209:
611:(SEPA) should have a clear role in contingency planning and management of any future emergency. There was a need for operational guidelines for slaughtermen. In formulating movement restriction, the dispersed nature of many holdings should be taken into account. There should be a clear and consistent strategy for compensation for slaughtered animals. The closing down of the country initially for no more than three weeks and then reopening in non-affected areas was recommended. Great importance was placed on contingency planning, on the need for regular exercises and on the setting up of an independent
241:
136:
637:. Although the vaccine was believed to be effective, export rules would prevent the export of British livestock in the future, and it was decided that this was too great a price to pay, although this was controversial because the value of the export industry (£592 million per year) was small compared to losses to tourism resulting from the measures taken. Following the outbreak, the law was changed to permit vaccinations rather than culling.
1963:
267:
near an infected farm. The complete halt on movement of livestock, cull, and extensive measures to prevent humans carrying the disease on their boots and clothing from one site to another, brought the disease under control during the summer. The culling required resources that were not immediately to hand. With about 80,000–93,000 animals per week being slaughtered, MAFF officials were assisted by units from the
352:
500:
out of the UK's livestock markets; without disease testing, infected animals were being quickly moved throughout the
British Isles facilitating the spread of the FMD virus. In 2001, the NFU had accused MAFF of acting too slowly in the early stages of the outbreak even though the UK's Agriculture Minister claimed as late as 11 March that the outbreak was under control.
666:
84:
315:. Holding a general election during the height of the crisis was widely seen as impossible – Government work is much reduced during the four-week campaign and it was seen as inappropriate to divert attention away from management of the crisis. The announcement was leaked to newspapers at the end of March. Prime Minister
649:
and fieldwork took place between 2001 and 2003. Concentrating on
Cumbria as the area that was worst hit by the epidemic, data has been collected via interviews, focus groups and individual diaries to document the consequences that the FMD outbreak had on people's lives. In 2008, a book based on this
495:
As the virus was believed to be not present in the UK prior to the outbreak, and given there were import restrictions for meat from countries known to harbour FMD, it is likely that the infected meat had been illegally imported to the UK. Such imports are likely to be for the catering industry and a
323:
concurred with the reasons for delay, and even suggested a further delay to ensure that the crisis was truly over (though it was alleged that he was hoping the Tories would be more popular and do better at the coming election the later it took place, perhaps because of bad government handling of the
266:
In April, King announced that the disease was "totally under control". The effort to prevent the spread of the disease, which caused a complete ban of the sale of
British pigs, sheep and cattle until the disease was confirmed eradicated, concentrated on a cull and then by burning all animals located
227:
The MAFF adopted a policy of "contiguous cull" – all animals within 3 kilometres (3,000 m) of known cases would be slaughtered. This was immediately clarified as applying only to sheep, not cows or pigs. The policy of MAFF was that where affected carcasses from the cull could not be disposed on
499:
In June 2004, Defra held a simulation exercise in five areas around the UK to test new procedures to be employed in the event of a future outbreak. This was in response to findings that showed that in 2001, MAFF had failed to respond quickly enough to stop the high volume of animal movements coming
405:
festival was cancelled, but later rescheduled two months later in May. Severe precautionary measures had been in place throughout
Ireland since the outbreak of the disease in the UK, with most public events and gatherings cancelled, controls on farm access, and measures such as disinfectant mats at
310:
The outbreak caused the delay by a month of the local elections in the UK. Part of the reason was that bringing together so many farmers at polling stations might cause extensive spread of the disease. However, more importantly, it was widely known before the outbreak that the
Government had chosen
577:
was chaired by
Professor Ian Cunningham. This embraced not only the scientific aspects of the outbreak, but also economic, social and psychological effects of the event. The costs to Scottish agriculture of the FMD outbreak were estimated to be £231m and the loss of gross revenue to tourism to be
386:
was the worst affected country outside the UK, suffering 25 cases. Vaccinations were used to halt the spread of the disease. However, the Dutch went on to slaughter all vaccinated animals and in the end 250,000–270,000 cattle were destroyed, resulting in significantly more cattle slaughtered per
578:
between £200–250m for
Scotland as a whole. It recommended that there should be a regional laboratory in Scotland, and priority be given to the development of testing procedures. The delay in imposing a ban of all movements until the third day after confirmation, the use of less than transparent
98:
had been in 1967, and had been confined to a small area of the country. The
Northumberland report issued after the 1967 outbreak had identified that speed was the key to stopping a future outbreak, with the recommendation of identified animals being slaughtered on the spot on the same day as
121:
Since the 1967 outbreak, there had also been significant changes in farming methods. Specifically animals were being kept in larger numbers and being housed during the winter. The closure of many local abattoirs meant that animals for slaughter were now being transported greater distances.
