395:
633:
209:
30:
54:
71:
644:, McIntyre disposed two-thirds of his HAA guns in the forward area on ground shoots, the rest at landing grounds as far back as Foggia, and he rotated batteries between the tasks. There were still some vicious air attacks: in one action 88th HAA Rgt was dive-bombed and 15 men killed while the guns fought back with a mixture of predicted and gun-control shoots. For 'Operation Kishan', carried out by
283:
537:(RAF) tactical wing to which they were allocated. The 11-day battle to break through the Axis lines opened on 23 October, and after the break-out the airfields at Gambut and El Adem were quickly secured, 12 AA Bde's units following close behind. By January, 88th HAA Rgt with 281 and 283 HAA Btys, was at
521:
position, 12 AA Bde under
Brigadier Percy Calvert-Jones fell back in a series of rearguard actions at landing grounds, in the course of which it concentrated a sizeable body of troops. Eighth Army gave Calvert-Jones two infantry brigades and 'Calforce' held defensive positions at 10 landing-grounds,
556:
began in March 1943, 12 AA Bde was once again conducting forward airfield defence, covering nine forward landing-grounds, all within 20 miles (32 km) of enemy positions. Typically, an airfield was given one HAA and two LAA batteries, sited to engage tanks as well as aircraft. 88th HAA Regiment
250:
guns were termed Heavy Anti-Aircraft (HAA) to distinguish them from the new Light Anti-Aircraft (LAA) units being formed. The Royal
Artillery's historian suggests that 88th AA Rgt was still being equipped with 3.7-inch guns in London during the summer of 1940. In July the regiment was assigned to
695:. However, the British Army was suffering a severe manpower shortage and a number of AA units deemed surplus were disbanded to provide reinforcements to other arms of service. 88th HAA Regiment was one such unit and it was broken up and formally placed in 'suspended animation' on 1 September.
225:
In June 1939 a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations. On the
649:
492:
began on 26 May, and Rommel's Axis forces quickly broke into the
British position. As 12 AA Bde fell back from the advanced landing grounds in a series of defensive deployments, its guns joined the garrisons of the boxes. When
557:
sited four-gun Troops beyond the ends of the runway, with arcs of fire facing outwards, those in the centre having full AA instruments. If the airfield was considered especially vulnerable to enemy ground attack, an inner '
711:
533:, 88th HAA Rgt (with 16 3.7-inch guns) was still under 12 AA Bde. As before, its role in the forthcoming offensive was to defend the Desert Air Force's airfields, with batteries working under the command of the
197:
193:
569:, for instance, RHQ 88th HAA Regiment, with one HAA and three LAA batteries, entered the town two hours after its capture'. 12 AA Brigade ended its 1,500 miles (2,400 km) advance from El Alemein at Gabès,
1347:
730:
652:
and 88th HAA Rgts deployed 44 guns and fired 9881 rounds in bombardment and harassing fire in one week. When the
Adriatic coast campaign began moving again in May 1944, 2 AA Bde moved up with
1342:
517:. Eventually, Eighth Army was forced to evacuate the boxes and retreat towards Egypt, the garrison of El Adem slipping away during the night of 17 June. During the long retreat to the
565:
was broken, 12 Aa Bde took over new airfields and also coastal ports. The regimental historian records that 't became a point of honour for AA batteries to be among the first in; at
310:(Site I), where another GL radar set was installed. Site N was then handed over to 220 HAA Bty of 85th HAA Rgt, reducing 283 HAA Bty's manning commitment to the normal eight guns.
1357:
729:
This amalgamated regiment lasted until the disbandment of AA Command on 10 March 1955 when there were wholesale mergers among TA units and 453/488 HAA Rgt was merged into
1352:
545:(68th HAA Rgt was captured at Tobruk; 276 HAA Bty escaped having been detached to 12th AA Bde), was brought up from reserve to defend the captured supply ports on the
542:
621:. 2 Aa Brigade's commander, Brigadier Murray McIntyre, was an enthusiast for using the versatile 3.7-inch HAA guns for ground support tasks. The crossing of the
941:
Order of Battle of the Field Force in the United
Kingdom, Part 3: Royal Artillery (Non-Divisional Units), 25 March 1941, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/5.
