2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull

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eruption location) leaving vehicles with a fine, grey layer of volcanic ash. At around 07:00 on 22 March, an explosion launched eruption columns which reached altitudes of 4 km (2.5 mi). This was the highest plume since the eruption started. On 23 March, a small vapour explosion took place, when hot magma came into contact with nearby snowdrifts, emitting a vapour plume which reached an altitude of 7 km (23,000 ft), and was detected on radar from the Meteorological Institute of Iceland. After that, many further vapour explosions occurred.

178: 410: 42: 618: 2892: 2836: 943:, damaging engines and making them shut down. Many flights within, to, and from Europe were cancelled following 14 April 2010 eruption, and although no commercial aircraft were damaged, the engines of some military aircraft were harmed. The presence and location of the plume depends upon the state of the eruption and the winds. While some ash fell on uninhabited areas in Iceland, most had been carried by westerly winds, resulting in the shutdown of airspace over much of Europe. The shutdown had a 760: 3484: 734: 1030:

Other notable volcanic eruptions include the eruption of Mount Pinatubo of 1991 of VEI 6. This eruption lasted eight days, from 7–15 June of that year, with an ash cloud that would have required additional days to dissipate, and resulted in worldwide abnormal weather and decrease in global temperature over the next few years. However, the second phase of Eyjafjallajökull's eruption lasted longer than that of Mount Pinatubo.

3524: 1091: 1105: 271: 690:. Crustal expansion continued at Þorvaldseyri for two days after the eruption began, but was slowly decreasing whilst the volcanic activity was increasing. This indicates that the rate at which magma was flowing into the magma chamber roughly equaled the rate at which it was being lost due to the eruption, giving evidence that this phase of volcanic activity reached equilibrium. 605:

over a two-hour period, which had never happened so quickly in the Krossá river since measurements began. Shortly afterward, the water level returned to normal and water temperature decreased. This rise in water temperature was thought to be related to the eruption nearby and was affecting part of the Krossá

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in the weeks before the eruption, in association with magma recharging of the volcano. Immediately before the eruption, the depth of the seismicity had become shallow, but was not significantly enhanced from what it had been in the previous weeks. Deformation was occurring at rates up to a centimetre

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By the evening of 6 June 2010, a small, new crater had opened up on the west side of the main crater. Explosive activity from this new crater was observed with emission of small quantities of ash. Seismic data showed that the frequency and intensity of earth tremors still exceeded the levels observed

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The disruptions started over an initial period of six days in April 2010. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. The eruption was declared officially over in October 2010, after 3 months of inactivity, when snow on the glacier did not

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The eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull and the largest ash plume associated with the second eruption phase were not unparalleled in either volume or abundance; however, the location was the critical factor because it affected air travel across Europe. Neither phase of the eruption was unusually powerful.

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By the morning of 24 May 2010, the view from the web camera installed on Þórólfsfell showed only a plume of water vapour surrounded by a bluish haze caused by emission of sulphurous gases. Due to the large quantities of dry volcanic ash lying on the ground, surface winds frequently lifted up an "ash

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and that pressure stemming from the process caused the crustal displacement at Þorvaldseyri farm. The seismic activity continued to increase, and from 3 to 5 March, close to 3,000 earthquakes were measured having their epicentre at the volcano. Most of these were too small (magnitude 2) to

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A new fissure opened on 31 March, around 200 m (700 ft) northwest of the original fissure. Many witnesses were present while the new fissure opened. It was a bit smaller, around 300 m (1,000 ft) long according to witnesses, and lava coming from it started to flow into Hvannárgil

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device in the Krossá glacial river (which drains Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull glaciers) in the Þórsmörk area (a few kilometres north-west of the erupting location) started to record a sudden rise in water level and water temperature – the total water temperature rose by 6 °C (11 °F)

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M. KESSABI, A. HAMLIRI, J. P. BRAUN and A. G. RICO: Département de Toxicologie, Pharmacie et Biochimie, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II B.P. 6202, Rabat-Agdal, Maroc {dagger}Département de Biochimie et Biophysique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire 23, chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse,

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around the Eyjafjallajökull area during the years 2006–2009. The study reported increased activity that occurred between June and August 2009 (200 events), compared to a total of about 250 earthquakes recorded between September 2006 and August 2009. It further indicated that the locations of

