926:
1021:
1204:(estimated magnitude of ~8) is generally said to have been the deadliest earthquake disaster in history, with 830,000 deaths, based on Chinese historical records. However, a Chinese language source argues for only 530,000 deaths from the earthquake itself, with the larger number being the total reduction of population due to deaths from all causes (including exposure, disease, and famine) as well as people leaving the region due to economic collapse. Another Chinese source states (without citing any sources) that the 1556 earthquake killed only about 100,000 directly, with another 700,000 dying of disease. Depending on what basis is used, the Tangshan disaster can thus be considered as approximately one-third, one-half, or twice as deadly as the Shaanxi disaster.
1319:
1305:
2189:, pp. 47â48) quotes from a geocities.com webpage of "Dr. George" that is no longer available. Spignesi quotes Pararas-Carayannis as saying that, in the 1556 earthquake, "in some counties the average death toll was 60 percent of the total population", and that it was reasonable to expect a similar proportion of deaths at Tangshan since the magnitudes were similar (assuming that the intensity of ground-shaking was also similar), and "since construction standards for this rural area had not changed significantly" (
481:, about 70 km to the east-northeast ("B" on the intensity map in the next section), just south of the northeastern end of the Tangshan fault. This occurred in a zone of north-northwest striking conjugate faults that cut across the north end of the Tangshan fault. The left-lateral motion here, along with the right-lateral motion on the Tangshan fault, suggests that as the crustal blocks to the west and east are compressed together the block between these two earthquakes is being squeezed out to the south.
556:
808:
repair, was that involving bridges. Most difficult was where soft or liquefied soil allowed the bank to slide into the river, shifting the abutments. A more frequent problem was where an approach embankment subsided, typically leaving the rails suspended from the abutment. There were numerous cases where concrete piers and abutments were damaged due to inadequate design and construction; bridges that were strengthened following the
Haicheng earthquake survived with only slight damage.
825:
528:
535:
784:) Railway (built in 1976) is a single-track Class I trunk line that runs east from the eastern outskirts of Beijing to where it meets the Beijing to Shanhaiguan line northeast of Tangshan (near the epicenter of the M 7.1 quake). All of this was built "with no consideration for earthquake resistant design", although some "earthquake resistance measures" for large and medium bridges were applied following the
42:
1132:(about 400 km northeast of Tangshan) is regarded by seismologists as the only successful prediction of a major earthquake, although no mechanism has been proposed to explain this prediction, and no successful predictions have been achieved since. The surprisingly light death toll â initial reports were of "very few people killed", but later determined to be a modest 2,041âfor this magnitude
1107:
7.1 quake occurred ("B" on the 'shaking' map). The southern end of the
Tangshan fault (it bends slightly at Tangshan) is near Ninghe, which was also the site of a M 6.2 earthquake several hours after the main shock, and an M 6.9 quake ("C") the following November. The Tangshan fault is considered shallow, but corresponds with a deeper and younger fault with somewhat differing characteristics.
1092:, the eastâwest trending Yanshan mountain fault-fold belt (also known as the Yanshan seismic belt) marks the northern edge of the North China Craton (and of the alluvial plain). It is also the location of over half of the destructive earthquakes in Hebei province, as under the plain several fault zones (oriented parallel to the Central Orogenic Belt) terminate against the Yanshan mountains.
720:
extended about 75 km north and south of
Tangshan and 120 km east and west, from about 25 km short of Beijing to short of Qinhuangdao City (which had anomalously higher shaking), and from the Sea of Bohai in the south and southwest to just north of Zunhua. The northâsouth shortening of this zone is attributed to buttressing by the bedrock of the Yanshin mountains.
542:
407:. In minutes, 85 percent of the buildings in Tangshan collapsed or were rendered unusable, all services failed, and most of the highway and railway bridges collapsed or were seriously damaged. The official report claimed 242,769 deaths and 164,851 serious injuries in Tangshan, but when taking into account the missing, the injured who later died and the deaths in nearby
1155:
unofficial predictions of an imminent quake, none of those had a scientific basis. The warnings that were made and precautions taken happened largely at the local level, based on general middle-term predictions, enhanced public awareness due to an educational campaign, and a series of foreshocks. It is significant that at
Tangshan there were no perceptible foreshocks.
51:
512: strike-slip earthquake struck the northern part of the Tangshan Fault. It produced its own sequence of aftershocks that ended on 17 July 2020. The earthquake only caused minor damage to buildings in Tangshan. Its occurrence stirred a debate among scientists into whether the recent earthquakes are aftershocks of the 1976 event or are background seismicity.
1187:
geomagnetism, or isolated anomalous phenomena. They were often too broad (magnitude "of at least 4.0 in the area of
Beijing, Tianjin, Huailai, Tangshan, Bohai, and Zhangjiakou", "in a few years") to warrant large-scale societal and economic disruption. Such disruptions could be serious: a false alarm in October, 1976, issued by the
1088:. This craton (see figure) was formed approximately two billion years ago by the collision of two major crustal blocks that left a belt of uplifted mountains â the Central (China) Orogenic Belt (COB) â that crosses China approximately southwest to northeast, passing just west and north of Beijing. Just north of Zunhua another
1163:, there was a possible disagreement within the SSB on whether the next large earthquake would be in eastern China (e.g. the Beijing area) or western China, and that in May it had been concluded that no major earthquakes would occur in the BeijingâTangshan area. As it turned out, western China was hit by the magnitude 7.2
1159:
earthquake predictions and preparation that convened in
Tangshan on 14 July (two weeks before the earthquake) where Wang Chengmin is said to have warned there could be a magnitude 5+ earthquake in the TangshanâLuanxian area between 22 July and 5 August. However, in addition to the distractions of the
1141:
7.5 quake, attributed to the precautionary measures taken following a definite short-term prediction, was proclaimed as a demonstration of the superiority of China's socialist system, and incidentally a validation of the
Chinese methodologies. However, it was later determined that the most important
1048:
to the north have filled in the ancient Sea of Bohai, with
Tangshan near where the shore was about 4,000 years ago. To the south these sediments have formed a layer of weak soils as much as three kilometers thick. At Tangshan and northward these sediments are thinner where the underlying strata crops
909:
persons dead. Some 79,000 persons were seriously injured, and some 700,000 persons suffered various degrees of injuries." Though these figures have been widely cited, it does not appear there has ever been inquiry into how they were derived, of whether they were an initial estimate (made in the first
791:
These vital arteries (and other railways and branch lines) were seriously damaged by the earthquakes, mainly in the areas of intensity IX or greater shaking. (This includes a large area around
Tangshan quake, and areas around Ninghe and Luanxian following the M 6.9 and M 7.4 aftershocks.) At the time
735:
Most of the damage to the vertical shafts occurred within the first 50 meters, where they pass through the water-bearing alluvium. In many cases the concrete liner built to keep out the water cracked (particularly where not built properly), allowing a much greater inflow of water. Coupled with damage
697:
The area of intensity X shaking â where only new, one-story brick buildings were merely "damaged or slightly damaged", the rest being severely damaged or worse â was 36 km long and 15 km across. In this "high intensity" zone (intensity X and XI, within the red contour on the map) 20 highway
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The link between politics and earthquake prediction is well expressed by the following statement: 'This is eloquent proof that in socialist New China, under the leadership of
Chairman Mao and the Communist Party and by relying on the masses and professional seismological workers armed with Marxism â
1001:
in southwestern China just three weeks later. On the other hand, an ongoing mass education campaign before the quake showed that the government was aware and concerned, and the prompt and massive response following the quake demonstrated the government's competence to alleviate suffering and restore
973:
The remarkably low death toll of the Haicheng earthquake the previous year â initially said to be fewer than 300, much later estimated at a still very modest 2,041 â had been credited to measures taken in response to an accurate and timely prediction. This was touted as demonstrating the validity of
1259:
Although unprepared, compared to other earthquake disasters Tangshan did not experience significant common secondary disasters arising from fire, tsunami, landsliding, or flooding due to blocking of rivers or breaching of dikes. A dam holding back a large reservoir just above Tangshan was seriously
1191:
provincial government, is estimated to have disrupted the lives of 65% of the population of that province for half a year. It has also been estimated that "in the fall of 1976 about 400 million of the then total population of 930 million of China spent some nights in temporary earthquake shelters."
1145:
Tangshan was not so fortunate. Seventeen months later the 242,419 fatalities of the similarly sized Tangshan earthquake was therefore a considerable shock politically as well as seismically. While some of this greater mortality might be attributed to the exposure of a larger population, or the time
1106:
The Tangshan fault that ruptured 28 July runs right under the center of Tangshan City. One of three faults in the Changdong fault zone, it runs approximately east-northeast (ENE) about 36 km to where it terminates against the northâsouth trending fault where, just to the south, the secondary M
902:
The following January (1977) the Nationalists released a document they said had been presented at an emergency conference on relief work the previous August by the Hebei Provincial Committee of the party and the Hebei Revolutionary Committee. According to this document: "in such seriously stricken
815:
Over forty-two thousand people were mobilized to quickly effect emergency repair of the railways. The Tongxian-Tuozitou line was opened for traffic on 3 August, single track of the Beijing-Shanhaiguan line opened on 7 August, and both tracks on 10 August, albeit at restricted speeds over temporary
807:
Railway operations were further impaired by the loss of communications (including signalling) and water supply (for the steam locomotives), in both cases due mainly to collapse of buildings and loss of electrical power. However, the most serious damage, taking the most manpower and longest time to
3217:
Kolbe, Athena R.; Hutson, Royce A.; Shannon, Harry; Trzcinski, Eileen; Miles, Bart; Levitz, Naomi; Puccio, Marie; James, Leah; Roger Noel, Jean; Muggah, Robert (2010). "Mortality, crime and access to basic needs before and after the Haiti earthquake: a random survey of Port-au-Prince households".