505:. Although the box was isolated by Axis troops, it held out, with the HAA guns in two-gun detachments engaging tanks, vehicles and guns at close range with
439:
276:
272:
264:
231:
474:
419:
355:
were particularly valuable targets in the area and suffered repeated attacks. Heavy raids also passed over the area on the way to other targets, such as
252:
188:
was formed on 1 April 1939 and consisted of
Regiment Headquarters (RHQ) and 281st, 282nd and 283rd AA Batteries, based at City House, South Africa Road,
875:
645:
1240:
327:) in the autumn of 1940 the intensity of these raids increased, with the industrial towns of South Wales coming in for particular attention.
455:
411:
227:
1309:
1295:
1277:
1258:
1224:
854:
169:
133:
74:
684:
598:
1173:
1159:
664:
298:, (Site E), and by the end of the month the battery was manning Site E and eight 3.7-inch guns (four mobile and four static) at
459:
157:
118:
1209:
683:. As the Allied advance continued, however, the AA commitment round Rome could be reduced, and 88th HAA Rgt moved again, to
498:
447:
874:'Reorganisation of 5th AA Division', 13 July 1940, in 37th (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Searchlight Regiment War Diary,
434:, which had come under increasing air attack during the previous month. By the autumn the regiment was deployed in the
168:
In the late 1930s the need for improved anti-aircraft (AA) defences for
Britain's cities became apparent, and when the
629:
rivers at the end of
November was an opportunity for this, involving long artillery fire programmes for the HAA guns.
530:
213:
1322:
1328:
Stepping
Forward London: A Tribute to the Volunteer Military Reservists and Supporting Auxiliaries of Greater London
523:
394:
522:
providing its own artillery support from AA guns sited for ground tasks. Calforce remained in position during the
473:, which consisted of a chain of defensive 'boxes' On 22 May 1942, 107 LAA Bty left 88th HAA Rgt and moved to join
590:
553:
340:
653:
348:
930:
919:
438:
and
Shallufa area, with 283 HAA Bty detached to Alexandria. However, in October the regiment was switched to
632:
614:
423:
454:). The first phase of that operation began in November. Over succeeding weeks 88th HAA Rgt cooperated with
561:' was formed between the runways with HAA guns in two-gun positions interlaced with Bofors guns. Once the
153:
114:
618:
295:
181:
294:, (Site F) by the end of August. At the beginning of September four of these mobile guns were moved to
617:. On 27 October 2 AA Bde moved forward to a fresh set of landing-grounds and a railhead in support of
510:
1202:
History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941
813:
799:
291:
1284:
History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East
1266:
History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East
1190:
History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom
1187:
451:
256:
247:
189:
100:
723:
313:
There were almost nightly nuisance air raids over South Wales and the Severn Estuary during the
1305:
1291:
1273:
1254:
1236:
1220:
1205:
672:
602:
578:
314:
208:
382:
Before the Blitz was over, 88th HAA Rgt was rostered for overseas service, and it joined the
715:
703:
When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the regiment was reformed at White City as
489:
482:
443:
360:
243:
1197:
534:
356:
336:
177:
70:
29:
636:
3.7-inch gun of 2 AA Bde bombarding enemy positions on the Gothic Line, 2 September 1944.
549:
coast. 276 HAA Battery was formally regimented with 88th HAA Rgt from 3 September 1943.
514:
506:
415:
364:
332:
303:
268:
59:
1336:
668:
538:
376:
372:
368:
299:
173:
145:
680:
466:
137:
593:(Operation Husky) in July 1943, but was on the island, defending airfields around
275:. In November, 5 AA Division was split, and 5 and 45 AA Bdes transferred to a new
656:
protecting airfields and field gun positions, and in July it reached the port of
641:
574:
562:
470:
403:
141:
518:
494:
431:
427:
383:
352:
260:
290:
After a few moves, 283 HAA Bty with its eight 3.7-inch guns was stationed at
324:
319:
149:
110:
1302:
History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55
1270:(September 1941 to September 1942) British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb
160:
campaigns, fighting in both the anti-aircraft (AA) and ground fire roles.
