1165:
crop the frame either from the bottom or the center (like 1.85:1) to create a 2.40:1 aspect ratio (matching that of anamorphic lenses) with an area of 24 by 10 mm (0.94 by 0.39 in). Although this cropping may seem extreme, by expanding the negative area out perf-to-perf, Super 35 creates a 2.40:1 aspect ratio with an overall negative area of 240 square millimetres (0.37 sq in), only 9 square millimetres (0.014 sq in) less than the 1.85:1 crop of the
Academy frame (248.81 square millimetres or 0.38566 square inches). The cropped frame is then converted at the intermediate stage to a 4-perf anamorphically squeezed print compatible with the anamorphic projection standard. This allows an "anamorphic" frame to be captured with non-anamorphic lenses, which are much more common. Up to 2000, once the film was photographed in Super 35, an optical printer was used to anamorphose (squeeze) the image. This optical step reduced the overall quality of the image and made Super 35 a controversial subject among cinematographers, many who preferred the higher image quality and frame negative area of anamorphic photography (especially with regard to
1173:(DI) at the beginning of the 21st century, however, Super 35 photography has become even more popular, since everything could be done digitally, scanning the original 4-perf 1.33:1 (or 3-perf 1.78:1) picture and cropping it to the 2.39:1 frame already in-computer, without anamorphosing stages, and also without creating an additional optical generation with increased grain. This process of creating the aspect ratio in the computer allows the studios to perform all post-production and editing of the movie in its original aspect (1.33:1 or 1.78:1) and to then release the cropped version, while still having the original when necessary (for Pan & Scan, HDTV transmission, etc.).
371:, to use a 68 mm film that used friction feed, not sprocket holes, to move the film through the camera. A court judgment in March 1902 invalidated Edison's claim, allowing any producer or distributor to use the Edison 35 mm film design without license. Filmmakers were already doing so in Britain and Europe, where Edison did not file patents. At the time, film stock was usually supplied unperforated and punched by the filmmaker to their standards with perforation equipment. A variation developed by the Lumière brothers used a single circular perforation on each side of the frame towards the middle of the horizontal axis.
235:
380:
473:
1188:
that a change to a 3-perf pulldown would allow for a 25% reduction in film consumption whilst still accommodating the full 1.85:1 frame. Ever since the introduction of these widescreen formats in the 1950s various film directors and cinematographers have argued in favour of the industry making such a change. The
Canadian cinematographer Miklos Lente invented and patented a three-perforation pull down system which he called "Trilent 35" in 1975 though he was unable to persuade the industry to adopt it.
1245:
47:
689:
spectral comb filter system, but their combination splitter-filter-lens is physically similar to the
Technicolor assembly and can be used in the same way. No other modifications are required to the projector for either system, though for the Technicolor system a silver screen is necessary, as it would be with polarised-light digital 3D. Thus a programme can readily include both 2D and 3D segments with only the lens needing to be changed between them.
972:
841:. Cinecolor saw considerable use in animation and low-budget pictures, mainly because it cost much less than three-color Technicolor. If color design was carefully managed, the lack of colors such as true green could pass unnoticed. Although Cinecolor used the same duplitized stock as Prizma and Multicolor, it had the advantage that its printing and processing methods yielded larger quantities of finished film in less time.
1000:" ratio. Since the 1950s the aspect ratio of some theatrically released motion picture films has been 1.85:1 (1.66:1 in Europe) or 2.35:1 (2.40:1 after 1970). The image area for "TV transmission" is slightly smaller than the full "Academy" ratio at 21 by 16 mm (0.83 by 0.63 in), an aspect ratio of 1.33:1. Hence when the "Academy" ratio is referred to as having an aspect ratio of 1.33:1, it is done so mistakenly.
1309:
523:
652:
1422:
perforations (0.1866 in pitch); the raw stock has a long pitch (0.1870 in). While cellulose nitrate and cellulose diacetate stocks used to shrink during processing slightly enough to have this difference naturally occur, modern safety stocks do not shrink at the same rate, and therefore negative (and some intermediate) stocks are perforated at a pitch of 0.2% shorter than print stock.
1652:
356:, and "simply slit this film in half"; it was initially developed for the Kinetoscope, a one-person viewer, not to be projected. The image was still of high quality, even when magnified, and was more economical than 70 mm film (and more economical than any other gauge, as cutting the 70 mm to size would have created waste). 35 mm was immediately accepted as standard by the
1431:
1222:) without worrying about compatibility with existing equipment; the Super 35 image area includes what would be the soundtrack area in a standard print. All 3-perf negatives require optical or digital conversion to standard 4-perf if a film print is desired, though 3-perf can easily be transferred to video with little to no difficulty by modern
297:. Beginning in March 1892, Eastman and then, from April 1893 into 1896, New York's Blair Camera Co. supplied Edison with film stock. Dickson is credited as the inventor of 35 mm movie film in 1889, when the Edison company was using Eastman film. The company still received film from Blair after this; at first Blair would supply only 40 mm (
1196:
projectors in movie theaters all over the world. Whilst it would have been possible to shoot in 3-perf and then convert to standard 4-perf for release prints the extra complications this would cause and the additional optical printing stage required made this an unattractive option at the time for most film makers.
488:(MPPC), pooling patents for collective use in the industry and positioning Edison's own technology as the standard to be licensed out. 35 mm became the "official" standard of the newly formed MPPC, which agreed in 1909 to what would become the standard: 35 mm gauge, with Edison perforations and a 1.3
1187:
The non-anamorphic widescreen ratios (most commonly 1.85:1) used in modern feature films makes inefficient use of the available image area on 35 mm film using the standard 4-perf pulldown; the height of a 1.85:1 frame occupying only 65% of the distance between the frames. It is clear, therefore,
987:
set a standard aperture ratio of 0.800 in by 0.600 in. Known as the "1930 standard", studios which followed the suggested practice of marking their camera viewfinders for this ratio were: Paramount-Famous-Lasky, Metro-Goldwyn Mayer, United
Artists, Pathe, Universal, RKO, Tiffany-Stahl, Mack
900:
is still made on a triacetate base, and some intermediate films (certainly including internegatives or "dupe" negatives, but not necessarily including interpositives or "master" positives) are also made on a triacetate base as such films must be spliced during the "negative assembly" process, and the
810:
started making their prints by the imbibition process, which was mechanical rather than photographic and allowed the color components to be combined on the same side of the film. Using two matrix films bearing hardened gelatin relief images, thicker where the image was darker, aniline color dyes were
684:
2-perf camera format used in the 1960s and 1970s. However, when used for 3D the left and right frames are pulled down together, thus the standard 4-perf pulldown is retained, minimising the need for modifications to the projector or to long-play systems. The linear speed of film through the projector
500:
The early acceptance of 35 mm as a standard had momentous impact on the development and spread of cinema. The standard gauge made it possible for films to be shown in every country of the world… It provided a uniform, reliable and predictable format for production, distribution and exhibition of
399:
Standardization in recording came from monopolization of the business by
Eastman and Edison, and because of Edison's typical business model involving the patent system: Eastman and Edison managed their film patents well – Edison filed the 35 mm patent in 1896, the year after Dickson left his employ –
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is 1.377 ± 0.001 inches (34.976 ± 0.025 mm). The size initially created by
Dickson was only 0.075 mm narrower than the 35 mm standard that has existed since 1930. An account of this is given in an article by Dickson in the December 1933 SMPTE journal. This size was also
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be run on sprockets with CS teeth. Shrunken film with KS prints that would normally be damaged in a projector with KS sprockets may sometimes be run far more gently through a projector with CS sprockets because of the smaller size of the teeth. Magnetic striped 35 mm film became obsolete in the
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in 1986 using two
Panaflex cameras modified to 3-perf pulldown and suggested that the industry could change over completely over the course of ten-years. However, the movie industry did not make the change mainly because it would have required the modification of the thousands of existing 35 mm
951:
of 1.375:1, 22 by 16 mm (0.866 by 0.630 in). This is a derivation of the aspect ratio and frame size designated by Thomas Edison (24.89 by 18.67 millimetres or 0.980 by 0.735 inches) at the dawn of motion pictures, which was an aspect ratio of 1.33:1. The first sound features were released
688:
The
Technicolor system uses the polarisation of light to separate the left and right eye images and for this they rent to exhibitors a combination splitter-polarizer-lens assembly which can be fitted to a lens turret in the same manner as an anamorphic lens. In contrast, the Panavision system uses a
659:
The success of digitally projected 3D movies in the first two decades of the 21st century led to a demand from some theater owners to be able to show these movies in 3D without incurring the high capital cost of installing digital projection equipment. To satisfy that demand, a number of systems had
1408:
required the creation of a different shape of perforation which was nearly square and smaller to provide space for four magnetic sound stripes for stereophonic and surround sound. These perforations are commonly referred to as CinemaScope (CS) or "Fox hole" perfs. Their dimensions are 0.0780 inches
1363:
work as these specific applications demand the more accurate registration which is only possible with BH or DH perforations. The increased height also means that the image registration was considerably less accurate than BH perfs, which remains the standard for negatives. The KS1870 perforation, or
1164:
soon marketed it under the name "Super
Techniscope" before the industry settled on the name Super 35. The central driving idea behind the process is to return to shooting in the original silent "Edison" 1.33:1 full 4-perf negative area (24.89 by 18.67 millimetres or 0.980 by 0.735 inches), and then
895:
film is that it is extremely strong, and, in case of a fault, will stretch and not break–potentially causing damage to the projector and ruining a fairly large stretch of film: 2–3 ft or approximately 2 seconds. Also, polyester film will melt if exposed to the projector lamp for too long.