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been predicted, even "famously unpredicted", and that it was not predictable due to a lack of precursory anomalous phenomena. Furthermore, an investigation 30 years later found that there was no official short-term prediction of an imminent earthquake at Haicheng, and that, though there were many
856:
News reports the next day located the quake "about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Peking and 63 miles (101 km) northeast of Tientsen" (Tianjin); i.e., "almost precisely in Tangshan". The Chinese Communist party's Central Committee also broadcast a statement that the quake "caused great
719:
The zone of intensity VII shaking â inside the dark brown contour â marks the extent of moderate damage, where many Class I structures (of weak design or construction) were damaged but only "few"âbetween 10% and 30%âwere destroyed, and only a "few" Class two buildings damaged. This ellipsoid zone
710:
Further out (to the outer orange contour), and around the city of Tianjin and a few isolated patches, intensity VIII shaking mostly affected Class I buildings (more than half destroyed), bridges, and tall brick chimneys. Railway track was also subject to bending or displacement, depending on soil
1158:
On the other hand, it is reported that several people at the State Seismological Bureau (SSB) wanted to warn of an impending earthquake somewhere in the region between Beijing and the Bohai Sea, and that this was discussed at several meetings. One of these was a week-long national conference on
731:
Mining coal is Tangshan's principal industry, and when the quake struck around 10,000 miners were underground. For the most part the mine roadways (tunnels) were not seriously damaged, but with the loss of electrical power there was no illumination (aside from headlamps), no ventilation, and no
706:
Shaking of intensity IX (or greater) occurred in a zone roughly 78 km (48 mi) long and 42 km (26 mi) (about 1800 km, inner orange contour on the map), and also around the aftershocks at Luanxian and Ninghe. In this zone most buildings classified as Class III (well-built
669:
The power (magnitude) of the Tangshan earthquake is indicated by the extent of where it was felt: up to 1,100 km (680 mi) away, across most of northeastern China, and even in Mongolia and Korea. In and around Beijing, 140 km (87 mi) from the epicenter, the shaking reached an
1174:
issue any warning, to avoid alarming the population. The next morning, at an emergency meeting he requested with the Bureau's leadership, Wang was reportedly told by Deputy Chief Cha Zhiyuan that "We are currently very busy. We will discuss it again next week." However, Cha has disputed this,
1186:
Some of the bureaucratic reticence to issue warnings and order precautionary measures likely resulted from too many predictions. These were often based on doubtful theories notorious for false alarms that earthquakes can be predicted on the basis of droughts, daily temperatures, variations in
1263:
The immediate and massive response by the government resulted in the rescue of thousands of people in the first two days (after which mortality increases rapidly), while prompt attention to the problems of clean water, food, and public health avoided the mortality due to epidemic disease and
811:
It was observed that at intensity VII and above damage to the roadbed was correlated mainly with loose soil and a high water table. Conversely, bridges and rails in Tangshan City, built on dense soil with a deep water table, were largely undamaged even though subject to intensity XI shaking.
689:
The rupture occurred under the southern part of the city, and propagated northeastward on a fault that runs through the middle of the city. The maximum intensity was "XI" (eleven) on the 12-degree Chinese scale. Nearly every building and structure in the city collapsed, wholly or partially,
853:, reporting that a "violent" earthquake, initially estimated at magnitude 8.1, had struck "in the vicinity of Peking" (Beijing). Center Director Dr. George Pararas-Carayannis was reported as saying that "if the quake hit in a populated area reports of considerable damage could be expected."
739:
Some electrical power to the mines was restored in three days, and some coal production resumed within ten days. However, de-watering, overhauling of flooded electrical equipment, and rebuilding of surface buildings and structures continued for a year and a half; the pre-earthquake level of
707:
buildings of wood, masonry, or reinforced concrete) survived, but many Class II buildings (typically old wood-frame buildings lacking a well-built frame, and quite common outside of the cities) were destroyed, while a majority of Class I buildings (built of adobe or stone) were destroyed.
661:
being shaken, with houses built of adobe or stone, wooden houses without a well-built frame, and unreinforced masonry construction being especially vulnerable. The seismic risk had been greatly underestimated and almost all buildings and structures were designed and built without seismic
792:
of the main quake there were 28 freight trains and seven passenger trains traveling on the BeijingâShanhaiguan line in the affected area; seven freight trains and two passenger trains derailed due to derangement of the rails, mostly south of Tangshan where the line was built on loose
2383:
Leninism â Mao Tze-tung thought and preserving in practice and summing up experience conscientiously, not only can signs indicating an earthquake be observed but predictions and forecasts can be made and damage can be greatly minimized by doing a good job of precautionary work'.
925:
1142:
factor in anticipating the Haicheng earthquake was the extended series of significant foreshocks ("powerful messages from nature"), and the low casualty rate was due largely to the time of day, hitting in the early evening when most people were neither at work nor asleep.
462:.) This "occurred on a near vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault, striking N40°E", the block on the southeast side sliding about three meters to the southwest. This resulted from tectonic compression on a nearly westâeast axis. Surface rupturing occurred in five
832:
The official report claimed 242,769 deaths and 164,851 serious injuries in Tangshan, but when taken into account the "missing", the injured who later died and the deaths in nearby Beijing and Tianjin, scholars accepted at least 300,000 died, making it the deadliest
1149:
At the time, the Chinese methods of earthquake prediction mainly consisted of watching for various precursors, including foreshocks, and were celebrated for their success at Haicheng and elsewhere. Many seismologists consider the Tangshan earthquakes to have
643:
Approximate extent of different intensities of shaking (isoseismals). Heaviest damage was within the dark brown line (intensity VII and greater). Diamonds locate the two principal shocks (A and B), and the area of several M > 6 aftershocks near Ninghe
985:, "belief in earthquake prediction was made an element of ideological orthodoxy that distinguished the true party liners from right wing deviationists", and it was everyone's duty to criticize those who doubted the feasibility of earthquake prediction.
857:
losses to people's life and property". One of the first reports from Tangshan said "nearly every building in the city ... was flattened." There were several reports of 50 people killed in Beijing, a 100 miles (160 km) from the epicenter.
988:
As a backdrop to this, and of deep concern to the Chinese Communist Party, was a collectively recognized but unvoiced awareness that in traditional Chinese belief, natural disasters are considered disruptions in the natural order of "heaven"
1192:
This illustrates the classic dilemma of earthquake prediction: increasing the sensitivity to the possibility of an earthquake (i.e., reducing the failure to predict) increases the number of false alarms, which often has a significant cost.
1061:, a fold in the sedimentary strata that has brought massive deposits of coal close enough to the surface to be mined. In this area the overlying alluvium varies in thickness from several meters to around 600 m (2,000 ft).
448:
energy released by an earthquake, and earthquakes vary in how much of that energy is converted to seismic shaking. The Tangshan quake, being relatively shallow, converted much of its energy to surface shaking, and on the
4287:
Press, Frank; Bullock, Mary; Hamilton, Robert M.; Brace, William F.; Kisslinger, Carl; Bonilla, Manuel G.; Allen, Clarence C.; Sykes, Lynn R.; Raleigh, C. Barry; Knopoff, Leon; Clough, Ray W.; Hofheinz, Roy (1975),
3821:
Hou, Jian-Jun; Han, Mu-Kang; Chai, Bao-Long; Han, Heng-Yue (May 1998), "Geomorphological observations of active faults in the epicentral region of the Huaxian large earthquake in 1556 in Shaanxi Province, China",
484:
A long sequence of aftershocks followed, with twelve of magnitude 6 or greater. The first of these struck just three and a half hours after the initial shock, at 7:17, at the southern end of Tangshan fault, near
1146:
of day (Haicheng was struck in the early evening, Tangshan while most people were asleep), the principal factor appeared to be the failure to take any precautionary measures: Tangshan was entirely unprepared.
497: 6.9) occurred in November near Ninghe. Most aftershocks occurred between these end points, in a zone 140 km long and about 50 km wide. Many buildings were further damaged by the aftershocks.
1002:
normal production, drawing on resources from across the nation. This was contrasted with the hardships faced by disaster victims (especially the poor) under previous regimes, where assistance was lacking.
4257:
899:, with about 900,000 injured. They also reported that "almost all buildings in Tangshan were leveled", and 80 percent of homes and buildings in Tianjin "suffered damage to some extent".
431:
The Tangshan earthquake was composed of two main shocks. The first struck at 3:42:55 in the morning (local time), approximately 12 km under the southern part of Tangshan. The
1175:
claiming that Wang said there would be no major earthquakes. Another account says Wang was directed to submit more information, then send a small group to observe the earthquake.
690:
infrastructure was severely damaged, and essential services such as electric power, water supply, and communications were entirely knocked out. This area of maximum damage â the
3855:
International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (30 May 2011), "Operational Earthquake Forecasting: State of Knowledge and Guidelines for Utilization",
3124:
657:, and the nature of the local soil and topography, with soft soils (e.g., sediments and fill) more likely to amplify the intensity and duration of the shaking. Second, the
2532:
4346:
Raleigh, C. B.; Bennett, G.; Craig, H.; Hanks, T.; Molnar, P.; Nur, A.; Savage, J.; Scholz, C.; Turner, R.; Wu, F. (May 1977), "Prediction of the Haicheng earthquake",
1200:
Comparison of the Tangshan death toll â officially 242,419âwith other earthquake disasters is problematical because of uncertainty in the statistics. For example, the
1020:
2664:, p. 43. The secondary quake occurred on a north oriented section of a fault in a zone that, coming from the southeast, turns north, and then gets complicated.
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1873:
1207:
The other five deadliest earthquake disasters known in history, with magnitudes ranging from 7.0 to 9.1, have had death tolls just under that of Tangshan's:
723:
Significant damage occurred beyond this in the VI zone, but (like in Beijing) affected less than 10% of the buildings, or occurred in small localized areas.
5194:
5016:
800:, and occasional stretches of loose sand. In many of these cases â and also similar cases northeast of Tangshan, and on the TongxianâTuozitou line east of
5885:
4900:
804:â the railway embankment slumped due to weak soils. In other cases the embankment held, but transverse compression of the rails caused them to buckle.
2114:, p. 1. Strengthening is primarily a matter of "joining beam ends" securely so they do not pull apart, crush together, or slip off of a support.
6026:
1337:
838:
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was already ailing at the time of the earthquake. In the event, he died only six weeks later on September 9, 1976, ushering the downfall of the
4053:"Chapter 21: Experiencing Disasters in Two Places: China's 1976 Tangshan Earthquake and Japan's 2011 Earthquake, Tsunami, and Nuclear Radiation"
3706:
Guo, Lei; Qian, Jiawei; Zhang, Suxin; Zhou, Yi; Wang, Xiang (2022), "Seismicity and velocity structure of the 2020 Ms 5.1 Tangshan earthquake",
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that caused 830,000 deaths. Pararas-Carayannis' current web page says only that "it was fairly accurately estimated that there were at least
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3920:
Earthquake Engineering and Hazards Reduction in China: A Trip Report of the American Earthquake Engineering and Hazards Reduction Delegation
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only three weeks after Tangshan, showing that those arguing for the imminence of an earthquake in Western China were not entirely wrong.
