438:
904:
2002:
216:
833:
24-karat gold is pure (while 100% purity is very difficult to attain, 24-karat as a designation is permitted in commerce for a minimum of 99.95% purity), 18-karat gold is 18 parts gold, 6 parts another metal (forming an alloy with 75% gold), 12-karat gold is 12 parts gold (12 parts another metal),
894:
in a less-than-24-karat gold alloy differs according to the alloys used. For example, knowing that standard 18-karat yellow gold consists of 75% gold, 12.5% silver and the remaining 12.5% of copper (all by mass), the volume of pure gold in this alloy will be 60% since gold is much denser than the
1083:
That becomes a concern because it would be possible for an unscrupulous refiner to produce precious metals bars that are slightly less pure than marked on the bar. A refiner doing $ 1 billion of business each year that marked .980 pure bars as .999 fine would make about an extra $
1084:
20 million in profit. In the United States, the actual purity of gold articles must be no more than .003 less than the marked purity (e.g. .996 fine for gold marked .999 fine), and the actual purity of silver articles must be no more than .004 less than the marked purity.
154:
of pure metal by mass in the alloy. For example, an alloy containing 75% gold is denoted as "750". Many
European countries use decimal hallmark stamps (i.e., "585", "750", etc.) rather than "14 k", "18 k", etc., which is used in the United Kingdom and United States.
685:
800: The minimum standard for silver in
Germany after 1884; the French 2nd standard for silver; "plata de segunda ley" in Spain (second law silver); Egyptian silver; Canadian silver circulating coinage from 1920-1966/7 Used for the outer cladding of US
1204:
1265:
2055:
in a perception experiment observers could discriminate differences in carob seed weight of around 5% by eye... suggesting that human rather than natural selection gave rise to the carob myth
1072:
While there are many methods of detecting fake precious metals, there are realistically only two options available for verifying the marked fineness of metal as being reasonably accurate:
552:
and to be of equal grade to 925 sterling. Sometimes claimed to have arisen as a Swiss misunderstanding of the standard required for
British sterling. Usually marked with three Swiss bears.
158:
It is an extension of the older karat system of denoting the purity of gold by fractions of 24, such as "18 karat" for an alloy with 75% (18 parts per 24) pure gold by mass.
704:
720: Decoplata: many
Mexican and Dutch silver coins use this standard, as well as some coins from Portugal's former colonies, Japan, Uruguay, Ecuador, Egypt, and Morocco.
415:: Minimum standard for gold in some of the Commonwealth realms: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, UK, etc. It is also the minimum in Austria, Ireland, Portugal and France.
1795:
1832:
437:
1422:
1733:
1381:
647:
875: 84 zolotnik is the most common fineness for
Russian silver. Swiss standard, commonly used for export watchcases (also 800 and later 935).
1903:
1864:
977:) and was a unit of mass though it was probably not used to measure gold in classical times. The Arabic term ultimately originates from the
720:
500: Standard used for making
British coinage 1920–1946 as well as Canadian coins from 1967-1968, and some coins from Colombia and Brazil.
1870:
1909:
1096:
metal containing a precious metal may also have the weight of its precious component referred to as its "fine weight". For example, 1
1040:
663:
835: A standard predominantly used in
Germany after 1884, and for some Dutch silver; and for the minting of coins in countries of the
1752:
1792:
1984:
1488:
1152:
1829:
837:
In
England, the carat was divisible into four grains, and the grain was divisible into four quarts. For example, a gold alloy of
687:
1475:
1213:
555:
935: used in the Art Deco period in
Austria and Germany. Scandinavian silver jewellers used 935 silver after the 2nd World War
1447:
1717:
408:: Lowest legal solid gold karat made in the US prior to the August 2018 revision of the FTC Guides (Now 1 karat is legal).
1598:
1103:
Most modern government-issued bullion coins specify their fine weight. For example, the
American Gold Eagle is embossed
1778:
449:
1435:
In October 2007, the Million Dollar Coin was certified by Guinness World Records to be the world's largest gold coin.
