515:
processor is a 32-bit machine, with 32-bit registers and instructions that manipulate 32-bit quantities, but the external address bus is 36 bits wide, giving a larger address space than 4 GB, and the external data bus is 64 bits wide, primarily in order to permit a more efficient prefetch of
484:
and wiring, was expensive during the first decades of 32-bit architectures (the 1960s to the 1980s). Older 32-bit processor families (or simpler, cheaper variants thereof) could therefore have many compromises and limitations in order to cut costs. This could be a 16-bit
762:
color space allows (brighter than white); these values can then be used to more accurately retain bright highlights when either lowering the exposure of the image or when it is seen through a dark filter or dull reflection.
766:
For example, a reflection in an oil slick is only a fraction of that seen in a mirror surface. HDR imagery allows for the reflection of highlights that can still be seen as bright white areas, instead of dull
715:
of all 32-bit segments is set to 0, and segment registers are not used explicitly, the segmentation can be forgotten and the processor appears as having a simple linear 32-bit address space.
306:
2157:
711:
The 80386 and its successors fully support the 16-bit segments of the 80286 but also segments for 32-bit address offsets (using the new 32-bit width of the main registers). If the
394:
and other 64-bit architectures since the mid-2000s with installed memory often exceeding the 32-bit 4G RAM address limits on entry level computers. The latest generation of
1129:
489:, for instance, or external (or internal) buses narrower than 32 bits, limiting memory size or demanding more cycles for instruction fetch, execution or write back.
504:
had a 16-bit data ALU and a 16-bit external data bus, but had 32-bit registers and a 32-bit oriented instruction set. The 68000 design was sometimes referred to as
2268:
1451:
299:
1970:
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units. Compared to smaller bit widths, 32-bit computers can perform large calculations more efficiently and process more data per clock cycle. Typical 32-bit
2127:
1693:
1510:
386:
were launched in the early to mid 1980s and became dominant by the early 1990s. This generation of personal computers coincided with and enabled the first
1473:
292:
239:
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2122:
758:(HDR) formats that use 32 bits per channel, a total of 96 bits per pixel. 32-bit-per-channel images are used to represent values brighter than what
2194:
808:
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1947:
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like
Windows or OS/2 provide the possibility to run 16-bit (segmented) programs as well as 32-bit programs. The former possibility exists for
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2015:
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390:. While 32-bit architectures are still widely-used in specific applications, the PC and server market has moved on to 64 bits with
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Software
Development for Engineers : C/C++, Pascal, Assembly, Visual Basic, HTML, Java Script, Java DOS, Windows NT, UNIX
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or data. As this is quite time-consuming in comparison to other machine operations, the performance may suffer. Furthermore,
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32-bit designs have been used since the earliest days of electronic computing, in experimental systems and then in large
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architectures. 32-bit instruction set architectures used for embedded computing include the 68000 family and
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Prominent 32-bit instruction set architectures used in general-purpose computing include the
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had an 8-bit ALU, 8-bit internal data paths, and an 8-bit path to memory, and the original
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1068: prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the
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to be accessed, far more than previous generations of system architecture allowed.
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address space where programs had to switch between segments to reach more than 64
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However, the opposite is often true for newer 32-bit designs. For example, the
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and had little practical capacity. It held only 32 32-bit words of RAM on a
370:, was introduced in the late 1970s and used in systems such as the original
212:
902:
Essential
Computer and IT Fundamentals for Engineering and Science Students
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used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through
411:
17:
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1640:
1605:
1570:
391:
2098:
1630:
1600:
786:
for which each elementary information is defined on 32 bits (or 4
697:
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571:
568:
2962:
2110:
2030:
1620:
1043:
787:
768:
759:
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383:
1111:
335:, and other major system components that operate on data in 32-
1550:
1540:
747:. Other image formats also specify 32 bits per pixel, such as
635:
634:
and later chips. In this context, the term came about because
575:
556:
336:
469:, used a 32-bit architecture in 1948, although it was only a
567:(the first two models of which had 24-bit addressing), the
441:
One important consequence is that a processor with 32-bit
622:
that typically (not necessarily) uses the 32-bit linear
970:"Motorola 68000 Family Programmer's Reference Manual"
735:
In digital images/pictures, 32-bit usually refers to
453:
memory (though in practice the limit may be lower).
