damage to small areas of the brain can have profound
180:
in the brain. The misunderstanding of the function of local neurons may have led to the ten percent myth. The myth might have been propagated simply by a truncation of the idea that some use a small percentage of their brains at any given time. In the same article in
163:
According to a related origin story, the ten percent myth most likely arose from a misunderstanding (or misrepresentation) of neurological research in the late 19th century or early 20th century. For example, the functions of many brain regions (especially in the
91:
Brain Damage: Evidence from brain injury studies supports the idea that different parts of the brain have specific roles. Damage to certain areas can lead to deficits in specific functions (e.g., language, movement), indicating that those areas are actively used.
213:
Brain scans have shown that no matter what one is doing, all brain areas are always active. Some areas are more active at any one time than others, but barring brain damage, there is no part of the brain that is absolutely not functioning. Technologies such as
735:(note to the short story "The Double Minds"). Throughout his career, Campbell had sought grounds for a new "scientific psychology" and he was instrumental in formulating the brainchild of one of his more imaginative science fiction writers—the "
87:
Brain
Function: Research has demonstrated that various brain regions are involved in sensory processing, motor control, language, memory, and higher cognitive functions. Even when performing simple tasks, multiple brain areas are engaged.
424:
in particular depicts a character who gains increasingly godlike abilities once she surpasses 10 percent, though the film suggests that 10 percent represents brain capacity at a particular time rather than permanent usage.
64:
mechanisms regarding brain function remain to be fully described—e.g. memory, consciousness—the physiology of brain mapping suggests that all areas of the brain have a function and that they are used nearly all the time.
281:, a widespread brain network that is active and synchronized even in the absence of any cognitive task. Thus, "large portions of the brain are never truly dormant, as the 10% myth might otherwise suggest."
458:
parodies the myth, along with the justification that the other 90% is "filled with curds and whey," as the explanation for why vegans, such as antagonist Todd Ingram, possess psychic powers.
201:
Neurologist Barry Gordon describes the myth as false, adding, "we use virtually every part of the brain, and that (most of) the brain is active almost all the time." Neuroscientist
249:
technique, researchers insert a tiny electrode into the brain to monitor the activity of a single cell. If most cells were unused, then this technique would have revealed that.
134:, by including the falsely precise percentage: "Professor William James of Harvard used to say that the average man develops only ten percent of his latent mental ability".
168:) are complex enough that the effects of damage are subtle, leading early neurologists to wonder what these regions did. The brain was also discovered to consist mostly of
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student who had a measured IQ of 126 and passed a
Mathematics Degree but who had hardly any discernible brain matter at all since his cortex was extremely reduced by
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with the line "There is NO LIMIT to what the human brain can accomplish. Scientists and psychologists tell us we use only about TEN PERCENT of our brain power."
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in the 1950s and '60s. There is no scientifically verified body of evidence supporting the existence of such powers. Such beliefs remain widespread among
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Some proponents of the "ten percent of the brain" belief have long asserted that the "unused" nine-tenths is capable of exhibiting
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to scan the brain of someone attempting a complicated mental task, and found that as much as 35% was used during their test.
239:
242:. Decades of research have gone into mapping functions onto areas of the brain, and no function-less areas have been found.
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absent, but compacted into the small space available, possibly compressed to a greater density than regular brain tissue.
226:, all parts of the brain show some level of activity. Only in the case of serious damage does a brain have "silent" areas.
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Beyerstein, Barry L. (1999), "Whence Cometh the Myth that We Only Use 10% of our Brains?", in Della Sala, Sergio (ed.),
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277:. Torre writes that, even at rest, a person likely uses as much of his or her brain as reasonably possible through the
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The ten percent brain myth occurs frequently in advertisements, and in entertainment media it is often cited as fact.
117:, who wrote in a 1932 short story that "no man in all history ever used even half of the thinking part of his brain".
