February 28 incident - Knowledge (XXG)

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was established to distribute compensation again and award rehabilitation certificates to victims of the February 28 incident in order to restore their reputation. Family members of dead and missing victims are eligible for NT$ 6 million (approximately US$ 190,077). The foundation reviewed 2,885 applications, most of which were accepted. Of these, 686 involved deaths, 181 involved missing persons, and 1,459 involved imprisonment. Many descendants of victims remain unaware that their family members were victims, while many of the families of victims from Mainland China did not know the details of their relatives' mistreatment during the riot. Those who have received compensation twice are still demanding trials of the still-living soldiers and officials who were responsible for the jail terms and deaths of their loved ones. On the other hand, some survivors thought the arrest and questioning had more to do with looting and riot participation as many unemployed citizens had just been discharged from the Japanese Imperial Army from overseas.

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he critiqued the report for only limiting itself to events in 1947. Fellow commission member Lai Tse-han, a history professor who was in charge of drafting the report, suggested that the report was shifting some blame away from the Chiang family by not covering extensive violations of human rights during the period where they had undeniable knowledge and complicity in the events, namely the 1950s and 1960s. Professor Lai stated that ""A lot of people here don't know about the repression in the 50's and 60's... More people were killed at that time than during 2-28. Police just knocked on the door at midnight, and then the people inside just disappeared." This viewpoint is somewhat similar to that of Kerr, who cited a figure of 10,000, but stated that between 1947 and 1965, when

1310: 1103: 608:, to determine the facts. Using the civil registry set up during the Japanese administration, which was acknowledged by all as very efficient, they determined who was living at the time of the handover to the Chinese administration. The commission was given the power to award to the family of anyone who died in the period of the insurrection and the restoration of Nationalist government rule an amount of NT$ 6,000,000, about US$ 150,000. The families did not have to prove that the death was related to the above events. A total of 800 people came forward to get the awards for the people who died during the period. 1286:, who in a letter published in the Chinese-language United Daily News in Feb. 2012, questioned whether “over 10,000 were killed” in the 228 Incident. Hau based his critique on the number of victims and their descendants who were claiming compensation for damages. Only around 1,000 people had put in claims for compensation as victims of the incident. However, others have contended that the veil of secrecy under the martial law period and taboo of discussing the matter had contributed to this low number, particularly as many descendants of victims may have been unaware that their relatives perished. 1422:

provincial military and political officials in Taiwan were punished because of the Massacre. Furthermore, he deployed forces right after the Massacre, as written in a letter by Chen Yi to Chiang Kai-Shek dated March 13: "If not for Your Excellency to mobilize troop rapidly, one could not imagine how far this massacre will lead to." Chiang Kai-Shek, despite all information he gathered from the party, government, army, intelligence, and representative of Taiwanese groups, still chose to send troops right away; he summoned commander of the 21st division Liu Yu-Cing.

313: 1550: 1171:. When she demanded their return, one of the men struck her in the head with the butt of his gun, prompting the surrounding Taiwanese crowd to challenge the Tobacco Monopoly agents. As they fled, one agent shot his gun into the crowd, hitting a bystander who died the next day. The crowd, which had already been harbouring feelings of frustration from unemployment, inflation, and corruption towards the Nationalist government, reached its breaking point. The crowd protested to both the police and the gendarmes but was mostly ignored. 176: 1578: 1226:, maybe between 3,000 to 4,000 people throughout the island, though the exact number is still undetermined. Detailed records kept by the KMT have been reported as missing. Some of the killings were random, while others were systematic. Taiwanese political leaders were among those targeted, and many of the Taiwanese who had formed self-governing groups during the reign of the Japanese were also victims of the February 28 incident. A disproportionate number of the victims had been discharged from the 1091: 3736: 1536: 163: 1074:

services. Because the Taiwanese elites had met with some success with self-government under Japanese rule, they had expected the same system from the incoming ruling Chinese Nationalist Government. However, the Chinese Nationalists opted for a different route, aiming for the centralization of government powers and a reduction in local authority. The KMT's nation-building efforts followed this ideology because of unpleasant experiences with the diverging forces during the

3809: 1340: 935: 911: 557:, and many no doubt wanted revenge, then they were sent to Taiwan, then still legally a colony of the Empire of Japan. Local residents became resentful of what they saw as high-handed and frequently corrupt conduct on the part of the Kuomintang (KMT) authorities, including the arbitrary seizure of private property, economic mismanagement, and exclusion from political participation. The flashpoint came on February 27, 1947, in 561:, when agents of the State Monopoly Bureau struck a Taiwanese widow suspected of selling contraband cigarettes. An officer then fired into a crowd of angry bystanders, hitting one man, who died the next day. Soldiers fired upon demonstrators the next day, after which a radio station was seized by protesters and news of the revolt was broadcast to the entire island. As the uprising spread, the KMT-installed governor 370: 437: 1129: 1121: 969: 56: 1564: 251: 1390:

In 1990, the ROC Executive Yuan set up a task force to investigate the February 28 incident. The "Report of the 228 Incident" (二二八事件研究報告) was published in 1992, and a memorial was set up in 1995 at the 228 Peace Park in Taipei. In October 1995, the state-funded Memorial Foundation of 228 (二二八事件紀念基金會)

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During the February 28 incident, Taiwanese leaders established Resolution Committees in various cities (with a central committee in Taipei) and demanded greater political autonomy. Negotiations with the ROC ended when troops arrived in early March. The subsequent feelings of betrayal felt towards the

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Another critique of the common figure came from Marvin C. H. Ho, the president of the Taipei Language Institute and a member of the commission that issued the report. Mr. Ho stated that among his colleagues writing the report, very few supported the higher figure of 28,000. However, at the same time,

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were generally coordinated and organized, and public order in Taiwanese-held areas was upheld by volunteer civilians organised by students and unemployed former Japanese army soldiers. Local leaders formed settlement committees (or resolution committees), which presented the government with a list of

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For several weeks after the February 28 incident, Taiwanese civilians controlled much of Taiwan. The initial riots were spontaneous and sometimes violent, with mainland Chinese receiving beatings from and being killed by Taiwanese. Over 1,000 mainlanders were killed. Within a few days, the Taiwanese

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said that troops from the mainland China arrived there on March 7 and indulged in three days of indiscriminate killing and arrest. For a time, everyone seen on the streets was fired upon, homes were broken into, and occupants were arrested. In the lower income sections the streets were said to

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Protesters gathered the next morning around Taipei, calling for the arrest and trial of the agents involved in the previous day's shooting, and eventually made their way to the Governor General's Office, where security forces tried to disperse the crowd. Soldiers opened fire into the crowd, killing

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Although 18,000 - 28,000 is widely cited as a broad death-toll as a result of the incident, various different figures have been given over time. In the immediate aftermath of the events, in addition to the Nanjing-based delegation, which cited 3000 - 4000, George Kerr cited a figure of 10,000 as

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We think that Chiang Kai-Shek, president of the Nationalist government, should bear the biggest responsibility for the 228 Massacre. Reasons being that he not only was oblivious to warning cautioned by the Control Yuan prior to the Massacre, he was also partial to Chen Yi afterward. None of the

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for reform of the provincial administration. They demanded, among other things, greater autonomy, free elections, the surrender of the ROC Army to the Settlement Committee, and an end to government corruption. Motivations among the various Taiwanese groups varied; some demanded greater autonomy

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from Mainland China dominated nearly all industry, as well as political and judicial offices, displacing the Taiwanese who were formerly employed. Many of the ROC garrison troops were highly undisciplined, looting, stealing, and contributing to the overall breakdown of infrastructure and public

1417:(二二八事件責任歸屬研究報告) was released after several years of research. The 2006 report was not intended to overlap with the prior (1992) 228 Massacre Research Report commissioned by the Executive Yuan. Chiang Kai-shek is specifically named as having the largest responsibility in the 2006 report. 1175:

at least three people. On March 4, the Taiwanese took over the administration of the town and military bases and forced their way into a local radio station to broadcast news of the incident and call for people to revolt, causing uprisings to erupt throughout the island. By evening,

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During the 50 years of Japanese rule in Taiwan (1895–1945), Taiwan experienced economic development and an increased standard of living, serving as a supply base for the Japanese main islands. After World War II, Taiwan was placed under the administrative control of the

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became the first president to discuss the incident publicly on its anniversary in 1995. The event is now openly discussed, and its details have become the subject of government and academic investigation. February 28 is now an official public holiday called

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To somber cello music that evokes 'Schindler's List,' displays memorialize the lives lost, including much of the island's elite: painters, lawyers, professors, and doctors. In 1992, an official commission estimated that 18,000 to 28,000 people had been

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By late March 1947, the central executive committee of the KMT had recommended that Chen Yi be dismissed as governor-general over the "merciless brutality" he had shown in suppressing the rebellion. In June 1948, he was appointed provincial chairman of

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within the ROC, while others wanted UN trusteeship or full independence. The Taiwanese also demanded representation in the forthcoming peace treaty negotiations with Japan, hoping to secure a plebiscite to determine the island's political future.