414:
values that can be stored in 32 bits depends on the
406:
A 32-bit register can store 2 different values. The
2992:
2941:
2877:
2815:
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2721:
2676:
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2397:
2318:
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1996:
1946:
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1145:
723:and the latter is usually meant to be used for new
477:, and had no addition operation, only subtraction.
952:IBM System/360 Model 30 Functional Characteristics
674:with segments tend to become complicated; special
958:. IBM. August 1971. pp. 8, 9. GA24-3231-7.
492:Despite this, such processors could be labeled
996:"Intel's P6 Uses Decoupled Superscalar Design"
754:In digital images, 32-bit sometimes refers to
1123:
1058:This article is based on material taken from
871:. Burlington: Elsevier Science. p. 230.
578:architecture, and the 32-bit versions of the
300:
8:
2128:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
374:. Fully 32-bit microprocessors such as the
2593:
2233:
1854:
1712:
1426:
1130:
1116:
1108:
929:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 136.
307:
293:
29:
1087:HOW Stuff Works "How Bits and Bytes work"
841:"16 or 32 Bits: Should It Matter to You?"
692:but also in high level languages such as
925:Patterson, David; Ditzel, David (2000).
688:had to be used (with care), not only in
831:
255:
192:
178:
157:
37:
32:
790:). An example of such a format is the
618:, a 32-bit application normally means
7:
2099:Floating-point operations per second
1065:Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
994:Gwennap, Linley (16 February 1995).
904:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 143.
362:systems. The first hybrid 16/32-bit
809:History of video games (32-bit era)
445:can directly access at most 4
388:mass-adoption of the World Wide Web
430:, and −2,147,483,648 (−2) through
422:(2 − 1) for representation as an (
327:refers to computer systems with a
25:
1093:"Ken Colburn on LockerGnome.com:
927:Readings in Computer Architecture
480:Memory, as well as other digital
461:The world's first stored-program
3025:Semiconductor device fabrication
743:images with an additional 8-bit
646:were originally written for the
33:Computer architecture bit widths
3000:History of general-purpose CPUs
1227:Nondeterministic Turing machine
602:, x86, ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, and
398:have also switched to 64 bits.
27:Computer architecture bit width
1180:Deterministic finite automaton
434:(2 − 1) for representation as
1:
1971:Simultaneous and heterogenous
2655:Integrated memory controller
2637:Translation lookaside buffer
1836:Memory dependence prediction
1279:Random-access stored program
1232:Probabilistic Turing machine
1042:There were also variants of
900:Venkateswarlu, N.B. (2012).
839:Prosise, Jeff (1995-11-07).
814:Word (computer architecture)
2111:Synaptic updates per second
1026:"ARM architecture overview"
347:, permitting up to 4 GB of
3077:
2515:Heterogeneous architecture
1437:Orthogonal instruction set
1207:Alternating Turing machine
1195:Quantum cellular automaton
865:Buchanan, William (1997).
819:Physical Address Extension
779:A 32-bit file format is a
756:high-dynamic-range imaging
402:Range for storing integers
3005:Microprocessor chronology
2968:Dynamic frequency scaling
2123:Cache performance metrics
1095:32-Bit Vs. 64-Bit Windows
3020:Hardware security module
2363:Digital signal processor
2340:Graphics processing unit
2152:Graphics processing unit
792:Enhanced Metafile Format
2973:Dynamic voltage scaling
2756:Memory address register
2650:Branch target predictor
2614:Address generation unit
2357:Physics processing unit
2146:Central processing unit
2105:Transactions per second
2093:Instructions per second
2016:Array processing (SIMT)
1160:Stored-program computer
1072:, version 1.3 or later.
975:. 1992. p. 1-1
658:microprocessors with a
516:instructions and data.