2902:
56:. By extrapolation, it is suggested that a person may 'harness' or 'unlock' this unused potential and increase their
750:
Astounding: John W. Campbell, Isaac Asimov, Robert A. Heinlein, L. Ron
Hubbard and the Golden Age of Science Fiction
707:
Astounding: John W. Campbell, Isaac Asimov, Robert A. Heinlein, L. Ron
Hubbard and the Golden Age of Science Fiction
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Several books, films, and short stories have been written closely related to this myth. They include the 1986 film
273:
of one's brain would not be desirable either. Such unfettered activity would almost certainly trigger an epileptic
853:
Welcome to Your Brain: Why You Lose Your Car Keys but Never Forget How to Drive and Other
Puzzles of Everyday Life
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We've shown that it is possible for the brain to condition its own wiring system to operate more efficiently.
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large survival advantage to humans with smaller, more efficient brains. If this were true, the process of
255:: Brain cells that are not used have a tendency to degenerate. Hence if most of the brain were inactive,
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in
Rochester, Minnesota, states: "Evidence would show over a day you use 100 percent of the brain".
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2012:
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925:(1999). "Whence Cometh the Myth that We Only Use 10% of our Brains?". In Sergio Della Sala (ed.).
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a strong selection pressure against such a large brain size if less than half of it were needed.
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world without much difficulty": Campbell, John W. (August 1937), "The Story Behind the Story",
476:, Beast Boy attempts to solve a Find-It puzzle by unlocking a greater percentage of his brain.
32:
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1224:. Eric H. Chudler, Ph.D. (Executive Director, CSNE; University of Washington). Archived from
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222:(fMRI) allow the activity of the living brain to be monitored. They reveal that even during
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http://lppm.dinus.ac.id/docs/m/Suggestopedia:_How_Does_It_Accelerate_Language_Learning1.pdf
72:
A likely origin for the "10% myth" is the reserve energy theories of
Harvard psychologists
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172:, which seemed to have very minor functions. James W. Kalat, the author of the textbook
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states that humans generally use only one-tenth (or some other small fraction) of their
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80:. In the 1890s, they tested the theory in the accelerated raising of the child prodigy
1010:
176:, points out that neuroscientists in the 1930s knew about the large number of "local"
104:
includes a chapter on the 10% myth that shows a self-help advertisement from the 1929
52:. It has been misattributed to many famous scientists and historical figures, notably
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believing "that we might be using only five to ten percent of our mental capacity".
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1997:
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795:
Larsen-Freeman, Diane (2000). "Techniques and
Principles in Language Teaching".
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1992:
1911:
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Localization of function: Rather than acting as a single mass, the brain has
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those who told her this had not taken the form of her cranium into account.
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403:
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This became a particular "pet idea" of science fiction writer and editor
374:(claiming 20 percent rather than the typical 10 percent); the 1991 film
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2240:
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1415:
1285:
was created from a revision of this article dated 4 June 2012
314:
256:
177:
720:
Campbell, John W. (Spring–Summer 1932). "Invaders from the
Infinite".
2955:
1921:
1445:
755:
410:
1040:
Lewin, Roger (12 December 1980). "Is Your Brain Really Necessary?".
892:(sixth ed.). Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. p.
301:. This concept is especially associated with the proposed field of "
1307:
927:
Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain
680:
Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain
503:, a part of the brain that has attracted pseudoscientific interest
406:
223:
102:
Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain
305:" (psychic + electronics), a favorite project of the influential
1735:
1739:
1311:
467:, "Ruff's Case of Blues in the Brain", the theory is debunked.
240:
distinct regions for different kinds of information processing
205:
sets out six kinds of evidence refuting the ten percent myth:
799:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 73.
259:
of normal adult brains would reveal large-scale degeneration.
1263:
1011:"The Life and Times of the 10% Neuromyth - Knowing Neurons"
152:, the U.S.-born neurosurgeon who was the first director of
137:
In the 1970s, the Bulgarian-born psychologist and educator
996:
Rosenberg, K.R., "The Evolution of Modern Childbirth" in
330:, "Is Your Brain Really Necessary?", about studies by
334:
on cerebral cortex losses. He reports the case of a
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2629:
2599:
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2409:
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2290:
2265:
2221:
1976:
1940:
1793:
1786:
1595:
1484:
1406:
1345:
797:
Teaching Techniques in English as a Second Language
148:The origin of the myth has also been attributed to
1170:"'Limitless' brainpower plot isn't all that crazy"
885:
627:"Myths About the Brain: Ten percent and Counting"
536:"Do People Only Use 10 Percent Of Their Brains?"