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opened early in the morning of 14 April 2010 under the volcano's ice-covered central summit caldera. The earthquake swarm was followed by the onset of a seismic eruption tremor. Meltwater started to emanate from the ice cap around 07:00 on 14 April and an eruption plume was observed in the early

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No human fatalities were reported from the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull. Those who lived near the volcano had high levels of irritation symptoms, though their lung function was not lower than expected. Six months later, the population living in the area had more respiratory symptoms than a

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during the first 24 hours of the eruption. However, during the night of 22 March, they reported some volcanic ash fall reaching the Fljótshlíð area (20 to 25 km or 12 to 16 mi northwest of the eruption's location) and Hvolsvöllur town (40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of the

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The Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority released an announcement on 18 April 2010, asking that all horse owners who keep their herds outside be on the alert for ash fall. Where ash fall was significant, all horses had to be sheltered indoors. The thick layer of ash that had fallen on some

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most of the earthquakes in 2009 occurred between 8 and 12 km (26,000 and 39,000 ft) depth east of the volcano's top crater. At the end of December 2009, seismic activity began around the Eyjafjallajökull volcano area, with thousands of small earthquakes (mostly of magnitude 1–2

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Unlike the earlier eruption phase, the second phase occurred beneath glacial ice. Cold water from melted ice quickly chilled the lava, causing it to fragment into highly abrasive glass particles that were then carried into the eruption plume. This, together with the magnitude of the eruption

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on 20 March, injected a glass-rich ash plume into the jet stream. Pulsating explosive activity on 17 April 2010, able to be observed because of the fine weather, was later understood to be due to periodic clogging/plugging of the conduit associated with the rise and degassing of more magma.

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imaged eruptive craters with radar instruments. A series of vents along a two-kilometre-long north–south-oriented fissure was active, with meltwater flowing mostly down the northern slopes of the volcano, but also to the south. An ash-loaded eruption plume rose to more than 8 km

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and an ash plume that rose to a height of around 9 km (30,000 ft), which rates the explosive power of the eruption as a 4 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. By 21 May 2010, the second eruption phase had subsided to the point that no further lava or ash was being produced.

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were postponed, but on the evening of 21 March, domestic and international air traffic was allowed again. Inhabitants of the risk zone of Fljótshlíð, Eyjafjöll, and Landeyjar area were allowed to return to their farms and homes after an evening meeting with the

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The IES updated the eruption flow rate on 21 April 2010 to an estimation less than 30 cubic metres per second (1,100 cu ft/s) of magma, or 75 t/s, with a large uncertainty. IES also noted that the eruption continue with less explosive activity.

904:. The magma discharge rate was about 300 cubic metres per second (11,000 cu ft/s) or 750 t/s. This was 10–20 times the average discharge rate in the preceding flank eruption at Fimmvörðuháls. (First eruption on 20 March 2010). 877:

The Institute of Earth Sciences made a preliminary estimate of erupted material in the first three days of the eruption on 14 April 2010 at Eyjafjallajökull. The erupted products were fragmented material, the majority fine-grained airborne

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village to the Fimmvörðuháls mountain pass, but these roads and trails were reopened on 29 March, though only for suitable four-wheel drive vehicles. When the second fissure appeared, the road was closed again because of the danger of

492:(GPS) equipment used by the Iceland Meteorological Office at Þorvaldseyri farm in the Eyjafjöll area (around 15 km or 9.3 mi southeast of the location of the recent eruption) had shown 3 cm of displacement of the local 2000: 861:

In October 2010, Ármann Höskuldsson, a scientist at the University of Iceland Institute of Earth Sciences, stated that the eruption was officially over, although the area was still geothermally active and might erupt again.

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of 104 mg of fluoride per kg of ash. Agriculture is important in this region of Iceland, and farmers near the volcano have been warned not to let their livestock drink from contaminated streams and water sources, as

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In addition to volcanic ash being very hazardous to aircraft, the location of this eruption directly under the jet stream ensured that the ash was carried into the heavily used airspace over northern and central Europe.

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canyon. These two erupting fissures shared the same magma chamber, according to geophysicists. No unusual seismic activity was detected at the time the new fissure appeared, nor any crustal expansion according to many

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melt. From 14 to 20 April, ash from the volcanic eruption covered large areas of Northern Europe. About 20 countries closed their airspace to commercial jet traffic and it affected approximately 10 million travellers.

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said, "the time for Katla to erupt is coming close ... we have prepared ... it is high time for European governments and airline authorities all over the world to start planning for the eventual Katla eruption."