549:
481:
322:
2090:
2075:
1335:
1080:(XRF). XRF will measure only the outermost portion of the piece of metal and so may get misled by thick plating.
1577:
2085:
2080:
326:
259:
181:
999.95: what most dealers would buy as if 100% pure; the most common purity for platinum bullion coins and bars
80:
to make a more durable alloy for use in coins, housewares and jewelry. Coin silver, which was used for making
1301:
263:
1418:
1730:
737:
1749:
1377:
422:: Minimum standard for gold in Germany after 1884. It is also the minimum for Denmark, Greece and Mexico.
1286:
442:
72:, alter colors, decrease the cost per weight, or avoid the cost of high-purity refinement. For example,
895:
other metals used: 19.32 g/cm for gold, 10.49 g/cm for silver and 8.96 g/cm for copper.
251:
regularly produces commemorative coins in this fineness, including the world's largest, at 100 kg.
886:
However, this system of calculation gives only the mass of pure gold contained in an alloy. The term
664:
345:
2070:
1073:
903:
858:
system, described above for bullion, though jewelry generally tends to still use the karat system.
633:
334:
248:
1895:
Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection
1356:
890:
means that the alloy's mass consists of 75% of gold and 25% of other metals. The quantity of gold
161:
The millesimal fineness is usually rounded to a three figure number, particularly where used as a
1077:
612:
504:
321:. Historically the most widely used fineness for gold bullion coins, such as the oldest American
278:
2046:
1962:
1899:
1860:
1854:
774:, in parts fine per 24 parts whole. The karat system is a standard adopted by US federal law.
691:
304:: Formerly used by Venetian and Holy Roman Empire mints; still in use in Austria and Hungary.
2036:
2028:
1952:
1944:
1893:
1146:
1100:
of 18 karat gold (which is 75% gold) may be said to have a fine weight of 0.75 troy ounces.
724:
698:
529:
469:: The purest silver ever produced. This was achieved by the Royal Silver Company of Bolivia.
679:) a common standard for continental silver especially among the Dutch, Swedish, and Germans
1836:
1799:
1756:
1737:
1207:
963:
570:
349:
89:
1981:"15 U.S. Code Chapter 8 - FALSELY STAMPED GOLD OR SILVER OR GOODS MANUFACTURED THEREFROM"
1817:
1350:
2041:
2016:
1980:
1957:
1932:
1024:
978:
452:
with a fineness of 900 (one nine fine); this latter alloy is also often referred to as
428:: Legal minimum for gold in the US since the revision of the FTC Guides of August 2018.
169:
42:
31:
2001:
1500:
215:
2064:
1296:
1015:
1012:
942:
594:
496:
475:
285:
231:
187:
1660:
1636:
1545:
1521:
1472:
854:
The karat fractional system is increasingly being complemented or superseded by the
1612:
1276:
1128:
1051:
715:
711:
608:
500:
445:
2006:
585:), during the British raj and for some coins during the first Brazilian Republic.
95:
Various ways of expressing fineness have been used and two remain in common use:
1451:
1306:
1124:
1019:
641:
637:
81:
1713:
1931:
Turnbull, L. A.; Santamaria, L.; Martorell, T.; Rallo, J.; Hector, A. (2006).
1142:
1097:
616:
508:
330:
318:
237:
220:
165:, and the fineness may vary slightly from the traditional versions of purity.
53:
1291:
151:
2050:
2032:
1966:
1948:
1773:
1281:
1064:
of a libra. This is believed to be the origin of the value of the karat.
542:
162:
136:
92:
contains 92.5% silver and 7.5% of other metals, usually copper, by mass.
61:
57:
1714:"United States Code, 16 CFR 23.3 - Misrepresentation as to gold content"
17:
1311:
1046:
100:
69:
1352:
Bullion and foreign exchanges theoretically and practically considered
1331:
574:
The UK has used this alloy from the early 12th century. Equivalent to
1569:
771:
582:
144:
77:
73:
847:
fineness (that is, 99.2% purity) could have been described as being
945:
548:
935: Swiss standard for watchcases after 1887, to meet the British
1093:
993:
902:
708:
697:
750: An uncommon silver standard found in older German, Swiss and
436:
299:
214:
147:
65:
50:
1898:. Vol. 2: pt. 1. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 8.