688:
566:
307:
1251:
The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges)
1327:
692:
626:
606:
601:, by the time the Eighth Army launched its landings on mainland Italy (
594:
502:
282:
1204:, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996,
465:
The first phase of 'Crusader' lasted until January 1942, when General
1016:'List of units captured in Tobruk 21 June 1942', TNA file WO 201/690.
657:
622:
570:
478:
344:
192:. The first officers appointed to the new unit were transferred from
800:'The Lineage of London Units since 1908' at Stepping Forward London.
986:
27th LAA Rgt War Diary, August–December 1941, TNA file WO 169/1637.
379:
was heavily bombed on the nights of 19/20 and 20/21 February 1941.
1272:, London: HMSO, 1960 /Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004,
631:
546:
407:
393:
281:
207:
1290:, London: HMSO, 1966/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004,
1061:
Routledge, pp. 155–7; Table XXIII, p. 161; Table XXIV, pp. 162–3.
306:. During November the four mobile guns from Site N were moved to
676:
640:
During the winter of 1943–44, when Eighth Army faced the German
610:
558:
435:
609:
and travelled across to reinforce 2 AA Bde around the port of
442:, which was tasked with defending the landing-grounds of the
892:
45 AA Bde War Diary May–December 1940, TNA file WO 166/2285.
605:) in September. Afterwards, 88th HAA Rgt was transported to
526:
and was not withdrawn from the front line until September.
998:
107 LAA Bty War Diary January–May 1942, TNA file 169/4937.
497:
was given up, eight 3.7-inch guns of 88th HAA Rgt joined
705:
488th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (TA)
667:, which took over command of 88th HAA Rgt. Coming under
23:
488th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (TA)
1304:, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994,
367:
on 14 November, which was engaged by the Newport guns.
130:
88th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (TA)
21:
88th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (TA)
259:
and taking over responsibility for the defence of the
1348:
Heavy anti-aircraft regiments of the Royal Artillery
714:(the former 53rd (CoL) AA Rgt that had provided the
1235:. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press.
317:, with some engagements for the guns, but when the
226:outbreak of war the new 88th AA Rgt formed part of
106:
96:
88:
80:
65:
47:
39:
20:
1282:Maj-Gen I.S.O. Playfair & Brig C.J.C. Molony,
710:On 15 July 1950 the regiment was amalgamated with
371:suffered major raids from November to April 1941,
200:; 53rd (CoL) AA Rgt was also based at White City.
1343:Military units and formations established in 1939
814:'Drill Hall Register' at Stepping Forward London.
671:, the brigade's guns were deployed to defend the
271:, where it came under the operational command of
136:(TA) from 1939 until amalgamated in 1950. During
1134:
1132:
1130:
485:the following month, together with 282 HAA Bty.
458:, and 107th LAA Bty of that regiment armed with
242:On 1 June 1940 those AA regiments equipped with
1219:, Vol II, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984,
577:, remaining in action for AA defence after the
469:counter-attacked. Eighth Army fell back to the
398:A 3.7-inch HAA gun in the Western Desert, 1941.
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
132:was a volunteer air defence unit of Britain's
1233:Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945
1217:Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978
589:88th HAA Regiment did not participate in the
462:was attached to 88th HAA during that period.
323:turned to night bombing of Britain's cities (
8:
1358:Military units and formations in Hammersmith
1288:The Destruction of the Axis forces in Africa
1099:
1097:
855:AA Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
267:. However, 283 HAA Bty took up positions at
1120:
1118:
34:Cap Badge of the Royal Artillery (pre-1953)
1087:
1085:
888:
886:
884:
691:, San Stefano and, from October 1944, for
687:. This brigade took on responsibility for
581:ended with Axis surrender on 13 May 1943.
28:
1174:444–473 Rgts RA at British Army 1945 on.