642:
To facilitate this changeover, intermediate prints known as "high magenta" prints were distributed. These prints used a silver plus dye soundtrack that were printed into the magenta dye layer. The advantage gained was an optical soundtrack, with low levels of sibilant (cross-modulation) distortion,
509:
produced cameras, projectors, and perforators for the medium of an "exceptionally high quality", further cementing it as the standard. Edison and
Eastman's form of business manipulation was ruled unlawful in 1914, but by this time the technology had become the established standard. In 1917, the new
1268:
to create a finer-grained negative and print for flat widescreen films. Similar to still photography, the format uses a camera running 35 mm film horizontally instead of vertically through the camera, with frames that are eight perforations long, resulting in a wider aspect ratio of 1.5:1 and
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Looking for a similar alternative, other major studios hit upon a simpler, less expensive solution by April 1953: the camera and projector used conventional spherical lenses (rather than much more expensive anamorphic lenses), but by using a removable aperture plate in the film projector gate, the
844:
In 1950, Kodak announced the first Eastman color 35 mm negative film (along with a complementary positive film) that could record all three primary colors on the same strip of film. An improved version in 1952 was quickly adopted by Hollywood, making the use of three-strip Technicolor cameras
1342:
in 1924 to improve steadiness, registration, durability, and longevity. Known as "Kodak Standard" (KS), they are 0.0780 inches (1.98 mm) high by 0.1100 inches (2.79 mm) wide. Their durability makes KS perfs the ideal choice for some (but not all) intermediate and all release prints, and
1337:
Because BH has sharp corners, the repeated use of the film through intermittent movement projectors creates strain that can easily tear the perforations. Furthermore, they tended to shrink as the print slowly decayed. Therefore, larger perforations with a rectangular base and rounded corners were
679:
that can be projected by a standard 35 mm cinema projector with minimal modification, and so they are based on the use of "over-under" film prints. In these prints a left-right pair of 2.39:1 non-anamorphic images are substituted for the one 2.39:1 anamorphic image of a 2D "scope" print. The
979:
By 1929, most movie studios had revamped this format using their own house aperture plate size to try to recreate the older screen ratio of 1.33:1. Furthermore, every theater chain had their own house aperture plate size in which the picture was projected. These sizes often did not match up even
798:
prism behind the camera lens. Two prints on half-thickness stock were made from the negative, one from only the red-filtered frames, the other from the green-filtered frames. After development, the silver images on the prints were chemically toned to convert them into images of the approximately
768:
and each resulting series of black-and-white images was chemically toned to transform the silver into a monochrome color, either orange-red or blue-green, resulting in a two-sided, two-colored print that could be shown with any ordinary projector. This system of two-color bipack photography and
705:
saw 35 mm film projectors removed from most of the projection rooms as they were replaced by digital projectors. By the mid-2010s, most of the theaters across the world had been converted to digital projection, while others continued running 35 mm projectors. In spite of the uptake in
146:
A variety of largely proprietary gauges were devised for the numerous camera and projection systems being developed independently in the late 19th century and early 20th century, as well as a variety of film feeding systems. This resulted in cameras, projectors, and other equipment having to be
1325:(BH) perforation, which has straight top and bottom edges and outward curving sides. The BH perforation's dimensions are 0.110 inches (2.8 mm) from the middle of the side curve to opposite top corner by 0.073 inches (1.9 mm) in height. The BH1866 perforation, or BH perforation with a
1026:
format uses a similar four-perf frame, but an anamorphic lens is used on the camera and projector to produce a wider image, today with an aspect ratio of about 2.39:1 (more commonly referred to as 2.40:1). The ratio was formerly 2.35:1—and is still often mistakenly referred to as such—until an
1387:
The Dubray–Howell (DH) perforation was first proposed in 1932 to replace the two perfs with a single hybrid. The proposed standard was, like KS, rectangular with rounded corners and a width of 0.1100 inches (2.79 mm), and, like BH, was 0.073 inches (1.9 mm) tall. This gave it longer
549:
When film editing was done by physically cutting the film, editing the picture could only have been done on the frame line. However, the sound was stored for the whole frame between each of the four sprocket holes, and so the sound editors could cut on any arbitrary set of holes, and thus get
1421:
During continuous contact printing, the raw stock and the negative are placed next to one another around the sprocket wheel of the printer. The negative, which is the closer of the two to the sprocket wheel (thus creating a slightly shorter path), must have a marginally shorter pitch between
606:
track on the film just to the right of the analog soundtrack and left of the frame. Because these soundtrack systems appear on different parts of the film, one movie can contain all of them, allowing broad distribution without regard for the sound system installed at individual theatres.
871:-based film, it was far too brittle and prone to shrinkage, so the dangerously flammable nitrate-based cellulose films were generally used for motion picture camera and print films. In 1949 Kodak began replacing all nitrocellulose (nitrate-based) films with the safer, more robust
1042:
innovations to compete with the growing audiences of television and the dwindling audiences in movie theaters. These processes could give theatergoers an experience that television could not at that time—color, stereophonic sound and panoramic vision. Before the end of the year,
1099:
in the theater projector, not in the camera) to obtain the "wide" aspect ratio. The standard, in some European countries, became 1.66:1 instead of 1.85:1, although some productions with pre-determined American distributors composed for the latter to appeal to US markets.
995:
expanded upon this 1930 standard. The camera aperture became 22 by 16 mm (0.87 by 0.63 in), and the projected image would use an aperture plate size of 0.825 by 0.600 in (21.0 by 15.2 mm), yielding an aspect ratio of 1.375:1. This became known as the
788:, whose main advantage was quality prints in less time than its competitors. In its earliest incarnations, Technicolor was another two-color system that could reproduce a range of reds, muted bluish greens, pinks, browns, tans and grays, but not real blues or yellows.
