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217:." A Washington state geologist stated the slide was one of the largest landslides he had personally seen. The mud, soil and rock debris left from the mudslide covered an area 1,500 ft (460 m) long, 4,400 ft (1,300 m) wide and deposited debris 30 to 70 ft (9.1 to 21.3 m) deep. A national geologist stated the flow of the landslide was extreme because of the extraordinary run-out of mud and debris. While the landslide was well documented, a research team from the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) announced in April 2014 that it would investigate the factors contributing to the slide.
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551:"fines" to cement it together, it is structurally weak, leaving the area around it vulnerable. Such an area is also sensitive to water accumulation, increasing the internal "pore" pressure and subsequently contributing to ground failure. Water infiltrating from the surface will flow through the surface, save for contact with the less permeable clay, allowing the water to accumulate and form a zone of stability weakness.
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271:. On April 2, 2014, with the river flowing in a new channel at the north end of the debris dam, the service lifted the flash flood watch. Flooding due to the partially obstructed river continued to occur upstream of the debris dam. As a result, the NWS continued to issue flood warnings for the Stillaguamish one month after the March 2014 slide.
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day of the slide and stopped in the late afternoon. However, they were not detected at the next nearest seismic station. They are also seen in the days before and after the slide, but only during daylight hours. They are believed to be related to some kind of human activity. No other indications of possible precursors have been found.
495:(PNSN). The initial collapse began at 10:37:22 a.m. local time (PDT; 17:37:22 UTC), lasting approximately 2.5 minutes. Debris loosened by initial collapse is believed to contain material previously disturbed and weakened by the 2006 slide. Following the initial event was another large slide occurring at 10:41:53 PDT.
295:. The declaration was requested on April 1 by Governor Inslee, who stated that approximately 30 families needed help with housing and other needs. Inslee said that financial loss estimates had reached $ 10 million. Snohomish County Emergency Management Director John Pennington advised residents to register with
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Additional events, most likely smaller landslides breaking off the head scarp, continued for several hours. The last notable signal came at 14:10:15. Examination of records from the nearest seismic station 7 mi (11 km) to the southwest indicate small seismic events started around 8 a.m. the
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Shaded-relief geomorphologic map of Oso
Landslide of 2014 and adjacent areas. Oso is two miles west of this map, Hazel, one mile east. Colored areas are older landslides, "D" being the oldest. Upper "A" is the March 2014 landslide, lower "A", Skaglund Hill. Topography shown is from 2006; red line is
212:
The Hazel
Landslide has a history of instability dating to 1937. Prior to the March 2014 mudslide, the Oso area had heavy rainfall during the previous 45 days, up to 200 percent of normal. The slide, described by witnesses as a "fast-moving wall of mud", contained trees and other debris; it cut
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The Hazel landslide has been active for over half a century. Thorsen (1996) noted a tight river bend impinging on the north bank with active landslides visible in 1937 aerial photographs. The next 60 years involves two periods of relatively low landslide activity, and two periods of relatively high
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Such variations in pore pressure and water flux are one of the primary factors leading to slope failure. In case of the area of the
Stillaguamish River where the March 2014 slide occurred, erosion at the base of the slope from the river flow further contributes to slope instability. Such conditions
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tree down after it was determined its roots had sustained enough damage that it could no longer be considered stable and not a hazard to both the
Whitehorse Trail parallel to the highway as well as the highway itself. Following the slide, a memorial sign carved out of cedar and reading, "Oso. 10:45
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In the days following the slide, Snohomish County
Emergency Management Director John Pennington speculated a 1.1 magnitude earthquake on March 10 may have triggered the landslide. Data collected by the PNSN shows a magnitude 1.1 earthquake on that date in the vicinity of the Oso landslide (about 2
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Two years after the mudslide, about 11,000 tons of wreckage had been removed from the slide area. Thirty-four parcels of land had been purchased by
Snohomish County from owners of property too dangerous for residences. Properties in the area bordering State Route 530 and across from the slide area
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further reported that in 2004, county officials became concerned about the possibility of a dangerous landslide in the
Steelhead Haven area, and considered buying out the homes of that area's residents. The idea was rejected with the county building a new wall in an attempt to stabilize the slope.