1276:
1118:"'Is Your Brain Really Necessary?', Revisited"
1751:
1323:
917:
915:
913:
850:Wang, Sam; Aamodt, Sandra (2 February 2008).
597:
595:
269:editor Gabrielle-Ann Torre writes that using
100:movement of the 1920s; for example, the book
8:
567:"Juggling Enhances Connections In The Brain"
2809:
2633:
2415:
2227:
1797:
1790:
1758:
1744:
1736:
1330:
1316:
1308:
998:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
833:"Do we use only 10 percent of our brain?"
120:In 1936, American writer and broadcaster
1293:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
952:"Why Does the Brain Need So Much Power?"
565:University of Oxford (16 October 2009).
342:. The article led to the broadcast of a
31:
2898:Legends and myths regarding the Titanic
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
518:
131:How to Win Friends and Influence People
124:popularized the idea, in a foreword to
455:Scott Pilgrim and the Infinite Sadness
950:Swaminathan, Nikhil (29 April 2008).
602:Radford, Benjamin (8 February 2000).
577:from the original on 29 December 2011
546:from the original on 17 November 2008
444:functional magnetic resonance imaging
220:functional magnetic resonance imaging
7:
2908:Time travel claims and urban legends
1948:Angikuni's disappeared Inuit village
1685:
1098:from the original on 14 October 2009
185:, John Henley, a neurologist at the
1827:The babysitter and the man upstairs
263:In debunking the ten percent myth,
1202:from the original on 31 March 2017
1145:Classic Case Studies in Psychology
1021:from the original on 15 March 2018
25:
1655:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
982:
964:from the original on 12 July 2010
245:Microstructural analysis: In the
3090:
3089:
2003:Black children as alligator bait
1717:
1703:
1696:
1684:
1673:
1672:
1275:
776:from the original on 15 May 2011
659:from the original on 10 May 2013
141:proposed the teaching method of
27:Myth regarding human brain usage
2715:University of Cambridge legends
2512:Lampshades made from human skin
317:proponents to the present day.
154:Montreal Neurological Institute
2973:Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction
2571:Legends of Catherine the Great
2008:Black Dog of the Hanging Hills
984:Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy
653:"Debunking Common Brain Myths"
368:and its 2011 film adaptation,
293:and can be trained to perform
1:
1645:Mini–mental state examination
856:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
491:List of common misconceptions
42:ten percent of the brain myth
3077:Lists of legendary creatures
2663:The Dark Side of the Rainbow
2517:Soap made from human corpses
2120:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
1897:Litter boxes in schools hoax
1862:The Dark Side of the Rainbow
1610:Benton Visual Retention Test
216:positron emission tomography
1892:Lighthouse and naval vessel
1620:Continuous Performance Task
770:"A Shortcut to Distinction"
428:The myth was examined on a
3154:
3072:Lists of fictional species
2736:Man Proposes, God Disposes
2524:Lone gunner of Flesquières
2172:Sightings of Elvis Presley
3085:
2913:Urban legends about drugs
2812:
2636:
2418:
2230:
1800:
1773:
1668:
1630:Hayling and Brixton tests
723:Amazing Stories Quarterly
461:In a season 2 episode of
2903:McDonald's urban legends
2555:Zegrze Reservoir Monster
2313:Hanako-san of the Toilet
1615:Clinical Dementia Rating
1363:Clinical neuropsychology
1353:Brain–computer interface
1088:"Well, what about pain?"
929:. Wiley. pp. 3–24.
732:Thrilling Wonder Stories
496:Human Potential Movement
464:Fetch! With Ruff Ruffman
324:published an article in
299:extra-sensory perception
2686:Strategic steam reserve
2641:999 phone charging myth
2155:Philadelphia Experiment
1222:"Neuroscience For Kids"
1064:10.1126/science.7434023
430:27 October 2010 episode
353:Flight of the Navigator
96:circulating within the
2676:Phantom social workers
2581:Hitler's pet alligator
2348:("Slit-Mouthed Woman")
2150:Phantom social workers
1882:Killer in the backseat
1660:Wisconsin card sorting
1398:Traumatic brain injury
1368:Cognitive neuroscience
1271:
1251:Listen to this article
604:"The Ten-Percent Myth"
486:Educational psychology
440:magnetoencephalography
380:; the television show
37:
2507:German Corpse Factory
2445:Konstantinos Koukidis
2028:Brown Mountain lights
1724:Psychology portal
1710:Philosophy portal
1640:Lexical decision task
1270:
1196:"10 Percent of Brain"
1143:Rolls, Geoff (2010).