1392:'s dye imbibition printing (dye transfer). The DH perf never had broad uptake, and Kodak's introduction of monopack Eastmancolor film in the 1950s reduced the demand for dye transfer, although the DH perforation persists in special application intermediate films.
177:. Film 35 mm wide with four perforations per frame became accepted as the international standard gauge in 1909, and remained by far the dominant film gauge for image origination and projection until the advent of digital photography and cinematography.
464:
inches to allow for the perforations now punched on both edges, 4 holes to the phase or picture, which perforations were a shade smaller than those now in use. This standardized film size of 1889 has remained, with only minor variations, unaltered to
692:
In June 2012, Panavision 3D systems for both 35 mm film and digital projection were withdrawn from the market by DVPO theatrical (who marketed these system on behalf of Panavision) citing "challenging global economic and 3D market conditions".
830:, which allowed virtually the entire spectrum of colors to be reproduced. A printing matrix with a hardened gelatin relief image was made from each negative, and the three matrices transferred color dyes into a blank film to create the print.
343:
For a time, it had been generally assumed that Dickson was following cinematography formats established by Eastman in producing the film, but Eastman had produced film in sheets that were then cut to order. Dickson used the film supplied for
1082:
Other studios followed suit with aspect ratios of 1.75:1 up to 2:1. For a time, these various ratios were used by different studios in different productions, but by 1956, the aspect ratio of 1.85:1 became the "standard" US format. These
1379:(positive). The Bell & Howell perf remains the standard for camera negative films because of its perforation dimensions in comparison to most printers, thus it can keep a steady image compared to other perforations.
1230:. With digital intermediate now a standard process for feature film post-production, 3-perf is becoming increasingly popular for feature film productions which would otherwise be averse to an optical conversion stage.
794:, released in 1922, was the first film printed in their subtractive color system. Technicolor's camera photographed each pair of color-filtered frames simultaneously on one strip of black-and-white film by means of a
1269:
greater detail, as more of the negative area is used per frame. This format is unprojectable in standard theaters and requires an optical step to reduce the image into the standard 4-perf vertical 35 mm frame.
265:
in 1887, the first transparent, flexible film. Eastman also produced these components, and his was the first major company to mass-produce such film when, in 1889, Eastman realized that the dry-gelatino-bromide
392:, the first projection device to use 35 mm, was technologically superior and compatible with the many motion pictures produced on 35 mm film. Edison bought the device in 1895–96; the Lumiere's 35 mm projection
968:) on a strip between the sprocket holes and the image frame. "Sound-on-film" was soon adopted by the other Hollywood studios, resulting in an almost square image ratio of 0.860 in by 0.820 in.
387:
When films began to be projected, several projection devices were unsuccessful and fell into obscurity because of technical failure, lack of business acumen on the part of their promoters, or both. The
3069:
2305:
1718:-inch wide (70 mm) "A-type" 120 and 620 rollfilm which was the standard Eastman size at the time. The standard size was increased at the May 1929 meeting of the SMPE and published in 1930.
1409:(1.98 mm) in width by 0.0730 inches (1.85 mm) in height. Due to the size difference, CS perfed film cannot be run through a projector with standard KS sprocket teeth, but KS prints
756:, the first commercially viable American color process using 35 mm film. Initially, like Kinemacolor, it photographed the color elements one after the other and projected the results by
3235:
1321:
Film perforations were originally round holes cut into the side of the film, but as these perforations were subject to wear and deformation, the shape was changed to what is now called the
1121:
would eventually solve many of the CinemaScope lenses' technical limitations with their own lenses, and by 1967, CinemaScope was replaced by Panavision and other third-party manufacturers.
1154:
The concept behind Super 35 originated with the Tushinsky Brothers' SuperScope format, particularly the SuperScope 235 specification from 1956. In 1982, Joe Dunton revived the format for
764:
photography, with two strips of film, one treated to be sensitive to red and the other not, running through the camera face to face. Each negative was printed on one surface of the same
400:
and so controlled the use and development of film. Dickson left the Edison company in 1895, going on to help competitors produce cameras and other film gauges that would not infringe on
749:
and the projector lens. But any process that photographed and projected the colors sequentially was subject to color "fringing" around moving objects, and a general color flickering.
3443:
1079:
that introduced the now standard 1.85:1 format to American audiences and brought attention to the industry the capability and low cost of equipping theaters for this transition.
3473:
3322:
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and reducing film usage by 25 percent. Because of 3-perf's incompatibility with standard 4-perf equipment, it can utilize the whole negative area between the perforations (
2634:
1700:
1468:
511:
614:
dye optical soundtracks instead of applicated tracks, which use environmentally unfriendly chemicals to retain a silver (black-and-white) soundtrack. Because traditional
1109:
to great success. CinemaScope became the first marketable usage of an anamorphic widescreen process and became the basis for a host of "formats", usually suffixed with
1294:
area at the point of image origination. Its usage has again declined since the dominance of computer-based visual effects, although it still sees limited utilization.
538:, optically recorded as waveforms containing the audio signals for the left and right audio channels (the two white lines to the right of the sprocket holes); and the
849:) obsolete in color cinematography. This "monopack" structure is made up of three separate emulsion layers, one sensitive to red light, one to green and one to blue.
784:
Although it had been available previously, color in Hollywood feature films first became truly practical from the studios' commercial perspective with the advent of
2154:
1063:
top and bottom of the frame could be cropped to create a wider aspect ratio. Paramount Pictures began this trend with their aspect ratio of 1.66:1, first used in
826:
cube and color filters behind the lens, the camera simultaneously exposed three individual strips of black-and-white film, each one recording one-third of the
741:
portions of their movies for dramatic impact, and by 1920, 80 to 90 percent of all films were tinted. The first successful natural color process was Britain's
3080:
184:, formulated to capture color, has accommodated a bevy of widescreen formats, and has incorporated digital sound data into nearly all of its non-frame areas.
325:-inch (35 mm) gauge filmstrips, then at some point in 1894 or 1895, Blair began sending stock to Edison that was cut exactly to specification. Edison's
625:, and cyan tracks do not absorb infrared light, this change has required theaters to replace the incandescent exciter lamp with a complementary colored red
992:
887:) for the safer triacetate stock. By 1952, all camera and projector films were triacetate-based. Most if not all film prints today are made from synthetic
876:
124:
that record on film, 35 mm is the most commonly used gauge. The name of the gauge is not a direct measurement, and refers to the nominal width of the
2604:
3220:
367:
rights to the design of 35 mm motion picture film, with four sprocket holes (perforations) per frame, forcing his only major filmmaking competitor,
2313:
1031:
revision of projection standards in 1970. The image, as recorded on the negative and print, is horizontally compressed (squeezed) by a factor of 2.
404:. However, by 1900, filmmakers found it too expensive to develop and use other gauges, and went back to using the cheap and widely-available 35 mm.
1191:
The idea was later taken up by the Swedish film-maker Rune Ericson who was a strong advocate for the 3-perf system. Ericson shot his 51st feature
282:
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3523:
3280:
2983:
2702:
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2493:
2437:
2190:
2138:
2054:
1981:
1950:
469:
Until 1953, the 35 mm film was seen as "basic technology" in the film industry, rather than optional, despite other gauges being available.
3949:
1113:
that were otherwise identical in specification, although sometimes inferior in optical quality. (Some developments, such as SuperScope and
379:
2095:
1675:
984:
3451:
3939:
2462:
1680:
3481:
3199:
3330:
2243:
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514:(SMPE) "acknowledged the de facto status of 35mm as the industry's dominant film gauge, adopting it as an engineering standard".
368:
234:
196:
are some companies that offered 35 mm films. As of 2015, Kodak is the last remaining manufacturer of motion picture film.