110:(EC) directive, 85/511. This set out procedures, such as protection and "surveillance zones", the confirmation of diagnosis by laboratory testing and that actions had to be consulted with the EC and its Standing Veterinary Committee. An earlier directive, 80/68, on the protection of
626:, an independent advisory body established by the Government in 1979, also published a report. Its recommendations including material from both The Royal Society Inquiry into Infectious Diseases in Livestock and the Independent Inquiry into Foot and Mouth Disease in Scotland.
33:
553:
All three inquiries reported their findings to the public. However, the inquiries themselves took place in private. The lack of a full public inquiry into the crisis caused a group of farmers, business leaders and media organisations to lodge an appeal at the
607:(Scotland) should be appointed and a "Territorial Veterinary Army" formed from professionals to be called upon should need arise. Burial of carcasses, where conditions permit, was identified as the preferred option for disposal of slaughtered animals. The
248:
By 16 March, the number of cases was at 240. Around the time, the
Netherlands had a small outbreak, though the disease was contained by vaccination; the vaccinated animals would later be destroyed, in line with EU requirements on trading.
590:
should include emergency barrier, or ring, vaccination as an adjunct to slaughter in clinical cases. Reservations about the consumption of meat and milk from vaccinated animals were seen to be unjustified. The importance of
516:, on the previous outbreak). In August 2001 therefore, in an effort to prevent this failure to learn from history from happening again, HM Government launched three inquiries into various aspects of the crisis. They were:
2024:
336:
75:, the international dog show, had to be postponed by 2 months from March to May 2001. By the time that the disease was halted in October 2001, the crisis was estimated to have cost the United Kingdom £8bn.
2019:
1999:
48:
saw 2,000 cases of the disease on farms across most of the
British countryside. Over 6 million cows and sheep were slaughtered on farms in an eventually successful attempt to halt the disease.
2041:
332:
164:
645:
The Department of Health (DH) sponsored a longitudinal research project investigating the health and social consequences of the 2001 outbreak of FMD. The research team was led by Maggie Mort of
1151:
600:
2029:
55:
With the intention of controlling the spread of the disease, public rights of way across land were closed by order. This damaged the popularity of rural areas such as Wales, Cornwall and the
563:
1785:
2204:
1338:
263:
who had been modelling human diseases at Imperial College and was on the committee concerned with BSE. By the end of March the disease was at its height, with up to 50 new cases a day.
2034:
956:
295:(Defra) downgraded to "high risk" the last area to be denoted "infected" on 29 November. The last cull in the UK was performed on 1 January 2002 on 2,000 sheep at Donkley Woods Farm,
582:
techniques and the failure to call on more than a fraction of the considerable relevant scientific expertise available in Scotland were criticised. The case for emergency protective
1353:
406:
railway stations, public buildings and university campuses. The 2001 Oireachtas Rince na Cruinne, or Irish Dance World Championships, was cancelled this year due to these measures.
