464:, and Task List. Program Manager is a graphical shell composed of icons, each with an underlying title. They can be moved and arranged in any order, and the icons' titles can be renamed. When double-clicked on, these icons open corresponding applications or smaller windows within the Program Manager window called group windows. These group windows contain such icons and can be minimized to prevent cluttering of the Program Manager window's space. File Manager is another shell used to access or modify applications, but displays them as files contained in directories in a list format. Its purpose as an alternative to using DOS commands is to facilitate moving files and directories. Task List displays all running applications and may also be used to terminate them, select a different program, cascade or tile the windows, and arrange minimized desktop icons. The Control Panel, where users can change settings to customize Windows and hardware, was also redesigned as an icon-based window.
778:
installing expanded memory boards or memory managers. However, it also provides backward compatibility with as many hardware and software designed for DOS as possible, and it may be used to run DOS applications and older
Windows applications not optimized for Windows 3.0 if running them in higher operating modes is not possible. Standard mode requires at least an 80286 processor, and although the memory required is unchanged, the mode does allow the processor to use extended memory for running applications. 386 enhanced mode requires at least an 80386 processor and two megabytes of memory. While the other modes can run DOS applications in full-screen only and must suspend DOS applications to run Windows programs and
866:. Microsoft did indeed suggest developers to write applications for the OS/2, but it also intended Windows 3.0 to be a "low-end" alternative to the latter, with Gates referring to the OS/2 as the operating system of the 1990s. The Windows brand was also intended to be canceled after this version's release. The investigations into—and the eventual subsequent suing of—Microsoft led to a settlement on July 15, 1994, where Microsoft agreed not to bundle separate software packages with its operating products. It marked the first time that the company had ever been investigated for anticompetitive practices.
573:. Almost all applications designed for Windows 3.0 had to be run in standard or 386 enhanced modes. (Microsoft Word 1.x and Excel 2.x would work in real mode as they were actually designed for Windows 2.x). However, it was necessary to load Windows 3.0 in real mode to run SWAPFILE.EXE, which allowed users to change virtual memory settings. Officially, Microsoft stated that an 8Mhz turbo 8086 was the minimum CPU needed to run Windows 3.0. It could be run on 4.77 MHz 8088 machines, but performance was so slow as to render the OS almost unusable. Up to 4 MB of expanded memory (
61:
858:, who alleged that the company had attempted to dominate the applications market by luring its competitors into developing software for IBM's OS/2 while it was developing its own for Windows. At the time of Windows 3.0's release, Microsoft had only 10 and 15 percent of the market shares on spreadsheets and word processors, respectively, but those figures had risen to over 60 percent in 1995, overtaking previously dominant competitors such as
888:
unexpected success of its new product would lead to the two companies recasting their relationship, where they would continue to sell each other's operating products until 1993. After the fiscal year of 1990, Microsoft reported revenues of US$ 1.18 billion, with $ 337 million appearing in the fourth quarter. This annual statistic is up from $ 803.5 million in fiscal 1989, and it made
Microsoft the first
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846:, Apple's early such attempt and the predecessor to its far more successful Macintosh. He cautioned about the seemingly cheap upgrade cost of US$ 50 when the system requirements and the need to upgrade any installed applications for compatibility are considered. He also cautioned that the software's advantages could be taken only by running Windows applications. However, in February 1991,
292:, supporting such multitasking efficiently (with several different hardware features, including memory protection, hardware task switching, program privilege separation, and virtual memory, all absent on the earlier Intel x86 CPUs) and which could be directly connected to 16 times as much memory as the 8088 (and 8086). The two companies developed the next generation beyond MS-DOS, called
833:
experienced system slowdowns and often exceeded memory limits. Windows 3.0 also had relatively high memory requirements by 1990's standards, but with the three memory modes, it was praised for using memory more efficiently, removing the 640–kilobyte limit that had existed in computers running on
Microsoft software since DOS, and supporting more powerful CPUs.
633:, designed for any media-related device such as graphics and audio cards, scanners, and videotape players. It also supported recording and playing digital audio, MIDI devices, screensavers and analog joysticks, as well as CD-ROM drives, which were then becoming increasingly available. Other features included additional applets such as an alarm clock and
252:, customizability, and especially the utilitarian memory management that troubled the users of Windows 3.0's predecessors. Microsoft was criticized by third-party developers for bundling its separate software with the operating environment, which they viewed as an anticompetitive practice. Windows 3.0 had 10 million sales and was succeeded by
598:. 386 enhanced mode uses virtual 8086 mode to allow multiple DOS programs to run (each DOS session takes 1MB of memory) along with being windowed and allowing multitasking to continue. Virtual memory support allows the user to employ the hard disk as a temporary storage space if applications use more memory than exists in the system.