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of 104 mg of fluoride per kg of ash. Large-scale release of sulphur dioxide into the troposphere also poses a potential health risk, especially to people with pre-existing breathing disorders.

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glaciers. As long as the fissure was not near the glacier, the risk of flooding was minimal; however, the fissure could extend into the ice cap, thereby greatly increasing the risk of flooding.

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The first phase of the eruption lasted from 20 March to 12 April 2010 and was characterised by olivine basaltic andesite lava flowing from various eruptive vents on the flanks of the mountain.

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The second eruptive phase happened under 200 m (660 ft) of glacial ice. The resulting meltwater flowed back into the erupting volcano, which created two specific phenomena:

1934: 462:, was responsible for forecasting the presence of volcanic ash in the north-east Atlantic. All ash dispersion models for this geographic region were produced by the VAAC in London. 3506: 1138: 944: 1861: 896:

Airborne tephra that was carried to the east and south of the volcano, uncompacted tephra fallout from eruption plume: 100 million cubic metres (130,000,000 cu yd)

319:. The most recent major eruptions occurred in 920, 1612, and from 1821 to 1823. Previous eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull have been followed by eruptions at its larger neighbour, 846: 951:, seemed at first especially vulnerable, but managed to deal effectively with the eruption, and subsequently published a detailed report about its actions and conclusions. 917:

control group from North Iceland, with no ashfall. In Scotland, the number of phone calls to health services for respiratory and eye irritation did not rise significantly.

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Total: 140 million cubic metres (180,000,000 cu yd) which corresponds to some 70–80 million cubic metres (92,000,000–105,000,000 cu yd) of

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produced regular reports about access to the area, including a map of the restricted area around Eyjafjallajokull, from which the public was forbidden. Teams from the

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Samples of volcanic ash collected near the eruption showed a silica concentration of 58%—much higher than in the lava flows. The concentration of water-soluble

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airspace from 15 until 20 April 2010. Consequently, a very high proportion of flights within, to, and from Europe were cancelled, creating the highest level of

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Dust particles that get suspended in the atmosphere scatter light from the setting sun, generating 'volcanic lavenders' like this one over the flight path of

3002: 2135: 1123: 592:, which could have developed if the fissure had opened near big ice caps or other snow reservoirs, but the road was again opened at around noon on 1 April. 122: 3426: 429: 983:"). When rocks and other ejecta collide with one another, they create static electricity. This, with the abundant water-ice at the summit, aids in making 858:

On 21 June 2010, data from seismic recorders in the area indicated that the frequency and strength of earth tremors had diminished, but were continuing.

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craters ejecting lava at a temperature around 1,000 °C (1,800 °F) up to 150 m (490 ft) into the air. The lava was alkali olivine

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in 2000. The eruption, rather than taking place under the ice cap of the glacier, occurred in the mountain pass between the Eyjafjallajökull and

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since the Second World War. The second phase resulted in an estimated 250 million cubic metres (330,000,000 cu yd) of ejected

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can start in sheep at a diet with fluorine content of 25 ppm. At 250 ppm, death can occur within a few days. In 1783, 79% of the

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After a short hiatus in eruptive activity, and a large increase in seismic activity 23:00 on 13 April and 1:00 on 14 April, a new set of

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The volcanic events starting in March 2010 were considered to be a single eruption divided into phases. The first eruption phase ejected

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is recorded as having lasted for over two years, but no single set of major eruptions is known to have lasted more than 'several days'.

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phase and ejected fine glass-rich ash to over 8 km (26,000 ft) into the atmosphere. The second phase was estimated to be a

2954: 357: 567: 2424: 1578: 420:"Volcano tourism" quickly sprang up in the wake of the eruption, with local tour companies offering day trips to see the volcano. 2621: 932: 353:

4 eruption, which was large, but not nearly the most powerful eruption possible by volcanic standards. By way of comparison, the

342:. Ash ejection from this phase of the eruption was small, rising to no more than 4 km (13,000 ft) into the atmosphere. 3558: 1887: 361: 3336: 3180: 2422:(transl. "Agriculture matters") says that 28% of the total workforce in agriculture are scattered throughout southern Iceland. 3618: 1163: 1118: 850:

A necklace made from the ash of the 2010 eruption: Jewellery and similar memorabilia of the eruption are now sold in Iceland.