2277:
2178:
1825:
541:
302:
With no new positive tests, the UK declared itself free of the foot-and-mouth disease on 14 January 2002, officially ending 11 months of the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak.
1992:
1343:
379:
and mainland Europe, following unknowing transportation of infected animals from the UK. The cases sparked fears of a continent-wide pandemic, but these proved unfounded.
340:
292:
566:, had ruled out a public inquiry on the grounds that it would be too costly and take too long. After a four-day hearing, the court sided with Beckett and the Government.
1843:
856:
The track obstruction by a road vehicle and subsequent train collisions at Great Heck 28 February 2001 (Report). Health and Safety Executive. February 2002. p. 33.
2307:
2209:
2282:
2199:
1737:
1144:
533:. This inquiry examined the scientific aspects of the crisis, for instance the efficacy of vaccinations, the way the virus spreads and so on. It was chaired by Sir
512:, there was a widespread government and public perception that little had been learnt from the previous epizootic (despite the publication in 1968 of a report, the
492:
being fed to pigs at Burnside Farm in Heddon-on-the-Wall. The swill had not been properly heat-sterilized and the virus had thus been allowed to infect the pigs.
178:, Northumberland, from the same location as the pig in the first case; this farm was later confirmed as the source of the outbreak, with the owner, Bobby Waugh of
1301:
2297:
2272:
2214:
1985:
224:, investigators visiting the crash site had to go through a decontamination regimen, to prevent possible contamination of the crash site's soil with the virus.
459:
carried out some precautionary slaughters, but all tests eventually proved negative. Further false alarms that did not result in any culling were signalled in
324:
foot and mouth situation). The general election was eventually held on 7 June, along with the local elections. It was the first delay of an election since the
1531:
1521:
684:
679:
509:
95:
1966:
1137:
604:
1124:
401:
wild animals capable of bearing the disease, such as deer, in the area. The outbreak greatly affected the Irish food and tourism industry. The 2001
633:
to halt the spread of the disease was repeatedly considered during the outbreak, but the government decided not to use it after pressure from the
2080:
1742:
608:
546:
208:
1775:
331:
Following the election, Blair announced a re-organisation of the government departments. Largely in response to the perceived failure of the
2055:
2008:
1099:
312:
68:
523:. This inquiry was devoted specifically to the government's handling of the crisis. It was chaired by Sir Iain Anderson CBE, previously a
2253:
2182:
1815:
1503:
2312:
2168:
1560:
1499:
2302:
2292:
1160:
1065:
861:
424:
1752:
1875:
1483:
1478:
1296:
106:
In 1980, Foot and Mouth Disease treatment policy passed from the hands of the UK Government to the European level as a result of
2287:
1468:
1403:
1323:
1119:
167:(MAFF) imposed movement restrictions on livestock in and out of eight kilometres around the infected area. On 21 February, the
1227:
963:
1892:
1810:
1318:
883:
1125:
Foot and Mouth Disease Study information, Lancaster University, School of Health and Medicine, Division of Health Research
244:
A government notice on the 2001 UK foot and mouth disease outbreak. King's Sutton is in Northamptonshire, south of Banbury.
1848:
1803:
1311:
1171:
1120:
ESDS Qualidata, Health and Social Consequences of the Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemic in North Cumbria, 2001–2003 webpages
879:
Not the foot and mouth report: everything Tony Blair did not want you to know about the biggest blunder in his premiership
432:
1798:
1765:
1639:
1622:
475:. All other European countries imposed livestock movement restrictions from infected or potentially infected countries.
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1587:
1348:
1114:
752:
634:
623:
1853:
1104:
1835:
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296:
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in Devon. Later in the week, cases were found in North Wales. By the beginning of March, the disease had spread to
64:
603:) should take the lead in establishing standards to be applied in normal times and at the start of an outbreak. A
496:
total ban on the feeding of catering waste containing meat or meat products was introduced early in the epidemic.