315:. As the rest of the Microsoft team moved on to the OS/2 2.0 project, David Weise, a member of the Windows development team and a critic of IBM, believed that he could restart the Windows project. Microsoft needed programming tools to run in protected mode, so it hired Murray Sargent, a physics professor from the
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Windows 3.0 is also considered the first
Windows to see commercial success. At the time of release, of the 40 million personal computers installed, only five percent used either previous version of Windows, but within its first week of availability, it rose as the top-selling business software. After
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The processor and memory minimum requirements for the original version are those needed to run
Windows in real mode, the lowest of the three operating modes. This mode severely limits the multitasking capabilities of Windows, although it can still use expanded memory, which is memory that is added by
732:
Windows 3.0 supports a large array of graphics cards and computer monitors, and will try to use one of its generic drivers in the event that no driver exists to support the hardware. However, because the user interface is designed to be displayed at resolutions relatively high by 1990's standards, an
610:
There are two updates known to have been published for
Windows 3.0. One of them is Windows 3.0a, released in December 1990. It modified Windows' DOS extender—a program that enables DOS applications to access extended memory—to prevent errors caused by software calling into real-mode code when Windows
444:
is a multitasking protocol whereby multiple running applications dynamically exchange data with one another, i.e., when data in one application changes, so does the data in another. This feature had appeared in
Windows previously, but until Windows 3.0, due to memory constraints, users were unable to
340:, then presented it to company executives, who were impressed enough to approve it as an official project. When IBM learned of Microsoft's upcoming project, their relationship was damaged, but Microsoft asserted that it would cancel Windows after its launch and that it would continue to develop OS/2.
601:
Normally, Windows will start in the highest operating mode the computer can use, but the user may force it into lower modes by typing WIN /R or WIN /S at the DOS command prompt. If the user selects an operating mode that cannot be used due to lack of RAM or CPU support, Windows merely boots into the
479:
palettes, as opposed to the previous maximum of eight colors, though the operating environment itself supports graphics adapters that offer resolutions and the number of colors greater than VGA. Windows 3.0 also introduced the
Palette Manager, a set of functions that allow applications to change the
375:
Microsoft's "Entry Team" was assigned to make
Windows 3.0 generally appealing to the public, and was concerned that the public might perceive it as no more than a tool for large enterprises, due to high system requirements. Major game publishers did not see it as a potential game platform, instead
832:
One critical aspect of
Windows 3.0 is how it managed memory. Before its release, users of previous versions of Windows were burdened with trying to circumvent memory constraints to use those versions' touted capabilities. The Windows software occupied a large amount of memory, and users regularly
355:
referred to as the "most extravagant, extensive, and expensive software introduction ever". Microsoft did not offer free runtime licenses of the software to applications vendors, because runtime versions of Windows lack multitasking. Instead, the company offered upgrades for both full and runtime
327:
program that works with protected mode applications. Windows 3.0 originated in 1988 as an independent project by Weise and Sargent, using Sargent's debugger to improve the memory manager and run Windows applications in separate protected memory segments. In a few months, Weise and Sargent cobbled
887:
Windows 3.0 is regarded in retrospect as a turning point in the future of Microsoft, being attributed to its later dominance in the operating system market and to the company's improved applications market share. The company used to have close ties with IBM since the former's inception, but the
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wrote in October 1991 that "a company with no PCs that run Windows is almost like a company without a fax machine." Microsoft had spent a total of $ 10 million in its marketing campaign for the software, including the $ 3 million for its release. When its successor, Windows 3.1, was
850:
noted a vast array of applications designed specifically for Windows 3.0, including many that had yet to be available for OS/2. It also cited two other factors leading to the operating environment's success: one of them was the inexpensive cost of the hardware needed to run it compared to the
806:
Windows 3.0 is considered to be the first version of Windows to receive critical acclaim. Users and critics universally lauded its icon-based interface and the ensuing ease of performing operations, as well as the improved multitasking and greater control over customizing their environments.
499:. Calculator is expanded to include scientific calculations. Recorder is a new program that records macros, or sequences of keystrokes and mouse movements, which are then assigned to keys as shortcuts to perform complex functions quickly. Also, the earlier
445:
use the protocol. These users instead had to exit to DOS to run one application, close it, and open another to exchange data. Due to its support for the 386 and later processors, Windows 3.0 can also use virtual memory, which is a portion of a
480:
lookup palette of graphics cards displaying up to 256 colors to use needed colors. When multiple displayed windows exceed the 256-color limit, Windows 3.0 prioritizes the active window to use that application's colors, without resorting to
275:
since 1981. Microsoft had previous attempted to develop a successful operating environment called Windows, which IBM declined for its product line. As MS-DOS's fifth iteration approached, IBM demanded a version that could run in
875:
six months, two million copies were sold. Its success was interdependent with the PC industry, exemplified by an explosion of demand for and subsequent production of Intel's more powerful microprocessor, the
583:
was used most often as its requirements were more in-line with an average PC of that era — an 80286 processor with at least 1 MB of memory. Since some PCs (notably Compaqs) did not place extended memory
782:, the DOS applications in 386 enhanced mode can be run windowed and concurrently with the Windows applications. Unlike the other modes, this one cannot be used to run DOS applications that use
515:. Unlike DOS applications, which may have help functions as part of them, Windows Help is a separate and readily accessible application that accompanies all Windows programs that support it.
