368:
20:
298:
539:(Canada) from 1950 until the late 1980s, with remanufacture extending into FY1999. The M35 has had the widest range of bodies of any US truck. The cab design itself became the military standard, also used by 5 and 10-ton trucks. First built with a gasoline engine, in 1964 the multi-fuel became standard. In 1991 existing M35s began to be upgraded with diesel engines and automatic transmissions. Canadian trucks had automatic transmissions as built.
708:
657:
626:
613:
682:
458:
548:
32:
417:
492:
469:, in 1941. 500 M-5-6s and 3,000 M-5-6x4s, with a commercial K model cab, were complete by 1942, and were exported to the Soviet Union. The design then was upgraded, with a larger engine, tires, military open cab, and other improvements, and standardized as the M-5H-6 for the US Navy and Marines. The only
698:
versions on long wheelbases. Capacities were 750 US gal (2,800 L) to 1,200 US gal (4,500 L) in 2 or 3 compartments, depending on the series and whether carrying gasoline, water, or other liquid. Most had pumps and some had heaters. Most World War II units could be fitted
677:
Semi-tractor/trailers have limited off-road performance, and are not rated for full off-road use. The M35 and M211 series fifth wheel load rating was 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) on road and 7,000 lb (3,200 kg) off-road. A 36,000 lb (16,000 kg) trailer could be towed on road and
608:
could be mounted, during World War II approximately one in four trucks had a ring. In 1942, to simplify production and reduce shipping height, all manufacturers began to use military style open cabs. Studebaker returned to closed cabs after only 10,000 open cabs were built because the major user USSR
715:
The CCKW, M35, and M135 had a 12 ft (3.66 m) van model on a long wheelbase. These could be equipped for many different roles. The M35 also had a 17 ft (5.18 m) model with slide out sections on both sides. Van bodies were used for medical, communication, machine, repair, and other
576:
The six-wheel M135 cargo / personnel truck featured a 180-inch wheelbase with a single-wheel rear tandem and 11:00x20 size tires, necessitating a wheel well in the cargo bed for clearance. The M211 was identical except it had a dual-wheel tandem and smaller 9:00x20 tires. Other dual tandem versions
267:
wrote that most senior officers regarded it as "one of the six most vital" U.S. vehicles to win the war. It has been called the most important truck of World War II, and the 6×6 became known as the "workhorse of the army". According to Hyde (2013): "Each of the three axles had its own differential,
353:
In the late 1940s the military needed a new standard truck. Chrysler, GMC, REO, and
Studebaker submitted designs. The REO design was standardized for all services as the M35, and continued standard until 1990. The GMC was classed as substitute standard M135 in the US but became standard in Canada.
147:, and many others have been exported to smaller militaries. In addition to the 6x6 trucks, a significant minority of these trucks were also built minus the front-wheel drive, as 6x4 trucks. The nickname "Jimmy", a phonetical diminutive of GMC, could be applied to both their 6x6 and 6x4 units.
633:
All series had a cargo model with a 12 ft (3.66 m) body on a long wheelbase. The 1940 designs had a 9 ft (2.74 m) prime mover type body on a short wheelbase, the M35 series had a 17 ft 5 in (5.31 m) body on a longer wheelbase (178 in).
349:
submitted designs, all except REO's were accepted and in production by 1941. Yellow's CCKW became the Army standard, International's M-5-6 became Navy and Marine Corps standard, and
Studebaker's US6 was built for export to allied countries. REO built the Studebaker design.
437:
Early trucks used a commercial style closed cab, in
December 1942 an open military style cab entered production. The Soviet Union preferred the closed cabs for their extreme weather, so in March 1943 the open cabs were discontinued, after only about 10,000 were built.
172:-ton truck. First fielded in the 1950s, the M35 family became one of the most successful and long-lived series of trucks ever deployed by the U.S. military. They were used in Vietnam and continued to be used with various modifications into the late 1990s.
652:
on both short wheelbase (166 in) and long (178 in). The US6 also had side-dump trucks. The cab stone-shield could be removed on most to lower shipping height. They could be equipped with overhead bows, tarpaulin, and troop seats.
724:
The GMC CCKW and M35 series had chassis-cabs in different wheelbases for specialty bodies. Maintenance, engineer, water purification, pole-setting, air compressors, fire fighting, and other equipment were also mounted on chassis cabs.
673:
on a short wheelbase (166 in), the M35 series also had a long tractor (178 in). GMC made a few tractors based on the CCKW 352 during World War II. Studebaker never built a 6x6 tractor but built a 6x4 model.