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Alongside State Route 530, the entrance to what was
Steelhead Drive is closed by a gate that was decorated by impromptu memorials. Alongside, three rows of 43 cedar trees were planted, one for each of the victims. At the time of the planting, each tree was decorated with mementos specific to each
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that the application was rejected and "The one that was approved in the end eliminated the part of the harvest that would have been inside the groundwater recharge area." Everett further stated the resulting 7-acre (2.8 ha) clearcut operation reached to the edge of the groundwater danger zone. An
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reported that a 2010 study, commissioned by the county, warned the hillside above
Steelhead Drive was one of the most dangerous in the county. According to Rob Flaner, one of the authors of the 2010 report, "For someone to say that this plan did not warn that this was a risk is a falsity." In the
176:
2009 view to the southwest overlooking the slide site (on the left) and the
Steelhead Haven plat across the Stillaguamish River. The unstable area is the area of lighter green trees to the right and beneath the river section that is visible. The mudslide flowed towards the upper left, across the
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Following the glacier's retreat and allowing for the lake to be released, the river carved out most of the clay and silt deposits, leaving the former delta "hanging" approximately 650 ft (200 m) above the current valley floor When the sand portion of a deposit has very little clay or
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south of Darrington. The highway was cleared enough by May 31 to open one lane of escorted traffic. Because the highway was badly damaged, and because the topography of the area had been altered by the landslide, WSDOT decided to elevate that section of the highway when it was rebuilt. The new
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On the day of the slide, eight people were rescued and taken to regional hospitals. While the official search for victims ended in April 2014, workers and volunteers continued to screen debris and look for one victim still unaccounted for. On July 22, 2014 the Snohomish County Sheriff's Office
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have created an extensive series of landslide complexes on both sides of the Stillaguamish valley. Additional benches on the margin of Whitman Bench are due to deep-seated slumping of large blocks, which also creates planes of weakness for future slippage and channels for water infiltration.
164:, engulfing a rural neighborhood, and covering an area of approximately 1 square mile (2.6 km). Forty-three people were killed and 49 homes and other structures destroyed. The landslide has been described as one of, if not the most, deadly landslide in American history.
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published an article about previous slides at the same location, as well as the likelihood of future slides. The article contained comments from geologists, engineers, and local residents, and stated that the area was known among locals as "Slide Hill". On the next day,
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installed in 1962 to protect the toe of the slide area from erosion from the river was overrun by a slide two years later. An effort in 2006 to move the river 430 feet (130 m) south of the erosion area failed when another landslide moved the river a total of
475:, a permanent memorial commemorating the victims. The tribute is set to be built at the location of the slide and fundraising efforts are underway with wood from the formerly standing memorial tree to be repurposed and used for the permanent display.
372:'Unforeseen' risk of slide? Warnings go back decades". Snohomish County Public Works Director Steve Thomsen was quoted as saying, "A slide of this magnitude is very difficult to predict. There was no indication, no indication at all."
356:
On March 24, two days after the slide, John Pennington, Director of Snohomish County's Department of Emergency Management, stated at a news conference, "This was a completely unforeseen slide. This came out of nowhere." The same day
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The March 2014 landslide engulfed 49 homes and other structures in an unincorporated neighborhood known as "Steelhead Haven" on the south side of the North Fork of the Stillaguamish River, approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) east of
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Tracy Drury, " didn't even stop pounding nails." As to any kind of buy-out program, Drury further stated, "I think we did the best we could under the constraints that nobody wanted to sell their property and move elsewhere."
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for a flyover of the slide and debris field. After viewing the site, the president met privately with survivors, families of the victims, and some of the scene's first responders and rescuers at the Oso fire hall.
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In October 2016, survivors and the victims' families reached settlements with the State of Washington and a timber company, Grandy Lake Forest Associates, for $ 50 million and $ 10 million respectively.
471:
a.m. 3/22/14", was placed on the spruce and remained until the tree was removed. The Snohomish County Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism announced on March 22, 2018, that plans had begun for the
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investigation is being conducted to determine whether Grandy Lake crossed into the restricted area that could theoretically feed groundwater into the landslide zone, affecting it for 16 to 27 years.
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1967 January: slump of a large block and accompanying mud flows push the river channel about 700 ft (210 m) south. This protects the toe from erosion, activity is minor for about two decades.
201:") with the most recent activity in the area of Oso is known as the Hazel Landslide; the most recent landslide event was referred to in the media as "The Oso Mudslide". Excluding landslides caused by
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1147:
536:, Canada filling the Puget Lowland, various mountain valleys were dammed and lakes were formed. Sediment washed down from the higher mountains settled in the lake bottoms, forming a layer of clay.
780:
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543:, water flowing around the edge of the ice from the north was forced around the mountain, eventually pouring in through the long valley extending to the northwest and now occupied by
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In the days following the slide, scientists questioned whether logging in the area could have been a factor contributing to the hillside collapse. Grandy Lake Forest Associates of
528:, a land terrace about 800 ft (240 m) above the valley floor and consisting of gravel and sand deposited during the most recent glaciation. When the Puget Lobe of the
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3149:
503:±0.8 km to the northeast), at a depth of 3.9 ±1.9 km. Regardless, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) determined the slide was not caused by seismic activity.