1859:. Vol. II: Coinage. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 100.
1120:
768:
344:: American Eagle denominations for 1837–1933; currently used in
140:
114:
85:
971:
meaning "fruit of the carob tree", also "weight of 5 grains", (
937:. First attested in English in the mid-15th century, the word
480:: ultra-fine silver used by the Royal Canadian Mint for their
1700:
The VNR OXFORD Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors
1199:{\displaystyle {\frac {(11+{\frac {10}{20}})}{12}}=95.833\%}
1116:
611:
and 1837–1964 U.S. silver coins. Also used in U.S. silver
448:
with a fineness of 999 (three nines fine), together with a
45:
object (coin, bar, jewelry, etc.) represents the weight of
135:
Millesimal fineness is a system of denoting the purity of
49:
therein, in proportion to the total weight which includes
1260:{\displaystyle {\frac {(11+{\frac {2}{20}})}{12}}=92.5\%}
660:
zolotnik. Imperial Russian coinage between 1797 and 1885.
1599:"Decoplata: The History of .720 Silver in World Coinage"
1210:
has a fineness of 11 ounces, 2 pennyweights, or exactly
682:
830: A common standard used in older Scandinavian silver
168:
Here are the most common millesimal finenesses used for
1419:"The Million Dollar Coin – a true milestone in minting"
1149:
has a fineness of 11 ounces, 10 pennyweights, or about
861:
Conversion between percentage of pure gold and karats:
581:
917: a standard used for the minting of Indian silver (
117:. Karats measure the parts per 24, so that 18 karat =
1740:
International Gem Society (IGS), Retrieved 01-16-2015
1216:
1155:
1686:
The VNR Dictionary of Engineering Units and Measures
962:. These were borrowed into Medieval Europe from the
921:
which itself comes from the Greek word for the seed
84:
in the past, contains 90% silver and 10% copper, by
1076:the metal (which requires destroying it), or using
1818:An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
1259:
1198:
325:denominations from 1795–1833. Currently used for
247:: The purest type of gold currently produced; the
514:980: common standard used in Mexico ca. 1930–1945
127:= 75% and 24 karat gold is considered 100% gold.
1489:U.S. Mint abandons 90 percent silver composition
236:: The purest gold ever produced. Refined by the
194:950: the most common purity for platinum jewelry
172:and the most common terms associated with them.
690:between 1965 and 1970, and commemorative issue
27:Weight of fine metal in a precious metal object
1731:Comprehensive Jewelry Precious Metals Overview
996:seed (literally "small horn") (diminutive of
694:between 1971 and 1978 (cores are 20.9% silver)
2017:"Seed size variability: From carob to carats"
2015:Turnbull, Lindsay A; et al. (Oct 2006).
1933:"Seed size variability: From carob to carats"
951:
8:
1546:"1 Rouble, Alexander II-III, Russian Empire"
1404:90 Golden Years, The story of the Perth Mint
1044:(Roman pound) of gold equal to a mass of 24
972:
966:
916:
736:"Karat" redirects here. For other uses, see
1003:
997:
987:
981:
957:
922:
820:is the mass of pure gold in the alloy, and
355:899—American Eagles briefly for 1834—1836.
2040:
1956:
1767:
1765:
1570:"Canadian Coin Melt Values - Coinflation"
1229:
1217:
1215:
1168:
1156:
1154:
1145:(12 troy ounces) of the resulting alloy.
632:fine "standard silver" as defined by the
855:
767:) is a fractional measure of purity for
1856:Coinage and History of the Roman Empire
1322:
1839:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1802:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1702:. Oxford University Press. p. 56.