268:
so power could be applied to all six wheels on rough terrain and steep hills. The front axle was typically disengaged on smooth highways, where these 'workhorses' often carried loads much above their rated capacity."
399:
Early trucks had GM's standard closed cab, from July 1943 military open cabs, which were easier to build and lowered shipping height, were used. To conserve steel, later cargo bodies were built largely of wood. The
189:-ton, ten-wheeled (6x6 and 6x4) trucks, that were originally classified as "light-heavy" in WW II, and "medium duty" later in their service life, with a significantly different design: the four-wheeled (4x4),
609:
preferred closed cabs. The post-war M35 and M135 were designed with open cabs and half-doors. Most military cabs could mount a machine gun ring. The M35 and M135 had removable hard tops available.
637:
All models had removable sideboards and overhead bows for a tarpaulin over the cargo area. All except the extra-long wheelbase M36 (214 in) had folding troop seats in the sideboards.
569:-ton M135 was classed as a substitute standard in the US Army after the REO M35 was standardized, and thus was employed in much smaller numbers, but the M135 was also widely used by the
441:
The
Studebakers were very successful in the Soviet Union, where they carried large loads on poor roads in extreme weather. They were so successful that they were closely copied as the
1913:
577:
produced were the M217 fuel tanker, M220 shop van, and M222 water tanker, plus the shorter M215 dump truck and M221 tractor with a 168-inch wheelbase. The M135 was the only
214:
Of the almost 2.4 million trucks that the U.S. Army bought between 1939 and
December 1945 (across all payload weight classes), just over one third (~812,000) were
1807:
1908:
108:-ton trucks were used ubiquitously in World War II, and continued to be the U.S. standard medium duty truck class after the war, including wide usage in the
716:
shops. They could have different sizes, window arrangements, and other special equipment. "Expansible" vans are used for communication equipment.
367:
591:-ton truck of the era designed with an automatic transmission. The transmission had 4 speeds and 2 ranges, with a single range transfer case.
1671:
1652:
1622:
1601:
1582:
923:
854:
434:
plant between June 1941 and August 1945, REO built another 22,000 in 1944–1945. The majority were exported Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union.
151:
483:-ton with locking differentials, it had excellent off-road performance. More than 30,000 of all models were built between 1941 and 1945.
1788:
TM 9-2320-209-10-1 Operation, Installation, and
Reference Data Operator Level 2 1/2-ton, 6x6, M44A1 and M44A2 Series Trucks (Multifuel)
1612:
604:
All of the 1940 designs had commercial type closed cabs with minor modifications. Variants had an open passenger roof so a ring for a
330:
286:
208:
136:
1427:
640:
Late in World War II, to conserve steel, cargo bodies were made largely of wood, postwar the M35 and M135 series returned to steel.
306:
327:
tactical cargo truck that could operate off-road in all weather. Dump, semi-tractor, tanker, and other bodies were also planned.
884:
528:
430:
The US6 was very similar in layout to, and shared some components with, the CCKW. Studebaker built over 195,000 at their
376:
128:
1816:
381:
As the standard US Army design during World War II, over 560,000 were built, more than any other US vehicle except the
228:-ton trucks, the vast majority of which (over 675,000 units) were six by six variants—outnumbering the almost 650,000
396:
plant in 1942. In 1943 Yellow was renamed G.M.C., leading to the popular nickname "Jimmy". Production ended in 1945.
735:
61:
785:-ton trucks had ten wheels—what is meant is three axles, with driving power being available to all six axle-ends.
500:
342:
1765:
346:
285:-ton M35 trucks still met 95 percent of the performance requirements at 60 percent of the cost of a new
155:
124:
19:
1856:
1835:
297:
909:
264:
431:
91:
1702:
799:
466:
869:
123:
Originally, five different designs were standardized by the U.S.; two were also standardized by
1667:
1648:
1618:
1597:
1578:
929:
919:
913:
850:
841:
389:
1628:
555:
An evolution from their widely successful CCKW, General Motors' successor "Deuce and a Half"
64:, in service for over half a century, from 1940 into the 1990s. Also frequently known as the
1893:
1723:
24:
1725:
TM 9-807 2 1/2 ton 6x6 Truck and 2 1/2 to 5-ton 6x4 Truck (Studebaker Models US6 and US6x4)
1786:
768:
738:– Nazi Germany's standardized 2½-ton, 6x6 truck for WW II, of which under 15,000 were made
536:
324:
1681:
524:
425:
385:. By 1947 there were over 20 standardized bodies, and many more special modifications.