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4870:, vol. 2, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 625â645
4822:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 244â248
4801:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 171â183
4759:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 241â243
4608:, vol. 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 747â764
4410:, vol. 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 819â822
4338:, vol. 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 787â791
4187:, vol. 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 747â764
4166:, vol. 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 231â242
3635:, vol. 3, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 781â786
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style of construction peculiar to that region, where rooms, and entire buildings, are carved out of a thick layer of soft sediments (
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1492:
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671:
331:
4780:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 85â98
4711:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 85â98
3753:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 24â47
4891:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 1â23
4089:, vol. 1, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, pp. 1â59
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1103:, making the Eastern Block unusually active seismically, accounting for six of the ten deadliest earthquakes in recorded history.
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out to form isolated hills. This underlying strata is a thick (typically 10 km) layer of mainly sedimentary strata such as
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working lifts. It is reported that most miners escaped within hours, but that some others took two weeks to reach the surface.
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694:â was approximately 10.5 kilometres (6.5 mi) long and from 3.5 to 5.5 km wide, centered roughly along the railway.
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Chen, Yuxuan; Liu, Mian; Wang, Hui (2021), "Aftershocks and Background Seismicity in Tangshan and the Rest of North China",
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Kusky, Timothy M.; Windley, B. F.; Zhai, M.-G. (2007), Zhai, M.-G.; Windley, B. F.; Kusky, T. M.; Meng, Q. R. (eds.),
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2391:, p. 7), attributing achievement of rapid progress to "the victory of our great proletarian cultural revolution.
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3061:. The initial estimates of 600,000 to 750,000 deaths were based on a faulty comparison with the Shaanxi earthquake.
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damaged but did not fail; similarly for another dam that imperiled Tianjin and some outlying districts of Beijing.
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Kusky, Timothy M.; Li, Jianhai (December 2003), "Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton",
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4700:"Geomorphologic Characteristics in the BeijingâTianjinâTangshan Area and Their Relation with Tectonic Activity"
2193:, pp. 47â48). However, that premise is false: the large death toll in Shaanxi has been attributed to the
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Many of these faults are ancient, but have been reactivated by the force transmitted from the collision of the
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Lomnitz, Cinna; Lomnitz, Larissa (12 January 1978), "Tangshan 1976: a case history in earthquake prediction",
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about Tangshan. It was noted that though no figures were provided, they did not deny any published estimates.
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bridges and five railway bridges cross the Douhe River in Tangshan; only six survived with only minor damage.
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An isoseismal map (showing the different zones of shaking intensity) of the Tangshan earthquake can be found
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to the underground drainage system and lack of power to drive the pumps, many of the various mines flooded.
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From a Xinhua News Agency press release published in all major Chinese newspapers 13 March 1975, quoted in
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5801:
5771:
5756:
5746:
5741:
5731:
5721:
5701:
5691:
5661:
5651:
5636:
5620:
5595:
5585:
5570:
5555:
5470:
5435:
5405:
5384:
5364:
5359:
5324:
5274:
5128:
3278:
1805:, figure 4.23, which plots damage as a function of epicentral distance and a measure of building strength.
1278:
1235:
1211:
6297:
6166:
5796:
5696:
5646:
5641:
5605:
5560:
5515:
5500:
5490:
5465:
5460:
5450:
5440:
5425:
5410:
5379:
5161:
5143:
5037:"Integration of Public Administration and Earthquake Science: The Best Practice Case of Qinglong County"
3600:
3501:
1324:
1223:
1122:
1116:
841:. Unofficial estimates of the death toll varied widely, and generally lack a clear authoritative basis.
534:
527:
500:
The aftershock zone remains seismically active in the twenty-first century. Earthquakes measuring 4.5 M
4146:
Malcolm, Andrew H. (2 June 1977), "Chinese Disclose That 1976 Quake Was Deadliest in Four Centuries",
3813:, Pasadena, California: Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
6240:
6176:
6064:
5791:
5550:
5545:
5430:
5152:
4935:
4652:
4617:
4534:
4357:
4303:
4122:
4021:
3987:
3948:
3833:
3770:
3715:
3659:
3565:
3470:
3265:
3160:
1484:
The Big One: The Next Great California Earthquake; Understanding Why, Where, and when, It Will Happen
952:
There are various reports that the "official death toll was later given by the Chinese government as
860:
According to author Stephen Spignesi, a "couple of days" after the quake Dr. Pararas-Carayannis gave
769:
416:
4258:"The success of the prediction of Haicheng earthquake and the negligence of the Tangshan earthquake"
4010:
3801:
824:
6220:
5986:
5966:
2790:, p. 109) mention "the Lungling and Yenyuen earthquakes, both accurately predicted". See also
1160:
982:
3324:
6302:
6069:
4951:
4668:
4037:
3884:
3731:
3612:. English translation by JPL of a lecture originally published in 1976 in a special issue of the
3513:. English translation by JPL of a lecture originally published in 1976 in a special issue of the
3486:
3243:
1379:
Also known as "Great Tangshan earthquake" in English sources, e.g. the voluminous work edited by
1085:
975:
940:
64:
5008:
4289:
3761:
Hammond, Allen L. (7 May 1976), "Earthquakes: An evacuation in China, a warning in California",
3523:
Chen, Yong; Tsoi, Kam-Ling; Chen, Feibi; Gao, Zhenhuan; Zou, Qijia; Chen, Zhangli, eds. (1988),
4577:
3421:
150:
139:
6361:
6225:
6094:
5904:
4998:
4983:
4843:
4729:
4683:
4569:
4502:
4457:
4432:
4204:
4060:
3964:
3923:
3786:
3690:
3538:
3528:
3438:
3235:
3125:"Joint evaluation of the international response to the Indian Ocean tsunami: Synthesis Report"
1488:
1045:
1041:
994:
764:
and then Tangshan. From Tangshan it continues northeast and then east to Chengli, and then to
691:
5047:
4449:
4383:
772:. This is the principal connection of Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan to the seaports, and to
117:
106:
6215:
6210:
6122:
6006:
4943:
4660:
4542:
4365:
4311:
4238:
4130:
4029:
3995:
3956:
3874:
3864:
3841:
3778:
3723:
3667:
3573:
3478:
3227:
913:
In the following June it was reported that the Chinese authorities had briefed seismologist
801:
399:, China, at 3:42 a.m. on 28 July 1976. The maximum intensity of the earthquake was XI (
359:
6089:
3644:
3455:
6184:
5065:
4418:
4020:, Special Publications 280, vol. 280, no. 1, Geological Society, pp. 1â34,
2533:"The Death of Mao: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Birth of the New China by James Palmer"
1877:
1057:, with large deposits of coal. Tangshan is located particularly over a northeast oriented
773:
761:
757:
486:
949:
deaths and 164,851 serious injuries" to the Tangshan quake based on an early 1982 study.
752:(built in 1887) is a double-track Class I trunk line that runs from Beijing southeast to
653:, which depends mainly on the magnitude of the earthquake rupture, the distance from the
4939:
4886:
4865:
4817:
4796:
4775:
4754:
4706:
4656:
4603:
4538:
4403:
4361:
4333:
4307:
4220:
4182:
4159:
4126:
4084:
4057:
Japan after 3/11: Global Perspectives on the Earthquake, Tsunami, and Fukushima Meltdown
4025:
3991:
3952:
3837:
3808:
3774:
3746:
3719:
3663:
3630:
3569:
3474:
17:
6235:
6230:
6036:
5958:
4404:"Repair of the Tangshan Municipal Water Supply System and Recovery of the Water Supply"
4197:
3672:
1100:
1029:
939:
people died in the quake, which reflects the official figure reported by the state-run
4902:
Chinese city of Tangshan hit by magnitude 5.1 quake, stirring memories of 1976 tragedy
3999:
3845:
3456:"The July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China earthquakeâA complex sequence of intraplate events"
6325:
6104:
5021:
4955:
4831:
4672:
4348:
4294:
4041:
3888:
3735:
3553:
3490:
1542:
1290:
1273:
1089:
933:
A 1988 book by several members of the Chinese State Seismological Bureau states that
914:
3247:
1869:, p. 172, and see figure 2, p. 182. An isoseismal map can be found in the
435:
was initially estimated at 8.1, subsequently recalculated to be 7.6 on the standard
4790:"Distribution and Ground Failure Intensity Distribution of the Tangshan Earthquake"
4769:"Geologic-Tectonic Background and Seismogenic Structure of the Tangshan Earthquake"
1310:
1096:
1037:
1009:
678:
41:
4616:
Whitham, K.; Berry, M.J.; Heidebrecht, A.C.; Kanasewich, E.R.; Milne, W.G (1976),
4558:"Questioning about that "830 Thousand People Died" in the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake"
886:
people dead," without mentioning by whom or on what basis this estimate was made.
4995:
Heaven Cracks, Earth Shakes: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Death of Mao's China
4637:
4199:
Heaven Cracks, Earth Shakes: The Tangshan Earthquake and the Death of Mao's China
4052:
3960:
3782:
3684:
3231:
943:. A webpage of the Chinese Earthquake Administration dated 2009 also attributes "
3398:
3111:
1065:
781:
765:
760:, then turns northeast to cross the Yongdingxin River and its estuary to run to
637:
478:
4726:
The new name on the Tangshan earthquake memorial wall: each name is a tombstone
4473:
3727:
3200:
https://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/one_year_later_haitian_earthqu.php?page=all
3174:
6130:
4664:
4011:"Tectonic evolution of the North China Block: from orogen to craton to orogen"
3207:, "Two Years Later, Haitian Earthquake Death Toll in Dispute", 20 January 2012
1584:
1300:
1005:
649:
The damage done by an earthquake depends primarily on two factors. First, the
4847:
4573:
3939:
Kerr, Richard (2 November 1979), "Prospects for Earthquake Prediction Wane",
3747:"Occurrence of the Tangshan Earthquake from the View of Fault Block Movement"
3686:
Chinese Earth-Sheltered Dwellings: Indigenous Lessons for Modern Urban Design
1028:
Tangshan lies at the northern edge of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Plain, an
307:
294:
277:
264:
4971:
4369:
4315:
1081:
1077:
1054:
1050:
1024:
Tectonic elements surrounding the North China Craton on which Tangshan lies.
893:
announced that, according to their agents in China, the death toll was over
654:
3968:
3790:
3482:
3239:
1178:
849:
One of the earliest reports outside of China came on 28 July 1976 from the
50:
5071:
1564:
997:") of the current government. This view was underlined by a magnitude 6.7
974:
the Chinese methods of earthquake prediction (including inspiration from "
965:
contained the names of 246,465 victims, who were registered by relatives.