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Theater. The event had 6,000 attendees, and it was broadcast live in the Microsoft social fairs of seven other North American cities and twelve major cities outside. Microsoft spent
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at the DOS command prompt. If the user selects an operating mode that cannot be used due to lack of RAM or CPU support, Windows merely boots into the next lowest one.
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829:, Michael J. Miller, had faith that PC users would fully transition from the preceding text-only environment to the GUI with Windows 3.0 as their primary choice.
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is loaded in standard mode. It also simplified the installation process and alleviated crashes associated with networking, printing, and low-memory conditions.
449:
that is substituted for memory by the processor in the event that its own memory is exhausted. Like its predecessors, Windows 3.0 is not an operating system
588:) at the 1MB line and instead left a hole between the end of conventional memory and the start of XMS, Windows could not work on them except in real mode.
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released, sales totaled about 10 million copies, and a year later the Windows series would overtake DOS as the bestselling application of all time.
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Windows 3.0 features a significantly revamped graphical user interface (GUI), which was described as having a three-dimensional look similar to the
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Windows 3.0 is the first version of Windows to perform well both critically and commercially. Its GUI was considered a challenger to those of
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software company to reach the $ 1 billion mark in one year. Microsoft officials attributed the results to the sales of Windows 3.0.
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sticking to MS-DOS. Microsoft's product manager Bruce Ryan compiled games that the Windows team had designed in its spare time to create
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790:. Normally, Windows will start in the highest operating mode the computer can use, but the user may force it into lower modes by typing
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Macintosh, and the other was its focus on fully utilizing hardware components that were relatively powerful by its time's standards.
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considered this version of Windows the first of the environment to bear "serious long-term consideration." Bill Howard of
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On December 31, 2001, Microsoft dropped support for Windows 3.0, along with previous versions of Windows and Windows 95,
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1 MB of memory (640 KB and 384 KB of conventional and extended memory, respectively) (Work with only 640Kb - Real Mode)
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The official system requirements for Windows 3.0 and its substantial update, Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions:
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Amid the unprecedented success of Windows 3.0, Microsoft came under attack by critics as well as the United States
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called Windows 3.0's GUI "state-of-the-art" and compared Microsoft's previous attempts to produce such a GUI to
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Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions 1.0 (MME) was released to third-party manufacturers in October 1991. The
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1143:"Bill Gates was so addicted to Minesweeper, he used to sneak into a colleague's office after work to play"
461:
406:
105:
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1021:
The Making of Microsoft: How Bill Gates and His Team Created the World's Most Successful Software Company
296:. Early OS/2 software is not encumbered with MS-DOS compatibility, giving IBM a technological advantage.
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2141:
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441:
390:
360: (equivalent to $ 117 in 2023)—considerably lower than the full license's suggested retail price of
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249:
33:
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was a 32-bit virtual machine that ran a copy of 16-bit Standard mode, and multiple copies of MS-DOS in
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found its user interface to be easy to use, though not quite as intuitive as Macintosh. The editor of
280:", to allow multiple programs at once, among other benefits. MS-DOS was originally designed to run in
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Windows 3.0 retains many of the simple applications from its predecessors, such as the text editor
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Windows 3.0 was the only version of Windows that could be run in three different memory modes:
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was sold as a separate product, and it became so popular that it was followed by three other
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1024:
384:
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154:
1638:"If Windows 3.11 required a 32-bit processor, why was it called a 16-bit operating system?"
453:, but rather an operating environment that is designed for DOS and controls its functions.
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333:
1565:"Microsoft Solitaire has been clicked and dragged into the World Video Game Hall of Fame"
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2715:
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329:
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530:, intended for older computers with a CPU below Intel 80286, and corresponding to its
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considered the software to share the same benefits as OS/2 and Unix. Garry Ray of
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1981:
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17:
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The drivers bundled with Windows 3.0 support up to 16 simultaneous colors from
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364:. The software was bundled by computer hardware manufacturers. The first were
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394:. There was little budget, none spent on quality testing. Nevertheless, the
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1982:"Windows 3.0 Brings Icons, Multitasking, and Ends DOS's 640K Program Limit"
724:
A CD-ROM drive is essential for performing numerous multimedia operations.