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before the eruption, therefore scientists at the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) and the Institute of Earth Sciences,

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Material (tephra) in the ice cauldrons around the volcanic vents: 30 million cubic metres (39,000,000 cu yd)

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opened up about 150 metres (490 ft) in length running in a north-east to south-west direction, with 10 to 12 erupting

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The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull summit eruption: Nature of the explosive activity in the initial phase (Doctoral dissertation)

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were stationed at the eruption site as part of standard safety measures and to assist in enforcing access restrictions.

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The direction of the jet stream was unusually stable at the time of the eruption's second phase, continuously southeast.

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television news announcers did not try to pronounce the name "Eyjafjallajökull," but called it "the Iceland volcano."

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Icelandic pastures and farms at Raufarfell had become wet and compact, making it very difficult to continue farming,

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morning. Visual observations were greatly restricted due to cloud cover over the volcano, but an aeroplane of the

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The initial visual report of the eruption was at 23:52 GMT, when a red cloud was seen at the north slopes of

409: 3548: 2455: 1795: 972: 636: 635:, lighting up the sky above the eruptive site. The eruption was preceded by intense seismicity and high rates of 489: 216:

Seismic activity started at the end of 2009 and gradually increased in intensity until on 20 March 2010, a small

112: 3413: 3042: 1720: 41: 3613: 3553: 2369: 2216: 1198: 1133: 1974: 617: 3395: 2793:"A survey of early health effects of the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption in Iceland: a population-based study" 1604: 1508: 1203: 232: 3326:

BBC webpage with film of the volcano, taken from 500m from the crater's edge, by Chris Weber on 13 May 2010

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Volcanic Eyjafjallajökull run off: Seljalandsfoss Waterfall (binaural recording optimised for headphones)

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As of 15 April, the eruption was not large enough to have an effect on global temperatures like that of

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mist" that significantly reduced visibility and made web camera observation of the volcano impossible.

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The radar stations of the Meteorological Institute of Iceland did not detect any appreciable amount of

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of a volcano 1,666 m (5,466 ft) high, which has erupted relatively frequently since the last

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The first phase of the 2010 eruption began late on the evening of 20 March at the Eyjafjallajökull.

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This unusual seismic activity, along with the rapid movement of the Earth's crust in the area, gave

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A study by the Icelandic Meteorological Office published in December 2009 indicated an increase in

194: 55: 2031: 1605:"Seismic Signs of Magma Pathways through the Crust in the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, South Iceland" 1361:

Magnússon, E; Gudmundsson, M. T; Roberts, M. J; Sigurðsson, G; Höskuldsson, F; Oddsson, B (2012).

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This volcanic activity was highly disruptive to air travel because of a combination of factors:

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Volcanic ash is a major hazard to aircraft. Smoke and ash from eruptions reduce visibility for

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were evacuated overnight (including a group of 30 schoolchildren and their three teachers from

555: 2949: 2921: 2880: 2824: 2505: 2485:"Experimental Acute Sodium Fluoride Poisoning in Sheep: Renal, Hepatic, and Metabolic Effects" 1482: 339: 335: 217: 1282: 664: 580: 395:

The erupting lava cooled very fast, which created a cloud of highly abrasive, glass-rich ash.

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A short time-lapse from 17 April 2010. About 30 minutes played in 18 seconds.

3177:"Geologist Ari Trausti Guðmundsson answers Iceland volcano questions | IceNews – Daily News" 2870: 2862: 2814: 2806: 2651: 2497: 1382: 1096: 1054: 726: 466: 425: 354: 3333: – SKYbrary guidance to pilots and controllers concerning the effects of volcanic ash. 3132:"Volcano could mean cooling, acid rain: 'Not like Pinatubo' so far, but potential is there" 2190: 1947: 1921: 733: 3321:

Frequently Asked Questions on the Eruption in Iceland – from the Icelandic Met Office

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be interpreted as precursors to an eruption, but some could be detected in nearby towns.

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in a southward direction, of which a 1-cm displacement had taken place within four days.

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references the eruptions in the opening lines of his song "Guv'nor", on his 2012 album

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Satellite evidence of hot lava flows from an Icelandic volcano (CIMSS Satellite Blog)

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Measurements made by using maps and measurement tools from Fasteignaskrá Íslandskort

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Tephra filling the glacial lagoon of Gígjökulslón, carried by floods down the outlet

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on 21 March) that this eruption was small compared to, for example, the eruption of

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The volcano's explosive power was enough to inject ash directly into the jet stream.