334:
1809:
TM 9-2320-361-10 Operator's Manual for 2 1/2-ton, 6x6, M44A2 Series Trucks (Multifuel)
1902:
1744:
888:
811:
570:
520:
457:
670:
547:
408:
were mechanically virtually identical and were built next to CCKWs in both plants.
144:
76:
era. The basic cargo versions were designed to transport a cargo load of nominally
57:
1572:
649:
605:
113:
73:
31:
695:
532:
338:
140:
109:
807:
795:
393:
382:
229:
707:
699:
with bows and a tarpaulin to camouflage themselves as common cargo trucks.
656:
625:
612:
416:
933:
681:
401:
190:
127:. During World War II the most important model for the U.S. Army was the
117:
56:
was a standard class of medium duty trucks, designed at the beginning of
449:
family of trucks, built in the USSR until 1966 and in China until 1986.
263:-ton cargo truck was considered such a valuable piece of equipment that
1883:
446:
442:
1296:
1294:
1888:
706:
680:
655:
624:
611:
546:
490:
456:
415:
366:
296:
30:
18:
843:
Arsenal of
Democracy: The American Automobile Industry in World
803:
405:
1311:
1309:
135:", with over 560,000 units built. Another 200,000+ deuces were
957:
955:
491:
72:, this nickname was popularized post WWII, most likely in the
870:
The
American Automobile Industry in World War Two (2-1-2019)
35:
1971 AM General M35A2 with winch and camouflage cargo cover
1374:
1372:
771:
must not be taken too literally—the vast majority of the
885:"M-35 Series 2 1_2-ton, 6x6 Trucks (G-742) – Olive-Drab"
301:
U.S. Army vehicles on a road in
Belgium, 19 January 1945
271:
Half a century after World War II, the remanufactured
27:
truck gets stuck in the mud during World War II, 1944.
1704:
TM 9-801 Truck, 2 1/2-ton 6x6 GMC CCKW-352 & 353
1746:
TM 9-819 2 1/2 ton 6x6 Cargo truck M34 (and others)
678:a 17,000 lb (7,700 kg) trailer off-road.
1889:US Army Technical Manuals at Liberated Manuals.com
918:. Doubleday (US)/Heinemann (UK). p. 163/164.
849:. Wayne State University Press. pp. 152–153.
754:Originally, during World War II, categorized as a
1237:
323:-ton (5,000 lbs, 2,300 kg) load-rated
1864:. US Depts. of the Army. 1953. pp. 222–242
1683:TM 9-500 Data Sheets for Ordnance Type Material
175:In 1991, the U.S. military began replacing the
90:short tons (5,000 lb; 2,300 kg) over
1689:. US Dept. of the Army. 1962. pp. Sec. 21
1596:(3 ed.). Victory WW2. pp. 356–362.
835:
833:
831:
829:
465:The International design began production at
8:
1815:. US Dept. of the Army. 1988. Archived from
246:-ton trucks were built as 6x4 driven units.
1486:, pp. 111–115, 124, 134, 137, 158–160.
1914:World War II vehicles of the United States
1710:. US War Dept. 1944. pp. 13–14, 35–40
1664:The Illustrated Guide to Military Vehicles
1614:Standard Catalog of U.S. Military Vehicles
1393:, pp. 111–112, 124–125, 132–134, 158.
1555:
1543:
1414:
1363:
1315:
1617:(2 ed.). Krause. pp. 105–160.
1531:
1507:
1471:
1459:
1402:
1351:
1300:
1273:
1141:
1081:
879:
877:
519:-ton truck M35 was manufactured by REO,
1894:US Army Technical Manuals at NSN Lookup
1378:
1249:
1213:
1165:
1153:
1093:
1033:
1009:
985:
973:
946:
825:
747:
669:The M-6H-6, M211, and M35 series had a
392:truck plant in 1941 and at Chevrolet's
1647:. Wayne State Univ. pp. 203–207.
1884:US Army Technical Manuals at Jatonkam
1519:
1495:
1483:
1447:
1390:
1339:
1285:
1261:
1225:
1177:
1105:
1045:
1021:
997:
7:
1909:Military trucks of the United States
1645:Images from the Arsenal of Democracy
1428:"GMC CCKW Tractor at The G503 Album"
1327:
1201:
1189:
1156:, pp. 164–165, 170, 178, 185, .
1129:
1117:
1069:
1057:
961:
16:Class of military medium duty trucks
1558:, pp. 225, 235, 236, 239, 240.