913:, which when developed create a positive ("natural") image that is projectable. There are also films sensitive to non-visible
610:
The analogue optical track technology has also changed: in the early years of the 21st century, distributors changed to using
501:
movies, facilitating the rapid spread and acceptance of the movies as a world-wide device for entertainment and communication.
3037:
901:
extant negative assembly process is solvent-based. Polyester films are not compatible with solvent-based assembly processes.
485:
2642:
582:
Three different digital soundtrack systems for 35 mm cinema release prints were introduced during the 1990s. They are:
1804:
2399:
2376:
1847:
833:
Two-color processes, however, were far from extinct. In 1934, William T. Crispinel and Alan M. Gundelfinger revived the
357:
1478:
24 frames per second (fps); 90 feet (27 m) per minute. 1,000 feet (300 m) is about 11 minutes at 24 fps.
1227:
2327:
2269:
655:
An "over-under" 3D frame. Both left and right eye images are contained within the normal height of a single 2D frame.
285:
on May 9, 1893. The Kinetoscope was a film loop system intended for one-person viewing. Edison, along with assistant
3153:
988:
Sennett, Darmour, and Educational. The Fox Studio markings were the same width but allowed .04 in more height.
3580:
1277:
1215:
587:
527:
3356:
360:, and became the main film used in the UK because it was the stock sold to these filmmakers by the Blair company.
3901:
724:
180:
The gauge has been versatile in application. It has been modified to include sound, redesigned to create a safer
3551:
1740:
The gauge and perforations are almost identical to modern film stock; the full silent ratio is also used as the
254:. Along with W. H. Walker, Eastman invented a holder for a roll of picture-carrying gelatin layer-coated paper.
131:, which consists of strips 1.377 ± 0.001 inches (34.976 ± 0.025 mm) wide. The standard
2612:
1670:
1344:
1291:
897:
745:(1909–1915), a two-color additive process that used a rotating disk with red and green filters in front of the
591:
472:
1322:
803:. The two strips were then cemented together back to back, forming a single strip similar to duplitized film.
701:
In the transition period centered around 2010–2015, the rapid conversion of the cinema exhibition industry to
980:
between theaters and studios owned by the same company, and therefore, uneven projection practices occurred.
207:
made 35 mm the only motion picture format that could be played in almost any cinema in the world, until
1136:
and other studios for special effects work, while a SuperScope variant became the predecessor to the modern
615:
526:
A photo of a 35 mm film print featuring all four audio formats (or "quad track") — from left to right:
286:
162:
67:
3383:
1371:
These two perforations have remained by far the most commonly used ones. BH perforations are also known as
3954:
3887:
3873:
3413:
3297:
2001:
595:
539:
401:
2538:
1744:
in movie cameras, although portions of the image are later cropped out in post-production and projection.
3944:
3866:
3573:
1092:
730:
2515:
2736:
Cowan, Lester (January 1930). "Camera and Projector Apertures in Relation to Sound on Film Pictures".
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3667:
1272:
While the format was dormant by the early 1960s, the camera system was revived for visual effects by
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1013:
961:
948:
930:
918:
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safety base (which started replacing Triacetate film for prints in the early 1990s). The downside of
872:
493:
481:
1132:, most of which ultimately became obsolete. VistaVision, however, would be revived decades later by
534:
sound (grey area between the sprocket holes labelled with the Dolby "Double-D" logo in the middle);
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3750:
3560:
800:
790:
496:(also developed by Dickson). Scholar Paul C. Spehr describes the importance of these developments:
251:
563:-frame edit resolution. With this technique, an audio edit could be accurate to within 10.41
2404:
1360:
1265:
1075:
1866:
1244:
32:
This article is about the motion picture film gauge. For the still photographic film gauge, see
3556:
1942:
1206:, where compatibility with an installed base of 35 mm film projectors is unnecessary, the
3917:
3841:
3707:
3519:
3425:
3395:
3276:
3195:
3106:
2979:
2916:
2698:
2671:
2489:
2458:
2433:
2186:
2134:
2050:
1977:
1946:
1893:
1824:
1484:
4 perforations per frame (all projection and most origination except 3-perf). 1 perforation =
1365:
1329:
of 0.1866 inches (4.74 mm), is the modern standard for negative and internegative films.
1326:
1303:
1253:
1182:
1052:
530:, a soundtrack as an image of a digital signal (blue area to the left of the sprocket holes);
330:
136:
132:
128:
3546:
2103:
1388:
projection life but also improved registration. One of its primary applications was usage in
3511:
3268:
2745:
2564:
2225:
2013:
1871:
1816:
1405:
1352:
1282:
1219:
1044:
914:
827:
568:
506:
255:
2867:
2797:
1894:"The Wizard of Photography: The Story of George Eastman and How He Transformed Photography"
2485:
1665:
1356:
1287:
1203:
1105:
971:
909:
Besides black & white and color negative films, there are black & white and color
765:
200:
121:
2841:
2220:
Rose, Jay (July 2003). "Reality (sound)bites: Audio tricks from the film and TV studio".
1573:: 0.630 by 0.475 in (16.0 by 12.1 mm); corner radii: 0.125 inches (3.2 mm)
1567:: 0.713 by 0.535 in (18.1 by 13.6 mm); corner radii: 0.143 inches (3.6 mm)
2510:
2251:
2205:
Lobban, Grant. "Film Gauges and Soundtracks", BKSTS wall chart (sample frame provided).
3138:
Blalack, Robert; Roth, Paul (July 1977). "Composite Optical and Photographic Effects".
2939:
2539:"Kinemacolor to Eastmancolor: Faithfully Capturing an Old Technology with a Modern One"
1935:
884:
774:
757:
734:
702:
622:
336:
Around 1896, a 35mm projector known as a "photo-rotoscope" was made by W. C. Hughes in
259:
243:
208:
174:
947:
In the conventional motion picture format, frames are four perforations tall, with an
522:
311: in) film stock that would be trimmed and perforated at the Edison lab to create
3933:
3827:
3414:"Committee Activities, Report of the Standards and Nomenclature Committee, Wide Film"
3099:
2909:
1096:
1088:
1070:
997:
965:
957:
942:
910:
880:
864:
823:
795:
635:
618:
583:
576:
531:
393:
345:
274:
204:
185:
166:
93:
2127:
3894:
3793:
3504:
ST 102:2002 - SMPTE Standard - For Motion-Picture Film (35-mm) — Perforated CS-1870
1415:
1308:
1273:
1065:
953:
738:
707:
651:
633:. These LED or laser exciters are backwards-compatible with older tracks. The film
599:
535:
396:
also premiered in 1895, and they established 35 mm as the standard for exhibition.
193:
125:
46:
3047:
579:
on one edge; recording audio on full 35 mm magnetic tape was more expensive.
2973:
2692:
2665:
2479:
2427:
2180:
2044:
1971:
1103:
In September 1953, 20th Century Fox debuted CinemaScope with their production of
571:
was the audio frequency would cut off, in a well-maintained theater, at around 12
3801:
3715:
3691:
3683:
3635:
3621:
3597:
2455:
Charles Urban: Pioneering the Non-Fiction Film in Britain and America, 1897-1925
1657:
1401:
1389:
1261:
1249:
1239:
1161:
1156:
1125:
1117:, however, were truly entirely different formats.) By the early 1960s, however,
1114:
1056:
1039:
858:
819:
807:
785:
746:
742:
681:
661:
630:
564:
290:
278:
229:
2384:
2002:"A Brief History of the Kinetograph, the Kinetoscope and the Kineto-Phonograph"
1832:
3910:
3859:
3699:
3656:
3642:
3628:
3605:
3565:
3261:
ST 139:2003 - SMPTE Standard - For Motion-Picture Film (35-mm) — Perforated KS
1647:
1348:
1200:
1166:
1129:
1118:
1048:
1023:
1017:
1009:
834:
770:
729:
Originally, film was a strip of cellulose nitrate coated with black-and-white
665:
353:
349:
294:
225:
140:
117:
113:
57:
3515:
3272:
1828:
1728:
1124:
The 1950s and 1960s saw many other novel processes using 35 mm, such as
706:
digital projectors installed in global cinemas, 35 mm film remains in a
3880:
3614:
2429:
An Evening's Entertainment: The Age of the Silent Feature Picture, 1915–1928
1741:
1368:
of 0.1870 inches (4.75 mm), is the modern standard for release prints.