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The rapidly vaporising water significantly increased the eruption's explosive power.

3330: 2501: 683: 648: 500: 481: 450:. The view of the eruption from Þórólfsfel also includes a thermal imaging camera. 3418: 3384: 3365: – Podcast placing the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in a historical perspective. 2113: 563: 551: 503:

evidence that magma was flowing from underneath the crust into Eyjafjallajökull's

3357: 3202: 2851:"Health effects following the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption: a cohort study" 1746: 1662: 1637: 971:

At the mouth of the crater, the gases, ejecta, and volcanic plume created a rare

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Description of beginning of current eruption, (March 2010), Icelandic Met Office

2866: 2810: 940: 695: 679: 668: 589: 270: 2242: 1090: 1078:'s reverential reaction to the eruptions to praise her uniqueness as an artist. 227:

Beginning on 14 April 2010, the eruption entered a second phase and created an

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Meteorological Institute of Iceland: Eruption in Fimmvörðuháls mountain pass

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Volcanic eruption in Eyjafjallaglacier – flights to Iceland are on hold

984: 936: 3272: 2925: 2884: 2828: 1847:, United Nations Environment Programme 2011 page 2. Accessed 30 June 2013. 1772: 1483:"BBC Newsnight interview with President Grímsson of Iceland, 20 April 2010" 584: 304: 167:

Large-scale disruption to air travel, smaller effects on farming in Iceland

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Kvöldfréttir Stöðvar Tvö "Viðtal við Ármann Höskuldsson eldfjallafræðing"

1862:"Caistor children flee as Iceland volcano erupts | Grimsby Telegraph" 3203:"APOD: 19 April 2010 – Ash and Lightning Above an Icelandic Volcano" 3117: 2797: 1386: 1075: 1019:

previous related sequence of eruptions of this volcano, beginning in 1821

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sites installed within 12 km (7.5 mi) from the eruptive site.

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showing the ash plume over North Atlantic at 13:30 GMT on 15 April

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plan was temporarily dismissed. Instead, the police closed the road to

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was one-third of the concentration typical in Hekla eruptions, with a

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About 500 farmers and their families had to escape from the areas of

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Gígjökull: 10 million cubic metres (13,000,000 cu yd)

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stock were killed, probably as a result of fluorosis caused by the

477:), 7 to 10 km (23,000 to 33,000 ft) beneath the volcano. 991: 958: 901: 845: 792: 758: 732: 720: 706: 616: 408: 269: 2136:"Volcano Erupts Under Eyjafjallajökull – The Reykjavik Grapevine" 1457:"Iceland prepares for second, more devastating volcanic eruption" 994:

eruptions pose a threat to foraging livestock, especially sheep.

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located in the far south of the island. Situated to the north of

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Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 14–25 April 2010

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lava several hundred metres into the air in what is known as an

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Geophysicist Magnús Tumi Einarsson said (at a press meeting in

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The London Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), part of the UK

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Webpages and -links related to 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptions

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Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

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The eruptions were a key plot point of the 2013 French comedy

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Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

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witnessed, for the first time in history, the formation of a

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Kessabi, M.; Hamliri, A.; Braun, J. P.; Rico, A. G. (1985).

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and the Icelandic telecommunications company Míla installed

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UNEP Year Book2011, An Overview of Our Changing Environment

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Veðurstofa Ísland (The Meteorological Institute of Iceland)

751:(26,000 ft), deflected to the east by westerly winds. 770:

valley in early June 2010, immediately after the eruption

1773:"GPS time series for Eyjafjallajökull and Katla Volcano" 829:

4) and being 10 to 20 times larger than the eruption of

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Collection of Scientific Earth Observations and Models

2692:"University of Iceland reports and scientists' quotes" 955:

Short- and long-term weather and environmental effects

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Second fissure, viewed from the north, on 2 April 2010

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emissions per day, while the volcano emitted about 1.5

2001:"Litlar líkur taldar á öðru gosi við Eyjafjallajökul" 1335: 963:

Possible ash fallout from Eyjafjallajökull on a car,

3158:"Icelandic volcano won't affect the world's climate" 2348:

Veðurstofa Íslands (Icelandic Meteorological Office)

2191:"Gosið enn í gangi – Farið að bera á öskufalli" 1864:. Thisisgrimsby.co.uk. 22 March 2010. Archived from 1277: 1275: 1273: 511:

The grounding of European flights avoided about 3.44

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Geological & Mining, Engineering & Sciences