6158:
5927:
4947:
1058:
797:
793:
674:), with nearly 10% of all buildings damaged, and at least 50 fatalities.
392:
5017:"Beijing Tremors a Ghostly Reminder of Catastrophic 1976 Tangshan Quake"
6148:
5224:
4546:
3577:
2194:
1188:
1033:
753:
412:
408:
3296:"Death Toll of 1920 China Earthquake Higher than Previously Estimated"
2201:) that blankets the region, leaving walls of weak material similar to
1125:
has had considerable political as well as seismological significance.
6140:
4221:"Southern Liaoning: Results of earthquake prediction and forecasting"
4135:
3915:
2223:
1073:
1069:
903:
areas as Tangshan municipality, and Fengnan and Feng-yun, there were
890:
367:
4728:] (in Chinese), Xinhua News Agency, 29 July 2017, archived from
4033:
3869:
3601:"Outline of Prediction and Forecast of Haicheng Earthquake of M=7.3"
3454:
Butler, Rhett; Stewart, Gordon S.; Kanamori, Hiroo (February 1979),
1635:, p. 207. See figure 12 (p. 218) for an illustration. See also
1170:
At another meeting, on 26 July, there was a purported suggestion to
466:
segments extending eight kilometers through the center of Tangshan.
4518:
Wang, Kelin; Chen, Qi-Fu; Sun, Shihong; Wang, Andong (June 2006),
3608:
Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC
3509:
Proceedings of Lectures by the Seismological Delegation of the PRC
2425:, Appendix E has a concise description of the Cultural Revolution.
2202:
2198:
1182:
The dilemma: an "abundance of caution" leads to many false alarms.
1019:
396:
4685:
The Politics of Crisis Management in China [dissertation]
4018:
Mesozoic Sub-Continental Lithospheric Thinning Under Eastern Asia
3902:
3610:, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, pp. 11â19
3554:"The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and Earthquake Prediction in China"
2345:
1064:
Underlying all this is the ancient bedrock of different kinds of
816:
bridges and at other places where repairs were not yet complete.
508: occurred in 2012, 2016 and 2019. On 12 July 2020, a 5.1 M
3591:[The most deadly earthquake since the twentieth century]
3542:
3511:, Special Report 43-32, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, pp. 5â11
1392:
Some early estimates varied widely, as high as 750,000. See the
1366:
Some early estimates varied widely, as high as 750,000. See the
990:
489:("C" on the map in the section below), with a magnitude of 6.2 M
5900:
5228:
5075:
5011:: English translation of an extensive Chinese report from 1986.
4497:
Stoltman, Joseph P.; Lidstone, John; Dechano, M. Lisa. (2004),
4327:"Emergency at the Baihe River Main Dam on the Miyuan Reservoir"
4160:"Lightly Damaged Bridges in the High Intensity Earthquake Zone"
3502:"General Conditions of Earthquake Studies and Actions in China"
670:
intensity of VI on the Chinese intensity scale (similar to the
2013:, p. 1, and see figures 1 and 4, pp. 40 and 41.
1242:
Other notably deadly earthquakes in the past century include:
3525:
The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976: An Anatomy of Disaster
3058:
2297:
1465:
978:") and "the superiority of our country's socialist system!"
662:
considerations. As a result, Tangshan was "mainly a city of
458:(surface magnitude) scale it also measured 7.6. (7.8 on the
5896:
3321:"Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World"
4748:"Earthquake Intensity Distribution in the City of Beijing"
4230:, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 20â21, 21 March 1975
1220:(Indonesia) M 9.1, 227,898 deaths, mostly due to tsunamis.
910:
few days following the quake), or had a more solid basis.
415:, scholars accepted at least 300,000 died, making it the
5043:
4880:"Seismic Activity in Tangshan and its Surrounding Areas"
4832:"Changing China: Three Decades of Social Transformation"
3175:"Indian Ocean tsunami anniversary: Memorial events held"
2518:
2506:
2434:
2372:
5005:(hardcover alk. paper) 9780465023493 (ebk. alk. paper).
4811:"Earthquake Damage Distribution in the City of Beijing"
1854:
4239:"'Natural' Disasters as Catalysts of Political Action"
3435:
China's Elite Politics: Governance and Democratization
1441:
1439:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
5212:
indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
4859:"Earthquake Damage to Shafts and Roadways in Kailuan"
4638:"On civil engineering disasters and their mitigation"
4176:"The Repair and Restoration of the Kailuan Coal Mine"
1798:
1632:
4454:
Catastrophe!: The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time
4158:
Mao, Yingsheng; Liang, ZhiJiang; Cui, Fuwen (2002),
3815:. English translation of the Chinese report of 1986.
3433:
Bo, Zhiyue (2010), "Chapter 7, Sichuan Earthquake",
1282:
gives an account of the earthquake and its effects.
1040:. This plain â the northeastern corner of the great
6290:
6269:
6253:
6193:
6175:
6157:
6139:
6121:
6103:
6035:
5957:
5950:
5934:
5856:
5835:
5629:
5393:
5262:
3399:"Watch Days of Fury (1979) on the Internet Archive"
1749:
1747:
1706:
1704:
1651:
1649:
1604:
1602:
929:
Section 4C of the Tangshan Earthquake Memorial Wall
344:
323:
256:
246:
221:
196:
188:
180:
172:
164:
156:
145:
134:
123:
112:
101:
90:
82:
74:
57:
4450:"Chapter 15: The 1976 Tangshan, China, Earthquake"
4196:
4059:, University Press of Kentucky, pp. 417â431,
4055:, in Karan, Pradyumna P.; Suganuma, Unryu (eds.),
1289:(1979), directed by Fred Warshofsky and hosted by
1249:(Japan) M 7.9, 142,800 deaths, mostly due to fire.
740:production was not reached until the end of 1977.
3922:, National Academy of Sciences, pp. 69â133,
3880:20.500.11820/6552f865-6e59-47f1-a5ec-b7446bfd1a82
2293:
2291:
1888:
1886:
1509:"'76 Termed Among Worst in Toll from Earthquakes"
4645:Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration
4527:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
3587:Chinese Earthquake Administration (5 May 2009),
3558:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
3463:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
2732:
2730:
2644:
2628:
2626:
2617:
2605:
2356:
2354:
1765:
1012:and bringing the Cultural Revolution to an end.
889:In August the Nationalist Chinese government in
477: , struck that afternoon at 18:45:36 near
5009:Report on The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4597:"Disaster Relief After the Tangshan Earthquake"
4499:International Perspectives on Natural Disasters
2910:
2908:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2843:
2736:
2721:
2709:
2685:
2422:
2402:
2380:
2360:
2282:
1951:
1949:
1469:
993:) and may signify the loss of legitimacy (the "
666:", sitting right on top of a major fault line.
5217:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
4384:"What Ever Happened to Earthquake Prediction?"
3916:"Chapter 4: Report on the Tangshan Earthquake"
3437:, Series on Contemporary China, vol. 19,
2787:
2775:
2584:
2582:
2023:
2021:
2019:
1994:
1992:
1710:
1667:
1536:
1534:
1264:starvation that often follows such disasters.
5912:
5240:
5087:
4349:Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union
4295:Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union
3614:Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan
3515:Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan
3074:
2759:
2757:
2376:
1285:Footage of the incident appeared in the film
469:The second main shock, with a magnitude 7.0 M
444:scale. However, that scale measures only the
8:
4928:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
4595:Wang, Zixing; Cui, Xifu; Liu, Keren (2002),
4105:] (in Chinese), Beijing, China: ä¸ĺ˝ĺ°éĺşç礞
3800:Housner, George W.; He, Duxin, eds. (2002),
3624:"Repair and Recovery of the Douhe Reservoir"
2490:
32:
4885:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4864:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4816:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4795:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4774:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4753:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4705:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4602:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4406:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4332:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4181:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4162:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
4083:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
3749:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
3629:, in Housner, George W.; He, Duxin (eds.),
1904:
1787:
1214:(Syria) magnitude unknown, ~230,000 deaths.
1084:, etc.) that form the Eastern Block of the
382:'Great Tangshan earthquake') was a
377:
5954:
5919:
5905:
5897:
5886:China International Search and Rescue Team
5247:
5233:
5225:
5094:
5080:
5072:
4319:. The "American Seismological Delegation".
3645:"Earthquake prediction: a critical review"
3552:Chen, Qi-Fu; Wang, Kelin (November 2010),
3385:
3369:
3098:
2135:
1971:
1238:(Iran) magnitude unknown, ~200,000 deaths.
493: . Another significant aftershock (M
391:7.6 earthquake that hit the region around
49:
40:
31:
4520:"Predicting the 1975 Haicheng Earthquake"
4375:The Haicheng Earthquake Study Delegation.
4134:
3878:
3868:
3671:
2333:
1967:
1725:, p. 8, and see Table 4, p. 12.
1558:
1556:
1525:
1481:Pararas-Carayannis, George (March 2001).
1396:section for the various fatality figures.
1380:
1370:section for the various fatality figures.
1134:
828:A Tangshan earthquake memorial in Tianjin
659:design and construction of the structures
451:
437:
384:
236:
227:
211:
202:
6027:Tangshan New Technology Development Zone
3345:
3262:"Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths"
3159:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
3157:"Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths"
3062:
3037:, p. 2846, citing a Chinese source.
3034:
3022:
2974:
2926:
2868:
2856:
2811:
2795:
2791:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2190:
2186:
1916:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1753:
1734:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1655:
1608:
1338:List of disasters in China by death toll
1177:
924:
851:International Tsunami Information Center
823:
677:The economic loss totaled to 10 billion
417:deadliest earthquake in recorded history
3527:, Oxford: Pergamon Press, p. 153,
3357:
2697:
2601:
2573:
2270:
1408:
1359:
6282:Hebei Tangshan Foreign Language School
4836:International Journal of China Studies
4830:Yeoh, Emile Kok-Kheng (October 2010),
4237:Pelling, Mark; Dill, Kathleen (2006),
3283:Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths
2831:
2815:
2560:, pp. 84â85, and see figure 4.14.
2410:
2206:
2123:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2010:
1232:(China) M 7.8, 200,000â273,400 deaths.
878:earthquake in Shaanxi province in 1556
4888:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4867:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4819:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4798:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4777:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4756:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4708:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4605:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4408:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4335:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4325:Qian, Denggao; Zhu, Chendong (2002),
4184:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4164:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
4086:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
3810:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
3751:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
3632:The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976
3622:Dong, Guangjian; Wang, Yuren (2002),
3323:. Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from
2763:
2632:
2259:The Redlands (California) Daily Facts
2164:(Kingston), 29 July 1976, p. 32.