950:, in turn derived either from Italian
874:95.83–99.95% = 23 k (acclaimed 95.83%)
871:91.66–95.83% = 22 k (acclaimed 91.66%)
868:75.00–79.16% = 18 k (acclaimed 75.00%)
865:58.33–62.50% = 14 k (acclaimed 58.33%)
707:600: Used in some examples of postwar
1688:. Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 114.
1450:. Gold Rate for Today. Archived from
60:. Alloy metals are added to increase
7:
1473:"..:: Royal Silver Company ::."
877:99.95–100% = 24 k (acclaimed 99.95%)
811:is the karat rating of the material,
1330:London Bullion Market Association.
1119:was traditionally expressed as the
973:
1522:"1 Rouble, Paul I, Russian Empire"
1254:
1193:
829:is the total mass of the material.
25:
1425:from the original on 9 March 2015
2000:
1987:from the original on 2016-11-07.
1912:from the original on 6 June 2013
1873:from the original on 7 June 2013
1720:from the original on 2017-02-14.
1478:from the original on 2013-03-16.
1378:"The Perth Mint :: History"
1338:from the original on 2015-07-12.
348:mintage (e.g. French and Swiss "
333:, and the modern (1986—present)
1580:from the original on 2017-06-17
1406:. Gold Corporation. p. 58.
1384:from the original on 2011-05-14
849:23-karat, 3-grain, 1-quart gold
588:916: 88 zolotnik Russian silver
223:of four nines fine gold (999.9)
76:is added to the precious metal
1239:
1220:
1178:
1159:
499:bullion bars and most current
258:: Most popular. E.g. ordinary
1:
2005:The dictionary definition of
727:minted between 1942 and 1945.
644:U.S. silver coins (1795–1836)
273:, also occasionally known as
284:995: The minimum allowed in
1779:Online Etymology Dictionary
1111:Troy mass of silver content
1004:
982:
967:
923:
917:
911:) pod and seeds, origin of
578:in Spain (first law silver)
450:Walking Liberty half dollar
2107:
1107:and weighs 1.091 troy oz.
735:
723:350: Standard used for US
105:
29:
1892:Grierson, Philip (1968).
1050:, where each siliqua (or
998:
988:
331:South African Krugerrands
1815:Walter W. Skeat (1888),
1637:"10 Sen - Taishō, Japan"
714:, such as the 1957-1966
260:Canadian Gold Maple Leaf
30:Not to be confused with
1853:Vagi, David L. (1999).
1841:A Greek-English Lexicon
1804:A Greek-English Lexicon
1302:Silver as an investment
1123:of silver expressed in
946:
725:Jefferson "war nickels"
503:. Used in U.S. silver
2033:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0476
1949:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0476
1261:
1200:
1115:Fineness of silver in
958:
952:
927:
738:Karat (disambiguation)
484:and other silver coins
461:
224:
99:expressed in units of
1759:, Oxford Dictionaries
1417:Royal Canadian Mint.
1355:. E. Wilson. p.
1349:Seyd, Ernest (1868).
1287:Gold as an investment
1262:
1201:
906:
759:(UK spelling, symbol
747:(US spelling, symbol
550:Merchandise Marks Act
443:American Silver Eagle
440:
218:
1684:Melaragno, Michele.
1613:"10 Escudos, Angola"
1503:. Antiques in Oxford
1380:. Gold Corporation.
1214:
1153:
665:Latin Monetary Union
576:plata de primera ley
501:silver bullion coins
346:Latin Monetary Union
335:American Gold Eagles
1574:www.coinflation.com
1141:troy ounce) in one
634:Coinage Act of 1792
622:892.4: US coinage
613:commemorative coins
537:French 1st Standard
505:commemorative coins
249:Royal Canadian Mint
131:Millesimal fineness
97:millesimal fineness
1835:2012-10-08 at the
1798:2012-10-08 at the
1755:2010-10-24 at the
1736:2015-02-17 at the
1601:. 18 January 2022.
1501:"Silver standards"
1448:"Fineness of Gold"
1257:
1196:
1078:X-ray fluorescence
1068:Verifying fineness
956:or Medieval Latin
928:
692:Eisenhower dollars
462:
395:(second law gold).