2138:
1687:
1368:
240:
1747:
1649:
545:. This inquiry focused on the long-term production and delivery of food within the country. It was chaired by
615:
to monitor the maintenance of effective planning. In all, some twenty seven recommendations were made to the
2128:
2098:
1770:
1605:
1597:
513:
408:
276:
705:"The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease – What are they, how big are they and where do they occur?"
2108:
1948:
1790:
1780:
1703:
1610:
1552:
1513:
1453:
1202:
402:
288:
41:
1083:
2118:
1565:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1358:
1031:
921:
596:
555:
335:
to respond to the outbreak quickly and effectively enough, the ministry was merged with elements of the
217:
831:
135:
1667:
1659:
1408:
1217:
805:
646:
524:
272:
252:
107:
988:
1820:
1644:
1448:
1443:
1032:"The Health and Social Consequences of the 2001 Foot & Mouth Disease Epidemic in North Cumbria"
420:
416:
376:
168:
60:
1003:
1458:
616:
612:
488:
The consensus is that the FMD virus came from infected or contaminated meat that was part of the
395:
186:
and banned from keeping farm animals for 15 years. He was later found guilty of feeding his pigs
183:
175:
115:
1916:
1089:
118:
to prohibit farm burials and the use of quicklime unless the site was authorised by the Agency.
2088:
2063:
1634:
1463:
1061:
857:
734:
17:
1830:
1677:
1629:
1580:
1328:
1273:
724:
716:
587:
579:
559:
325:
171:
announced a blanket ban on the export of any meat, milk products, or livestock from the UK.
88:
2152:
2112:
1575:
1570:
1363:
1252:
1247:
1100:
Inquiry into Foot and Mouth Disease in Scotland. The Royal Society of Edinburgh, July 2002
887:
586:, without subsequent slaughter, was supported by the evidence and it was recommended that
256:
221:
156:
2242:
1977:
1935:
1493:
1306:
1237:
1207:
1192:
729:
704:
671:
521:
Inquiry into the lessons to be learned from the foot and mouth disease outbreak of 2001
260:
144:
44:
in the United Kingdom in 2001 caused a crisis in British agriculture and tourism. This
32:
351:
2266:
2122:
2102:
1942:
1672:
1268:
1197:
534:
320:
202:
160:
148:
56:
1129:
720:
2132:
1887:
1413:
1333:
1008:
391:
268:
212:
A disinfectant bath used to disinfect the wheels of vehicles to try to stop spread.
2158:
876:
232:; as such, the corpses of infected animals were taken through disease-free areas.
899:
779:
2162:
2148:
2142:
1923:
1909:
1682:
1488:
1418:
1176:
592:
583:
428:
383:
111:
1109:
962:. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. June 2002. Archived from
163:. Over the next four days, several more cases were announced in Essex, and the
2092:
2059:
1433:
1232:
661:
452:
316:
194:
2172:
1438:
1423:
1242:
1222:
1094:
187:
100:
45:
738:
1880:
1617:
1212:
943:
Royal Society of Edinburgh, Inquiry into foot and mouth disease July 2002
413:
355:
Number of outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in Western Europe in 2001 (
198:
1058:
Animal disease and human trauma : emotional geographies of disaster
394:
in March 2001. A cull of healthy livestock around the farm was ordered.
255:
was appointed to approach MAFF policy in a scientific manner, alongside
1473:
1428:
630:
468:
460:
456:
444:
179:
49:
1090:
European Commission for the control of foot and mouth disease homepage
665:
1056:
Convery, Ian; Mort, Maggie; Baxter, Josephine; Bailey, Cathy (2008).
1030:
Mort, Maggie; Ian, Convery; Cathy, Bailey; Josephine, Baxter (2004).