1928:
1892:
1866:
1855:Stoltman, Lidstone & Dechano 2004
1830:
1255:(Turkmenistan) M 7.3, 110,000 deaths.
1044:â is where sediments eroded from the
7:
4698:Xing, Jiaming; Zou, Baoshan (2002),
3381:
3086:
3046:
2962:
2819:
2748:
2478:
2474:
2450:
1983:
1955:
1121:Whether the Tangshan earthquake was
5864:China Meteorological Administration
4636:Xie, Lili; Qu, Zhe (January 2018),
3643:Geller, Robert J. (December 1997),
2673:
2661:
2657:
2588:
2438:
2406:
2388:
2321:
2309:
1842:
1799:Butler, Stewart & Kanamori 1979
1776:
1738:
1737:, p. 88, and see figure 15 in
1722:
1640:
1636:
1633:Butler, Stewart & Kanamori 1979
1620:
1445:
1422:
5044:International Seismological Centre
4482:from the original on 21 April 2010
4382:Scholz, Christopher (March 1997),
4076:Liao, Shuqiao; Gu, Zuoqin (2002),
3899:International Seismological Centre
3673:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb06588.x
3010:
2998:
2986:
2950:
2938:
2914:
2899:
2880:
2462:
1998:
1940:
1686:, p. 89, and see figure 4.17.
25:
3652:Geophysical Journal International
2600:Some say 1.8 Ga, others 2.5. See
1348:Tangshan Earthquake Memorial Park
963:Tangshan Earthquake Memorial Wall
876:deaths, based on a similar sized
672:Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
27:Mw 7.6 earthquake in Hebei, China
5874:China Earthquake Networks Center
5015:Knotts, Joey (5 December 2019).
4997:. New York: Basic Books, 2011.
4618:"Earthquake Prediction in China"
3130:. TEC. July 2006. Archived from
3059:Xinhua News Agency, 29 July 2017
2298:Xinhua News Agency, 29 July 2017
1466:Xinhua News Agency, 29 July 2017
1317:
1303:
958:", without specifying a source.
839:disasters in China by death toll
554:
540:
533:
526:
421:disasters in China by death toll
6206:Lutai Economic Development Zone
5869:China Earthquake Administration
4556:Wang, Ru-diao (February 2007),
4078:"Damage to Railway Engineering"
3980:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
3220:Medicine, Conflict and Survival
2660:, p. 23, and figure 13 in
1393:
1367:
1230:1920 Haiyuan (Gansu) earthquake
981:With China in the midst of the
780:to Tuozitou (within modern-day
460:Chinese surface magnitude scale
324:
6045:South Xueyuan Road Subdistrict
5350:1739 YinchuanâPingluo, Ningxia
4290:"Earthquake Research in China"
3689:, University of Hawaii Press,
3599:Chu, Fung-Ming (August 1976),
2645:Kusky, Windley & Zhai 2007
2618:Kusky, Windley & Zhai 2007
2606:Kusky, Windley & Zhai 2007
2495:1976 SongpanâPingwu earthquake
2220:"The China Earthquake of 1976"
1226:M 7.0, 100,000â316,000 deaths.
372:
1:
5355:1786 Kangding-Luding, Sichuan
4682:Xiao, Yuefan (October 2013),
4562:Earthquake Research in Shanxi
4475:State Council Document No. 69
4448:Spignesi, Stephen J. (2005),
4000:10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00071-3
3846:10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00112-0
3825:Journal of Structural Geology
3500:Cha, Chi-Yuan (August 1976),
3294:Chen, Na (21 December 2010).
2078:, pp. 20+) has pictures.
1801:, pp. 217â218. See also
1577:"ĺ幹大ĺ°é40ĺš´ďźäťćťäşĄäşşć°ĺ°ĺ¤ŠçžčżćŻäşşçĽ¸äťćŻä¸ĺ°é¸ĄćŻ"
522:Extent of significant shaking
6085:Liangjiatun Road Subdistrict
5541:1976 SongpanâPingwu, Sichuan
5275:1290 Chihli (Inner Mongolia)
3961:10.1126/science.206.4418.542
3783:10.1126/science.192.4239.538
3606:, in Muller, Paul M. (ed.),
3507:, in Muller, Paul M. (ed.),
3232:10.1080/13623699.2010.535279
3110:See U.S. Geological Survey,
2375:, p. 260), quoting the
2261:, 5 January 1977, p. 5.
2248:, 7 August 1976, p. 11.
2151:, 28 July 1976, page 3.
1333:List of earthquakes in China
664:unreinforced brick buildings
5596:1996 Baotou, Inner Mongolia
5566:1988 LancangâGengma, Yunnan
4424:The Search for Modern China
3300:Chinese Academy of Sciences
2788:Lomnitz & Lomnitz (1978
2090:, pp. 1, 2, 15â16, 18.
1343:List of earthquakes in 1976
1247:1923 Great KantĹ earthquake
750:BeijingâShanhaiguan Railway
6388:
4976:The Great China Earthquake
4899:Liu, Zhen (12 July 2020),
4429:W. W. Norton & Company
4051:Li, Lisa Yinghong (2016),
3914:Jennings, Paul C. (1980),
3907:, Thatcham, United Kingdom
3728:10.1007/s10950-022-10073-0
3683:Golany, Gideon S. (1992),
3204:Columbia Journalism Review
2776:Lomnitz & Lomnitz 1978
2177:, 30 July 1976, p. 1.
1711:Lomnitz & Lomnitz 1978
1668:Lomnitz & Lomnitz 1978
1114:
862:United Press International
702:Intensity IX and VIII zone
6312:
6277:Tangshan No.1 High School
6201:Hangu Administration Zone
6113:Tangjiazhuang Subdistrict
5506:1969 Yangjiang, Guangdong
5207:
5115:
4665:10.1007/s11803-018-0420-6
4268:(2): 9â18, archived from
4256:Peng, Funan (June 2008),
2608:, p. 20 for details.
2246:Pacific Stars and Stripes
1905:Mao, Liang & Cui 2002
1788:Chen, Liu & Wang 2021
1165:Songpan-Pingwu earthquake
363:
48:
39:
6357:July 1976 events in Asia
6314:This list is incomplete.
6261:Tangshan SannĂźhe Airport
6060:Yonghongqiao Subdistrict
5992:Jichang Road Subdistrict
5942:1976 Tangshan earthquake
5767:2017 Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan
5762:2017 Taxkorgan, Xinjiang
5315:1668 Tangcheng, Shandong
5064:28 November 2020 at the
4907:South China Morning Post
4721:ĺĺąąĺ°é纪忾ĺ˘ä¸çć°ĺĺďźćŻä¸Şĺĺďźé˝ćŻä¸ĺĺ˘ç˘
4720:
4248:, ISP/NSC Briefing paper
4098:
3428:, U.S. Geological Survey
3386:Wang, Cui & Liu 2002
3370:Wang, Cui & Liu 2002
3099:Wang, Cui & Liu 2002
2802:(or Songpan) earthquake.
2409:, p. 11, quoted in
2405:, p. 781. See also
2136:Wang, Cui & Liu 2002
1972:Wang, Cui & Liu 2002
1876:28 November 2020 at the
1871:front matter of Volume 4
1549:. 嚿輿ĺ¸č大ĺŚĺşç礞. p. 79.
1253:1948 Ashgabat earthquake
1130:1975 Haicheng earthquake
786:1975 Haicheng earthquake
356:1976 Tangshan earthquake
69:
33:1976 Tangshan earthquake
18:2020 Tangshan earthquake
6372:Strike-slip earthquakes
6367:1976 disasters in China
5972:Wenhua Road Subdistrict
5881:China Geological Survey
5777:2019 Changning, Sichuan
5677:2008 Panzhihua, Sichuan
5526:1975 Haicheng, Liaoning
5416:1918 Shantou, Guangdong
5345:1738 Dangjiang, Qinghai
4980:Foreign Languages Press
4878:Zhu, Chuanzhen (2002),
4501:, Springer Publishing,
4370:10.1029/EO058i005p00236
4316:10.1029/EO056i011p00838
3112:Significant Earthquakes
2336:, p. 17, footnote.
1931:, p. 180, Table 1.
1381:Housner & He (2002)
1218:2004 Sumatra earthquake
1202:1556 Shaanxi earthquake
685:Intensity XI and X zone
65:Doublet earthquake
6347:Earthquakes in Beijing
6055:Guangchang Subdistrict
5997:Hebei Road Subdistrict
5982:Dongxincun Subdistrict
5782:2020 Kashgar, Xinjiang
5752:2014 Kangding, Sichuan
5737:2014 Yingjiang, Yunnan
5712:2012 Yangzhou, Jiangsu
5672:2008 Yingjiang, Yunnan
5657:2005 Ruichang, Jiangxi
5486:1955 Kangding, Sichuan
5456:1936 Lingshan, Guangxi
5401:1902 Kashgar, Xinjiang
5340:1733 Dongchuan, Yunnan
4857:Zhao, Yucheng (2002),
4195:Palmer, James (2012),
3483:10.1785/BSSA0690010207
3279:U.S. Geological Survey
2385:
2379:, p. 20), state:
1543:"厜ĺşç解ä˝ä¸éçďźĺĺ˛č§éä¸çĺ幹大ĺ°é"
1236:856 Damghan earthquake
1212:1138 Aleppo earthquake
1183:
1111:Question of prediction
1025:
930:
829:
86:B: 1976-07-28 10:45:36
78:A: 1976-07-27 19:42:55
6298:Anti-Seismic Monument
6167:Luancheng Subdistrict
6080:Huimindao Subdistrict
6012:Guangming Subdistrict
5977:Diaoyutai Subdistrict
5807:2022 Menyuan, Qinghai
5772:2017 Jinghe, Xinjiang
5757:2015 Pishan, Xinjiang
5732:2014 Yutian, Xinjiang
5717:2012 Zhaotong, Yunnan
5652:2003 Zhaosu, Xinjiang
5616:1998 Ninglang, Yunnan
5601:1997 Jiashi, Xinjiang
5581:1995 Menglian, Yunnan
5531:1976 Longling, Yunnan
5521:1974 Zhaotong, Yunnan
5421:1920 Haiyuan, Ningxia
5385:1889 Chilik, Xinjiang
5375:1850 Xichang, Sichuan
5295:1604 Quanzhou, Fujian
5285:1536 Xichang, Sichuan
5280:1303 Hongdong, Shanxi
4809:Yao, Binghua (2002),
4788:Yang, Lihua (2002b),
4767:Yang, Lihua (2002a),
4402:Shen, Ersong (2002),
3745:Guo, Shunmin (2002),
3708:Journal of Seismology
3426:Comprehensive Catalog
2334:Housner & He 2002
2205:to support the roof (
1968:Housner & He 2002
1526:Housner & He 2002
1325:Earth sciences portal
1224:2010 Haiti earthquake
1181:
1117:Earthquake prediction
1115:Further information:
1023:
928:
864:(UPI) an estimate of
827:
419:and one of the worst
6352:Earthquakes in Hebei
6075:Qianying Subdistrict
6065:Xiaoshan Subdistrict
6017:Xiangyun Subdistrict
6002:Longdong Subdistrict
5817:2022 Luding, Sichuan
5802:2021 Luxian, Sichuan
5787:2020 Qiaojia, Yunnan
5722:2013 Lushan, Sichuan
5642:2003 Bachu, Xinjiang
5591:1996 Lijiang, Yunnan
5571:1990 Gonghe, Qinghai
5561:1985 Wuqia, Xinjiang
5536:1976 Tangshan, Hebei
5511:1970 Tonghai, Yunnan
5471:1948 Litang, Sichuan
5441:1931 Fuyun, Xinjiang
5406:1906 Manas, Xinjiang
5370:1833 Kunming, Yunnan
5310:1654 Tianshui, Gansu
5305:1626 Lingqiu, Shanxi
5256:Earthquakes in China
4948:10.1029/2020JB021395
4262:Engineering Sciences
3857:Annals of Geophysics
3346:Dong & Wang 2002
3035:Chen & Wang 2010
3023:Chen & Wang 2010
2975:Chen & Wang 2010
2927:Chen & Wang 2010
2796:Chen & Wang 2010
2373:Raleigh et al. (1977
1575:çççŽ (28 July 2016).