393:oro de segunda ley
370:oro de primera ley
327:British Sovereigns
279:Chinese Gold Panda
225:
152:parts per thousand
64:and durability of
1905:978-0-88402-024-0
1866:978-1-57958-316-3
1772:Harper, Douglas.
1661:"1 Peso, Uruguay"
1454:on August 7, 2013
1246:
1237:
1185:
1176:
1105:One Oz. Fine Gold
909:Ceratonia siliqua
511:starting in 2019.
482:Silver Maple Leaf
372:(first law gold).
16:(Redirected from
2098:
2091:Jewellery making
2076:Gold investments
2057:
2044:
2004:
1989:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1850:
1844:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1807:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1769:
1760:
1747:
1741:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1327:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1218:
1206:silver, whereas
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1157:
1147:Britannia silver
1140:
1139:
1135:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1022:a new gold coin
1011:In 309 AD,
1007:
1001:
1000:
991:
990:
985:
976:
975:
970:
961:
955:
949:
933:is a variant of
926:
920:
846:
845:
841:
699:Austro-Hungarian
678:
677:
673:
659:
658:
654:
631:
630:
626:
567:
566:
562:
530:Britannia silver
526:
525:
521:
493:three nines fine
275:three nines fine
264:American Buffalo
126:
125:
121:
21:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2086:Units of purity
2081:Precious metals
2061:
2060:
2021:Biology Letters
2014:
1997:
1992:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1937:Biology Letters
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1867:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1837:Wayback Machine
1828:
1824:
1814:
1810:
1800:Wayback Machine
1791:
1787:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1757:Wayback Machine
1748:
1744:
1738:Wayback Machine
1729:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1428:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1402:Thomas, Athol.
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1273:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1208:sterling silver
1158:
1151:
1150:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1113:
1090:
1070:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1034:
1030:
1029:
901:
884:
843:
839:
838:
828:
819:
799:
792:
780:
741:
734:
675:
671:
670:
656:
652:
651:
628:
624:
623:
571:Sterling silver
564:
560:
559:
523:
519:
518:
467:five nines fine
435:
256:four nines fine
245:five nines fine
213:
178:
170:precious metals
133:
123:
119:
118:
101:parts per 1,000
90:Sterling silver
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2104:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2027:(3): 397–400.
2012:
1996:
1995:External links
1993:
1991:
1990:
1972:
1943:(3): 397–400.
1923:
1904:
1884:
1865:
1845:
1822:
1808:
1785:
1761:
1742:
1723:
1705:
1691:
1676:
1665:en.numista.com
1652:
1641:en.numista.com
1628:
1617:en.numista.com
1604:
1590:
1561:
1550:en.numista.com
1537:
1526:en.numista.com
1513:
1492:
1481:
1464:
1439:
1409:
1394:
1369:
1341:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1112:
1109:
1089:
1086:
1069:
1066:
900:
897:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
834:and so forth.
831:
830:
826:
821:
817:
812:
802:
801:
797:
790:
779:
776:
733:
730:
729:
728:
721:
718:
705:
702:
695:
683:
680:
667:
661:
648:
645:
620:
589:
586:
579:
556:
553:
546:
545:Russian silver
539:
533:
515:
512:
485:
470:
434:
431:
430:
429:
423:
416:
409:
402:
396:
385:
379:
373:
362:
356:
353:
338:
311:
305:
295:
293:two nines fine
289:
282:
267:
252:
241:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
201:
195:
192:
182:
177:
174:
132:
129:
113:used only for
43:precious metal
32:Fineness ratio
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2103:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:at Wiktionary
2010:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1332:"Definitions"
1326:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:Platinum coin
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1209:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1148:
1144:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1016:Constantine I
1014:
1013:Roman Emperor
1009:
1006:
995:
984:
980:
969:
965:
960:
954:
948:
944:
943:Middle French
940:
936:
932:
925:
919:
914:
910:
905:
898:
896:
893:
889:
888:18-karat gold
881:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
863:
862:
859:
857:
852:
850:
835:
825:
822:
816:
813:
810:
807:
806:
805:
796:
789:
786:= 24 × (
785:
782:
781:
777:
775:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
731:
726:
722:
719:
717:
713:
710:
706:
703:
700:
696:
693:
689:
684:
681:
668:
666:
662:
649:
646:
643:
639:
635:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
596:
590:
587:
584:
580:
577:
573:
572:
557:
554:
551:
547:
544:
540:
538:
534:
532:
531:
516:
513:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:Good Delivery
494:
490:
486:
483:
479:
477:
471:
468:
464:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
439:
432:
427:
424:
421:
417:
414:
410:
407:
403:
401:
397:
394:
390:
386:
384:
380:
378:
374:
371:
367:
363:
361:
357:
354:
352:" 20 francs).