540:, intended for computers with an 80286 processor, and corresponding to its
1920:
1918:
1916:
1790:"Turning to the past to power Windows' future: An in-depth look at WinRT"
1202:
369:
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2052:
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879:. Windows became so widely used in businesses that Brian Livingston of
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500:
343:
Windows 3.0 was officially announced worldwide on May 22, 1990, in the
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32:"Multimedia Extensions" redirects here. For the instruction set, see
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1207:. Brian Knittel (3 ed.). Indianapolis, Ind.: Que. p. 92.
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1769:
1082:. Vol. 7, no. 9. CQ Communications. pp. 64–65, 68.
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A mouse is required to perform many of the multimedia operations.
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284:
and run only one program at a time, due to the limitations of the
637:, used to run media files. MME supports stereo sound and 16-bit
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processor or above, and corresponding to its protected mode and
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in its predecessors. Later updates expand capabilities, such as
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1305:
268:
1613:
Human Computer Interaction Lab of the University of Maryland
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kernel that can multitask several MS-DOS applications using
233:
support for sound recording and playback, and support for
2474:"Microsoft Windows Multimedia Authoring and Tools Guide"
2095:
Overdrive: Bill Gates and the Race to Control Cyberspace
1178:. Vol. 20, no. 11. June 13, 2001. p. 73.
139:
3.00a with Multimedia Extensions / October 20, 1991
768:
A Microsoft-compatible pointing device is recommended.
2365:
Lorenz, Lori L.; O'Mara, R. Michael (September 1990).
1270:. Vol. 24, no. 31. July 30, 1990. p. 33
745:
display was recommended. (work with CGA and Hercules)
372:, followed by more than 25 others, not including IBM.
328:
together a rough prototype to run Windows versions of
2539:, an article detailing a brief history of Windows 3.0
2039:
1514:
721:
At least one floppy drive for the installation disks
311:, but all Windows applications still run in a shared
2327:
Johnston, Stuart J.; Flynn, Laurie (July 30, 1990).
2269:
Tremblay, Victor J.; Tremblay, Carol Horton (2007).
456:
The MS-DOS Executive file manager was replaced with
259:
Support for Windows 3.0 ended on December 31, 2001.
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918:"Microsoft Windows turns 30: A brief retrospective"
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111:
101:
91:
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425:. It also includes technical improvements to the
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421:, rather than the flat look of its predecessor,
2505:. Vol. 13, no. 42. October 21, 1991.
2456:. Vol. 10, no. 4. February 26, 1991.
1480:. Vol. 10, no. 12. pp. 103–104.
1453:
1451:
1204:Special edition using Microsoft Windows XP home
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2027:
2012:
1936:
1457:
1394:
1362:
1338:
1054:
507:, which would eventually be inducted into the
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288:microprocessor. Intel had later released the
8:
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1990:. Vol. 9, no. 13. pp. 33–35.
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1665:"Windows Update Will Fix Bugs, Simplify Use"
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
44:
2436:. Vol. 12, no. 22. May 28, 1990.
3377:Products and services discontinued in 2001
3326:
3316:
2914:
2688:
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2551:
2543:
1118:. Vol. 24, no. 22. p. 116.
429:to make better use of the capabilities of
356:previous versions of Windows at a cost of
351:to host the festivities, which co-founder
267:Before Windows 3.0, a partnership bundled
248:. Other praised features are the improved
43:
2399:Edstrom, Jennifer; Eller, Marlin (1998).
1663:Johnston, Stuart J. (November 26, 1990).
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
503:game was complemented with the card game
2337:. Vol. 12, no. 31. p. 8.
2196:. Vol. 9, no. 14. p. 63.
1673:. Vol. 12, no. 48. p. 5.
911:
909:
907:
905:
655:
29:Third major release of Microsoft Windows
2509:from the original on September 22, 2022
2460:from the original on September 22, 2022
2293:from the original on September 22, 2022
2200:from the original on September 22, 2022
1712:from the original on September 22, 2022
1677:from the original on September 22, 2022
1182:from the original on September 22, 2022
1122:from the original on September 22, 2022
1067:
1065:
1063:
901:
836:Ted Needleman of the computer magazine
667:Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions
550:, intended for newer computers with an
271:'s personal computers with Microsoft's
2530:Windows history: Windows 3.0 takes off
2341:from the original on February 27, 2021
1994:from the original on February 25, 2021
1577:from the original on December 22, 2019
985:from the original on February 28, 2021
930:from the original on December 23, 2019
615:Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions
2155:from the original on January 19, 2020
1802:from the original on January 26, 2020
973:Sinofsky, Steven (February 7, 2021).
713:Hard drive with 30 MB of total space
710:Hard drive with 6–8 MB of free space
7:
2440:from the original on August 14, 2021
2329:"Microsoft Tops $ 1 billion in 1990"
1754:from the original on January 3, 2018
1141:Weinberger, Matt (August 17, 2015).
1108:von Simson, Charles (May 28, 1990).