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were initially welcomed by the Taiwanese. Their harsh conduct and the corrupt KMT administration quickly led to Taiwanese discontent during the immediate postwar period. As governor-general, Chen Yi took over and sustained the Japanese system of

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was published, that " If we add to this the thousands who have been seized and done away with since March, 1947, on the pretext that they were involved in the affair, the number may reach the 20,000 figure often given by Formosan writers."

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revealed the emotional ramifications for those who lived through the events yet suppressed their knowledge out of fear. It focused on how there was such an impact that it permeated throughout multiple generations within the same family.

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The number of deaths from the incident and massacre was estimated to be between 18,000 and 28,000. Other estimates are much lower. A government commission was set up under the administration of the pro-Taiwan independence president,

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rose to 100 times its original value between the time the Nationalists took over and the spring of 1946, increasing to nearly four times the price in Shanghai. It inflated further to 400 times the original price by January 1947.

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In Taiwan, the period immediately following the 228 Incident is known as the 'White Terror' ... . Just blocks away from the Presidential Palace in Taipei is a museum and park memorializing the victims of the 228

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and came back unemployed. They were involved in the riots and looting and beat up recent immigrants from China. They presented the most fear, as they looked no different from Japanese soldiers from the mainland.

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Unlike in China or Korea, many Taiwanese have a broadly more positive view of Japan than people in China or Korea, saying that Japan's rule brought progress to an undeveloped, largely agricultural island.

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By the end of March, Chen Yi had ordered the imprisonment or execution of the leading Taiwanese organizers he could identify. His troops reportedly executed, according to a Taiwanese delegation in

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A number of artists in Taiwan have addressed the subject of the February 28 incident since the taboo was lifted on the subject in the early 1990s. The incident has been the subject of music by

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called for military reinforcements, and the uprising was violently put down by the National Revolutionary Army. Two years later, and for 38 years thereafter, the island would be placed under

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Wakabayashi, Masahiro (2003). "4: Overcoming the Difficult Past; Rectification of the 2–28 Incident and the Politics of Reconciliation in Taiwan". In Funabashi, Yōichi (ed.).

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movement post-democratization. The initial February 28 purge was followed two years later by 38 years of martial law, commonly referred to as the

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In the 1970s, the 228 Justice and Peace Movement was initiated by several citizen groups to ask for a reversal of this policy and in 1992, the

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realization that his grandfather had been one of the tens of thousands of victims targeted and murdered in Taiwan's 'February 28 Massacres.'

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On February 28, 1947, crowds gathered at the Tobacco Monopoly Bureau's Taipei branch to protest. Its inventories were piled up and burned.

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Fleischauer, Stefan (November 1, 2007). "The 228 Incident and the Taiwan Independence Movement's Construction of a Taiwanese Identity".

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During the White Terror, the KMT persecuted perceived political dissidents, and the incident was considered too taboo to be discussed.

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Severe inflation led the Bank of Taiwan to issue bearer's checks in denominations of 1 million Taiwan Dollars (TW$ 1,000,000) in 1949.

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in 1916–1928 that had torn the government in China. Mainland Communists were even preparing to bring down the government like the

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United States relations with China, with special reference to the period 1944–1949, based on the files of the Department of State

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shortages, where they were sold at a very high profit, furthering the general shortage of goods in Taiwan. The price of

1060:. Many commodities were compulsorily bought cheaply by the KMT administration and shipped to Mainland China to meet the 781: 765: 511: 296: 3883: 3873: 3280:. Far Eastern Series. Compiled from Department of State records. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 923–938. 2313:[Yanping Road last night checked the smuggling team and shot and killed the people (the people's newspaper)], 1814: 1611: 1207: 820: 683: 593: 534: 522: 3630: 3269:(April 21, 1947). Memorandum on the Situation in Taiwan (Report). American Embassy, Nanking, China. Telegram No. 689. 1195:

near Taichung. In Chiayi, the mayor's residence was set on fire, and local militias fought with the military police.

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On the evening of February 27, 1947, a Tobacco Monopoly Bureau enforcement team in Taipei went to the district of

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from Taiwan's northernmost city to its southern tip to commemorate the incident, call for peace, and protest the

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Zhu Tianwen 朱天文, Bei qing cheng shi 悲情城市 , DVD, directed by Hou Hsiao-hsien侯孝賢 (Taiwan: 3-H Films/Era, 1989)

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Outside of Taipei, there were examples of the formation of local militias, such as the Communist-inspired

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had been declared, and curfews were enforced by the arrest or shooting of anyone who violated the curfew.