351:
350:Napoleon coin
347:
343:
342:one nine fine
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
310:
306:
303:
301:
296:
294:
290:
287:
286:Good Delivery
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
239:
235:
233:
227:
226:
222:
217:
210:
205:
202:
200:
199:one nine fine
196:
193:
191:
189:
183:
180:
179:
175:
173:
171:
166:
164:
159:
156:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
130:
128:
116:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2054:
2024:
2020:
2007:
1975:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1894:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1855:
1848:
1843:, on Perseus
1840:
1825:
1816:
1811:
1806:, on Perseus
1803:
1788:
1777:
1745:
1726:
1708:
1699:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:
1655:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:
1631:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:
1607:
1593:
1582:. Retrieved
1573:
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:
1516:
1505:. Retrieved
1495:
1484:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:the original
1442:
1434:
1427:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1397:
1386:. Retrieved
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1351:
1344:
1325:
1277:Colored gold
1129:pennyweights
1114:
1104:
1102:
1091:
1082:
1071:
1045:
1039:
1023:
1010:
938:
934:
930:
929:
912:
908:
891:
887:
885:
860:
853:
848:
836:
832:
823:
814:
808:
803:
794:
787:
783:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
742:
716:100 yen coin
688:half dollars
609:Flowing Hair
604:
600:
592:
575:
569:
536:
528:
492:
488:
473:
466:
457:
453:
446:bullion coin
425:
419:
412:
405:
399:
392:
388:
382:
376:
369:
365:
359:
341:
314:
308:
298:
292:
274:
270:
255:
244:
229:
198:
185:
167:
160:
157:
134:
110:
104:
96:
94:
82:silver coins
46:
38:
36:
1916:18 November
1877:18 November
1307:Silver coin
1125:troy ounces
1092:A piece of
1088:Fine weight
1008:, "horn").
915:via Arabic
642:Capped Bust
638:Draped Bust
617:proof coins
615:and silver
601:coin-silver
509:proof coins
507:and silver
489:fine silver
458:coin silver
391:: In Spain
368:: In Spain
54:base metals
2071:Metallurgy
2065:Categories
1670:2021-11-04
1646:2021-11-13
1622:2021-11-04
1584:2017-11-12
1555:2024-03-22
1531:2024-03-22
1507:2020-10-05
1458:2013-08-15
1388:2011-05-08
1318:References
1143:troy pound
1098:troy ounce
992:) meaning
941:came from
856:millesimal
619:1982–2018.
605:90% silver
541:947.9: 91
495:: used in
454:90% silver
319:Crown gold
288:gold bars.
238:Perth Mint
221:troy ounce
58:impurities
47:fine metal
1292:Gold coin
1255:%
1194:%
1028:that was
1018:began to
899:Etymology
892:by volume
2051:17148413
2008:fineness
1985:Archived
1967:17148413
1910:Archived
1871:Archived
1833:Archived
1796:Archived
1793:κεράτιον
1753:Archived
1734:Archived
1718:Archived
1578:Archived
1476:Archived
1423:Archived
1382:Archived
1362:21 March
1336:Archived
1282:Electrum
1271:See also
1267:silver.