1563:çççŽ (28 July 2016).
1032:that stretches from
651:intensity of shaking
6332:Doublet earthquakes
6221:Caofeidian District
5987:Gangyao Subdistrict
5967:Qiaotun Subdistrict
5812:2022 Ya'an, Sichuan
5797:2021 Maduo, Qinghai
5747:2014 Jinggu, Yunnan
5742:2014 Ludian, Yunnan
5697:2010 Yushu, Qinghai
5682:2008 Damxung, Tibet
5662:2006 Yanjin, Yunnan
5586:1995 Wuding, Yunnan
5556:1985 Luquan, Yunnan
5551:1983 Heze, Shandong
5516:1973 Luhuo, Sichuan
5496:1966 Xingtai, Hebei
5491:1955 Yuzha, Sichuan
5461:1937 Heze, Shandong
5451:1933 Diexi, Sichuan
5426:1923 Renda, Sichuan
5360:1815 Pinglu, Shanxi
5335:1718 Tongwei, Gansu
5325:1695 Linfen, Shanxi
5320:1679 Beijing, Hebei
5106:Earthquakes in 1976
4940:2021JGRB..12621395C
4657:2018EEEV...17....1X
4539:2006BuSSA..96..757W
4362:1977EOSTr..58..236.
4308:1975EOSTr..56..838.
4127:1978Natur.271..109L
4026:2007GSLSP.280....1K
3992:2003JAESc..22..383K
3953:1979Sci...206..542K
3838:1998JSG....20..549H
3775:1976Sci...192..538H
3720:2022JSeis..26..359G
3664:1997GeoJI.131..425G
3570:2010BuSSA.100.2840C
3475:1979BuSSA..69..207B
3358:Qian & Zhu 2002
3327:on 1 September 2009
2778:, pp. 109â110.
2602:Kusky & Li 2003
2574:Xing & Zou 2002
2521:, pp. 259â260.
2519:Raleigh et al. 1977
2509:, pp. 258â259.
2507:Raleigh et al. 1977
2435:Raleigh et al. 1977
2377:Peking Review (1975
2346:Whitham et al. 1976
2175:The Berkshire Eagle
2147:UPI: as carried by
2076:Liao & Gu (2002
1276:'s 2010 drama film
1268:Cultural references
1161:Cultural Revolution
983:Cultural Revolution
835:earthquake in China
348:242,419 to 655,000
304: /
274: /
36:
6303:Eastern Qing tombs
6070:Wenbei Subdistrict
5727:2013 Dingxi, Gansu
5576:1994 Taiwan Strait
5546:1981 Dawu, Sichuan
5436:1927 Gulang, Gansu
5411:1913 Eshan, Yunnan
5365:1830 Cixian, Hebei
5052:authoritative data
5039:at GlobalWatch.org
4732:on 7 February 2019
4580:on 6 December 2018
4547:10.1785/0120050191
3578:10.1785/0120090314
3181:. 26 December 2014
2491:ANSS: Sichuan 1976
2226:on 6 December 2020
2126:, pp. 1â2, 8.
2124:Liao & Gu 2002
2112:Liao & Gu 2002
2100:Liao & Gu 2002
2088:Liao & Gu 2002
2064:Liao & Gu 2002
2052:Liao & Gu 2002
2040:Liao & Gu 2002
2028:Liao & Gu 2002
2011:Liao & Gu 2002
1970:, pp. 26â27;
1698:, pp. 88, 92.
1587:on 15 January 2021
1565:"ĺ幹大ĺ°éĺĺĺš´ďźĺćä¸"莰ĺż""
1515:. 24 January 1977.
1513:The New York Times
1184:
1086:North China Craton
1026:
976:Mao Zedong Thought
941:Xinhua News Agency
931:
837:and among the top
830:
715:Intensity VII zone
373:TĂĄngshÄn dĂ dĂŹzhèn
6319:
6318:
6249:
6248:
6050:Youyi Subdistrict
5894:
5893:
5792:2021 Dali, Yunnan
5606:1997 Manyi, Tibet
5431:1925 Dali, Yunnan
5222:
5221:
5195:ĂaldÄąranâMuradiye
5003:978-0-465-01478-1
4622:Geoscience Canada
4508:978-1-4020-2850-2
4463:978-0-8065-2558-7
4456:, Citadel Press,
4438:978-0-393-30780-1
4376:
4210:978-0-465-01478-1
4174:Mi, Enli (2002),
4121:(5641): 109â111,
4103:The Earth's Shock
4066:978-0-8131-6730-5
3947:(4418): 542â545,
3929:978-0-309-02937-7
3802:"Overview Volume"
3769:(4239): 538â539,
3696:978-0-8248-1369-7
3589:"äşĺä¸çşŞäťĽćĽćťäşĄäşşć°ćĺ¤çĺ°é"
3564:(5B): 2840â2857,
3444:978-981-283-672-4
3137:on 25 August 2006
3065:, pp. 47â48.
2859:, pp. 64â67.
2764:Xie & Qu 2018
2676:, pp. 30â31.
2656:See figure 16 in
2531:Dikotter, Frank.
2257:UPI: reported in
2209:, pp. 7, 1).
2162:The Daily Freeman
1643:, pp. 33â34.
1547:ććç"ĺç¸"ââçžĺŽłä¸ĺĺ˛ççź çť
1272:Chinese director
1046:Yanshan mountains
1042:North China Plain
995:mandate of heaven
969:Political aspects
692:meizoseismal area
473: , or 7.4 M
380:
352:
351:
16:(Redirected from
6379:
6337:1976 earthquakes
6216:Fengrun District
6211:Kaiping District
6123:Fengnan District
6022:Guoyuan Township
6007:Dali Subdistrict
5955:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5898:
5476:1950 AssamâTibet
5380:1879 Wudu, Gansu
5249:
5242:
5235:
5226:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5073:
5026:
4958:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4892:
4884:
4871:
4863:
4850:
4823:
4815:
4802:
4794:
4781:
4773:
4760:
4752:
4746:Xu, Wei (2002),
4740:
4739:
4737:
4712:
4704:
4691:
4690:
4675:
4642:
4629:
4628:(4): 96, 263â268
4609:
4601:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4576:, archived from
4549:
4524:
4511:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4478:, 29 June 1974,
4466:
4441:
4419:Spence, Jonathan
4411:
4395:
4374:
4372:
4339:
4331:
4318:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4272:on 5 August 2018
4249:
4246:Burmalibrary.org
4243:
4231:
4225:
4213:
4202:
4188:
4180:
4167:
4151:
4139:
4138:
4136:10.1038/271109a0
4106:
4090:
4082:
4069:
4044:
4015:
4002:
3971:
3932:
3908:
3904:ISC-EHB Bulletin
3891:
3882:
3872:
3848:
3814:
3806:
3793:
3754:
3738:
3699:
3676:
3675:
3649:
3636:
3628:
3611:
3605:
3592:
3580:
3545:
3512:
3506:
3493:
3460:
3447:
3429:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3389:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3291:
3285:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3264:. Archived from
3258:
3252:
3251:
3214:
3208:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2903:
2897:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2847:
2844:Wang et al. 2006
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2809:
2803:
2794:(p. 6) and
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2737:Wang et al. 2006
2734:
2725:
2722:Wang et al. 2006
2719:
2713:
2710:Wang et al. 2006
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2686:Wang et al. 2006
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2488:
2482:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2432:
2426:
2423:Wang et al. 2006
2420:
2414:
2403:Wang et al. 2006
2399:
2393:
2370:
2364:
2361:Wang et al. 2006
2358:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2286:
2283:Chen et al. 1988
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2222:, archived from
2216:
2210:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2102:, pp. 8â10.
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1796:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1742:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1583:. Archived from
1572:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1478:
1472:
1470:Chen et al. 1988
1463:
1457:
1443:
1434:
1420:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1139:
961:As of 2017, the
957:
956:
948:
947:
938:
937:
921:Official figures
908:
907:
898:
897:
885:
884:
875:
874:
869:
868:
639:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
557:
551:
544:
543:
537:
530:
504: to 4.7 M
456:
442:
389:
381:
378:
374:
365:
340:
338:
326:
319:
318:
316:
315:
314:
309:
308:39.72°N 118.44°E
305:
302:
301:
300:
297:
289:
288:
286:
285:
284:
279:
278:39.63°N 118.10°E
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
241:
232:
216:
207:
70:
53:
44:
37:
21:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6308:
6286:
6265:
6245:
6189:
6171:
6153:
6135:
6117:
6099:
6031:
5946:
5930:
5925:
5895:
5890:
5852:
5831:
5625:
5389:
5258:
5253:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5203:
5170:(7.8, July 28)
5155:(6.5, July 14)
5146:(7.1, June 25)
5111:
5100:
5066:Wayback Machine
5054:for this event.