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Formosa Calling: An Eyewitness Account of Conditions in Taiwan during the February 28th, 1947 Incident

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The memory of the February 28 massacre, although politically taboo during the KMT's authoritarian rule

3782: 3266: 2862: 1461: 985: 954: 562: 503: 214: 38: 3477: 3853: 3787: 2155:"Comparative Colonialisms: Variations in Japanese Colonial Policy in Taiwan and Korea, 1895 - 1945" 1850: 1780: 1471: 1365: 546: 78: 3024: 1577: 858: 721: 3767: 3224:(1st ed.). Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill; Workman Publishing. 2731: 2280: 2062: 1893: 1689: 1045:

some 500 Japanese-owned factories and mines, as well as the homes of former Japanese residents.

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immediately relieved Chen of his duties. Chen Yi was escorted to Taiwan and later imprisoned in

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tells the story of the incident as it affects three generations of a Taiwanese family, while

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Taiwanese perceptions of Japanese rule were more positive than perceptions in other parts of

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also has a permanent exhibit detailing the events of the incident in Kaohsiung. In 2019, the

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The 18,000 - 28,000 range has been challenged by several individuals, most prominently by

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The Taiwan province working committee organization of the CCP (1946~1950) in Taipei city

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promulgated the "February 28 Incident Research Report". Then-president and KMT chairman

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province. In January 1949, he attempted to defect to the Chinese Communist Party, but

3822: 3590: 1897: 1541: 1079: 3285: 2727:"Taipei Journal; The Horror of 2-28: Taiwan Rips Open the Past - The New York Times" 1506:(2013) describes the event and its aftermath from the viewpoint of a Taiwanese boy. 3273: 2489:"The 228 Massacre in Chiayi: "The Airport and Train Station Were Washed with Blood" 1967: 1569: 1555: 1380: 1344: 1283: 1272: 1202:, under governor Chen Yi, stalled for time while it waited for reinforcements from 1133: 1070: 1049: 958: 848: 806: 711: 655: 605: 580: 3655:

Family of Korean killed in Taiwan's '228 Incident' in 1947 to get compensation –

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Today, a memorial plaque marks the exact location where the first shot was fired

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Some political organisations that participated in the uprising, for example the

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Angry residents storm the Yidingmu police station in Taipei on February 28, 1947

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handed administrative control of Taiwan over to China, thus ending 50 years of

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in Taipei is housed in a broadcast station that played a role in the incident.

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Demonstrations, negotiations, weapons collection, takeovers, armed protests

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Document unearthed shows double-dealing of Chiang behind 228 Incident –

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being provided by various externally-based groups, a figure he cited in

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Armed soldiers as seen in Tainan by Dr. M. Ottsen, who served for the

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Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League and the February 28 Incident

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Unknown. A 1992 government report estimated between 18,000 and 28,000

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government and China are widely believed to have catalysed today's

938:"Chinese Exploit Formosa Worse Than Japs Did", a news article from 2793:"Taiwan Families Receive Goodbye Letters Decades After Executions" 2663:(Revised ed.). Upland, CA: Taiwan Publishing Co. p. 310. 2058:"Taiwan Turns Light on 1947 Slaughter by Chiang Kai-shek's Troops" 1685:"Taiwan Turns Light on 1947 Slaughter by Chiang Kai-shek's Troops" 1338: 1127: 1113: 1101: 1089: 1018: 1006: 967: 953:

to provide stability until a permanent arrangement could be made.

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On February 28, 2004, thousands of Taiwanese participated in the

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makes several lyrical references to the February 28 incident.

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Ko, Shu-ling; Chang, Rich; Chao, Vincent Y. (March 1, 2011).

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addresses the families of victims of the February 28 incident

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A Tragic Beginning: The Taiwan Uprising of February 28, 1947

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Fear and indifference to politics; deepened ethnic divisions

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also relates the incident as part of the motivation behind

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reported, "An American who had just arrived in China from

3521: 3481: 2406:"Taiwan's 228 Incident and the Politics of Placing Blame" 1359:, once a political prisoner, speaking at the 228 Memorial 3112:"US author probes 'legacy' of the 228 Incident in novel" 3594:(in Chinese). Taipei. February 28, 2007. Archived from 2550:"DPP questions former Premier Hau's 228 victim figures" 2086:"DPP questions former Premier Hau's 228 victim figures" 1415:

Research Report on Responsibility for the 228 Massacre

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aimed at Taiwan along the coast of the Taiwan Strait.