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Effects of the April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

947:across Europe. The Icelandic flag carrier airline, 345:On 14 April 2010, however, the eruption entered an 171: 163: 153: 108: 91: 76: 61: 51: 34: 3074:"Dirty thunderstorm shoots lightning from volcano" 2978: 1948:"Fyrsta vél frá Boston í loftið klukkan hálf fimm" 1579:"Eruption at the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system" 1430:"Eruption in Iceland – frequently asked questions" 1308:Gunnar B. Guðmundsson; et al. (7 June 2010). 945:knock on impact on the economy and cultural events 2344:"Ný gossprunga – skráð 01.04.2010 kl. 10:00" 1226:"Volcanic eruptions: Science and Risk Management" 737:The estimated ash cloud at 18:00 GMT on 15 April. 1688: 1686: 1684: 442:, giving views of the eruption from Valahnúkur, 231:that led to the closure of most of the European 3019:. Icelandair.is. 24 August 2012. Archived from 678:On 25 March 2010, while studying the eruption, 2591:(Thesis). University of Iceland. pp. 1–93 873:Volume of erupted material and magma discharge 3434: 3396:Photos of the 2010 eruptions by Fred Kamphues 2214:Morgunblaðið 22. March 2010 (13:11 GMT) 1404:"Eruption in Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull Over" 1017:and other major past volcanic eruptions. One 939:windscreens and melt in the heat of aircraft 8: 2159: 2157: 1367:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 698:and GPS recorders situated in nearby areas. 368:was rated as a 6. This second phase erupted 2531:"Ash from Iceland Volcano Endangers Horses" 430:Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue 3487:Eyjafjallajökull eruption on 17 April 2010 3441: 3427: 3419: 2313:"Iceland's erupting volcano | Travel" 1406:. Iceland Review Online. 27 October 2010. 176: 40: 3113:The eruption that changed Iceland forever 2874: 2818: 2791:Carlsen HK; et al. (February 2012). 1638:"Jarðskjálftahrina undir Eyjafjallajökli" 3347:NASA Earth Observatory satellite imagery 3259:"Eyjafjallajökull (2013) - JPBox-Office" 2944: 2942: 935:, and microscopic debris in the ash can 252:(IES) continued to monitor the volcano. 189:Between March and June 2010 a series of 1283:What We Know From the Icelandic Volcano 1254:. University of Iceland. Archived from 1180: 323:. On 20 April 2010 Icelandic President 278:in England during the aviation shutdown 3385:Photos from Icelanders and by visitors 2849:Carlsen, HK; et al. (June 2012). 1937:. Icelandair. Retrieved 21 March 2010. 1298:, 22 April 2010. Retrieved April 2010. 921:Effects of the ash plume on air travel 413:People observing the first fissure at 307:and to the west of the larger ice cap 31: 3291:"Björk by Marina Abramovic: TIME 100" 1914:"Gos hafið í Eyjafjallajökli - Vísir" 1410:from the original on 26 November 2010 1188: 1186: 1184: 820:Timeline of the second eruption phase 562:in England), and flights to and from 286: 7: 2905:Elliot AJ; et al. (June 2010). 1888:"Local students flee volcano terror" 583:and the four-wheel-drive trail from 3342:NASA Observes the Icelandic Volcano 2279:Veðurstofa Íslands (24 March 2010) 1533:Amos, Jonathan (18 November 2010). 1509:"Gossprungan um 1 km að lengd" 360:was rated as 5 on the VEI, and the 3209:from the original on 22 April 2010 3049:. 23 February 2007. Archived from 2624:from the original on 23 April 2010 2541:from the original on 21 April 2010 1635:Veðurstofa Íslands (5 March 2010) 1617:from the original on 31 March 2010 1581:. Almannavarnir.is. Archived from 1436:from the original on 20 April 2010 379:The volcano is directly under the 35:2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull 25: 3111:Tom de Castella (16 April 2010) " 2969:Hickman, Martin (23 April 2010). 2955:Michigan Technological University 2644:"Eyjafjallajökull frá Hvolsvelli" 2323:from the original on 6 April 2010 1695:"Fasteignaskrá measurement tools" 1124:2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga 203:enormous disruption to air travel 18:2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull 3523: 3522: 3331:Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety 2890: 2834: 2768:. Earthice.hi.is. Archived from 2742:. Earthice.hi.is. Archived from 2694:. Earthice.hi.is. Archived from 2672:from the original on 29 May 2010 2292:from the original on 23 May 2011 2167:. Earthice.hi.is. Archived from 2068:from the original on 23 May 2011 1559:from the original on 1 July 2010 1224:Bye, Bente Lilja (27 May 2011). 