1169:
1167:
1160:474–519 Rgts RA at British Army 1945 on.
1155:
1153:
994:
992:
450:'s new offensive in the Western Desert (
426:, responsible for defending the port of
1353:Military units and formations in London
809:
807:
741:
1052:Playfair & Molony, Vol IV, p. 237.
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
17:
1192:, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957.
529:When Eighth Army reorganised for the
410:on 23 July 1941 under the command of
255:, which was being reformed after the
212:Mobile 3.7-inch HAA gun preserved at
7:
1253:, Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992,
1025:Playfair, Vol III, pp. 223–5, 254–5.
720:453/488 Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment
663:At Ancona, 2 AA Bde was relieved by
172:(TA) was doubled in size after the
1103:Routledge, Table XLVII, pp. 296–7.
650:84th (Middlesex, London Transport)
14:
176:a crash programme of raising new
876:The National Archives (TNA), Kew
69:
52:
1323:British Army units from 1945 on
1124:Routledge, Table XLIV, p. 293.
1079:Routledge, Table XLII, p. 267.
968:Routledge, Table XXII, p. 143.
286:9 AA Division's formation sign
1:
910:Routledge, Table LXV, p. 396.
198:54th (City of London) AA Rgts
845:Routledge, Table LX, p. 378.
718:for 88th AA Rgt in 1939) as
712:453 (City of London) HAA Rgt
543:68th (North Midland) HAA Rgt
499:29th Indian Infantry Brigade
531:Second Battle of El Alamein
335:in the harbours and in the
214:Imperial War Museum Duxford
186:88th Anti-Aircraft Regiment
1374:
1138:Frederick, pp. 1015, 1018.
524:First Battle of El Alamein
331:aircraft attempted to lay
152:and then took part in the
1264:Maj-Gen I.S.O. Playfair,
836:Routledge, pp. 65–6, 371.
591:Allied invasion of Sicily
554:Battle of the Mareth Line
541:, while 276 HAA Bty from
375:during January 1941, and
341:Bristol Aeroplane Company
302:, (Site N). Site E had a
43:1 April 1939–15 July 1950
27:
1249:Norman E.H. Litchfield,
1112:Routledge, pp. 286, 289.
759:Frederick, pp. 756, 777.
349:Gloster Aircraft Company
228:26th (London) AA Brigade
1231:Joslen, H. F. (2003) .
920:Collier, Chapter XVIII.
615:Foggia Airfield Complex
424:British Troops in Egypt
402:The regiment landed at
386:Reserve in April 1941.
1070:Routledge, pp. 159–60.
931:Collier, Appendix XXX.
779:Litchfield, pp. 164–7.
637:
399:
287:
217:
115:North African Campaign
1300:Brig N.W. Routledge,
1091:Routledge, pp. 281–2.
1034:Routledge, p. 137–40.
1007:Routledge, pp. 135–7.
977:Routledge, pp. 134–5.
646:10th Infantry Brigade
635:
619:1st Canadian Division
397:
304:Gun-laying Mk I radar
296:Christchurch, Newport
285:
211:
182:Anti-Aircraft Command
731:452 (London) HAA Rgt
363:, and the notorious
501:in the garrison of
446:in preparation for
292:Pye Corner, Newport
1215:J.B.M. Frederick,
1147:Farndale, Annex M.
901:Farndale, Annex D.
878:, file WO 167/679.
675:airfields around
638:
452:Operation Crusader
412:Lieutenant-Colonel
400:
288:
257:Dunkirk Evacuation
218:
190:White City, London
101:White City, London
1242:978-1-84342-474-1
950:Farndale, p. 198.
825:Monthly Army List
673:US Army Air Force
603:Operation Baytown
579:Tunisian Campaign
460:Bofors 40 mm guns
315:Battle of Britain
124:
123:
1365:
1317:External Sources
1246:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1125:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1092:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1026:
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999:
996:
987:
984:
978:
975:
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966:
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951:
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939:
933:
928:
922:
917:
911:
908:
902:
899:
893:
890:
879:
872:
866:
865:Farndale, p. 98.