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exonerated those who were convicted in the aftermath.

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2010 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest

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2007 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest

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The 228 Incident and Taiwan's Transitional Justice –

3564:"Declaration of Formosan Civil Government 福爾摩沙平民政府宣言" 1815:"Taiwan's White Terror: Remembering the 228 Incident" 1456:, the first movie that addressed the events, won the 839: 825: 811: 702: 688: 674: 660: 3320:

Lai, Tse-han; Myers, Ramon Hawley; Wei, Wou (1991).

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Military repression, casualties, and disappearances

123: 115: 107: 89: 73: 65: 48: 98:Economic control by mainlanders; economic hardship 3639:Japanese 228 victim's son awarded compensation – 3478:"The 228 Massacre, As Documented in the US Media" 3345:. Upland, California: Taiwan Publishing Company. 1398:. They formed a 500-kilometer (310 mi) long 3612:"Editorial: Historical record is key to justice" 2938:"Japanese 228 victim's son awarded compensation" 1808: 1806: 393:December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong 3671:Forum underlines importance of 228 education – 1419: 1156: 965:to make Taiwan part of the Republic of China. 3718: 3035:. The 228 Memorial Foundation. Archived from 2337:Reflection on the 228 Event—The first gunshot 2222:Reflection on the 228 Event—The first gunshot 779: 763: 628: 486:in 1947 that was violently suppressed by the 280: 8: 3441:. Taiwan Ministry of Culture. Archived from 2558:. Taipei. February 29, 2012. Archived from 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2094:. Taipei. February 29, 2012. Archived from 1654:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 335:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 3725: 3711: 3703: 790: 639: 287: 273: 265: 54: 45: 2170: 1813:Shattuck, Thomas J. (February 27, 2017). 1279:as the official account of the incident. 1106:"Terror in Formosa", a news article from 398:Anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement 30:"2/28" redirects here. For the date, see 3687:228 evidence indicts Chiang: academic – 3647:Tsai vows to investigate 228 Incident – 3324:. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. 1350: 1327: 1316: 1308: 1236:Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League 1119: 3435:"Taipei 228 Memorial Museum (臺北228紀念館)" 2886:"Extension requested for 228 claimants" 2520:"Formosa killings are put at 10s 1000s" 2289:from the original on September 13, 2020 2285:(Thesis). National Tamkang University. 2070:from the original on October 27, 2018. 1931: 1929: 1927: 1697:from the original on October 27, 2018. 1675: 930:) printed in 1934, during Japanese rule 95:Political discrimination and corruption 3663:KMT slows transitional justice: Koo – 3091:from the original on February 10, 2017 3005:from the original on February 26, 2022 2974:from the original on February 11, 2022 2772:from the original on February 16, 2020 2603:. Owosso, Michigan. January 14, 1949. 2260:from the original on November 29, 2021 1857:from the original on February 13, 2023 1827:from the original on February 15, 2021 1724:from the original on December 13, 2018 1712:Kristof, Nicholas D. (April 3, 1992). 1048:Economic mismanagement led to a large 610: 3238:from the original on October 17, 2022 3175:from the original on October 17, 2022 2993:Chang, Yun-ping (February 29, 2004). 2803:from the original on January 22, 2020 2654: 2652: 1963:"National 228 museum opens in Taipei" 1643:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1622:The First 228 Peace Memorial Monument 1206:. Upon their arrival on March 8, the 482:) was an anti-government uprising in 344:2011 crackdown on dissidents in China 7: 3544:Taiwan Government Information Office 3357:from the original on October 8, 2014 3065:from the original on August 28, 2019 2637:from the original on August 11, 2021 2607:from the original on August 11, 2021 2487:Yang, Bi-chuan (February 25, 2017). 