916:Lendino, Jamie (November 20, 2015).
511:in 2019. Another notable program is
193:Unsupported as of December 31, 2001
1788:Bright, Peter (October 21, 2012).
1484:from the original on April 7, 2022
1074:"The Real Windows Finally Arrives"
565:primarily existed as a way to run
409:, and MS-DOS versions up to 6.22.
25:
1644:from the original on June 5, 2010
1229:from the original on June 4, 2022
1072:Needleman, Ted (September 1990).
627:application programming interface
495:, and the improved paint program
3336:
3335:
3325:
3315:
1472:"High Resolution And High Speed"
569:applications. It was removed in
68:
59:
1563:Williams, David (May 3, 2019).
368:, Austin Computer Systems, and
303:, Windows/386 2.0 introduced a
1698:"Windows 3.0A tackles UAE bug"
1696:Daly, James (April 29, 1991).
1470:Poor, Alfred (June 25, 1991).
209:is the third major release of
1:
2186:Venditto, Gus (August 1990).
1110:"Microsoft leads DOS revival"
860:Lotus Development Corporation
577:) is supported in real mode.
509:World Video Game Hall of Fame
213:, launched in 1990. Its new
2403:Barbarians led by Bill Gates
657:Minimum system requirements
379:Microsoft Entertainment Pack
3392:Products introduced in 1990
2891:Preinstallation Environment
2866:Fundamentals for Legacy PCs
2222:Creating the Digital Future
2099:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1980:Venditto, Gus (July 1990).
1304:. Vol. 6, no. 7.
1262:"Windows 3.0 ends the wait"
484:and then filling in areas.
3408:
2040:PC Magazine, February 1991
1515:PC Magazine, February 1991
618:
31:
3311:
3303:Windows Server Essentials
3288:Windows for Pen Computing
2580:
2535:January 11, 2020, at the
2272:Industry and Firm Studies
1744:"Windows Version History"
755:
225:, instead of the list of
192:
67:
58:
49:
2315:Edstrom & Eller 1998
2129:Edstrom & Eller 1998
2074:Edstrom & Eller 1998
2059:Edstrom & Eller 1998
1961:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1949:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1925:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1884:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1596:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1551:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1539:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1527:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1503:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1443:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1431:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1419:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1407:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1378:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1351:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1327:Windows 3 Companion 1990
1296:Ray, Garry (July 1990).
1004:Edstrom & Eller 1998
961:Edstrom & Eller 1998
949:Edstrom & Eller 1998
856:Federal Trade Commission
688:processor running at 10
645:of up to 44.1 kHz.
215:graphical user interface
2257:InfoWorld, October 1991
2089:Wallace, James (1997).
1872:InfoWorld, October 1991
1860:InfoWorld, October 1991
1833:InfoWorld, October 1991
1731:InfoWorld, October 1991
1298:"Microsoft Windows 3.0"
1201:Cowart, Robert (2005).
1017:"Vision for the Future"
631:Media Control Interface
2409:Henry Holt and Company
760:version 3.1 or higher
407:Windows for Workgroups
141:; 32 years ago
121:; 34 years ago
74:Windows 3.0 screenshot
2142:Department of Justice
1908:Multimedia Guide 1991
1896:Multimedia Guide 1991
1845:Multimedia Guide 1991
1821:Multimedia Guide 1991
1776:Multimedia Guide 1991
1027:. 1991. p. 239.
491:, the word processor
442:Dynamic Data Exchange
317:University of Arizona
34:MMX (instruction set)
3382:History of Microsoft
419:Presentation Manager
345:New York City Center
319:who had developed a
3387:History of software
3298:Microsoft PowerToys
2955:Embedded Automotive
2369:Windows 3 Companion
2219:Yu, Albert (1998).
2174:InfoWorld, May 1990
2144:(August 21, 1995).
2028:InfoWorld, May 1990
2013:InfoWorld, May 1990
1951:, pp. 202–203.
1937:InfoWorld, May 1990
1927:, pp. 406–408.
1517:, pp. 375–376.
1458:InfoWorld, May 1990
1421:, pp. 121–122.
1409:, pp. 101–102.
1395:InfoWorld, May 1990
1363:InfoWorld, May 1990
1339:InfoWorld, May 1990
1329:, pp. 199–200.
1055:InfoWorld, May 1990
788:DPMI specifications
658:
649:System requirements
505:Microsoft Solitaire
400:Entertainment Packs
366:Zenith Data Systems
313:virtual DOS machine
263:Development history
160:Commercial software
46:
3254:Version comparison
2939:Embedded Compact 7
1170:"Pulling the Plug"
1079:Modern Electronics
839:Modern Electronics
786:incompatible with
748:VGA graphics card
656:
396:Entertainment Pack
3372:Microsoft Windows
3349:
3348:
3191:Removed features
2968:
2967:
2960:Embedded Industry
2896:MultiPoint Server
2879:
2878:
2574:Microsoft Windows
2286:978-0-7656-1723-1
1750:. July 19, 2005.