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and other surrounding counties were dispatched to assist with emergency medical and search-and-rescue efforts, including the Navy's search and rescue unit stationed at nearby
160:, United States, on March 22, 2014, at 10:37 a.m. local time. A portion of an unstable hill collapsed, sending mud and debris to the south across the North Fork of the
516:
approximate location of the current head scarp. Red cross-hatching is the runout area, now buried in mud and debris. Terrace on the upper-left is Whitman Bench. Image from
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through homes directly beneath the hill on the south side of the Stillaguamish River. A firefighter at the scene stated, "When the slide hit the river, it was like a
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In September 2017, one of the few trees in the path of the slide that remained standing near Highway 530 and was seen by locals as a memorial was cut down as a
275:
2157:
2093:; Reid, M.E.; Collins, B.D.; Vallance, J.W.; Schilling, S.P.; Godt, J.W.; Cannon, C.M.; McGirl, C.S.; Baum, R.L.; Coe, J.A.; Schulz, W.H.; Bower, J.B. (2015).
79:
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1952: movement of large, intact blocks, leaving head scarps 70 ft (21 m) high. Later photographs show persistent activity through the next decade.
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proposed a 15-acre (6 ha) clearcut at the upper edge of the Oso landslide zone in 2004. Washington state forester Aaron Everett stated in an interview with
958:
1390:
1117:
2977:
1906:
Benda, L.; Thorsen, G.; Bemath, S. (1988). "Report of the ID Team Investigation of the Hazel Landslide on the North Fork of the Stillaguamish River".
713:
2068:
1006:
547:. Sand and gravel carried by the flow and entering the glacial lake dropped out to form a delta, the remnant of which is now known as Whitman Bench.
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751:
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1964:
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1597:
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2021:
Keaton, Jeffrey R.; Wartman, Joseph; Anderson, Scott; Benoît, Jean; deLaChapelle, John; Gilbert, Robert; Montgomery, David R. (July 22, 2014),
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2608:
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1169:
National Weather Service Watches, Warnings & Advisories; Flood Statement National Weather Service, Seattle, WA 327 PM PDT Sat Apr 19 2014
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1424:
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1989:"The Darrington—Devils Mountain Fault – A probably active reverse-oblique-slip fault zone in Skagit and Island Counties, Washington"
492:
2808:
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1520:
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The slide blocked the North Fork of the Stillaguamish River, causing it to back up eastward. Because of concerns that the mud and
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1944:
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Ground vibrations generated by the Oso landslide were recorded at several regional stations and subsequently analyzed by the
3133:
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307:(D-WA) mentioned the landslide, saying the bill would "provide a glimmer of hope for the long-term recovery of this area."
1931:
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879:
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1988:
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1988 November: erosion of the toe leads to another slide, and the river is again moved south, but not as far as in 1967.
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72:
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278:(WSDOT), with an alternative local route opened the following week after snow was cleared from the unpaved portion of
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Some disaster experts criticized this decision as a serious mistake. According to environmental engineer and applied
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2002:
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641:
429:
375:
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264:
28:
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2001:
Dragovich, Joe D.; Stanton, Benjamin W.; Lingley Jr., William S.; Griesel, Gerry A.; Polenz, Michael (2003),
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3160:
Professor Cliff Mass, Cliff Mass Weather Blog: The Meteorological Background for the Stillaguamish Landslide
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2529:
1885:
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2508:
1498:"Families reach $ 10 million settlement with Grandy Lake Forest Associates over deadly 2014 landslide"
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roadway was opened September 22, ahead of schedule of the projected completion date of early October 2014.
1014:
472:
191:
3190:
2885:"Is There a Connection Between the Mudslide and Our State's Historical Mishmash of Logging Regulations?"
2258:"Deciphering large landslides: linking hydrological, groundwater and slope stability models through GIS"
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2003:"Geologic Map of the Mount Higgins 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Skagit and Snohomish Counties, Washington"
679:
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days following the slide, criticism of Snohomish County officials received national attention in a
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237:. Over 600 personnel, including more than 160 volunteers, worked on landslide recovery operations.
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toured the area by air the following day before joining county officials at a news conference.
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2035:"Preliminary interpretation of pre-2014 landslide deposits in the vicinity of Oso, Washington"
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359:
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2978:"Fresh landslide tailings depicted in 2006 aerial photograph, with topology map comparisons"
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Repairs to the slide area extend back several decades prior to the March 2014 slide. A rock
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confirmed 43 fatalities after remains of the final victim had been located and identified.