1133:
892:
888:
846:
838:
778:
575:. Studios would often record audio on the transparent film strips, but with
542:
389:
262:
181:
3429:
3399:
2070:
685:
and sound playback both remain exactly the same as in normal 2D operation.
2335:
2280:
2185:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 303–313.
17:
3785:
3723:
3165:
1223:
1211:
1149:
1137:
1035:
815:
669:
603:
326:
267:
189:
170:
33:
2932:"The Widescreen Revolution: Expanding Horizons — The Spherical Campaign"
147:
calibrated to each gauge. The 35 mm width, originally specified as
3742:
3360:
1475:
16 frames per foot (0.748 inches (19.0 mm) per frame (long pitch))
868:
769:
two-sided prints was the basis for many later color processes, such as
676:
411:
At the end of the year 1889, I increased the width of the picture from
247:
238:
Eastman (L) giving Edison the first roll of movie film, which was 35 mm
2229:
1430:
811:
transferred into the gelatin coating on a third, blank strip of film.
1602:(35 mm anamorphic): 0.945 by 0.394 inches (24.0 by 10.0 mm)
1207:
761:
753:
364:
337:
1920:
From Dry Plates to Ektachrome Film: A Story of Photographic Research
1614:(35 mm flat 1.85): 0.945 by 0.511 inches (24.0 by 13.0 mm)
3541:
3357:"Perforations/Sprocket Holes: Peter Gray - Director of Photography"
2749:
2017:
1820:
1347:
which require special use, such as high-speed filming, but not for
3507:
3264:
3231:
3042:
1429:
1339:
1307:
1243:
1028:
970:
650:
572:
521:
471:
378:
233:
1809:
Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
1608:(70 mm blowup): 0.945 by 0.430 inches (24.0 by 10.9 mm)
1467:
Technical specifications for 35 mm film are standardized by
964:
placed the soundtrack in an optical record directly on the film (
3834:
3766:
2096:"Enhancing the Illusion: The Process and Origins of Photography"
611:
3569:
1073:. It was Universal Studios, however, with their May release of
143:
along both edges, which results in 16 frames per foot of film.
3444:"Why Do Sound Negative Films Use Kodak Standard Perforations?"
3323:"Technical Glossary of Common Audiovisual Terms: Perforations"
3298:"Standards Adopted by the Society of Motion Picture Engineers"
2697:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 17–18.
1867:"May 2, 1887: Celluloid-Film Patent Ignites Long Legal Battle"
626:
594:
strips along the outside edges (beyond the perforations); and
586:, which is stored between the perforations on the sound side;
1627:: 2.39:1, in a 1.19:1 frame with a 2x horizontal anamorphosis
1533:(full 1.375:1): 0.825 by 0.602 in (21.0 by 15.3 mm)
480:
In 1908, Edison formed "a cartel of production companies", a
270:
could be coated onto this clear base, eliminating the paper.
1418:, as a result film with CS perfs is no longer manufactured.
1434:
Areas on an Academy-width 35 mm spherical film print:
1252:
format, affectionately dubbed "Lazy 8" because it is eight
639:(2003) was the first to be released with only cyan tracks.
3215:
3213:
3211:
3424:(3). New York, NY: The Society: 431–436. September 1931.
2043:
Fullerton, John; Söderbergh-Widding, Astrid (June 2000).
660:
been proposed for 3D systems based on 35 mm film by
135:
on 35 mm for movies ("single-frame" format) is four
293:, which combined the Kinetoscope with Edison's cylinder
3474:"Kodak Vision Color Intermediate Film - Technical Data"
1549:(1.85:1): 0.825 by 0.446 in (21.0 by 11.3 mm)
668:
and others. These systems are improved versions of the
3125:
The Camera Assistant: A Complete Professional Handbook
2892:
Samuelson, David W. (September 2003). "Golden Years".
2763:"Studios Seek to Aid Towards Better Projection Goal".
845:
and bipack cameras (used in two-color systems such as
675:
To be attractive to exhibitors, these schemes offered
352:
celluloid film, in his development of a more suitable
340:, which advanced the film by means of a "dog" motion.
2785:(8th ed.). Hollywood: ASC Press. pp. 18–22.
1848:"Kodak Inks Deals With Studios to Extend Film's Life"
3018:
Ericson, Rune (March 1987). "Three Perfs for Four".
2868:"Early Evolution from Academy to Wide Screen Ratios"
2718:
Dibbets, Karel (1996). "The Introduction of Sound".
2182:
The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907
1937:
From peep show to palace: the birth of American film
814:
Technicolor re-emerged as a three-color process for
3851:
3816:
3777:
3734:
3675:
3666:
3604:
2667:
The American film industry: a historical dictionary
752:In 1916, William Van Doren Kelley began developing
99:
88:
73:
63:
53:
3418:Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers
3388:Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers
3302:Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers
3098:
2908:
2738:Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers
2126:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2006:Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers
1934:
1543::1): 0.825 by 0.497 in (21.0 by 12.6 mm)
2605:"Chronology of Motion Picture Films 1940 to 1959"
3296:Society of Motion Picture Engineers (May 1930).
2825:Hora, John (2001). "Anamorphic Cinematography".
2511:"Kinemacolor: The First Successful Color System"
1995:
1993:
1666:History of the art and technique of making films
2432:. University of California Press. p. 127.
1699:The actual dimension of 35 mm specified by the
1596:: 0.980 by 0.735 in (24.9 by 18.7 mm)
1561:: 0.792 by 0.594 in (20.1 by 15.1 mm)
1555:: 0.816 by 0.612 in (20.7 by 15.5 mm)
1527:: 0.866 by 0.630 in (22.0 by 16.0 mm)
498:
409:
3317:
3315:
1639:: 0.825 by 0.690 inches (21.0 by 17.5 mm)
1633:: 0.866 by 0.732 inches (22.0 by 18.6 mm)
1210:format is sometimes used, giving—if used with
879:awarded Kodak with a Scientific and Technical
3581:
1264:motion picture format was created in 1954 by
1059:technology as early as the production phase.
27:Standard theatrical motion picture film gauge
8:
3105:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
2222:International Conference on Auditory Display
2155:"'Photo-rotoscope' 35mm projector mechanism"
1517:: 1.375:1 on camera aperture; 1.85:1 and 1.6
1038:widescreen process in 1952 led to a boom in
975:Comparison of common 35 mm film formats
822:in 1934. Using a different arrangement of a
598:, in which sound data is stored on separate
450:inch high. The actual width of the film was
383:Dickson's 35 mm movie film standard (center)
39:
2915:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
2731:
2729:
993:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
877:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
680:frame dimensions are based on those of the
3672:
3588:
3574:
3566:
2400:"Digital Cinema Conversion Nears End Game"
1286:, as a way of reducing granularity in the
45:
38:
3118:
3116:
1973:Eastman Professional Motion Picture Films
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
956:was using synchronized phonograph discs (
710:market of enthusiasts and format lovers.
672:3D prints first introduced in the 1960s.
2776:
2774:
2478:Robertson, Patrick (September 1, 2001).
2046:Moving images: from Edison to the Webcam
1922:. Ziff-Davis Publishing. pp. 15–16.