2027:"Commission exonerates 1,270 people" 2006:from the original on August 31, 2019 1994:Chen, Ketty W. (February 28, 2013). 3458:Hong, Keelung (February 28, 2003). 3195:(First ed.). New York: Knopf. 2968:"賠償金申請相關事宜｜財團法人二二八事件紀念基金會．二二八國家紀念館" 2822:Horton, Chris (February 26, 2017). 2735:. December 13, 2018. Archived from 2703:. November 29, 2014. Archived from 2627:"Formosa Chief Executed As Traitor" 2530:from the original on April 24, 2006 2376:from the original on April 24, 2006 2056:Forsythe, Michael (July 14, 2015). 1975:from the original on April 30, 2019 1938:A New Illustrated History of Taiwan 1912:"228, Japan, and selective amnesia" 1683:Forsythe, Michael (July 14, 2015). 340:2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests 330:1986 Chinese student demonstrations 3372:Reconciliation in the Asia-Pacific 3165:"Green Island by Shawna Yang Ryan" 3059:"228 Massacre, 60th Commemoration" 2948:from the original on July 31, 2019 2853:Mo, Yan-chih (February 28, 2006). 2834:from the original on March 2, 2020 2518:Durdin, Tillman (March 29, 1947). 2458:"Formosans' Plea For Red Aid Seen" 2456:Durdin, Tillman (March 30, 1947). 2428:from the original on March 4, 2016 2416:. University of Alberta: 143–163. 2198:from the original on July 30, 2017 2159:PSU McNair Scholars Online Journal 2131:from the original on March 4, 2020 1996:"Remembering Taiwan's Tragic Past" 1788:from the original on March 1, 2022 25: 3752:Founding of the Republic of China 3679:Chiang Kai-shek removal backed – 3151:from the original on May 12, 2016 3122:from the original on May 12, 2019 2585:. Taipei: Straits Academic Press. 2248:"Foreign News: This Is the Shame" 2037:from the original on May 13, 2019 1820:Foreign Policy Research Institute 403:2010 Hong Kong democracy protests 3807: 3734: 2791:Mozur, Paul (February 3, 2016). 2499:from the original on May 8, 2019 2279:Cai, Xi-bin (January 11, 2010). 1602:History of the Republic of China 1576: 1562: 1548: 1534: 1439:and a number of literary works. 435: 383:1970s Hong Kong student protests 368: 311: 174: 161: 3879:Massacres of protesters in Asia 2758:Bird, Thomas (August 1, 2019). 1116:, reported the status in March. 988:imperialism. Despite this, the 878: 864: 741: 727: 598:Transitional Justice Commission 360:2022 COVID-19 protests in China 3618:. February 28, 2007. p. 8 3464:(Speech). Berkeley, California 3339:Shackleton, Allan J. (1998) . 3110:Bloom, Dan (August 19, 2013). 2884:Lee Hsin-fang (May 29, 2017). 2581:Wang, Xiaobo (February 2004). 2362:Durdin, Peggy (May 24, 1947). 1219:have been littered with dead. 1038: 926: 921: 840: 826: 812: 780: 764: 703: 689: 675: 661: 629: 101:Social unrest; ethnic conflict 1: 3889:Taiwanese democracy movements 3498:"Reflection on the 228 Event" 2995:"Two million rally for peace" 2333:"Seizing cigarettes incident" 2186:Cui Meiming (March 1, 1998). 2117:Wu, J.R. (October 25, 2015). 2025:Lin, Sean (October 6, 2018). 1649:KMT retreat to Taiwan in 1949 1607:The dogs go and the pigs come 355:Beijing Sitong Bridge protest 111:Political and economic reform 3894:Taiwan independence movement 3864:February 1947 events in Asia 3764:(first 3 days of the period) 3424:Resources in other libraries 3307:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1659:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 1592:Formosa Betrayed (1965 book) 914:Cover of the first issue of 427:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 3502:Taiwan Human Rights InfoNet 2861:. p. 4. Archived from 1752:Taiwan Journal of Democracy 1612:List of massacres in Taiwan 841:Erh⁴-erh⁴-pa¹ Ta⁴-t'u²-sha¹ 594:Kaohsiung Museum of History 535:National Revolutionary Army 3925: 3191:Ryan, Shawna Yang (2016). 3140:Publishers' information: 2920:Memorial Foundation of 228 1633:Political status of Taiwan 1617:List of massacres in China 1404:People's Republic of China 1321:228 Memorial Day, 2008 in 1302: 906:Taiwan under Japanese rule 899: 704:Erh⁴-erh⁴-pa¹ Shih⁴-chien⁴ 569:in a period known as the " 422:2016 Mong Kok civil unrest 408:Hong Kong new year marches 69:February 27 – May 16, 1947 36: 29: 3805: 3747: 3741:Public holidays in Taiwan 3419:Resources in your library 2153:Abramson, Gunnar (2004). 