498:IBM System/360 Model 30
2779:Hardwired control unit
2661:Memory management unit
2626:Memory management unit
2375:Secure cryptoprocessor
2369:Tensor Processing Unit
2351:Vision processing unit
2085:Cycles per instruction
2079:Instructions per cycle
2026:Associative processing
1717:Instruction pipelining
1139:Processor technologies
721:backward compatibility
574:32-bit version of the
416:integer representation
257:Decimal floating-point
2862:Sum-addressed decoder
2608:Arithmetic logic unit
1735:Classic RISC pipeline
1689:Epiphany architecture
1536:Motorola 68000 series
1004:Microprocessor Report
565:Motorola 68000 family
321:computer architecture
194:Binary floating-point
2983:Performance per watt
2561:replacement policies
2227:Package on a package
2117:Performance per watt
2021:Pipelined processing
1791:Tomasulo's algorithm
1596:Clipper architecture
1452:Application-specific
1165:Finite-state machine
725:software development
630:) possible with the
3015:Digital electronics
2668:Instruction decoder
2620:Floating-point unit
2274:Soft microprocessor
2221:System in a package
1796:Reservation station
1326:Transport-triggered
463:electronic computer
343:also have a 32-bit
2887:Integrated circuit
2731:Processor register
2385:Baseband processor
1730:Operand forwarding
1190:Cellular automaton
1060:32-bit+application
847:. pp. 321–322
739:; that is, 24-bit
341:personal computers
3048:
3047:
2937:
2936:
2556:Instruction cache
2546:Scratchpad memory
2393:
2392:
2380:Network processor
2309:Network on a chip
2264:Ultra-low-voltage
2215:Multi-chip module
2058:
2057:
1844:
1843:
1831:Branch prediction
1808:Register renaming
1702:
1701:
1684:VISC architecture
1506:Quantum computing
1501:VISC architecture
1383:Secondary storage
1299:Microarchitecture
1259:Register machines
911:978-81-219-4047-4
878:978-0-08-054137-2
717:Operating systems
690:assembly language
640:Microsoft Windows
628:flat memory model
552:addressing), the
457:Technical history
317:
316:
16:(Redirected from
3068:
3010:Processor design
2902:Power management
2784:Instruction unit
2645:Branch predictor
2594:
2292:System on a chip
2234:
2074:Transistor count
1998:Flynn's taxonomy
1855:
1713:
1516:Addressing modes
1427:
1373:Memory hierarchy
1237:Hypercomputation
1155:Abstract machine
1132:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1104:
1099:. Archived from
1074:
1073:
1055:
1049:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
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957:
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941:
940:
922:
916:
915:
897:
891:
890:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
836:
804:64-bit computing
737:RGBA color space
616:x86 architecture
604:Infineon TriCore
471:proof of concept
451:byte-addressable
443:memory addresses
436:two's complement
325:32-bit computing
309:
302:
295:
30:
21:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3030:Tick–tock model
2988:
2944:
2933:
2873:
2857:Address decoder
2811:
2765:
2761:Program counter
2736:Status register
2717:
2672:
2632:Load–store unit
2599:
2592:
2519:
2488:
2389:
2346:Image processor
2321:
2314:
2284:
2278:
2254:Microcontroller
2244:Embedded system
2232:
2132:
2065:
2054:
1992:
1942:
1840:
1817:
1801:Re-order buffer
1772:
1753:Data dependency
1739:
1698:
1528:
1522:
1421:
1420:Instruction set
1414:
1400:Multiprocessing
1368:Cache hierarchy
1361:Register/memory
1285:
1185:Queue automaton
1141:
1136:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1040:
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833:
828:
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777:
733:
612:
606:architectures.
522:
467:Manchester Baby
459:
404:
372:Apple Macintosh
313:
284:
251:
188:
153:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3037:
3035:Pin grid array
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2906:
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2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2869:Barrel shifter
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2852:Binary decoder
2849:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
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2781:
2775:
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2748:
2743:
2741:Stack register
2738:
2733:
2727:
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2719:
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2714:
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2708:
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2337:
2335:AI accelerator
2332:
2326:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2301:
2298:Multiprocessor
2295:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Microprocessor