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183:
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65:
1740:" mark exposures of the underlying clay and silt with "Qls" marking landslide complexes.
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On April 22, President Obama visited the west side of the slide area. After arriving in
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2006 January 25: large slide blocks the river, new channel is cut to alleviate flooding.
544:
327:
2957:
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2090:
1861:
331:
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3037:
1265:, KING 5 News and Associated Press via KVUE, April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
1231:
1205:
1180:
483:
186:. It also dammed the river, causing extensive flooding upstream as well as blocking
2855:"Bedrock Mapping and Seismic Hazard Assessment at Gold Basin Landslide, Washington"
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636:
467:
304:
292:
209:, the Oso slide is the deadliest single landslide event in United States history.
2914:, Miscellaneous Investigations map I-2592, 2 sheets and pamphlet, scale 1:100,000
626:
315:
206:
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2094:
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UPI Science News; "Logging may have contributed to deadly Washington landslide"
603:
323:
260:
249:
94:
81:
785:
408:
241:
153:
1425:"Oso: Clearcut Extended Into No-Logging Zone | Northwest Public Radio"
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2285:
10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199805)12:6<923::aid-hyp663>3.0.co;2-3
1255:
2908:"Geologic Map of the Sauk River 30- by 60- minute quadrangle, Washington"
2293:
1923:
326:. There, he was joined by Governor Inslee and Senators Patty Murray and
2867:
2050:
240:
Late in the evening of March 22, 2014, Washington's Lieutenant Governor
2772:. Water Resources Monograph. Vol. 18. American Geophysical Union.
2095:"Landslide mobility and hazards: implications of the 2014 Oso disaster"
833:
781:"Remembering the Oso landslide, deadliest in US history, 8 years later"
631:
433:
214:
202:
2854:
3170:
Department of Natural Resources, Q&A About Landslides and Geology
3150:
Snohomish County Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update (presentation)
1724:
The areas predominantly containing gravel and sand are shown as "Qgog
1598:"Plans underway for Oso memorial 4 years after devastating landslide"
3129:
USGS simulation shows how quickly the Washington landslide liquefied
2907:
1367:
291:
On April 3, the mudslide was declared a major disaster by President
2184:"Concern Over Landslide-Logging Connection Near Oso Is Decades Old"
2300:"Rescuers Search 'Quicksand' for Survivors of Washington Mudslide"
510:
482:
374:
347:
171:
2609:"Scientists say there's little chance tiny quake triggered slide"
1413:
Concern Over Landslide-Logging Connection Near Oso Is Decades Old
959:
Fresh landslide tailings depicted in aerial photograph dated 2006
3155:
Aerial History and LiDAR of the Stilliguamish Blocking Landslide
2488:
Gonzalez, Angel; Garnick, Coral; Broom, Jack (March 23, 2014a).
1965:"Authorities knew of mudslide danger, but didn't tell residents"
945:
Tina Patel, "The mud and debris are 70 feet deep in some places"
2686:"Crews start work on berms to ease search for mudslide victims"
2468:
Gonzalez, Angel; Garnick, Coral; Broom, Jack (March 22, 2014).
274:
State Route 530 was indefinitely closed after the slide by the
2906:
Tabor, R. W.; Booth, D. B.; Vance, J. A.; Ford, A. B. (2002),
2555:"14 dead; 176 reports of people missing in mile-wide mudslide"
1035:
2587:
Baker, Mike; Armstrong, Ken; Bernton, Hal (March 25, 2014b).
2574:
Armstrong, Ken; Carter, Mike; Baker, Mike (March 25, 2014a).
2024:
The 22 March 2014 Oso Landslide, Snohomish County, Washington
964:
961:, with topology map comparisons (1901–1977), NETROnline.com.
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Known activity at this specific site includes the following:
539:
As the glacial ice pressed higher against the western end of
177:
river. All of the houses visible in the image were destroyed.
2930:"Everything you need to know about the Washington landslide"
2807:
Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office (April 1, 2014).
2789:
Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office (April 9, 2014).
1886:"Lands commissioner tours landslide areas in Whatcom County"
1521:"Massive tree that withstood deadly Oso mudslide comes down"
1064:
Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office (April 1, 2014).
1039:
854:
678:
Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office (July 23, 2014).
583:
1951: mudflow from a side channel briefly blocked the river.