5033:
5014:
4968:
4966:Further reading
4963:
4962:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4909:
4898:
4882:
4877:
4861:
4856:
4829:
4813:
4808:
4792:
4787:
4771:
4766:
4750:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4722:
4718:
4702:
4697:
4688:
4681:
4640:
4635:
4615:
4599:
4594:
4583:
4581:
4555:
4522:
4517:
4509:
4496:
4485:
4483:
4472:
4464:
4447:
4439:
4417:
4401:
4381:
4345:
4329:
4324:
4302:(11): 838â881,
4286:
4275:
4273:
4255:
4241:
4236:
4223:
4219:
4211:
4203:, Basic Books,
4194:
4178:
4173:
4157:
4145:
4112:
4100:
4097:ć, ćł (1982),
4096:
4080:
4075:
4067:
4050:
4034:10.1144/SP280.1
4013:
4008:
3977:
3938:
3930:
3913:
3897:
3870:10.4401/ag-5350
3854:
3820:
3804:
3799:
3760:
3744:
3705:
3697:
3682:
3647:
3642:
3626:
3621:
3603:
3598:
3586:
3551:
3535:
3522:
3504:
3499:
3458:
3453:
3445:
3432:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3163:on 5 June 2013.
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3075:Hou et al. 1998
3073:
3069:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3025:, p. 2846.
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2977:, p. 2847.
2973:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2929:, p. 2844.
2925:
2921:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2818:, p. 434;
2810:
2806:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2580:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2489:
2485:
2477:, p. 273;
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:, p. 266;
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2400:
2396:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2149:The Daily Texan
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1878:Wayback Machine
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1845:, p. 244 .
1841:
1837:
1833:, p. 176 .
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1771:
1766:Guo et al. 2022
1764:
1760:
1752:
1745:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:, p. 109;
1666:
1662:
1654:
1647:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1464:
1460:
1444:
1437:
1421:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1270:
1198:
1138:
1119:
1113:
1018:
971:
954:
953:
945:
944:
935:
934:
923:
905:
904:
895:
894:
882:
881:
872:
871:
866:
865:
847:
822:
774:Northeast China
746:
729:
717:
704:
687:
647:
646:
645:
641:
640:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
555:
552:
549:
547:
545:
541:
538:
531:
523:
518:
511:
507:
503:
496:
492:
476:
472:
455:
441:
429:
427:The earthquakes
388:
332:
330:
312:
310:
306:
303:
298:
295:
293:
291:
290:
282:
280:
276:
273:
268:
265:
263:
261:
260:
252:B: 16.7 km
251:
250:A: 12.2 km
240:
231:
215:
206:
165:Local time
157:Local date
68:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6385:
6383:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6324:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6300:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6254:Transportation
6251:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6236:Laoting County
6233:
6231:Luannan County
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6163:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6145:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6095:NĂźzhizhai Town
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6041:
6039:
6037:Lunan District
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5961:
5959:Lubei District
5952:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5901:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5866:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5822:2023 Jishishan
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5501:1969 Bohai Sea
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5300:1605 Guangdong
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5270:1038 Dingxiang
5266:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5229:
5220:
5219:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5197:(7.3, Nov 24)
5192:
5188:(8.0, Aug 17)
5183:
5179:(6.7, Aug 16)
5177:SongpanâPingwu
5174:
5165:
5164:(6.2, July 26)
5159:
5150:
5141:
5135:
5126:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5055:
5040:
5032:
5031:External links
5029:
5028:
5027:
5012:
5006:
4993:James Palmer.
4991:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4934:(5): 625â645,
4919:
4918:
4895:
4894:
4874:
4873:
4853:
4852:
4842:(2): 239â308,
4826:
4825:
4805:
4804:
4784:
4783:
4763:
4762:
4742:
4741:
4715:
4714:
4694:
4693:
4678:
4677:
4632:
4631:
4612:
4611:
4591:
4590:
4552:
4551:
4533:(3): 757â795,
4514:
4513:
4507:
4493:
4492:
4469:
4468:
4462:
4444:
4443:
4437:
4414:
4413:
4398:
4397:
4378:
4377:
4356:(5): 236â272,
4342:
4341:
4321:
4320:
4283:
4282:
4252:
4251:
4233:
4232:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4191:
4190:
4170:
4169:
4154:
4153:
4148:New York Times
4142:
4141:
4109:
4108:
4093:
4092:
4072:
4071:
4065:
4047:
4046:
4005:
4004:
3986:(4): 383â397,
3974:
3973:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3910:
3909:
3894:
3893:
3863:(4): 315â391,
3851:
3850:
3832:(5): 549â557,
3817:
3816:
3796:
3795:
3757:
3756:
3741:
3740:
3714:(2): 359â371,
3702:
3701:
3695:
3679:
3678:
3658:(3): 425â450,
3639:
3638:
3618:
3617:
3616:(in Japanese).
3595:
3594:
3583:
3582:
3548:
3547:
3534:978-0080348759
3533:
3519:
3518:
3517:(in Japanese).
3496:
3495:
3469:(1): 207â220,
3450:
3449:
3443:
3430:
3422:"Sichuan 1976"
3413:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3390:
3374:
3372:, p. 748.
3362:
3350:
3338:
3312:
3286:
3268:on 5 June 2013
3253:
3226:(4): 281â297.
3209:
3192:
3166:
3148:
3116:
3103:
3101:, p. 757.
3091:
3079:
3077:, p. 549.
3067:
3051:
3049:, p. 351.
3039:
3027:
3015:
3013:, p. 287.
3003:
3001:, p. 286.
2991:
2989:, p. 279.
2979:
2967:
2955:
2953:, p. 283.
2943:
2941:, p. 282.
2931:
2919:
2917:, p. 284.
2904:
2902:, p. 281.
2885:
2873:
2861:
2848:
2846:, p. 785.
2836:
2824:
2822:, p. 351.
2804:
2800:SungpanâPingwu
2798:regarding the
2780:
2768:
2753:
2751:, p. 543.
2741:
2739:, p. 780.
2726:
2724:, p. 777.
2714:
2712:, p. 781.
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2649:
2637:
2622:
2610:
2593:
2578:
2572:, p. 84;
2562:
2550:
2538:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2483:
2481:, p. 208.
2467:
2465:, p. 420.
2455:
2443:
2427:
2415:
2413:, p. 434.
2394:
2365:
2363:, p. 779.
2350:
2348:, p. 268.
2338:
2325:
2314:
2302:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2250:
2237:
2211:
2187:Spignesi (2005
2179:
2166:
2153:
2140:
2138:, p. 750.
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2015:
2003:
2001:, p. 765.
1988:
1986:, p. 627.
1976:
1974:, p. 749.
1960:
1958:, p. 626.
1945:
1943:, p. 242.
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1895:, p. 172.
1882:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1829:, p. 69;
1819:
1807:
1791:
1780:
1769:
1758:
1743:
1727:
1715:
1713:, p. 109.
1700:
1688:
1676:
1660:
1645:
1625:
1613:
1598:
1573:Reprinted as:
1552:
1530:
1518:
1500:
1493:
1487:. Forbes Pub.
1473:
1458:
1435:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1385:
1372:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1314:
1298:
1295:
1269:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1197:
1194:
1136:
1112:
1109:
1101:Eurasian Plate
1068:rock (such as
1030:alluvial plain
1017:
1014:
970:
967:
922:
919:
846:
843:
821:
818:
745:
742:
728:
725:
716:
713:
703:
700:
686:
683:
642:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
553:
546:
539:
532:
525:
524:
521:
520:
519:
517:
514:
509:
505:
501:
494:
490:
474:
470:
453:
439:
428:
425:
405:Mercalli scale
386:
350:
349:
346:
342:
341:
328:
321:
320:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
238:
229:
223:
219:
218:
213:
204:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
147:
143:
142:
136:
132:
131:
128:
121:
120:
114:
110:
109:
103:
99:
98:
95:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
62:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6384:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:1976 in China
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6311:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6242:
6241:Qianxi County
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6177:Yutian County
6174:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6159:Luanzhou City
6156:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6105:Guye District
6102:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5922:
5917:
5915:
5910:
5908:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5857:Organizations
5855:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5827:2024 Uqturpan
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5687:2009 Xinjiang
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5611:1998 Zhangbei
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5330:1709 Zhongwei
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5140:(7.0, May 29)
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:(6.5, May 6)
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:(7.5, Feb 4)
5121:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5097:
5092:
5090:
5085:
5083:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5022:The Beijinger
5018:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4881:
4876:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4791:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4770:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4749:
4744:
4743:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4247:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4228:Peking Review
4222:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3408:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3133:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3063:Spignesi 2005
3060:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2871:, p. 81.
2870:
2869:Jennings 1980
2865:
2862:
2858:
2857:Jennings 1980
2852:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:, p. 6;
2813:
2812:Jennings 1980
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:Jennings 1980
2789:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2688:, p. 757
2687:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2647:, p. 20.
2646:
2641:
2638:
2635:, p. 50.
2634:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2591:, p. 27.
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2576:, p. 88.
2575:
2571:
2570:Jennings 1980
2566:
2563:
2559:
2558:Jennings 1980
2554:
2551:
2548:, p. 77.
2547:
2546:Jennings 1980
2542:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2453:, p. 80.
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:Spignesi 2005
2188:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1919:, p. 10.
1918:
1917:Jennings 1980
1913:
1910:
1907:, p. 231
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:Jennings 1980
1823:
1820:
1817:, p. 19.
1816:
1815:Jennings 1980
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:Jennings 1980
1800:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1756:, p. 75.
1755:
1754:Jennings 1980
1750:
1748:
1744:
1741:, p. 45.
1740:
1736:
1735:Jennings 1980
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:Jennings 1980
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:Jennings 1980
1680:
1677:
1674:, p. 88.
1673:
1672:Jennings 1980
1669:
1664:
1661:
1658:, p. 89.
1657:
1656:Jennings 1980
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:, p. 8,
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1611:, p. 69.