1074:assaying
1047:siliquae
989:κεράτιον
983:kerátion
959:carratus
924:kerátion
709:Japanese
650:868: 83
543:zolotnik
406:10 karat
400:12 karat
389:14 karat
383:14 karat
377:15 karat
366:18 karat
360:20 karat
315:22 karat
309:23 karat
302:fineness
277:: e.g.,
271:24 karat
240:in 1957.
228:999.999—
176:Platinum
163:hallmark
137:platinum
62:hardness
56:and any
51:alloying
39:fineness
18:24 karat
2042:1686184
1958:1686184
1774:"carat"
1429:13 July
1312:Tumbaga
1136:⁄
1117:Britain
1059:⁄
1033:⁄
1025:solidus
907:Carob (
842:⁄
674:⁄
655:⁄
636:: e.g.
627:⁄
607:: e.g.
563:⁄
522:⁄
465:999.99—
441:A 2019
426:1 karat
420:8 karat
413:9 karat
243:999.99—
122:⁄
70:jewelry
2049:
2039:
1965:
1955:
1902:
1863:
1191:95.833
1054:) was
964:Arabic
953:carato
882:Volume
804:where
772:alloys
701:silver
669:833: (
583:rupees
558:925: (
517:958: (
472:999.9—
433:Silver
387:583.3—
307:958.3—
281:coins.
266:coins.
254:999.9—
186:three
148:alloys
145:silver
111:carats
106:karats
78:silver
74:copper
1830:κέρας
1750:carat
1094:alloy
1052:carat
1041:libra
1038:of a
1005:kéras
999:κέρας
994:carob
979:Greek
974:قيراط
968:qīrāṭ
947:carat
939:carat
935:carat
931:Karat
918:qīrāṭ
913:karat
757:carat
755:) or
745:karat
732:Karat
712:coins
603:, or
591:900:
535:950:
476:nines
474:four
323:Eagle
300:Ducat
232:nines
188:nines
66:coins
41:of a
2047:PMID
1963:PMID
1918:2011
1900:ISBN
1879:2011
1861:ISBN
1431:2017
1364:2012
1252:92.5
1127:and
1121:mass
1061:1728
1020:mint
778:Mass
769:gold
743:The
640:and
629:1664
625:1485
597:fine
595:nine
593:one
487:999—
478:fine
418:333—
411:375—
404:417—
398:500—
381:585—
375:625—
364:750—
358:834—
340:900—
313:916—
297:986—
291:990—
269:999—
262:and
234:fine
230:six
211:Gold
197:900—
190:fine
184:999—
143:and
141:gold
115:gold
103:and
86:mass
68:and
37:The
2037:PMC
2029:doi
1953:PMC
1945:doi
1357:146
844:128
840:127
763:or
751:or
491:or
456:or
206:750
203:850
150:by
109:or
2067::
2053:.
2045:.
2035:.
2023:.
2019:.
1983:.
1961:.
1951:.
1939:.
1935:.
1908:.
1869:.
1776:.
1764:^
1716:.
1663:.
1639:.
1615:.
1576:.
1572:.
1548:.
1524:.
1433:.
1421:.
1334:.
1244:12
1235:20
1224:11
1183:12
1174:20
1171:10
1163:11
1138:20
1035:72
1002:–
851:.
793:/
765:Ct
753:Kt
599:,
568:)
565:40
561:37
527:)
524:24
520:23
329:,
317::
219:1
139:,
124:24
120:18
88:.
2031::
2025:2
1969:.
1947::
1941:2
1920:.
1881:.
1782:.
1673:.
1649:.
1625:.
1587:.
1558:.
1534:.
1510:.
1461:.
1391:.
1366:.
1249:=
1240:)
1232:2
1227:+
1221:(
1188:=
1179:)
1166:+
1160:(
1134:1
1131:(
1057:1
1031:1
986:(
827:m
824:M
818:g
815:M
809:K
800:)
798:m
795:M
791:g
788:M
784:K
761:c
749:k
740:.
676:6
672:5
657:3
653:1
460:.
337:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