888:Biological Psychology
709:. Dey St. p. 67.
682:, Wiley, p. 11,
311:John W. Campbell, Jr.
247:single-unit recording
174:Biological Psychology
46:90% of the brain myth
36:Human brain and skull
35:
3133:Personal development
3062:List of creepypastas
3011:_9MOTHER9HORSE9EYES9
2817:Bass Strait Triangle
2787:Elephants' graveyard
2576:Lenin was a mushroom
2491:Vanishing Hotel Room
2300:Curse of the Colonel
2125:Lost Dutchman's Mine
2094:The Hands Resist Him
1953:Oak Island money pit
1932:Vanishing hitchhiker
1817:2016 clown sightings
1577:Roger Wolcott Sperry
1492:Arthur Lester Benton
1302:More spoken articles
1017:. 13 February 2018.
1000:35, 1992, p. 89–124.
923:Beyerstein, Barry L.
884:Kalat, J.W. (1998).
414:; and the 2014 film
344:Yorkshire Television
336:Sheffield University
279:default mode network
2931:Jan Harold Brunvand
2838:Flora and Fauna Act
2564:Soviet Union/Russia
2278:Monkey-man of Delhi
2187:Seven Gates of Hell
2013:Black-eyed children
1968:Thetis Lake Monster
1810:White lighter curse
1605:Bender-Gestalt Test
1436:Executive functions
1168:Bahn, Christopher.
1056:1980Sci...210.1232L
1050:(4475): 1232–1234.
957:Scientific American
542:. 7 February 2008.
540:Scientific American
377:Defending Your Life
183:Scientific American
2762:Spring-heeled Jack
2757:Ratman of Southend
2725:Isaac Newton's dog
2720:Croydon Cat Killer
2356:("Wriggling Body")
2086:Lake Worth Monster
2076:Maryland's Goatman
1625:Glasgow Coma Scale
1451:Motor coordination
1272:
1228:on 27 October 2008
452:The graphic novel
386:; the ninth book (
285:In popular culture
38:
3105:
3104:
2881:
2880:
2856:
2855:
2775:
2774:
2730:Manchester Pusher
2625:
2624:
2545:Kraina GrzybĂłw TV
2286:
2285:
2273:Indian rope trick
2217:
2216:
2081:Pope Lick Monster
1733:
1732:
1517:Elkhonon Goldberg
1268:
806:978-0-19-435574-2
470:In an episode of
438:. The hosts used
399:The Dresden Files
232:natural selection
158:McGill University
18:10% of brain myth
16:(Redirected from
3145:
3093:
3092:
3067:List of cryptids
2873:Treasure of Lima
2810:
2710:British big cats
2634:
2424:And yet it moves
2416:
2401:Yamashita's gold
2333:Kisaragi Station
2228:
2192:Sewer alligators
2177:Richmond Vampire
2071:Goatman's Bridge
2053:Choking Doberman
2018:Blue star tattoo
1958:Screaming Tunnel
1852:Coghlan's coffin
1837:Bermuda Triangle
1798:
1791:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1688:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1512:Norman Geschwind
1456:Natural language
1332:
1325:
1318:
1309:
1292:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1176:on 13 March 2011
1172:. Archived from
1165:
1159:
1158:
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1133:
1131:
1129:
1114:
1108:
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837:Psychology Today
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746:Nevala-Lee, Alec
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629:. Archived from
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356:; the 1995 film
253:Synaptic pruning
203:Barry Beyerstein
115:John W. Campbell
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2951:Patricia Turner
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2848:Poinciana Woman
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2742:Mistletoe bough
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2550:Nazi gold train
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2323:Inunaki Village
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1887:The Licked Hand
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1567:Karl H. Pribram
1557:Alexander Luria
1532:Kenneth Heilman
1502:António Damásio
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1471:Problem solving
1431:Decision making
1408:Brain functions
1402:
1388:Neurophysiology
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1339:Neuropsychology
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1283:This audio file
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633:on 2 April 2006
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507:Savant syndrome
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473:Teen Titans Go!