1805:"The Origins of 35mm Film as a Standard"
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
505:When the MPPC adopted the 35 mm format,
3350:
3348:
3185:
3183:
3038:"3 perf: The future of 35mm filmmaking"
2263:
2261:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2049:. John Libbey & Co Ltd. p. 3.
1898:Timeline PBS American Experience Online
1756:
1692:
1312:35 mm film perforation hole types.
1256:long and runs horizontally (lying down)
1047:had narrowly "won" a race to obtain an
329:defined a single frame of film at four
283:Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2820:
2818:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1846:Giardina, Carolyn (February 4, 2015).
1494: in or 0.1875 in. 1 frame =
277:quickly set out on his invention, the
161:inches, was introduced around 1890 by
3384:"Change in 355 Mm. Film Perforations"
2829:(8th ed.). Hollywood: ASC Press.
1941:. Columbia University Press. p.
1521::1 are hard- or soft-matted over this
1087:films are photographed with the full
991:In 1932, in refining this ratio, the
7:
3241:from the original on January 7, 2011
3097:Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey, ed. (1996).
2936:Society of Camera Operators Magazine
2907:Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey, ed. (1996).
760:. Ultimately, Prizma was refined to
2635:"Broadening the Impact of Pictures"
2000:Dickson, W. K. L. (December 1933).
1676:List of motion picture film formats
985:Society of Motion Picture Engineers
929:For a more comprehensive list, see
875:-based "Safety" films. In 1950 the
545:(the dashed line to the far right).
512:Society of Motion Picture Engineers
3101:The Oxford History of World Cinema
2911:The Oxford History of World Cinema
2722:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2720:The Oxford History of World Cinema
2593:. New York: The Macmillan Company.
2426:Koszarski, Richard (May 4, 1994).
2398:Barraclough, Leo (June 23, 2013).
2306:"Cyan Dye Tracks Laboratory Guide"
1976:. Eastman Kodak Co. June 1, 1983.
1681:List of motion picture film stocks
273:With the advent of flexible film,
25:
3140:American Cinematographer Magazine
2894:American Cinematographer Magazine
369:American Mutoscope & Biograph
3557:List of venues and organizations
3234:. October 30, 2007. p. 95.
2798:"Of Apertures and Aspect Ratios"
1650:
1069:, which was originally shot for
3164:. July 18, 2005. Archived from
2975:American Cinematographer Manual
2827:American Cinematographer Manual
2783:American Cinematographer Manual
2159:Science Museum Group Collection
1055:, and soon began promoting the
837:process under the company name
348:cameras in 1889, a transparent
281:, which was first shown at the
3221:"Perforation Sizes and Shapes"
3192:Motion Picture Film Processing
2457:. University of Exeter Press.
1704:exactly half the width of the
1140:format that is popular today.
1034:The unexpected success of the
643:on both types of sound heads.
486:Motion Picture Patents Company
1:
3547:Fujifilm Motion Picture Films
3154:"Double Negative Breaks Down
2938:(Summer 1994). Archived from
2589:Sipley, Louis Walton (1951).
2537:Hart, Martin (May 20, 2004).
1865:Alfred, Randy (May 2, 2011).
1457:Television "action safe" area
1400:In 1953, the introduction of
2565:"The History of Technicolor"
1918:Mees, C. E. Kenneth (1961).
1803:Belton, John (August 1990).
1590::1 on 4-perf camera aperture
1460:Television "title safe" area
733:. Early film pioneers, like
289:, followed that up with the
120:, and the film standard. In
3950:Motion picture film formats
3382:Howell, A.S. (April 1932).
1051:optical system invented by
621:produce copious amounts of
250:dry photographic plates in
199:The ubiquity of 35 mm
3971:
3542:American Widescreen Museum
2972:Burum, Stephen H. (2004).
1414:1980s after the advent of
1301:
1278:Industrial Light and Magic
1237:
1180:
1147:
1007:
940:
928:
856:
722:
223:
31:
3940:Film and video technology
3123:Hart, Douglas C. (1996).
2781:Hummel, Rob, ed. (2001).
1504: in or 0.75 in.
1345:original camera negatives
725:Color motion picture film
437:inch, then, to 1 inch by
363:Edison claimed exclusive
44:
3516:10.5594/SMPTE.ST102.2002
3273:10.5594/SMPTE.ST139.2003
3070:"Film Types_and Formats"
2328:"Entertainment Services"
2179:Musser, Charles (1994).
1933:Robinson, David (1996).
1671:Original camera negative
1594:Camera aperture (4-perf)
1426:Technical specifications
1292:original camera negative
1214:—the 16:9 ratio used by
898:Original camera negative
569:analog optical recording
3450:. Kodak. Archived from
3194:. Boston: Focal Press.
2978:. A.S.C. Holding Corp.
2767:: 18. November 9, 1929.
2664:Slide, Anthony (1990).
2591:A Half Century of Color
2453:McKernan, Luke (2018).
2357:"Seeing is Believing".
1454:Television scanned area
476:35 mm film diagram
287:William Kennedy Dickson
215:History and development
211:largely superseded it.
163:William Kennedy Dickson
68:William Kennedy Dickson
3190:Case, Dominic (1985).
3127:. Boston: Focal Press.
2244:"Corporate Milestones"
2125:Katz, Ephraim (1994).
1852:The Hollywood Reporter
1464:
1441:Academy ratio, 1.375:1
1364:KS perforation with a
1313:
1257:
1169:). With the advent of
983:In November 1929, the
976:
952:in 1926–27, and while
766:duplitized print stock
656:
546:
503:
477:
467:
407:Dickson said in 1933:
384:
239:
3867:Anamorphic widescreen
3552:Kodak: Cinematography
3448:Technical Information
3327:ScreenSound Australia
3267:. November 12, 2003.
2999:"Trilent 35 System".
2866:Hart, Martin (2000).
2840:Hart, Martin (2000).
2796:Hart, Martin (2000).
2691:Belton, John (1992).
2563:Hart, Martin (2003).
2509:Hart, Martin (1998).
2316:on November 26, 2009.
2286:on September 21, 2006
2129:The Film Encyclopedia
1729:U.S. patent 0,589,168
1619:35 mm anamorphic
1578:Super 35 mm film
1433:
1375:(negative) and KS as
1311:
1247:
1220:Super 35 mm film
1171:digital intermediates
974:
867:had first introduced
731:photographic emulsion
654:
525:
475:
382:
375:Becoming the standard
246:began to manufacture
237:
133:image exposure length
3484:on September 5, 2006
3355:Gray, Peter (1997).
2842:"Cinemascope Wing 1"
2100:George Eastman House
2071:"Half Frame Cameras"
1509:35 mm spherical
1290:by having increased
1014:Aspect ratio (image)
931:List of film formats
915:wavelengths of light
873:cellulose triacetate
801:complementary colors
536:analog optical sound
518:Innovations in sound
3759:Super Panavision 70
3751:Ultra Panavision 70
3561:motion picture film
3333:on October 31, 2007
3168:on October 16, 2006
2896:. ASC Press: 70–77.
2645:on February 1, 2012
2338:on October 24, 2011
2270:"Committed to Cyan"
2106:on January 17, 2008
1553:TV station aperture
1193:Pirates of the Lake
1095:(most often with a
791:The Toll of the Sea
670:"over-under" stereo
567:." A limitation of
252:Rochester, New York
41:
3559:currently running
3228:Motion Newsletters
2942:on January 3, 2004
1637:Projector aperture
1547:Projector aperture
1537:Projector aperture
1531:Projector aperture
1465:
1314:
1266:Paramount Pictures
1258:
1128:, SuperScope, and
1022:The commonly used
977:
758:additive synthesis
703:digital projection
657:
602:synchronized by a
547:
478:
385:
240:
209:digital projection
173:stock supplied by
3927:
3926:
3918:Shoot and protect
3842:Anamorphic format
3812:
3811:
3708:Modern anamorphic
3525:978-1-61482-304-9
3510:. July 26, 2002.