2365:"Landslide kills three, injures others in Washington state"
2227:
Hazel/Gold Basin Landslides: Geomorphic Review Draft Report
1840:
1355:
1093:"Landslide kills three, injures others in Washington state"
662:
3110:(includes most recent lists of victims and missing people)
2707:"Expert baffled by ferocity, distance of 'freakish' slide"
2622:"Logging OK'd in 2004 may have exceeded approved boundary"
1658:
1476:"2 years since Oso slide, a quiet renewal amid the sorrow"
1452:"Logging OK'd in 2004 may have exceeded approved boundary"
1378:
1328:
1316:
970:
916:
900:
817:
197:
The natural rock and mineral formation (referred to as a "
2958:"Whidbey Island agencies assist in Oso mudslide response"
2791:"Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office Media Update"
1945:"Washington mudslide: logging eyed as contributing cause"
1867:
Seismic signals generated by the March 22nd Oso Landslide
1343:
1300:
1051:
866:
680:"Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office Media Update"
2490:"3 die in mudslide east of Arlington, 6 homes destroyed"
2470:"3 die in mudslide east of Arlington, 6 homes destroyed"
1920:"Washington state mudslide preceded by small earthquake"
1818:
Geologist Daniel J. Miller Ph.D. curriculum vitae online
806:
752:"Friday marks 10 years since 43 killed in Oso landslide"
699:
658:
656:
3119:(photos and brief bios of the people killed or missing)
2298:
Fieldstadt, Elisha; Smith, Alexander (March 24, 2014).
194:(population 1,347), 16 miles (26 km) east of Oso.
2727:"County's own 2010 report called slide area dangerous"
2646:
Turnbull, Lornet; Sullivan, Jennifer (April 2, 2014).
2635:"County's own 2010 report called slide area dangerous"
2576:"'Unforeseen' risk of slide? Warnings go back decades"
2203:"Death Toll From Washington Landslide Climbs to Eight"
2137:"Death toll rises to 14 in Snohomish County landslide"
2069:"Mudslide witness: 'Everything was gone in 3 seconds'"
978:"Death toll rises to 14 in Snohomish County landslide"
3174:
2329:"No Easy Way to Restrict Construction in Risky Areas"
33:
Oso Mudslide on March 29, 2014, view to the northeast
2740:"Guest: Map the runout risk for landslides like Oso"
1662:
1401:
1047:
862:
2830:Snohomish County Sheriff's Office (April 9, 2014).
2648:"Day 12: 'We are trying to be as honest as we can'"
2633:Brunner, Jim; Berens, Michael J. (March 27, 2014).
2243:
Environmental Factors Affecting the Hazel Landslide
2012:, Open-File Report 2003-12, 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000
1870:, Seismo Blog: Updates and dispatches from the PNSN
1712:
524:The landslide occurred at the southeastern edge of
142:
134:
126:
118:
110:
71:
61:
53:
38:
2753:"Obama to Oso: 'Whole country thinking about you'"
2725:Brunner, Jim; Berens, Michael J. (April 9, 2014).
2528:Bartley, Nancy; Armstrong, Ken (March 24, 2014a).
2160:. Seattle, Washington: KING 5 News. Archived from
2010:Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources
1995:, Open-File Report 2007-2, 1 sheet, scale 1:31,104
1993:Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources
980:. KING 5 News and Associated Press. Archived from
712:Snohomish County Sheriff's Office (May 28, 2014).
3058:"Obama declares major disaster for Oso landslide"
1572:"Oso tree cut down, but not community's strength"
1277:"Senate approves small bill to help Oso recovery"
1256:"Obama declares major disaster for Oso landslide"
1124:. Associated Press. July 22, 2014. Archived from
572:activity, the last of which extends to this day .
3064:. KVUE Television. April 3, 2014. Archived from
3017:Washington State Department of Natural Resources
2861:, Open-File Report, Open-File Report 2018-1132,
2509:"8 confirmed dead in mudslide; 18 still missing"
2044:, Open-File Report, Open-File Report 2014-1065,
1745:
1686:USGS states slide not caused by seismic activity
1675:M1.1 – 18km WNW of Darrington, Washington (BETA)
1642:
1640:
580:1937: aerial photographs show active landslides.
16:Landslide east of Oso, Washington, United States
3125:(interactive aerial view of victims' addresses)
2984:. Nationwide Environmental Title Research, LLC.