396:'s book series
365:The Dark Fields
307:science fiction
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266:Knowing Neurons
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166:cerebral cortex
150:Wilder Penfield
70:
54:Albert Einstein
28:
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3138:Misconceptions
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1124:. 26 July 2015
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726:. p. 216.
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2767:Sweeney Todd
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2591:White Tights
2586:Well to Hell
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2308:("Red Cape")
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2256:Orang Minyak
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2100:Haunchyville
2092:
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1902:Men in black
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1572:Oliver Sacks
1542:Muriel Lezak
1537:Edith Kaplan
1507:Phineas Gage
1383:Neuroanatomy
1230:. Retrieved
1226:the original
1216:
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1174:the original
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2980:MythBusters
2936:Hoax Slayer
2465:Silverpilen
2460:Red mercury
2430:Black Volga
2410:Continental
2389:Philippines
2328:John Zegrus
2209:Tourist guy
2197:Slender Man
2182:Ronald Opus
2140:Midgetville
2130:Melon heads
2110:Kay's Cross
2043:Chase Vault
1998:Ben Drowned
1927:Frank Tower
1912:Snuff films
1857:Cow tipping
1847:Candle Cove
1842:Bloody Mary
1373:Human brain
1232:14 November
1025:24 February
435:MythBusters
394:Jim Butcher
389:White Night
332:John Lorber
322:Roger Lewin
187:Mayo Clinic
170:glial cells
78:Boris Sidis
3112:Categories
3004:In fiction
2941:Linda DĂ©gh
2833:Baby Train
2752:Purple Aki
2646:Baby Train
2372:Sony timer
2135:Mel's Hole
2058:Rodney Cox
1993:Baby Train
1497:David Bohm
1461:Perception
1393:Phrenology
1298:Audio help
1289:2012-06-04
1128:9 February
1092:MetaFilter
550:7 February
513:References
218:(PET) and
3019:franchise
2965:TV series
2922:Theorists
2826:Australia
2651:Black dog
2529:Nazi UFOs
2440:Herobrine
2379:Teke Teke
2306:Aka Manto
2033:Bunny Man
1867:John Fare
1787:By region
1421:Attention
968:14 August
752:. Dey St.
737:Dianetics
371:Limitless
320:In 1980,
98:self-help
3096:Category
3017:Candyman
2470:This Man
2450:Le Loyon
2354:Kunekune
2166:Polybius
2067:Goatmen
1877:The Hook
1679:Category
1466:Planning
1441:Learning
1300: ·
1206:26 March
1200:Archived
1180:31 March
1122:Discover
1102:30 April
1096:Archived
1019:Archived
962:Archived
774:Archived
748:(2018).
705:(2018).
657:Archived
637:12 April
610:13 April
575:Archived
544:Archived
480:See also
383:The 4400
303:psionics
210:effects.
197:Analysis
3055:Related
3032:Petscop
2806:Oceania
2703:England
2693:Titanic
2500:Germany
2339:Kokkuri
2241:Nale Ba
1805:27 Club
1691:Commons
1476:Thought
1416:Arousal
1287: (
1258:minutes
1072:7434023
1052:Bibcode
1043:Science
987:, Ch. 1
327:Science
315:New Age
309:editor
275:seizure
257:autopsy
178:neurons
2956:Snopes
2792:Guegue
2780:Africa
2670:Friday
2538:Poland
2479:France
2412:Europe
1987:Aurora
1979:States
1977:United
1941:Canada
1922:Tayopa
1485:People
1446:Memory
1346:Topics
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3118:Brain
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2292:Japan
2266:India
1597:Tests
1587:K. C.
1582:H. M.
739:" of
407:manga
392:) of
224:sleep
2691:RMS
2668:HMS
1778:List
1234:2008
1208:2017
1182:2011
1149:ISBN
1130:2020
1104:2010
1068:PMID
1027:2018
970:2021
931:ISBN
898:ISBN
871:2011
858:ISBN
801:ISBN
782:2011
684:ISBN
665:2011
639:2006
612:2006
583:2012
552:2008
442:and
422:Lucy
417:Lucy
297:and
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