1103: 1089: 799:effects, particularly in sheep. 774:The same area, in September 2011 288:[ˈeiːjaˌfjatlaˌjœːkʏtl̥] 3450:2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptions 3239:from the original on 3 May 2010 3001:. 16 April 2010. Archived from 2959:, Retrieved on 23 January 2008. 2563:. Iceland Review. 18 April 2010 2456:"Ekki mikið af flúor í öskunni" 1920:. 21 March 2010. Archived from 1796:"Innskot undir Eyjafjallajökli" 1793:Morgublaðið (26 February 2010) 789:high concentrations of fluoride 640:a day since 4 March at various 422:The Civil Protection Department 3609:History of air traffic control 2766:"ERUPTION in Eyjafjallajökull" 2740:"Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull" 2165:"Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull" 2138:. Grapevine.is. Archived from 1721:"Tímabundinn kraftur í gosinu" 1455:Boyes, Roger (21 March 2010). 1252:"Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull" 1164:Timeline of volcanism on Earth 1119:2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi 667:, but had not yet reached the 568:Keflavík International Airport 311:, Eyjafjallajökull covers the 299:) is one of Iceland's smaller 46:Volcano plume on 18 April 2010 1: 3584:Volcanic eruptions in Iceland 3579:East Volcanic Zone of Iceland 3569:Air traffic control in Europe 3403:, radar images of the volcano 3363:Volcanoes in European history 2718:"Institute of Earth Sciences" 2217:"Hraunflæði niður í Hrunagil" 1821:"Fyrsta háskastigi lýst yfir" 1250:Institute of Earth Sciences. 3629:Natural disasters in Iceland 3564:21st-century volcanic events 2502:10.1093/toxsci/5.6part1.1025 2453:Morgunblaðið 23. March 2010 2370:"Vel gekk að rýma gossvæðið" 2311:Tom Robbins (3 April 2010). 2058:"Elsdgosið í Fimmvörðuhálsi" 1975:"Gosslóðirnar opnaðar aftur" 1154:List of volcanoes in Iceland 1025:Comparison to past eruptions 3594:April 2010 events in Europe 3589:March 2010 events in Europe 3072:Simons, Paul (8 May 2008). 2867:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001851 2811:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000343 2114:"Eldgosið á Fimmvörðuhálsi" 2029:Morgunblaðið 22. Mars 2010 842:Phase 3: Return to dormancy 717:Phase 2: Explosive eruption 573:Civil Protection Department 220:began, rated as a 1 on the 3645: 3604:June 2010 events in Europe 3121:. Retrieved 18 April 2010. 3100:Hekla, A Notorious Volcano 2425:"Landbúnaður skiptir máli" 2240:Ríkisútvarpið fréttavefur 1744:Ríkisútvarpið fréttavefur 1663:"Eldgos í Eyjafjallajökli" 1159:North Atlantic oscillation 924: 725:Photograph from satellite 534:Phase 1: Effusive eruption 263: 222:Volcanic Explosivity Index 27:Volcanic events in Iceland 3599:May 2010 events in Europe 3480: 865:During the eruption, the 490:global positioning system 175: 39: 3205:. Antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov. 2582:Pálmadóttir, E. (2016). 2420:Landbúnaður skiptir máli 1747:"Krafturinn ekki aukist" 1199:Global Volcanism Program 1134:British Airways Flight 9 1074:used Icelandic musician 1048:British-American rapper 967:, England, 21 April 2010 3507:Effects of the eruption 2620:. UK. 23 January 2008. 2418:A report in Icelandic: 2269:Fréttastofa Stöðvar Tvö 1204:Smithsonian Institution 454:Scientific observations 65:20 March 2010 3559:2010 natural disasters 3488: 2367:Morgunblaðið 1. April 2086:Morgunblaðið 29. Mars 1972:Morgunblaðið 1. April 968: 851: 775: 738: 730: 622: 560:Caistor Grammar School 488:By 26 March 2010, the 417: 279: 276:Leeds Bradford Airport 80:23 June 2010 3619:Strombolian eruptions 3502:Air travel disruption 3486: 3401:Icelandic Coast Guard 2496:(6part1): 1025–1033. 2243:"Eldgosið í jafnvægi" 2089:"Mikill hiti í Hruná" 1288:26 April 2010 at the 962: 849: 762: 748:Icelandic Coast Guard 736: 724: 620: 412: 273: 250:University of Iceland 237:air travel disruption 3373:Icelandic Met Office 3235:. 28 February 2005. 