1748:Microsoft Support
1433:, pp. 26–27.
1006:, pp. 87–95.
979:Hardcore Software
975:"Klunder College"
963:, pp. 74–76.
775:
774:
602:next lowest one.
596:virtual 8086 mode
592:386 Enhanced mode
556:virtual 8086 mode
548:386 Enhanced mode
460:, the list-based
427:memory management
382:, which includes
309:virtual 8086 mode
217:(GUI) represents
211:Microsoft Windows
204:
203:
197:December 31, 2001
119:May 22, 1990
18:386 Enhanced Mode
16:(Redirected from
3399:
3339:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3321:List of versions
3319:
3318:
2915:
2821:Home Server 2011
2689:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2544:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2469:
2467:
2465:
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2427:
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2406:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2372:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2275:(4th ed.).
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2150:
2146:"Final Judgment"
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2091:"The Road Ahead"
2086:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2061:, p. 97–98.
2056:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1977:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
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1934:
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1911:
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1693:
1687:
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1660:
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1651:
1649:
1636:(May 17, 2010).
1630:
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1605:
1599:
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1360:
1354:
1348:
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1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1308:. pp. 88–89
1293:
1280:
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1277:
1275:
1258:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1198:
1192:
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1189:
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1166:
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1157:
1155:
1148:Business Insider
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1025:Prima Publishing
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
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992:
990:
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964:
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659:
363:
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149:
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129:
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72:
63:
54:operating system
47:
41:Operating system
21:
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3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3352:
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3307:
3293:Microsoft Plus!
3227:Version history
3090:
3049:
3016:
2964:
2943:
2934:Embedded CE 6.0
2920:
2909:
2907:
2900:
2875:
2858:
2852:
2809:HPC Server 2008
2778:
2771:
2693:
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2650:
2611:
2576:
2571:
2537:Wayback Machine
2526:
2521:
2512:
2510:
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2492:
2490:
2488:
2478:Microsoft Press
2472:
2463:
2461:
2452:
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2398:
2389:
2387:
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2375:Microsoft Press
2364:
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2296:
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2255:
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2239:
2237:
2229:. p. 145.
2218:
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2185:
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2180:
2172:
2168:
2158:
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2019:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1979:
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1967:
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1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
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1906:
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1894:
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1878:
1874:, p. S104.
1870:
1866:
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1835:, p. S100.
1831:
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933:
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914:
903:
898:
872:
804:
795:
791:
702:2 MB of memory
651:
639:audio bit depth
623:
617:
608:
521:
458:Program Manager
447:hard disk drive
415:
361:
357:
348:
265:
242:Apple Macintosh
196:
194:
145:
143:
140:
125:
123:
120:
114:
75:
50:Version of the
42:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3112:
3107:
3098:
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3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Pocket PC 2002
2984:
2982:Pocket PC 2000
2978:
2976:
2974:Windows Mobile
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
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2874:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2833:Server 2012 R2
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2816:Server 2008 R2
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
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2759:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2739:
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2713:
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2697:
2695:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2525:
2524:External links
2522:
2520:
2519:
2499:
2486:
2470:
2450:
2430:
2417:
2396:
2383:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2319:
2304:
2285:
2261:
2259:, p. S83.
2249:
2235:
2227:The Free Press
2211:
2178:
2166:
2133:
2121:
2107:
2078:
2063:
2044:
2042:, p. 102.
2032:
2017:
2005:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1939:, p. S12.
1929:
1912:
1910:, p. 4-1.
1900:
1898:, p. 1-3.
1888:
1886:, p. 3–4.
1876:
1864:
1862:, p. S95.
1849:
1847:, p. 9-3.
1837:
1825:
1823:, p. 6-1.
1813:
1780:
1778:, p. 1-2.
1765:
1735:
1723:
1688:
1655:
1625:
1600:
1588:
1555:
1553:, p. 387.
1543:
1541:, p. 317.
1531:
1529:, p. 365.
1519:
1507:
1495:
1462:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1382:
1367:
1355:
1353:, p. 405.
1343:
1341:, p. S26.
1331:
1319:
1281:
1240:
1213:
1193:
1161:
1133:
1100:
1059:
1057:, p. S46.