464:
438:
398:
229:
72:
83:
59:
as tourist destinations and led to the cancellation of that year's
1115:
Animal Disease and Human Trauma: emotional geographies of disaster
652:
Animal Disease and Human Trauma, emotional geographies of disaster
489:
472:
448:
350:
239:
207:
152:
134:
82:
31:
279:. From May to September, about five cases per day were reported.
143:
The first case of the disease to be detected was at Cheale Meats
1929:
390:
Ireland suffered one case in a flock of sheep in Jenkinstown in
1981:
1133:
558:
against the government's decision not to hold such an inquiry.
531:
The Royal Society Inquiry into Infectious Diseases in Livestock
182:, found guilty of having failed to inform the authorities of a
299:. Restrictions on livestock movement were retained into 2002.
52:
was the worst affected area of the country, with 893 cases.
601:
Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department
571:
Independent Inquiry into Foot and Mouth Disease in Scotland
1004:"A catalogue of failures that discredits the whole system"
564:
Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
228:
site, they would have to be taken to a rendering plant in
1786:
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences
1339:
Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs
337:
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions
957:"Origin of the UK Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemic 2001"
2179:
Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern
1037:. Institute for Health Research, Lancaster University
508:
As the 2001 outbreak seemed to cause as much harm as
319:
confirmed the decision on 2 April. Opposition leader
287:
The last case was reported on Whygill Head Farm near
139:
A government notice on a quarantined Oxfordshire farm
2223:
2192:
2076:
2069:
Appointed prime minister: Tony Blair (Labour Party)
1901:
1868:
1826:
Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland
1725:
1716:
1696:
1658:
1596:
1551:
1544:
1512:
1392:
1287:
1261:
1185:
542:
Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food
1344:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
341:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
293:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
375:Several cases of foot and mouth were reported in
36:Slaughtered animals being incinerated on a farm
1302:Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board
599:was emphasised and it stated that SEERAD (The
1993:
1145:
1095:Private Eye's "Not the Foot and Mouth report"
8:
2278:History of agriculture in the United Kingdom
1738:National Farmers' Union of England and Wales
1110:Foot and Mouth Disease Study Project website
2231:2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak
832:"Foot and mouth farmer banned for 15 years"
685:2007 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak
680:1967 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak
333:Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
311:the day of the local elections to hold the
165:Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
99:identification and the carcasses buried in
2000:
1986:
1978:
1722:
1548:
1396:
1152:
1138:
1130:
881:, Private Eye special report November 2001
205:where it took a particularly strong hold.
1379:Scottish Government Net Zero Directorates
951:
949:
728:
527:to Tony Blair, and reported in July 2002.
703:Knight-Jones, T. J.; Rushton, J (2013).
441:suffered two cases, on 13 and 23 March.
193:On 24 February, a case was announced in
174:On 23 February, a case was confirmed in
2308:Disease outbreaks in the United Kingdom
695:
2283:Public inquiries in the United Kingdom
609:Scottish Environment Protection Agency
87:Notice telling people to keep off the
1776:Country Land and Business Association
220:, which took place on 28 February in
7:
2298:2001 United Kingdom general election
2273:2001 disasters in the United Kingdom
2009:2001 United Kingdom general election
2254:2001 United Kingdom local elections
1816:Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre
1743:National Farmers' Union of Scotland
1002:Freedland, Jonathan (16 May 2001).
423:cancelled. Three matches involving
2169:Social Democratic and Labour Party
1105:Farm Animal Welfare Council Report
387:infected premises than in the UK.
275:, the local regional commander of
155:on 19 February 2001, in pigs from
25:
1161:Agriculture in the United Kingdom
989:"Foot-and-mouth crisis timetable"
435:were postponed until the autumn.
1962:
1961:
1484:Scottish Agricultural Revolution
1479:Rural Reconstruction Association
1297:Agricultural Land Classification
664:
595:at all times and throughout the
291:in Cumbria on 30 September. The
67:for the 2001 season and delayed
1324:British Cattle Movement Service
900:"The man waging war on disease"
721:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013
537:and also reported in July 2002.