1514:The Taiwanese metal band 1157: 941:The Washington Daily News 917:Taiwan Literature and Art 889: 789: 638: 618: 306: 204: 153: 142:, which lasted until 1987 53: 3844:Anti-Taiwanese sentiment 3584: 3522: 3301:Kerr, George H. (1965). 3286:2027/umn.31951d01115459w 2765:South China Morning Post 2310:延平路昨晚查緝私煙隊，開槍擊斃老百姓 (民報社) 2309: 1890:10.1177/0920203X07083320 1851:"China's other massacre" 1743:Wu, Naiteh (July 2005). 759:Traditional Chinese 388:Hong Kong 1 July marches 37:Not to be confused with 3909:20th-century rebellions 2404:Smith, Craig A (2008). 2218:"Formosa After the War" 2172:10.15760/mcnair.2005.11 1754:(1): 10. Archived from 775:Simplified Chinese 590:228 Peace Memorial Park 543:anti-Japanese sentiment 517:In 1945, following the 417:2014 Hong Kong protests 350:Egg fried rice protests 256:The Terrible Inspection 27:1947 uprising in Taiwan 3566:. 2009. Archived from 3504:. 2003. Archived from 3480:. 2001. Archived from 3221:The third son: a novel 2922:. 2018. Archived from 2339:. 2003. Archived from 2224:. 2003. Archived from 1936:Chou, Wan-yao (2015). 1761:on February 25, 2021. 1627:228 Hand-in-Hand Rally 1424: 1396:228 Hand-in-Hand Rally 1360: 1355:Former Vice President 1348: 1336: 1325: 1314: 1228:Imperial Japanese Army 1210:launched a crackdown. 1200:Nationalist Government 1140: 1132:Painter and Professor 1125: 1117: 1099: 1086:Uprising and crackdown 973: 945: 931: 531:Japanese colonial rule 492:nationalist government 262: 247: 168:Nationalist government 3899:White Terror (Taiwan) 3508:on September 27, 2007 3267:Stuart, John Leighton 2944:. February 18, 2016. 2659:Kerr, George (1992). 2633:. AP. June 18, 1950. 1638:White Terror (Taiwan) 1521:Mirror of Retribution 1474:activist characters. 1354: 1342: 1332:228 Memorial Park in 1331: 1320: 1312: 1305:White Terror (Taiwan) 1131: 1123: 1105: 1093: 971: 937: 913: 879:Jī-jī-pat tūa-tôo-sat 865:Jī-jī-pat tōa-tô͘-sat 253: 242: 136:Martial law in Taiwan 3829:February 28 incident 3783:Dragon Boat Festival 3757:Lunar New Year's Eve 3570:on November 29, 2014 3445:on November 29, 2014 3410:February 28 incident 3087:. October 21, 1989. 3039:on February 28, 2015 2896:on February 25, 2021 2739:on December 13, 2018 2707:on November 29, 2014 2597:"Chiang to Formosa?" 2562:on November 29, 2014 2468:on February 15, 2006 2098:on November 29, 2014 1920:. February 27, 2023. 1464:. The 2009 thriller 1462:Venice Film Festival 753:February 28 Massacre 614:February 28 incident 472:February 28 massacre 468:February 28 incident 49:February 28 incident 39:February 26 incident 3859:Cold War rebellions 3788:Mid-Autumn Festival 3585:〈社論〉二二八不是內部鎮壓而是國際罪行 3085:"A City of Sadness" 2681:. February 27, 2007 2679:www.taipeitimes.com 2631:Schenectady Gazette 2194:(3). 檔案與史學: 43–55. 1781:The Washington Post 1472:Taiwan independence 1366:Taiwan independence 1096:228 Memorial Museum 547:Japanese war crimes 533:. At the time, the 523:end of World War II 512:Taiwan independence 498:(ROC). Directed by 299:democracy movements 3884:Rebellions in Asia 3874:Protests in Taiwan 3768:Peace Memorial Day 3461:My Search for 2–28 3218:Wu, Julie (2013). 3169:www.penguin.com.au 2828:The New York Times 2797:The New York Times 2732:The New York Times 2524:The New York Times 2493:The Reporter (報導者) 2462:The New York Times 2364:"Terror in Taiwan" 2192:Dang 'an Yu Shixue 2063:The New York Times 1718:The New York Times 1690:The New York Times 1361: 1349: 1337: 1326: 1315: 1212:The New York Times 1141: 1126: 1118: 1100: 1027:petroleum refining 974: 946: 932: 742:Jī-jī-pat sū-kiānn 690:Ellellba Shyhjiann 586:Peace Memorial Day 541:was widespread in 519:surrender of Japan 263: 248: 3869:Massacres in 1947 3849:Conflicts in 1947 3816: 3815: 3778:Tomb Sweeping Day 3550:on August 1, 2007 3405:Library resources 3099:– via IMDb. 3027:(February 2005). 2926:on July 31, 2019. 2256:. June 10, 1946. 1947:978-957-638-784-5 1878:China Information 1784:. March 1, 2017. 