1610:
1609:Jennings 1980
1605:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1494:9780970972507
1490:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1315:
1312:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1291:Vincent Price
1288:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:Feng Xiaogang
1267:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1090:orogenic belt
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
984:
979:
977:
968:
966:
964:
959:
950:
942:
927:
920:
918:
916:
915:Cinna Lomnitz
911:
900:
892:
887:
879:
863:
858:
854:
852:
845:Early reports
844:
842:
840:
836:
826:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
743:
741:
737:
733:
726:
724:
721:
714:
712:
708:
701:
699:
695:
693:
684:
682:
680:
675:
673:
667:
665:
660:
656:
652:
638:
536:
529:
515:
513:
498:
488:
482:
480:
467:
465:
461:
457:
447:
443:
434:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
375:
369:
361:
357:
347:
343:
339:
336:
329:
322:
317:
313:39.72; 118.44
287:
283:39.63; 118.10
259:
255:
249:
245:
242:
233:
224:
220:
217:
208:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
127:
122:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
30:
19:
6226:Qian'an City
5941:
5707:2011 Myanmar
5667:2008 Sichuan
5630:21st century
5535:
5481:1952 Damxung
5446:1932 Changma
5394:20th century
5290:1556 Shaanxi
5214:
5209:
5198:
5189:
5180:
5171:
5167:
5156:
5147:
5132:
5123:
5048:bibliography
5020:
4994:
4975:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4910:, retrieved
4901:
4887:
4866:
4839:
4835:
4818:
4797:
4776:
4755:
4734:, retrieved
4730:the original
4725:
4707:
4684:
4648:
4644:
4625:
4621:
4604:
4582:, retrieved
4578:the original
4565:
4561:
4530:
4526:
4498:
4484:, retrieved
4474:
4453:
4422:
4407:
4391:
4387:
4353:
4347:
4334:
4299:
4293:
4274:, retrieved
4270:the original
4265:
4261:
4245:
4227:
4198:
4183:
4163:
4147:
4118:
4114:
4102:
4085:
4056:
4017:
3983:
3979:
3944:
3940:
3919:
3903:
3860:
3856:
3829:
3823:
3809:
3766:
3762:
3750:
3711:
3707:
3685:
3655:
3651:
3631:
3613:
3607:
3561:
3557:
3524:
3514:
3508:
3466:
3462:
3434:
3425:
3393:
3377:
3365:
3353:
3341:
3329:. Retrieved
3325:the original
3315:
3305:22 September
3303:. Retrieved
3289:
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3266:the original
3256:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3202:
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3178:
3169:
3161:the original
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3132:the original
3119:
3106:
3094:
3082:
3070:
3054:
3042:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2883:, Chapter 7.
2876:
2864:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2807:
2783:
2771:
2766:, p. 5.
2744:
2717:
2705:
2698:Hammond 1976
2693:
2681:
2669:
2652:
2640:
2620:, p. 3.
2613:
2596:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2486:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2441:, p. 7.
2430:
2418:
2397:
2386:
2381:
2368:
2341:
2328:
2317:
2305:
2278:
2273:, p. 1.
2271:Malcolm 1977
2266:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2228:, retrieved
2224:the original
2214:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2054:, p. 2.
2047:
2035:
2030:, p. 1.
2006:
1979:
1963:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1822:
1810:
1794:
1783:
1772:
1761:
1730:
1718:
1691:
1679:
1663:
1628:
1623:, p. 6.
1616:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1580:
1568:
1546:
1541:ĺ¤ććš (2020).
1521:
1512:
1503:
1483:
1476:
1461:
1388:
1375:
1362:
1311:China portal
1287:Days of Fury
1286:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1241:
1206:
1199:
1185:
1171:
1169:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1127:
1120:
1105:
1099:against the
1097:Indian Plate
1094:
1063:
1038:Sea of Bohai
1027:
1010:Gang of Four
1004:
987:
980:
972:
960:
951:
932:
912:
901:
888:
859:
855:
850:
848:
831:
814:
810:
806:
790:
747:
738:
734:
730:
722:
718:
711:conditions.
709:
705:
696:
688:
676:
668:
658:
650:
648:
597:Sea of Bohai
499:
483:
468:
463:
445:
430:
400:
371:
355:
353:
334:
168:Peking time:
160:28 July 1976
29:
6141:Zunhua City
5836:By province
5702:2011 Yunnan
5692:2009 Yunnan
5637:2001 Kunlun
5621:2000 Yunnan
4978:. Beijing:
4736:27 February
4651:(1): 1â10,
4150:, p. 1
3185:15 December
2965:, p. 9
2832:Scholz 1997
2816:Geller 1997
2411:Geller 1997
2207:Golany 1992
2066:, figure 1.
2042:, figure 4.
1528:, Prologue.
1394:#Death toll
1368:#Death toll
1066:metamorphic
782:Luan County
770:Shanhaiguan
766:Qinhuangdao
622:Qinhuangdao
311: /
281: /
184:B: 18:45:36
176:A: 03:42:55
94: event
6326:Categories
6131:Liushuquan
5647:2003 Dayao
5466:1947 Assam
5263:Historical
4988:0835122271
4912:11 October
4584:5 December
3331:26 October
2633:Yang 2002a
1929:Yang 2002b
1893:Yang 2002b
1867:Yang 2002b
1831:Yang 2002b
1591:6 February
1404:References
1279:Aftershock
1196:Comparison
1006:Mao Zedong
999:earthquake
820:Death toll
727:Coal mines
464:en echelon
345:Casualties
61: time
6291:Landmarks
6270:Education
5186:Moro Gulf
5120:Guatemala
4972:Qian Gang
4956:234848679
4848:2180-3250
4673:116230669
4574:1000-6265
4568:: 42â46,
4042:129902429
3889:129825964
3736:246654390
3491:140609618
3382:Shen 2002
3087:Wang 2007
3047:ICEF 2011
2963:Peng 2008
2855:See also
2820:ICEF 2011
2749:Kerr 1979
2479:Xiao 2013
2475:Yeoh 2010
2451:Xiao 2013
2389:Cha (1976
2387:See also
1984:Zhao 2002
1956:Zhao 2002
1123:predicted
1082:granulite
1078:quartzite
1055:sandstone
1051:limestone
655:epicenter
433:magnitude
403:) on the
327:intensity
257:Epicenter
189:Magnitude
6362:Tangshan
6305:(Zunhua)
6185:Hongqiao
5928:Tangshan
5168:Tangshan
5138:Longling
5062:Archived
4982:, 1989.
4486:21 March
4480:archived
4421:(1991),
4388:Geotimes
4276:5 August
3969:17759414
3791:17745640
3543:88005916
3272:17 March
3248:26000167
3240:21314081
3179:BBC News
2674:Guo 2002
2662:Guo 2002
2658:Zhu 2002
2589:Guo 2002
2439:Cha 1976
2407:Chu 1976
2322:Lin 1982
2310:CEA 2009
2173:UPI: in
2160:UPI: in
1874:Archived
1843:Yao 2002
1777:Liu 2020
1739:Guo 2002
1723:Zhu 2002
1641:Guo 2002
1637:Zhu 2002
1621:Zhu 2002
1297:See also
1059:syncline
798:diluvium
794:alluvium
778:Tongxian
744:Railways
602:Qinglong
592:Tangshan
479:Luanxian
393:Tangshan
333:MMI XI (
299:118°26â˛E
269:118°06â˛E
6149:Malanyu
5935:History
5843:Sichuan
5050:and/or
4936:Bibcode
4653:Bibcode
4535:Bibcode
4358:Bibcode
4304:Bibcode
4123:Bibcode
4022:Bibcode
3988:Bibcode
3949:Bibcode
3941:Science
3834:Bibcode
3771:Bibcode
3763:Science
3716:Bibcode
3660:Bibcode
3566:Bibcode
3471:Bibcode
3409:Sources
3401:. 1979.
3011:Bo 2010
2999:Bo 2010
2987:Bo 2010
2951:Bo 2010
2939:Bo 2010
2915:Bo 2010
2900:Bo 2010
2881:Bo 2010
2463:Li 2016
2230:18 July
2195:yaodong
1999:Mi 2002
1941:Xu 2002
1581:Jiemian
1446:ISC-EHB
1423:ISC-EHB
1189:Shaanxi
1036:to the
1034:Beijing
1016:Geology
955:275,000
946:242,769
936:242,419
906:655,237
896:100,000
883:655,000
873:750,000
867:700,000
802:Fengrun
776:. The
754:Tianjin
632:Beijing
627:Tianjin
612:Changli
550:50miles
413:Tianjin
409:Beijing
401:Extreme
360:Chinese
335:Extreme
296:39°43â˛N
266:39°38â˛N
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5848:Yunnan
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1427:711732
1425:Event
1074:gneiss
1070:schist
891:Taiwan
762:Ninghe
758:Tanggu
617:Ninghe
607:Zunhua
516:Damage
487:Ninghe
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368:pinyin
362::
234:; 7.4
222:
209:; 7.6
197:
192:
181:
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140:ComCat
135:
130:
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107:711732
102:
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6194:Other
6090:Daodi
5951:Areas
5162:Sabah
5144:Papua
4952:S2CID
4883:(PDF)
4862:(PDF)
4814:(PDF)
4793:(PDF)
4772:(PDF)
4751:(PDF)
4724:[
4703:(PDF)
4689:(PDF)
4669:S2CID
4641:(PDF)
4600:(PDF)
4523:(PDF)
4330:(PDF)
4242:(PDF)
4224:(PDF)
4179:(PDF)
4101:[
4099:ĺ°ççéćź
4081:(PDF)
4038:S2CID
4014:(PDF)
3885:S2CID
3805:(PDF)
3732:S2CID
3648:(PDF)
3627:(PDF)
3604:(PDF)
3505:(PDF)
3487:S2CID
3459:(PDF)
3244:S2CID
3135:(PDF)
3128:(PDF)
2244:UPI:
2203:adobe
2199:loess
1452:[
1429:[
1354:Notes
446:total
397:Hebei
364:ĺ幹大ĺ°é
247:Depth
124:USGS-
35:ĺ幹大ĺ°é
5153:Bali
5059:here
5042:The
4999:ISBN
4984:ISBN
4914:2020
4844:ISSN
4738:2019
4586:2018
4570:ISSN
4503:ISBN
4488:2011
4458:ISBN
4433:ISBN
4278:2018
4205:ISBN
4061:ISBN
3965:PMID
3924:ISBN
3787:PMID
3691:ISBN
3539:LCCN
3529:ISBN
3439:ISBN
3418:ANSS
3333:2011
3307:2020
3274:2012
3236:PMID
3187:2016
3143:2018
2604:and
2232:2018
1593:2019
1489:ISBN
1454:IRIS
1431:IRIS
1128:The
1053:and
991:Tian
768:and
756:and
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4030:doi
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