2770:Landslides: processes, prediction, and land use
2139:. KING 5 News. Associated Press. Archived from
673:
671:
248:in Snohomish County. Washington state Governor
2589:"State allowed logging on plateau above slope"
1700:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1206:"Highway 530 reopens 6 months after Oso slide"
517:
301:Green Mountain Lookout Heritage Protection Act
263:could fail and cause downstream flooding, the
3042:Washington State Department of Transportation
2384:"Oso: Clearcut Extended Into No-Logging Zone"
1987:Dragovich, Joe D.; Stanton, Benjamin (2007),
1565:
1563:
1450:Mike Baker and Justin Mayo (March 26, 2014).
1339:
1337:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1236:Washington State Department of Transportation
1185:Washington State Department of Transportation
276:Washington State Department of Transportation
114:Suspected soil saturation from heavy rainfall
8:
2620:Baker, Mike; Mayo, Justin (March 26, 2014).
2448:Bernton, Hal; Mayo, Justin (July 14, 2008).
2428:Bernton, Hal; Mayo, Justin (July 13, 2008).
2027:, Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance
563:According to a 1999 report submitted to the
21:
3224:2014 natural disasters in the United States
3145:Tetra Tech Report, 2010, Ch. 14: Landslides
3136:(interactive aerial view of landslide area)
3108:Snohomish County Official 530 Slide Updates
1617:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1545:Bhoolsuwan, Patranya (September 16, 2017).
1043:
932:
858:
2543:"River likely undercut slope, experts say"
2430:"Logging and landslides: What went wrong?"
1793:
1547:"Tree that withstood Oso slide comes down"
1007:"Team Seeks to Learn From Fatal Landslide"
920:
904:
20:
2866:
2530:"Site has long history of slide problems"
2118:
2049:
1741:
299:. Four days later, during passage of the
3140:Thorsen, 1967: Landslide of January 1967
3009:Forest Practices Board (November 2004),
2768:Sidle, Roy C.; Ochiai, Hirotaka (2006).
2417:"Slide diverts river; Oso homes at risk"
2386:. Northwest Public Radio. Archived from
1646:
1631:
1368:Christian Science Monitor, April 5, 2014
1118:"Last body found in Washington mudslide"
3239:Natural disasters in Washington (state)
3229:History of Snohomish County, Washington
3181:
2832:"SR 530 Slide Area Missing Person List"
2450:"Slides putting our highways in danger"
830:"A brief history of Darrington and Oso"
714:"SR 530 Slide Area Missing Person List"
652:
156:occurred 4 miles (6.4 km) east of
3083:Christopher C. Burt (March 25, 2014).
2256:Miller, Daniel J.; Sias, Joan (1998).
1943:Knickerbocker, Brad (March 28, 2014).
1828:
1805:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1696:
1610:
466:. County officials decided to cut the
368:followed up with a full page article,
3134:Washington mudslide: before and after
2415:Alexander, Brian (January 27, 2006).
2363:Kaminsky, Jonathan (March 23, 2014).
2158:"What caused the landslide near Oso?"
1963:Knickerbocker, Brad (April 5, 2014).
1596:News Staff, KIRO 7 (March 22, 2018).
1091:Kaminsky, Jonathan (March 23, 2014).
565:United States Army Corps of Engineers
479:Ground activity surrounding the slide
7:
2738:Montgomery, David (April 14, 2014).
2201:Leberfinger, Mark (March 24, 2014).
567:by geologist Daniel J. Miller, PhD:
322:, he met with officials and boarded
3165:Dr. Dave Petley, The Landslide Blog
2809:"Sunday night 530 landslide update"
2607:Doughton, Sandi (March 25, 2014c).
2099:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1066:"Sunday night 530 landslide update"
3085:"Worst Landslides in U.S. History"
2541:Doughton, Sandi (March 24, 2014).
2327:Schwartz, John (March 29, 2014a).
2224:Miller, Daniel J. (October 1999),
1519:King, Rikki (September 17, 2017).
1036:Whidbey News-Times, March 26, 2014
880:"Worst Landslides in U.S. History"
779:Bernhard, Jimmy (March 22, 2022).
14:
2883:Kiley, Brendan (March 27, 2014).
2705:Doughton, Sandy (April 8, 2014).
2346:Egan, Timothy (March 29, 2014b).
2205:. AccuWeather.com. Archived from
2067:Winters, Chris (March 22, 2014).
965:KING5 News Online, March 23, 2014
493:Pacific Northwest Seismic Network
3196:
3184:
2240:Miller, Dan; Sias, Joan (1997),
1884:Stark, John (January 23, 2009).
1570:Tan, LiLi (September 17, 2017).
1474:Lacitis, Erik (March 21, 2016).
1040:Herald (Everett), March 22, 2014
1005:Wilcox, Kevin (April 22, 2014).