1597:History of Taiwan 1453:A City of Sadness 1406:'s deployment of 1385:228 Memorial Park 951:Republic of China 944:on March 21, 1946 902:Chinese Civil War 893: 892: 885: 884: 827:Ellellba Datwusha 800:Standard Mandarin 748: 747: 728:Jī-jī-pat sū-kiāⁿ 649:Standard Mandarin 496:Republic of China 470:(also called the 463: 462: 413:Umbrella Movement 237: 236: 195: 194: 16:(Redirected from 3916: 3811: 3798:Retrocession Day 3739: 3738: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3704: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3598:on July 30, 2013 3579: 3577: 3575: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3546:. Archived from 3535: 3533: 3531: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3393: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3335: 3316: 3304:Formosa Betrayed 3297: 3271:. 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3551: 3538: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3496: 3487: 3485: 3484:on June 7, 2007 3476: 3467: 3465: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3382: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3338: 3332: 3319: 3300: 3276:(August 1949). 3272: 3263:Kerr, George H. 3261: 3257: 3252: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3232: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3190: 3178: 3176: 3163: 3154: 3152: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2657: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 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459: 436: 434: 431: 369: 367: 364: 310: 302: 298: 295: 293: 220: 219: 210:Chiang Kai-shek 191: 186: 175: 173: 162: 160: 85: 61: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3922: 3920: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3834:1947 in Taiwan 3831: 3821: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3773:Children's Day 3770: 3765: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3692: 3684: 3676: 3668: 3660: 3652: 3644: 3636: 3628: 3608: 3580: 3560: 3536: 3523:財團法人二二八事件紀念基金會 3518: 3494: 3474: 3455: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3399:External links 3397: 3395: 3394: 3380: 3367: 3336: 3330: 3317: 3298: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3230: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3201: 3186: 3185: 3161: 3133: 3102: 3076: 3050: 3016: 2985: 2959: 2929: 2907: 2876: 2845: 2814: 2783: 2750: 2718: 2692: 2666: 2648: 2618: 2588: 2573: 2555:The China Post 2541: 2510: 2479: 2448: 2439: 2410:Past Imperfect 2387: 2354: 2324: 2300: 2271: 2239: 2209: 2188:"大「劫收」与上海民营工业" 2178: 2145: 2109: 2091:The China Post 2077: 2048: 2017: 2002:. p. 12. 1986: 1953: 1946: 1923: 1903: 1884:(3): 373–401. 1868: 1842: 1802: 1767: 1735: 1704: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1573: 1559: 1545: 1529: 1526: 1511: 1508: 1494:'s 2016 novel 1487:The 228 Legacy 1485:'s 2013 novel 1479: 1476: 1444: 1441: 1428: 1425: 1377:Executive Yuan 1323:Liberty Square 1300: 1297: 1277:Su Tseng-chang 1263: 1260: 1136:was killed in 1109:The Daily News 1087: 1084: 1058:food shortages 994:Mainland China 982:Southeast Asia 897: 894: 891: 890: 887: 886: 883: 882: 875: 869: 868: 861: 852: 851: 845: 844: 837: 831: 830: 823: 817: 816: 813:Èrèrbā Dàtúshā 809: 803: 802: 796: 795: 794:Transcriptions 787: 786: 777: 771: 770: 761: 755: 754: 750: 749: 746: 745: 738: 732: 731: 724: 715: 714: 708: 707: 700: 694: 693: 686: 680: 679: 672: 666: 665: 662:Èrèrbā Shìjiàn 658: 652: 651: 645: 644: 643:Transcriptions 636: 635: 626: 620: 619: 616: 615: 539:mainland China 506:and president 461: 460: 458: 457: 452: 446: 445: 430: 429: 424: 419: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 379: 378: 363: 362: 357: 352: 347: 337: 332: 327: 325:Beijing Spring 321: 320: 318:Mainland China 307: 304: 303: 294: 292: 291: 284: 277: 269: 260:Huang Rong-can 245:United Nations 235: 234: 231: 227: 226: 222: 221: 218: 217: 212: 206: 205: 202: 201: 197: 196: 193: 192: 189: 187: 185: 184: 158: 151: 150: 146: 145: 144: 143: 133: 130: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 103: 102: 99: 96: 91: 87: 86: 83:Penghu Islands 77: 75: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3921: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3839:1947 protests 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3810: 3799: 3796: 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