388:Production began at Yellow Coach's
1767:TM 9-819A 2 1/2-ton 6x6 truck M135
209:Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles
14:
694:All series had fuel and/or water
207:-ton rated, LMTV variants of the
404:AFKWX, 6x4 CCW, and amphibious
1571:Crismon, Frederick W. (1995).
1288:, pp. 110, 122, 127, 158.
1:
1498:, pp. 117, 138–142, 159.
1450:, pp. 124, 130–131, 159.
1843:. US Dept. of the Army. 1947
1794:. US Dept. of the Army. 1989
1773:. US Dept. of the Army. 1951
1752:. US Dept. of the Army. 1952
1666:. Anness. pp. 238–239.
1594:US Military Wheeled Vehicles
1577:. Motorbooks International.
1522:, pp. 114–117, 142–153.
1510:, pp. 21-113 to 21-117.
377:GMC CCKW 2 1/2-ton 6x6 truck
193:"light medium", but equally
1858:TM 9-2800 Military Vehicles
1837:TM 9-2800 Military Vehicles
1930:
1474:, pp. 21-90 to 21-95.
1303:, pp. 21-83 to 21-90.
1132:, pp. 65–67, 208–209.
949:, p. 8, 326-327, 329.
736:Einheits-LKW der Wehrmacht
498:
423:
374:
154:, originally developed by
1643:Hyde, Charles K. (2014).
1000:, pp. 108, 122, 125.
840:Hyde, Charles K. (2013).
501:M35 2 1/2-ton cargo truck
1592:Crismon, Fred W (2001).
1546:, pp. 218, 267–268.
1534:, pp. 21–19, 21–30.
1405:, pp. 21–69, 21–74.
1366:, pp. 266, 273–275.
1330:, pp. 236, 238–329.
1024:, pp. 127–128, 156.
307:U.S. Army Ordnance Corps
150:After World War II, the
1238:TM 9-2320-361-10 (1993)
964:, p. 236, 238-239.
606:.50 caliber machine gun
343:International Harvester
116:, as well as the first
712:
686:
661:
630:
617:
552:
505:The standard post-war
496:
462:
421:
372:
302:
158:, became the standard
143:export, mostly to the
139:, built primarily for
137:Studebaker and REO US6
94:, in all weather. The
36:
28:
1611:Doyle, David (2003).
794:The others being the
710:
684:
659:
628:
615:
550:
494:
460:
419:
370:
347:REO Motor Car Company
300:
232:. A further ~118,000
34:
22:
1574:International Trucks
1417:, pp. 271, 272.
910:Dwight D. Eisenhower
461:International M-5H-6
1731:. US War Dept. 1943
1318:, pp. 279–281.
1252:, pp. 336–337.
1228:, pp. 127–155.
1216:, pp. 338–345.
1180:, pp. 125–127.
1168:, pp. 327–328.
1120:, p. 111, 181.
1108:, pp. 122–124.
1096:, pp. 328–329.
1072:, pp. 237–239.
1060:, pp. 203–207.
1048:, pp. 105–121.
1036:, pp. 330–334.
1012:, pp. 335–338.
988:, pp. 327–334.
976:, pp. 164–165.
665:Semi-tractor trucks
432:South Bend, Indiana
1662:Ware, Pat (2014).
1565:General references
1264:, p. 156-160.
800:Landing Ship, Tank
713:
687:
662:
660:M275 Tractor Truck
631:
618:
553:
529:Studebaker-Packard
497:
467:Ft. Wayne, Indiana
463:
422:
373:
303:
265:General Eisenhower
230:World War II jeeps
37:
29:
1673:978-1-78214-192-1
1654:978-0-8143-3982-4
1624:978-0-87349-508-0
1603:978-0-9700567-1-9
1584:978-0-7603-0069-5
1462:, pp. 11–12.
925:978-0-8018-5668-6
915:Crusade in Europe
856:978-0-8143-3952-7
802:, the amphibious
390:Pontiac, Michigan
309:was developing a
305:In 1939-1940 the
1921:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1677:
1658:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1627:. Archived from
1607:
1588:
1559:
1556:TM 9-2800 (1953)
1553:
1547:
1544:TM 9-2800 (1947)
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1424:
1418:
1415:TM 9-2800 (1947)
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1364:TM 9-2800 (1947)
1361:
1355:
1354:, pp. 6–10.