1811:National Non-Food Crops Centre
1753:Young Farmers' Clubs of Ulster
1319:Animal and Plant Health Agency
830:Wilson, Jamie (29 June 2002).
806:"They just wanted a scapegoat"
709:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
641:Health and social consequences
1:
1849:Royal Agricultural University
1804:National Museum of Rural Life
1312:Meat and Livestock Commission
1228:Müller Milk & Ingredients
1172:Economy of the United Kingdom
549:and reported in January 2002.
510:the previous outbreak in 1967
433:2001 Six Nations Championship
18:2001 UK foot and mouth crisis
1799:Museum of English Rural Life
1766:British Egg Industry Council
1623:Scottish Crofting Foundation
1084:Special report on the crisis
804:Abrams, Fran (31 May 2002).
778:Morris, Doug (30 May 2002).
650:study was published, titled
216:During investigation of the
201:, southern Scotland and the
69:that year's general election
2237:Friends, Voters, Countrymen
1349:Institute for Animal Health
624:Farm Animal Welfare Council
2329:
1840:Universities and colleges
1836:Tenant Farmers Association
1279:Rare Breeds Survival Trust
575:Royal Society of Edinburgh
297:Bellingham, Northumberland
65:British Rally Championship
27:Epidemic in 2001 in the UK
2313:Premiership of Tony Blair
2251:
2139:Democratic Unionist Party
2050:
2015:
1957:
1761:
1650:Scotland Food & Drink
1399:
1369:Rights of way in Scotland
1167:
2303:Foot-and-mouth outbreaks
2293:2001 in economic history
1854:Scotland's Rural College
886:18 December 2008 at the
753:"UK meat exports banned"
605:Chief Veterinary Officer
2129:Scottish National Party
1771:British Poultry Council
1733:Farmers' Union of Wales
1561:Agriculture in Cheshire
1404:Agricultural Revolution
780:"A farmer's negligence"
277:42 (North West) Brigade
271:commanded by Brigadier
2288:2001 disease outbreaks
1791:James Hutton Institute
1781:Fresh Start Initiative
1454:Highland Potato Famine
1060:. Palgrave Macmillan.
635:National Farmers Union
514:Northumberland Inquiry
372:
245:
213:
140:
91:
42:foot-and-mouth disease
37:
2119:Ulster Unionist Party
1748:Ulster Farmers' Union
1566:Agriculture in London
1384:Single Payment Scheme
1374:Rural Payments Agency
1359:Quality Meat Scotland
991:. CNN. 7 August 2001.
597:agricultural industry
354:
243:
218:Great Heck rail crash
211:
138:
86:
35:
1498:Women's Land Army -
1409:British timber trade
1218:Frontier Agriculture
924:. PBS. 30 March 2001
902:. BBC. 29 March 2001
647:Lancaster University
504:Government inquiries
396:Irish special forces
1821:Rothamsted Research
1645:Royal Highland Show
1545:Nations and regions
1449:Highland Clearances
1444:Haughley Experiment
403:Saint Patrick's Day
347:European infections
169:European Commission
114:gave powers to the
61:Cheltenham Festival
2077:Parties elected to
1459:Lowland Clearances
759:. 21 February 2001
617:Scottish Executive
613:standing committee
373:
246:
214:
184:notifiable disease
176:Heddon-on-the-Wall
141:
116:Environment Agency
108:European Community
92:
38:
2260:
2259:
2109:Liberal Democrats
1975:
1974:
1864:
1863:
1712:
1711:
1540:
1539:
1464:Napier Commission
588:contingency plans
573:initiated by the
306:Political effects
188:"untreated waste"
63:, as well as the
16:(Redirected from
2320:
2205:Northern Ireland
2081:House of Commons
2025:Northern Ireland
2002:
1995:
1988:
1979:
1965:
1964:
1831:Soil Association
1723:
1717:Non-governmental
1697:Northern Ireland
1678:Royal Welsh Show
1549:
1397:
1329:The Country Code
1274:Hedgerow removal
1203:Bernard Matthews
1154:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1072:
1071:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
999:
993:
992:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
968:
961:
953:
944:
941:
935:
933:
931:
929:
922:"DISEASE DAMAGE"
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
896:
890:
874:
868:
867:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
749:
743:
742:
732:
715:(3–4): 161–173.