2246:
2240:
2238:
2237:By application
2231:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2180:Tile processor
2177:
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2160:
2149:
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2028:
2023:
2018:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1966:Hyperthreading
1958:
1952:
1950:
1948:Multithreading
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1900:
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745:alpha channel
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685:memory models
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624:address space
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538:System/370-XA
536:addressing),
535:
531:
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520:Architectures
519:
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488:
483:
478:
476:
475:Williams tube
472:
468:
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456:
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432:2,147,483,647
429:
428:binary number
425:
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420:4,294,967,295
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40:
36:
31:
19:
3040:Chip carrier
2978:Clock gating
2897:Mixed-signal
2794:Write buffer
2771:Control unit
2583:Clock signal
2441:
2322:accelerators
2304:Cypress PSoC
1961:Simultaneous
1778:Out-of-order
1410:Neuromorphic
1291:Architecture
1249:Belt machine
1242:Zeno machine
1175:Hierarchical
1101:the original
1094:
1063:
1053:
1041:
1037:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
1002:
989:
977:. Retrieved
964:
951:
945:
926:
920:
901:
895:
867:
860:
849:. Retrieved
844:
834:
778:
775:File formats
765:
753:
734:
713:base address
710:
683:
682:keywords or
679:
675:
613:
610:Applications
523:
510:
505:
493:
491:
479:
460:
440:
405:
360:minicomputer
353:
324:
318:
103:
2825:Multiplexer
2789:Data buffer
2500:Single-core
2472:bit slicing
2330:Coprocessor
2185:Coprocessor
2066:performance
1988:Cooperative
1978:Speculative
1938:Distributed
1897:Superscalar
1882:Instruction
1850:Parallelism
1823:Speculative
1655:System/3x0
1527:Instruction
1304:Von Neumann
1217:Post–Turing
845:PC Magazine
781:binary file
696:, compiled
672:programming
548:(which had
532:(which had
513:Pentium Pro
396:smartphones
384:Intel 80386
345:address bus
159:Application
149:bit slicing
2945:management
2840:Multiplier
2701:Logic gate
2691:Sequential
2598:Functional
2578:Clock rate
2551:Data cache
2524:Components
2505:Multi-core
2493:Core count
1983:Preemptive
1887:Pipelining
1870:Bit-serial
1813:Wide-issue
1758:Structural
1680:Tilera ISA
1646:MicroBlaze
1616:ETRAX CRIS
1511:Comparison
1356:Load–store
1336:Endianness
1010:3 December
979:18 January
851:2022-11-30
826:References
3061:Data unit
2879:Circuitry
2799:Microcode
2723:Registers
2566:coherence
2541:CPU cache
2399:Word size
2064:Processor
1708:Execution
1611:DEC Alpha
1589:Power ISA
1405:Cognitive
1212:Universal
887:854975383
741:truecolor
664:kilobytes
660:segmented
648:8088/8086
506:16/32-bit
356:mainframe
329:processor
260:precision
197:precision
3055:Category
2817:Datapath
2510:Manycore
2482:variable
2320:Hardware
1956:Temporal
1636:OpenRISC
1331:Cellular
1321:Dataflow
1314:modified
798:See also
771:shapes.
620:software
600:ColdFire
482:circuits
424:unsigned
376:HP FOCUS
2993:Related
2924:Quantum
2914:Digital
2909:Boolean
2807:Counter
2706:Quantum
2467:512-bit
2462:256-bit
2457:128-bit
2300:(MPSoC)
2285:on chip
2283:Systems
2101:(FLOPS)
1914:Process
1763:Control
1745:Hazards
1631:Itanium
1626:Unicore
1584:PowerPC
1309:Harvard
1269:Pointer
1264:Counter
1222:Quantum
1062:at the
708:, etc.
702:Fortran
614:On the
596:PA-RISC
592:PowerPC
561:NS320xx
546:ESA/390
542:ESA/370
412:integer
18:32 bits
2929:Switch
2919:Analog
2657:(IMC)
2628:(MMU)
2477:others
2452:64-bit
2447:48-bit
2442:32-bit
2437:24-bit
2432:16-bit
2427:15-bit
2422:12-bit
2259:Mobile
2175:Stream
2170:Barrel
2165:Vector
2154:(GPU)
2113:(SUPS)
2081:(IPC)
1933:Memory
1926:Vector
1909:Thread
1892:Scalar
1694:Others
1641:RISC-V
1606:SuperH
1575:Power
1571:MIPS-X
1546:PDP-11
1395:Fabric
1147:Models
933:
908:
885:
875:
784:format
731:Images
694:Pascal
656:16-bit
563:, the
559:, the
550:31-bit
544:, and
534:24-bit
494:32-bit
465:, the
392:x86-64
366:, the
333:memory
2985:(PPW)
2943:Power
2835:Adder
2711:Array
2678:Logic
2639:(TLB)
2622:(FPU)
2616:(AGU)
2610:(ALU)
2600:units
2536:Cache
2417:8-bit
2412:4-bit
2407:1-bit
2371:(TPU)
2365:(DSP)
2359:(PPU)
2353:(VPU)
2342:(GPU)
2311:(NoC)
2294:(SoC)
2229:(PoP)
2223:(SiP)
2217:(MCM)
2158:GPGPU
2148:(CPU)
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