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1316:TM 9-2800 (1947)
1313:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
950:
944:
938:
937:
906:
900:
899:
897:
896:
887:. Archived from
881:
872:
867:
861:
860:
846:
837:
815:
792:
786:
784:
783:
779:
776:
765:
759:
752:
590:
589:
585:
582:
568:
567:
563:
560:
518:
517:
513:
510:
482:
481:
477:
474:
322:
321:
317:
314:
284:
283:
279:
276:
262:
261:
257:
254:
245:
244:
240:
237:
227:
226:
222:
219:
206:
205:
201:
198:
188:
187:
183:
180:
171:
170:
166:
163:
152:M35 series truck
107:
106:
102:
99:
89:
88:
84:
81:
66:deuce and a half
53:
52:
48:
45:
25:Red Ball Express
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1899:
1898:
1880:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1822:on 17 June 2019
1819:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1661:
1655:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1625:
1610:
1604:
1591:
1585:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1532:TM 9-500 (1953)
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1508:TM 9-500 (1953)
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1472:TM 9-500 (1953)
1470:
1466:
1460:TM 9-807 (1943)
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1403:TM 9-500 (1953)
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1381:, pp. 185.
1377:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1352:TM 9-500 (1953)
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1307:
1301:TM 9-500 (1953)
1299:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1274:TM 9-819 (1951)
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1192:, pp. 209.
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1142:TM 9-807 (1943)
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1082:TM 9-801 (1944)
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
953:
945:
941:
926:
908:
907:
903:
894:
892:
883:
882:
875:
868:
864:
857:
844:
839:
838:
827:
823:
821:Reference notes
818:
793:
789:
781:
777:
774:
772:
766:
762:
753:
749:
745:
732:
726:
722:
705:
692:
667:
648:All series had
646:
629:M342 Dump Truck
623:
616:M35 Cargo Truck
602:
597:
587:
583:
580:
578:
565:
561:
558:
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1817:the original
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1629:the original
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893:. Retrieved
889:the original
865:
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769:"six by six"
763:
755:
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723:
720:Chassis-cabs
714:
693:
676:
671:semi-tractor
668:
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621:Cargo trucks
603:
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464:
443:ZIS-/ZIL-151
440:
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331:Yellow Coach
329:
304:
287:FMTV vehicle
270:
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145:Soviet Union
132:
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114:Vietnam Wars
69:
65:
58:World War II
40:
38:
1328:Ware (2014)
1202:Ware (2014)
1190:Hyde (2014)
1130:Hyde (2014)
1118:Ware (2014)
1070:Ware (2014)
1058:Hyde (2014)
962:Ware (2014)
756:light-heavy
690:Tank trucks
650:dump trucks
644:Dump trucks
521:Kaiser-Jeep
92:all terrain
74:Vietnam War
1903:Categories
1635:2018-04-26
895:2018-07-20
810:, and the
703:Van trucks
537:Bombardier
533:AM General
339:Studebaker
337:company),
141:Lend-Lease
68:, or just
796:bulldozer
767:The term
743:Footnotes
453:IHC M-5-6
394:St. Louis
211:(FMTV) .
912:(1948).
808:the jeep
730:See also
551:GMC M211
543:GMC M135
371:GMC CCKW
363:GMC CCKW
129:GMC CCKW
118:Gulf War
60:for the
806:truck,
780:⁄
586:⁄
564:⁄
514:⁄
495:REO M35
487:REO M35
478:⁄
447:ZIL-157
358:Designs
318:⁄
293:History
280:⁄
258:⁄
241:⁄
223:⁄
202:⁄
184:⁄
167:⁄
103:⁄
85:⁄
49:⁄
1868:24 Apr
1847:15 Jul
1826:15 Jul
1798:15 Jul
1777:27 Sep
1756:27 Sep
1735:27 Sep
1714:27 Sep
1693:23 Apr
1670:
1651:
1621:
1600:
1581:
1433:14 May
934:394251
932:
922:
853:
845:War II
804:"Duck"
798:, the
758:truck.
595:Bodies
535:, and
402:C.O.E.
383:"Jeep"
345:, and
125:Canada
110:Korean
1862:(PDF)
1841:(PDF)
1820:(PDF)
1813:(PDF)
1792:(PDF)
1771:(PDF)
1750:(PDF)
1729:(PDF)
1708:(PDF)
1687:(PDF)
133:Jimmy
70:deuce
1870:2018
1849:2019
1828:2019
1800:2019
1779:2019
1758:2019
1737:2019
1716:2019
1695:2018
1668:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1435:2018
930:OCLC
920:ISBN
851:ISBN
696:tank
445:and
406:DUKW
249:The
131:or "
112:and
39:The
600:Cab
333:(a
325:6×6
156:REO
1905::
1371:^
1308:^
1293:^
954:^
928:.
876:^
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335:GM
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23:A
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47:1
44:+
42:2
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