700:
674:
669:
668:
560:Margaret Beckett
547:Sir Donald Curry
370:
366:
362:
358:
326:Second World War
313:general election
236:Control measures
89:North York Moors
40:The outbreak of
21:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2247:
2219:
2193:Results by area
2188:
2153:Ieuan Wyn Jones
2113:Charles Kennedy
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2099:Conservative
1941:
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1888:Fell farming
1526:
1414:Celtic field
1334:Crown Estate
1262:Conservation
1057:
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1039:. Retrieved
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1009:The Guardian
1007:
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964:the original
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71:by a month.
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2149:Plaid Cymru
2143:Ian Paisley
2020:MPs elected
1924:Countryfile
1910:The Archers
1489:Swing Riots
1419:Common land
1354:Legislation
1177:Agriculture
763:11 November
593:biosecurity
584:vaccination
429:rugby union
412:, an Irish
384:Netherlands
283:Final cases
112:groundwater
2267:Categories
2093:Tony Blair
2060:Tony Blair
2054:Incumbent
1876:Beekeeping
1434:Dutch barn
1288:Government
1233:NFU Mutual
1041:26 October
1015:26 October
973:26 October
928:24 January
906:5 November
841:11 October
691:References
556:High Court
453:Luxembourg
317:Tony Blair
253:David King
195:Highampton
131:Beginnings
94:Britain's
79:Background
2173:John Hume
2159:Sinn Féin
1469:Rationing
1439:Enclosure
1424:Corn Laws
1243:Openfield
1186:Companies
877:based on
580:modelling
343:(Defra).
101:quicklime
46:epizootic
2224:See also
2210:Scotland
2030:Scotland
1967:Category
1893:Forestry
1881:June Gap
1795:Museums
1683:Tŷ unnos
1618:Crofting
1611:Shetland
1598:Scotland
1576:Cornwall
1213:Farmcare
884:Archived
815:22 April
789:22 April
784:BBC News
739:23958457
658:See also
417:Jamboree
414:Scouting
359:100-893
199:Cornwall
159:and the
145:abattoir
126:Outbreak
2200:England
1949:Hurdles
1869:Sectors
1704:Cuisine
1688:Fishing
1673:Cuisine
1640:Fishing
1630:Cuisine
1588:Fishing
1571:Cuisine
1553:England
1474:Run rig
1429:Diggers
1393:History
730:3989032
631:vaccine
469:Denmark
461:Finland
457:Germany
445:Belgium
425:Ireland
377:Ireland
363:50-100
289:Appleby
180:Pallion
50:Cumbria
2089:Labour
2064:Labour
1726:Unions
1635:Factor
1064:
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727:
465:Sweden
439:France
399:sniped
367:10-50
230:Widnes
73:Crufts
2215:Wales
2035:Wales
1902:Other
1844:CAFRE
1660:Wales
1581:Devon
1223:Genus
1035:(PDF)
967:(PDF)
960:(PDF)
490:swill
473:Italy
449:Spain
371:1-10)
259:, an
153:Essex
2079:the
1930:Eglu
1532:2007
1527:2001
1522:1967
1504:WWII
1062:ISBN
1043:2018
1017:2018
975:2018
930:2008
908:2011
858:ISBN
843:2018
817:2015
791:2015
765:2022
735:PMID
622:The
471:and
455:and
421:also
419:was
382:The
1500:WWI
757:CNN
725:PMC
717:doi
713:112
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