855:Herald (Everett), March 22, 2014
606:
235:Naval Air Station Whidbey Island
190:, the main route to the town of
27:
3234:Landslides in the United States
2970:Broken or incomplete references
2928:Berman, Mark (March 24, 2014).
2751:Carter, Mike (April 22, 2014).
1918:Lanela, Mike (March 25, 2014).
1908:Unpublished. DNR NW Region, FPA
1841:Seattle Times, January 27, 2006
1356:New York Times, March 29, 2014b
663:Washington Post, March 24, 2014
2956:Reid, Janis (March 26, 2014).
2156:Arab, Zahid (March 23, 2014).
1659:Seattle Times, March 25, 2014c
1379:Seattle Times, March 25, 2014a
1329:Seattle Times, March 24, 2014a
1317:Seattle Times, March 25, 2014a
971:Seattle Times, March 23, 2014b
917:Seattle Times, March 24, 2014a
901:Seattle Times, March 24, 2014a
818:Seattle Times, March 24, 2014c
344:"Completely unforeseen" remark
1:
3117:: Victims of the Oso mudslide
2382:Ryan, John (March 28, 2014).
2182:Ryan, John (March 26, 2014).
2089:Iverson, R.M.; George, D.L.;
1969:The Christian Science Monitor
1949:The Christian Science Monitor
1932:The Christian Science Monitor
1344:Seattle Times, March 27, 2014
1301:Seattle Times, April 22, 2014
1275:Cox, Ramsey (April 3, 2014).
1052:Seattle Times, March 22, 2014
867:Seattle Times, March 22, 2014
1845:Steelhead Landslide pictures
1746:Dragovich & Stanton 2007
1500:. CBS News. October 10, 2016
807:Seattle Times, April 3, 2014
700:Seattle Times, April 7, 2014
622:2006 Southern Leyte mudslide
2186:. Seattle, Washington: KUOW
2033:Haugerud, Ralph A. (2014),
3260:
3219:2014 in Washington (state)
2994:. National Weather Service
2853:Staisch, Lydia M. (2018),
2120:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.020
1427:. Nwpr.org. Archived from
1150:. National Weather Service
379:Aerial view of slide ridge
559:History of slide activity
487:Aerial view of the damage
26:
1715:(Sauk River Quadrangle).
1663:CBC News, March 25, 2014
1402:Stranger, March 27, 2014
1048:NBC News, March 24, 2014
863:NBC News, March 24, 2014
430:Mount Vernon, Washington
265:National Weather Service
146:$ 60 million (2014 USD)
42:March 22, 2014
2111:2015E&PSL.412..197I
3012:Forest Practices Rules
2912:U.S. Geological Survey
2859:U.S. Geological Survey
2667:"Oso mudslide victims"
2348:"A Mudslide, Foretold"
2265:Hydrological Processes
2128:KING 5 News (Seattle):
2042:U.S. Geological Survey
1794:Miller & Sias 1997
1261:April 7, 2014, at the
921:Miller & Sias 1998
905:Miller & Sias 1998
574:
521:
488:
473:Oso Landslide Memorial
380:
353:
352:Top view of slide area
178:
95:48.28256°N 121.84800°W
2891:. Seattle, Washington
1890:The Bellingham Herald
1879:The Bellingham Herald
1732:", respectively. "Qgl
882:. Weather Underground
739:Storm Events Database
569:
530:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
514:
486:
378:
351:
280:Mountain Loop Highway
221:Casualties and damage
175:
3123:Oso mudslide victims
2976:NETR Online (2006).
1212:. September 23, 2014
614:United States portal
130:12 total (4 serious)
100:48.28256; -121.84800
2992:"Flash Flood Watch"
2934:The Washington Post
2923:The Washington Post
2868:10.3133/ofr20181132
2277:1998HyPr...12..923M
2051:10.3133/ofr20141065
1232:"Rebuilding SR 530"
1148:"Flash Flood Watch"
757:KIRO 7 News Seattle
383:On March 27, 2014,
162:Stillaguamish River
91: /
23:
3244:Landslides in 2014
3038:"SR 530 Landslide"
2962:Whidbey News-Times
2951:Whidbey News-Times
2641:. pp. A1, A7.
2582:. pp. A1, A5.
2352:The New York Times
2333:The New York Times
2316:The New York Times
1864:(March 26, 2014),
1701:USGS OFR 2014-1065
1181:"SR 530 Landslide"
522:
518:USGS OFR 2014-1065
507:Geological context
489:
446:remained salable.