1047:
1033:
1008:
996:
965:
953:
941:
900:
899:
897:
894:
871:
868:
803:
800:
773:
772:
769:
766:
762:
761:
754:
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749:
746:
730:
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719:
715:
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708:
704:
703:
700:
697:
693:
692:
683:
673:
669:
668:
665:
662:
650:
647:
643:sampling rates
616:
613:
607:
604:
560:
559:
545:
542:protected mode
535:
520:
517:
414:
411:
305:protected mode
278:protected mode
264:
261:
202:
201:
190:
189:
188:Support status
185:
184:
178:
174:
173:
167:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
137:
135:Latest release
131:
130:
117:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
77:
76:
73:
65:
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56:
55:
40:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3404:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:1990 software
3360:
3359:
3357:
3342:
3334:
3332:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3301:
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3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:New features
3155:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
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3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3022:Windows Phone
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
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2741:
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2728:
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2717:
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2601:
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2549:
2548:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2489:
2487:1-55615-391-0
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2459:
2455:
2454:"PC Magazine"
2451:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2420:
2418:0-8050-5754-4
2414:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2386:
2384:0-936767-19-7
2380:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2317:, p. 99.
2316:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2238:
2236:0-684-83988-1
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2212:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2176:, p. 41.
2175:
2170:
2167:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2131:, p. 94.
2130:
2125:
2122:
2110:
2108:0-471-18041-6
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2076:, p. 95.
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2030:, p. S12
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2015:, p. S1.
2014:
2009:
2006:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1950:
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1926:
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1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1801:
1798:. p. 2.
1797:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1733:, p. S90
1732:
1727:
1724:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:Computerworld
1699:
1692:
1689:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:Chen, Raymond
1629:
1626:
1614:
1610:
1609:"Windows 3.0"
1604:
1601:
1598:, p. 87.
1597:
1592:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1505:, p. 49.
1504:
1499:
1496:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1445:, p. 43.
1444:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1397:, p. S7.
1396:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1365:, p. S3.
1364:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1347:
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1328:
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1307:
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1216:
1214:0-7897-3279-3
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1115:Computerworld
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1034:1-55958-071-2
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1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
984:
980:
976:
969:
966:
962:
957:
954:
951:, p. 60.
950:
945:
942:
929:
925:
924:
919:
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895:
893:
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890:microcomputer
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810:Computerworld
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784:DOS extenders
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621:Multimedia PC
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581:Standard mode
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538:Standard mode
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115:manufacturing
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71:
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48:
39:
35:
27:
19:
3367:DOS software
3259:Vista and XP
3101:Development
2736:Media Center
2640:
2511:. Retrieved
2491:. Retrieved
2464:December 28,
2462:. Retrieved
2444:December 21,
2442:. Retrieved
2424:December 29,
2422:. Retrieved
2402:
2390:December 20,
2388:. Retrieved
2368:
2358:Bibliography
2345:December 28,
2343:. Retrieved
2332:
2322:
2295:. Retrieved
2271:
2264:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2221:
2214:
2204:December 22,
2202:. Retrieved
2191:
2181:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2136:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2101:p. 24.
2094:
2035:
2008:
1998:December 21,
1996:. Retrieved
1985:
1963:, p. 6.
1956:
1944:
1932:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1795:Ars Technica
1793:
1783:
1756:. Retrieved
1747:
1738:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1705:
1701:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1668:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1612:
1603:
1591:
1581:December 21,
1579:. Retrieved
1570:CNN Business
1568:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1488:December 28,
1486:. Retrieved
1475:
1465:
1460:, p. S4
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1380:, p. 3.
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1312:December 25,
1310:. Retrieved
1301:
1274:December 25,
1272:. Retrieved
1265:
1231:. Retrieved
1203:
1196:
1186:December 16,
1184:. Retrieved
1173:
1164:
1152:. Retrieved
1146:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1113:
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1077:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1020:
1011:
999:
987:. Retrieved
978:
968:
956:
944:
934:December 22,
932:. Retrieved
921:
886:
880:
873:
853:
847:
837:
835:
831:
824:
818:
814:
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779:
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664:Windows 3.0
652:
635:Media Player
624:
609:
600:
591:
590:
580:
579:
562:
561:
547:
537:
527:
522:
519:Memory modes
486:
466:
462:File Manager
455:
450:
416:
404:
399:
395:
389:
383:
377:
374:
342:
321:DOS extender
298:
266:
258:
250:multitasking
239:
219:applications
206:
205:
177:Succeeded by
102:Source model
38:
26:
2992:Mobile 2003
2910:Windows IoT
2908:Embedded /
2884:Specialized
2848:Server 2022
2843:Server 2019
2838:Server 2016
2828:Server 2012
2799:Server 2008
2792:Home Server
2787:Server 2003
2503:"InfoWorld"
2493:January 26,
2434:"InfoWorld"
2297:February 5,
2277:M.E. Sharpe
2242:February 5,
2193:PC Magazine
2159:January 19,
2114:January 19,
1987:PC Magazine
1806:January 26,
1758:January 21,
1716:October 23,
1681:January 26,
1648:January 21,
1477:PC Magazine
1175:PC Magazine
1154:January 13,
1126:February 2,
1040:January 14,
923:ExtremeTech
864:WordPerfect
848:PC Magazine
820:PC Magazine
629:introduced
571:Windows 3.1
567:Windows 2.x
552:Intel 80386
423:Windows 2.1
391:Minesweeper
290:Intel 80286
254:Windows 3.1
207:Windows 3.0
181:Windows 3.1
170:Windows 2.1
166:Preceded by
113:Released to
45:Windows 3.0
3356:Categories
3331:Comparison
3012:Mobile 6.5
3007:Mobile 6.1
3002:Mobile 6.0
2997:Mobile 5.0
2684:Windows NT
2656:Windows 9x
2600:Comparison
2585:Components
2513:January 2,
2188:"Pipeline"
1708:(17): 41.