3233:US Geological Survey 2999:www.flightglobal.com 1387:10.1029/2012JB009250 1340:Icelandic Met Office 596:Effects on the river 575:on 22 March and the 3624:Vulcanian eruptions 3273:"JJ DOOM – Guv'nor" 3053:on 18 February 2015 2429:Bændasamtök Íslands 2395:"Eldgosið er lítið" 2341:Veðurstofa Íslands 1379:2012JGRB..117.7405M 659:and was relatively 405:Public observations 134: / 3489: 2286:Veðurstofa Íslands 2142:on 11 January 2014 1667:Veðurstofa Íslands 1194:"Eyjafjallajökull" 1069:performance artist 1034:In popular culture 996:Fluoride poisoning 981:dirty thunderstorm 977:volcanic lightning 973:weather phenomenon 969: 852: 776: 739: 731: 623: 418: 282:Eyjafjallajökull ( 280: 3536: 3535: 3289:(16 April 2015). 3287:Abramovic, Marina 3005:on 20 April 2010. 2914:Euro Surveillance 2654:on 24 April 2010. 2537:. 20 April 2010. 2062:Veðurstofa Ísland 1924:on 24 March 2010. 1892:Skegness Standard 1316:on 14 August 2010 1281:Erica R. Hendry " 933:visual navigation 825:(estimated to be 814:grazing livestock 803:Impact on farming 340:effusive eruption 336:basaltic andesite 187: 186: 16:(Redirected from 3636: 3574:Eyjafjallajökull 3549:2010 in aviation 3526: 3525: 3464:Eyjafjallajökull 3443: 3436: 3429: 3420: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3183:on 1 August 2019 3179:. Archived from 3172: 3166: 3165:, 16 April 2010. 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3128: 3122: 3109: 3103: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2977:. Archived from 2966: 2960: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2911: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2888: 2878: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2822: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2772:on 30 March 2010 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2746:on 30 March 2010 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2720:. Earthice.hi.is 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2698:on 30 March 2010 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2650:. Archived from 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2590: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2431:. Archived from 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2195:Vísir fréttvefur 2187: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2171:on 30 March 2010 2161: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2032:"Rýmingu aflétt" 2027: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2011:on 31 March 2010 2007:. 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En.vedur.is. 1428: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1411: 1402: 1401: 1394: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1345: 1343: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1290:Wayback Machine 1280: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1234: 1232: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1192: 1191: 1182: 1177: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1095: 1088: 1085: 1036: 1027: 1000:Icelandic sheep 957: 941:turbine engines 929: 923: 914: 875: 844: 822: 805: 766:Ash covers the 757: 719: 688:steam explosion 615: 600:On 22 March, a 598: 544: 536: 529: 523: 520: 512: 475: 456: 407: 325:Ólafur Grímsson 293: 292: 291: 283: 268: 262: 183: 142: 140: 136: 133: 128: 125: 123: 121: 120: 119: 113:Southern Region 104:eruption phases 83: 81: 68: 66: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3642: 3640: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3541: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3387:(Flickr Group) 3380: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3366: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3315:External links 3313: 3310: 3309: 3278: 3264: 3250: 3220: 3194: 3167: 3156:Sara Phillips 3149: 3123: 3104: 3098:Thorarinsson, 3091: 3064: 3034: 3008: 2986: 2983:on 1 May 2022. 2961: 2948:C. M. Riley, " 2938: 2897: 2861:(6): e001851. 2841: 2805:(2): e000343. 2783: 2757: 2731: 2709: 2683: 2657: 2648:eldgos.mila.is 2635: 2602: 2574: 2552: 2535:Iceland Review 2522: 2472: 2446: 2411: 2386: 2360: 2334: 2303: 2282:"GPS mælingar" 2272: 2260: 2233: 2207: 2182: 2153: 2127: 2105: 2079: 2048: 2022: 1991: 1965: 1939: 1927: 1905: 1879: 1853: 1837: 1812: 1786: 1764: 1737: 1712: 1701:on 26 May 2010 1680: 1654: 1628: 1596: 1570: 1555:. 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