381:
354:
246:state of emergency
203:volcanic eruptions
199:geological feature
179:
127:Non-fatal injuries
22:2014 Oso landslide
3115:The Seattle Times
2971:
2838:on April 10, 2014
2779:978-0-87590-322-4
2757:The Seattle Times
2744:The Seattle Times
2731:The Seattle Times
2711:The Seattle Times
2690:The Seattle Times
2671:The Seattle Times
2652:The Seattle Times
2639:The Seattle Times
2626:The Seattle Times
2613:The Seattle Times
2593:The Seattle Times
2580:The Seattle Times
2561:. March 24, 2014c
2559:The Seattle Times
2547:The Seattle Times
2534:The Seattle Times
2515:. March 23, 2014b
2513:The Seattle Times
2494:The Seattle Times
2474:The Seattle Times
2454:The Seattle Times
2434:The Seattle Times
2421:The Seattle Times
2404:The Seattle Times
2390:on March 31, 2014
2209:on March 23, 2014
2164:on March 26, 2014
2143:on March 25, 2014
1713:Tabor et al. 2002
1456:The Seattle Times
1431:on March 31, 2014
1128:on August 8, 2014
1017:on April 28, 2014
1011:Civil Engineering
984:on March 25, 2014
642:Rotational slides
532:moved south from
396:The Seattle Times
385:The Seattle Times
360:The Seattle Times
269:flash flood watch
205:, earthquakes or
150:
149:
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3068:on April 7, 2014
3053:
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3044:. March 25, 2014
3031:
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3023:on June 13, 2015
3019:, archived from
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2982:Historic Aerials
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2834:. Archived from
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2815:on April 7, 2014
2811:. Archived from
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1072:on April 7, 2014
1068:. Archived from
1061:
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1044:Leberfinger 2014
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1022:
1013:. Archived from
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933:Leberfinger 2014
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836:. March 26, 2014
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760:. March 20, 2024
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720:on July 14, 2014
716:. Archived from
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534:British Columbia
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330:as well as Rep.
231:Snohomish County
227:first responders
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2692:. April 7, 2014
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2673:, April 3, 2014
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184:Oso, Washington
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1843:. See also
1829:Miller 1999
1806:Miller 1999
1782:Miller 1999
1770:Miller 1999
1758:Miller 1999
1728:" and "Qgos
1697:Miller 1999
1504:October 10,
834:KING 5 News
627:Debris flow
464:danger tree
394:editorial.
339:Controversy
316:Paine Field
287:Federal aid
244:declared a
98: /
86:121°50′53″W
73:Coordinates
3213:Categories
2407:(by date):
2302:. NBC News
1916:CBC News:
1854:References
1736:" and "Qgl
324:Marine One
303:, Senator
261:debris dam
250:Jay Inslee
192:Darrington
83:48°16′57″N
57:10:36 a.m.
46:2014-03-22
3091:March 31,
3048:March 26,
3027:March 31,
2998:March 27,
2939:March 24,
2895:March 30,
2716:April 19,
2598:March 30,
2565:March 24,
2519:March 23,
2499:March 24,
2479:March 24,
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2371:March 23,
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1021:April 27,
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886:March 31,
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786:king5.com
764:March 23,
441:Aftermath
416:feet (220
409:revetment
366:The Times
242:Brad Owen
154:landslide
3072:April 3,
3062:kvue.com
2887:. SLOG.
2842:April 9,
2819:April 1,
2796:April 9,
2696:April 7,
2677:April 4,
2657:April 7,
2294:NBC News
1974:April 5,
1924:CBC News
1613:cite web
1603:June 28,
1581:June 28,
1552:June 28,
1530:June 28,
1286:April 8,
1281:The Hill
1259:Archived
1241:July 28,
1132:July 22,
1076:April 1,
685:July 27,
600:See also
459:person.
168:Overview
152:A major
62:Location
3177:Portals
2273:Bibcode
2107:Bibcode
1772:, p. 1.
1748:(DDMF).
1649:(PNSN).
1097:Reuters
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632:Mudflow
424:Logging
320:Everett
215:tsunami
135:Missing
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418:
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119:Deaths
2261:(PDF)
2247:(PDF)
2231:(PDF)
2038:(PDF)
2006:(PDF)
648:Notes
229:from
111:Cause
3093:2014
3074:2014
3050:2014
3029:2014
3000:2014
2941:2014
2897:2014
2844:2014
2821:2014
2798:2014
2774:ISBN
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1956:2014
1897:2014
1619:link
1605:2018
1583:2018
1554:2018
1532:2018
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1243:2014
1218:2014
1192:2014
1156:2014
1134:2014
1104:2014
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990:2014
888:2014
842:2019
794:2024
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434:KUOW
420:m).
297:FEMA
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39:Date
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