3363:on April 12, 2008
3282:978-1-61482-313-1
2985:978-0-935578-24-9
2872:Widescreen Museum
2846:Widescreen Museum
2802:Widescreen Museum
2704:978-0-674-95261-4
2694:Widescreen Cinema
2677:978-0-87910-139-8
2670:. Amadeus Press.
2569:Widescreen Museum
2543:Widescreen Museum
2516:Widescreen Museum
2495:978-0-8230-7943-8
2439:978-0-520-08535-0
2387:on April 7, 2012.
2359:Cinema Technology
2192:978-0-520-08533-6
2140:978-0-06-273089-3
2133:. HarperCollins.
2056:978-1-86462-054-2
1983:978-0-87985-477-5
1952:978-0-231-10338-1
1481:vertical pulldown
1323:Bell & Howell
1304:Film perforations
1248:A diagram of the
1183:Negative pulldown
647:Modern 3D systems
507:Bell & Howell
129:photographic film
107:
106:
16:(Redirected from
3962:
3920:
3913:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3673:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3567:
3530:
3529:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3480:. Archived from
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3454:on March 3, 2012
3440:
3434:
3433:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3359:. Archived from
3352:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3329:. Archived from
3319:
3310:
3309:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3225:
3217:
3206:
3205:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3086:on June 1, 2013.
3085:
3079:. Archived from
3074:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3050:on July 13, 2006
3046:. Archived from
3034:
3028:
3027:
3020:Image Technology
3015:
3009:
3008:
3001:Image Technology
2996:
2990:
2989:
2969:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2930:Mitchell, Rick.
2927:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2641:. Archived from
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2615:on June 25, 2009
2611:. Archived from
2601:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2383:. Archived from
2373:
2367:
2366:
2365:(1). March 2011.
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2334:. Archived from
2324:
2318:
2317:
2312:. Archived from
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2279:. Archived from
2274:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2254:on June 9, 2010.
2250:. Archived from
2240:
2234:
2233:
2217:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2102:. Archived from
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2040:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1968:
1957:
1956:
1940:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1835:on June 5, 2018.
1831:. Archived from
1800:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1697:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1589:
1542:
1520:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1450:
1353:front projection
1280:, starting with
1045:20th Century Fox
590:, stored in two
562:
561:
557:
554:
491:
463:
462:
458:
455:
449:
448:
444:
441:
436:
435:
431:
428:
423:
422:
418:
415:
402:Edison's patents
358:Lumière brothers
324:
323:
319:
316:
310:
309:
305:
302:
258:then invented a
256:Hannibal Goodwin
201:movie projectors
160:
159:
155:
152:
100:Current supplier
92:Edison company;
84:
82:
49:
42:
40:35 mm movie film
21:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3600:
3596:Motion picture
3594:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3209:
3202:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3007:(7). July 1988.
2998:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2971:
2970:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2906:
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2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2824:
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2816:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2488:. p. 166.
2486:Billboard Books
2477:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2381:DVPO Theatrical
2375:
2374:
2370:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2219:
2218:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2042:
2041:
2032:
2022:
2020:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1953:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1802:
1801:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1631:Camera aperture
1587:
1559:TV transmission
1540:
1525:Camera aperture
1518:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1463:
1448:
1438:Camera aperture
1428:
1398:
1396:CS perforations
1385:
1383:DH perforations
1357:rear projection
1335:
1333:KS perforations
1319:
1317:BH perforations
1306:
1300:
1288:optical printer
1242:
1236:
1185:
1179:
1152:
1146:
1020:
1008:Main articles:
1006:
945:
939:
934:
927:
907:
861:
855:
739:tinted or toned
727:
721:
716:
699:
649:
559:
555:
552:
551:
520:
489:
460:
456:
453:
451:
446:
442:
439:
438:
433:
429:
426:
425:
420:
416:
413:
412:
377:
321:
317:
314:
312:
307:
303:
300:
298:
232:
222:
217:
157:
153:
150:
148:
122:motion pictures
80:
78:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3968:
3966:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3823:
3821:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3679:
3677:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3536:External links
3534:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3495:
3465:
3435:
3405:
3374:
3344:
3311:
3288:
3281:
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3130:
3112:
3089:
3061:
3029:
3010:
2991:
2984:
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2922:
2899:
2884:
2858:
2832:
2814:
2788:
2770:
2755:
2750:10.5594/J14828
2725:
2710:
2703:
2683:
2676:
2656:
2626:
2596:
2581:
2555:
2529:
2501:
2494:
2470:
2464:978-0859892964
2463:
2445:
2438:
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2319:
2297:
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2207:
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2146:
2139:
2117:
2087:
2062:
2055:
2030:
2018:10.5594/J12965
2012:(6): 435–455.
1989:
1982:
1958:
1951:
1925:
1910:
1885:
1857:
1838:
1821:10.5594/J02613
1815:(8): 652–661.
1755:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1733:
1720:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
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1641:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1575:
1574:
1571:TV safe titles
1568:
1565:TV safe action
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1506:
1505:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1424:
1397:
1394:
1384:
1381:
1338:introduced by
1334:
1331:
1318:
1315:
1302:Main article:
1299:
1296:
1238:Main article:
1235:
1232:
1181:Main article:
1178:
1175:
1148:Main article:
1145:
1142:
1053:Henri Chrétien
1005:
1002:
941:Main article:
938:
937:Academy format
935:
926:
925:Common formats
923:
911:reversal films
906:
903:
857:Main article:
854:
851:
775:Brewster Color
735:D. W. Griffith
723:Main article:
720:
717:
715:
712:
698:
695:
648:
645:
623:infrared light
519:
516:
376:
373:
260:nitrocellulose
244:George Eastman
221:
218:
216:
213:
205:movie theaters
203:in commercial
175:George Eastman
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
90:
86:
85:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3967:
3956:
3955:Thomas Edison
3953:
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3875:
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3868:
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3861:
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3856:
3854:
3852:Video framing
3850:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:Academy ratio
3825:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
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3674:
3671:
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3665:
3658:
3654:
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3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
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3599:
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3579:
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3517:
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3499:
3496:
3483:
3479:
3478:Eastman Kodak
3475:
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3378:
3375:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:(5): 545–566.