1618:August 20,
1093:January 4,
896:References
844:Apple Lisa
780:vice versa
682:processor
619:See also:
497:Paintbrush
438:processors
353:Bill Gates
338:PowerPoint
286:Intel 8088
231:multimedia
227:file names
146:1991-10-20
126:1990-05-22
3266:Criticism
3242:10 Mobile
3121:Editions
3066:Nashville
3054:Cancelled
3045:10 Mobile
3040:Phone 8.1
2919:Embedded
2607:Criticism
2334:InfoWorld
1670:InfoWorld
1233:April 19,
1088:0748-9889
989:March 26,
881:InfoWorld
826:InfoWorld
802:Reception
563:Real mode
532:real mode
528:Real mode
482:dithering
325:debugging
282:real mode
256:in 1992.
92:OS family
86:Microsoft
81:Developer
3341:Category
2906:Windows
2859:releases
2804:EBS 2008
2777:Windows
2694:releases
2590:Versions
2533:Archived
2507:Archived
2480:. 1991.
2458:Archived
2438:Archived
2339:Archived
2291:Archived
2198:Archived
2153:Archived
1992:Archived
1800:Archived
1752:Archived
1710:Archived
1675:Archived
1642:Archived
1575:Archived
1482:Archived
1227:Archived
1223:56647752
1180:Archived
1120:Archived
983:Archived
928:Archived
707:Storage
413:Features
370:CompuAdd
299:In late
3095:Related
3081:Polaris
3076:Odyssey
3071:Neptune
3035:Phone 8
3030:Phone 7
2921:Compact
2731:Pro x64
2711:NT 3.51
2595:History
756:MS- or
718:Medium
606:Updates
501:Reversi
489:Notepad
235:CD-ROMs
195: (
155:License
144: (
124: (
96:Windows
52:Windows
2929:CE 5.0
2857:Other
2779:Server
2716:NT 4.0
2706:NT 3.5
2701:NT 3.1
2619:-based
2484:
2415:
2381:
2283:
2233:
2105:
1221:
1211:
1086:
1031:
796:WIN /S
792:WIN /R
765:Mouse
758:PC DOS
729:Video
451:per se
385:Tetris
358:US$ 50
336:, and
323:and a
273:MS-DOS
183:(1992)
172:(1988)
3276:Vista
3232:Phone
3200:Vista
3165:Vista
3130:Vista
3115:Vista
3061:Cairo
2948:Other
2743:Vista
2692:Base
2149:(PDF)
1302:Lotus
877:80486
870:Sales
815:Lotus
686:80286
493:Write
435:80386
431:Intel
362:$ 149
334:Excel
223:icons
2721:2000
2515:2020
2495:2020
2482:ISBN
2466:2019
2446:2019
2426:2019
2413:ISBN
2392:2019
2379:ISBN
2347:2019
2299:2020
2281:ISBN
2244:2020
2231:ISBN
2206:2019
2161:2020
2116:2020
2103:ISBN
2000:2019
1808:2020
1760:2017
1718:2014
1683:2020
1650:2017
1620:2013
1583:2019
1490:2019
1314:2019
1276:2019
1235:2022
1219:OCLC
1209:ISBN
1188:2019
1156:2020
1128:2020
1095:2020
1084:ISSN
1042:2020
1029:ISBN
991:2021
936:2019
862:and
739:MCGA
696:RAM
680:8088
676:8086
672:CPU
641:and
513:Help
473:MCGA
388:and
330:Word
301:1987
294:OS/2
246:Unix
244:and
3086:10X
2757:8.1
2646:3.1
2641:3.0
2636:2.1
2631:2.0
2626:1.0
2617:DOS
1306:IDG
794:or
753:OS
743:VGA
741:or
735:EGA
690:MHz
586:XMS
575:EMS
477:VGA
475:or
469:EGA
269:IBM
3358::
3281:10
3271:XP
3247:11
3237:10
3220:11
3215:10
3195:XP
3185:11
3180:10
3160:XP
3150:11
3145:10
3125:XP
3110:XP
3105:95
2871:RT
2767:11
2762:10
2755:/
2726:XP
2674:Me
2669:98
2664:95
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1984:.
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