3307:
3303:
3299:
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3289:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
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3208:
3203:
3201:9780240512433
3197:
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3180:
3167:
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3159:
3157:
3156:Batman Begins
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2277:dyetracks.org
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2058:
2052:
2048:
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2039:
2037:
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2031:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1954:
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1944:
1939:
1938:
1929:
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1911:
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1228:film scanners
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1120:
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1098:
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1089:Academy frame
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1071:Academy ratio
1068:
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966:sound-on-film
963:
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958:sound-on-disc
955:
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944:
943:Academy ratio
936:
932:
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922:
920:
916:
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904:
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881:Academy Award
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:Eastman Kodak
860:
852:
850:
848:
842:
840:
836:
831:
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825:
824:beam-splitter
821:
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638:
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636:Anything Else
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:exciter lamps
617:
613:
608:
605:
601:
600:compact discs
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:Dolby Digital
580:
578:
577:magnetic tape
574:
570:
566:
544:
541:
537:
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532:Dolby Digital
529:
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508:
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497:
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394:Cinematograph
391:
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347:
346:Eastman Kodak
341:
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280:
276:
275:Thomas Edison
271:
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220:Early history
219:
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186:Eastman Kodak
183:
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167:Thomas Edison
164:
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94:Eastman Kodak
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59:
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52:
48:
43:
35:
30:
19:
3945:Film formats
3895:Pan and scan
3818:Aspect ratio
3804: (1958)
3796: (1958)
3794:Kinopanorama
3788: (1952)
3769: (1970)
3745: (1955)
3726: (1982)
3718: (1960)
3710: (1957)
3694: (1954)
3686: (1953)
3668:Film formats
3649:
3636:17.5 mm
3598:film formats
3503:
3498:
3486:. Retrieved
3482:the original
3477:
3468:
3456:. Retrieved
3452:the original
3447:
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3092:
3081:the original
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2994:
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2940:the original
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2572:. Retrieved
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2484:. New York:
2480:
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2409:. Retrieved
2403:
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2276:
2252:the original
2247:
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2174:
2164:December 24,
2162:. Retrieved
2158:
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2108:. Retrieved
2104:the original
2099:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2045:
2021:. Retrieved
2009:
2005:
1972:
1936:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1870:
1860:
1851:
1841:
1833:the original
1812:
1808:
1736:
1723:
1695:
1636:
1630:
1625:Aspect ratio
1624:
1618:
1617:
1612:Picture used
1611:
1606:Picture used
1605:
1600:Picture used
1599:
1593:
1584:Aspect ratio
1583:
1577:
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1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1515:Aspect ratio
1514:
1508:
1507:
1466:
1444:1.85:1 Ratio
1420:
1416:Dolby Stereo
1410:
1399:
1386:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1336:
1320:
1298:Perforations
1281:
1274:John Dykstra
1271:
1259:
1254:perforations
1199:However, in
1198:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1155:
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1123:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1084:
1081:
1074:
1064:
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1033:
1021:
990:
982:
978:
954:Warner Bros.
949:aspect ratio
946:
908:
862:
843:
832:
818:in 1932 and
813:
805:
789:
783:
751:
728:
700:
691:
687:
674:
658:
641:
634:
616:incandescent
609:
581:
548:
504:
499:
494:aspect ratio
479:
468:
410:
406:
398:
386:
362:
342:
335:
331:perforations
272:
241:
198:
194:Agfa-Gevaert
179:
145:
137:perforations
126:35 mm format
109:
108:
89:Manufacturer
29:
3802:Cinemiracle
3716:Techniscope
3692:VistaVision
3684:CinemaScope
3622:9.5 mm
3606:Film gauges
2744:: 108–121.
2332:Technicolor
2268:Hull, Joe.
2075:subclub.org
1658:Film portal
1406:Fox Studios
1402:CinemaScope
1390:Technicolor
1262:VistaVision
1250:VistaVision
1240:VistaVision
1234:VistaVision
1167:granularity
1162:Technicolor
1157:Dance Craze
1126:VistaVision
1115:Techniscope
1076:Thunder Bay
1057:Cinemascope
1040:film format
905:Other types
859:Safety film
853:Safety film
820:live action
808:Technicolor
786:Technicolor
747:camera lens
743:Kinemacolor
682:Techniscope
662:Technicolor
484:called the
291:Kinetophone
279:Kinetoscope
230:Kinetoscope
3934:Categories
3911:Open matte
3902:Fullscreen
3860:Widescreen
3700:Technirama
3657:70 mm
3650:35 mm
3643:28 mm
3629:16 mm
3488:August 11,
3337:August 11,
3172:August 11,
3054:August 10,
2946:August 25,
2877:August 10,
2851:August 10,
2807:August 10,
2649:August 29,
2619:August 12,
2481:Film Facts
2411:August 29,
2342:August 29,
2290:August 11,
2230:1853/50482
2110:August 12,
2080:August 12,
1878:August 29,
1752:References
1349:bluescreen
1204:production
1201:television
1130:Technirama
1119:Panavision
1091:, but are
1049:anamorphic
1024:anamorphic
1018:Widescreen
1010:Anamorphic
1004:Widescreen
917:, such as
835:Multicolor
771:Multicolor
714:Attributes
666:Panavision
354:film stock
295:phonograph
226:Film stock
224:See also:
118:filmmaking
114:film gauge
110:35 mm film
58:Film stock
18:35 mm film
3888:Windowbox
3881:Pillarbox
3874:Letterbox
3820:standards
3778:35 mm Ă— 3
3615:8 mm
3458:March 14,
3367:March 14,
3245:March 14,
3077:kodak.com
2765:Movie Age
2639:Kodak.com
2023:March 13,
1829:0036-1682
1742:film gate
1687:Footnotes
1283:Star Wars
1134:Lucasfilm
893:polyester
889:polyester
863:Although
847:Cinecolor
839:Cinecolor
806:In 1928,
779:Cinecolor
592:redundant
543:time code
492::1 (4:3)
390:Vitascope
263:film base
242:In 1880,
182:film base
74:Inception
3786:Cinerama
3724:Super 35
3236:Archived
1644:See also
1451::1 Ratio
1224:telecine
1212:Super 35
1150:Super 35
1144:Super 35
1138:Super 35
1106:The Robe
1036:Cinerama
919:infrared
828:spectrum
816:cartoons
737:, color
677:3D films
604:timecode
424:inch to
327:aperture
268:emulsion
190:Fujifilm
171:120 film
169:, using
116:used in
64:Inventor
34:135 film
3743:Todd-AO
3430:1951231
3400:1951231
3162:FXGuide
3107:446–449
2574:July 7,
2548:July 8,
2522:July 8,
2405:Variety
1903:July 5,
1713:⁄
1499:⁄
1489:⁄
1111:-scope,
998:Academy
869:acetate
697:Decline
558:⁄
459:⁄
445:⁄
432:⁄
419:⁄
320:⁄
306:⁄
248:gelatin
156:⁄
79: (
3761:(1959)
3753:(1957)
3702:(1956)
3522:
3428:
3398:
3279:
3198:
2982:
2701:
2674:
2492:
2461:
2436:
2377:"Home"
2189:
2137:
2053:
1980:
1949:
1827:
1208:3-perf
1177:3-perf
1160:, and
1093:matted
1016:, and
762:bipack
754:Prizma
465:date".
365:patent
338:London
333:high.
3735:70 mm
3676:35 mm
3508:SMPTE
3394:(4).
3392:XVIII
3265:SMPTE
3239:(PDF)
3232:Kodak
3224:(PDF)
3084:(PDF)
3073:(PDF)
3043:Aaton
2609:Kodak
2310:Kodak
2284:(PDF)
2273:(PDF)
1872:Wired
1701:SMPTE
1586:: 1.3
1469:SMPTE
1366:pitch
1361:matte
1359:, or
1340:Kodak
1327:pitch
1066:Shane
1029:SMPTE
885:Oscar
719:Color
708:niche
631:laser
482:trust
350:70 mm
141:frame
112:is a
103:Kodak
3835:14:9
3767:IMAX
3520:ISBN
3490:2006
3460:2012
3426:OCLC
3422:XVII
3396:OCLC
3369:2012
3339:2006
3277:ISBN
3247:2012
3196:ISBN
3174:2006
3056:2006
3026:(3).
2980:ISBN
2948:2016
2879:2006
2853:2006
2809:2006
2699:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2651:2016
2621:2009
2576:2006
2550:2006
2524:2006
2490:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2413:2016
2344:2016
2292:2006
2187:ISBN
2166:2022
2135:ISBN
2112:2006
2082:2006
2051:ISBN
2025:2012
1978:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1905:2006
1880:2017
1825:ISSN
1539:(1.6
1260:The
1216:HDTV
1097:mask
1085:flat
777:and
612:cyan
588:SDDS
528:SDDS
228:and
192:and
165:and
139:per
81:1889
77:1889
54:Type
3512:doi
3306:XIV
3269:doi
2917:266
2746:doi
2248:DTS
2226:hdl
2014:doi
1817:doi
1447:1.6
1411:can
1404:by
1276:at
1226:or
962:Fox
960:),
629:or
627:LED
596:DTS
573:kHz
540:DTS
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