863:
857:
852:
846:
843:
837:
834:
828:
822:
816:
811:
802:
797:
780:
777:
760:
757:
490:Battle of Gazala
444:Desert Air Force
170:Territorial Army
134:Territorial Army
119:Italian Campaign
75:Territorial Army
73:
58:
56:
55:
32:
18:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1333:
1332:
1319:
1243:
1230:
1198:Martin Farndale
1188:Basil Collier,
1184:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:Joslen, p. 566.
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
997:
990:
985:
981:
976:
972:
967:
963:
959:Joslen, p. 482.
958:
954:
949:
945:
940:
936:
929:
925:
918:
914:
909:
905:
900:
896:
891:
882:
873:
869:
864:
860:
853:
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844:
840:
835:
831:
823:
819:
812:
805:
798:
783:
778:
763:
758:
743:
739:
724:Shepherd's Bush
701:
587:
535:Royal Air Force
515:Shrapnel shells
511:Armour-piercing
481:, where it was
392:
337:Bristol Channel
333:Parachute mines
240:
232:1st AA Division
223:
206:
180:(TA) units for
178:Royal Artillery
166:
127:
117:
113:
53:
51:
35:
22:
12:
11:
5:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1310:978-1870114004
1298:
1280:
1262:
1247:
1241:
1228:
1213:
1194:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1163:
1149:
1140:
1126:
1114:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
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1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1000:
988:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
934:
923:
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903:
894:
880:
867:
858:
847:
838:
829:
817:
803:
781:
761:
740:
738:
735:
700:
697:
586:
583:
507:High explosive
391:
388:
269:Newport, Wales
239:
236:
222:
219:
205:
202:
165:
162:
125:
122:
121:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
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90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
67:
63:
62:
60:United Kingdom
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
33:
25:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1370:
1359:
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1340:
1338:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
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1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1296:1-845740-68-8
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1278:1-845740-67-X
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:0-9508205-2-0
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1225:1-85117-009-X
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
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766:
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721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
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696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:Fifth US Army
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
648:in May 1944,
647:
643:
634:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
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592:
584:
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365:Coventry raid
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300:Nash, Newport
297:
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277:9 AA Division
274:
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265:5 AA Division
262:
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246:or the newer
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174:Munich Crisis
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154:North African
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146:Severn Valley
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126:Military unit
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681:Tiber Valley
662:
639:
588:
551:
528:
487:
467:Erwin Rommel
464:
456:27th LAA Rgt
418:. It joined
414:T. Gregory,
401:
390:North Africa
381:
328:
318:
312:
289:
253:5 AA Brigade
241:
224:
221:Mobilisation
204:World War II
185:
167:
140:it defended
138:World War II
129:
128:
15:
1268:, Vol III:
827:, May 1939.
642:Winter Line
575:Enfidaville
563:Mareth Line
471:Gazala Line
448:Eighth Army
404:Port Tewfik
263:area under
184:was begun.
142:South Wales
107:Engagements
97:Garrison/HQ
84:Air Defence
1337:Categories
1286:, Vol IV:
1210:1857530802
1182:References
519:El Alamein
432:Suez Canal
428:Alexandria
384:War Office
361:Manchester
353:Hucclecote
261:Gloucester
685:66 AA Bde
599:73 AA Bde
552:When the
440:12 AA Bde
357:Liverpool
329:Luftwaffe
325:The Blitz
320:Luftwaffe
273:45 AA Bde
150:the Blitz
111:The Blitz
1196:Gen Sir
689:Piombino
665:8 AA Bde
613:and the
483:captured
475:4 AA Bde
430:and the
420:2 AA Bde
347:and the
308:Boverton
248:3.7-inch
144:and the
92:Regiment
699:Postwar
693:Livorno
679:in the
654:V Corps
627:Biferno
607:Taranto
595:Lentini
503:El Adem
377:Swansea
373:Cardiff
369:Bristol
158:Italian
148:during
48:Country
1308:
1294:
1276:
1257:
1239:
1223:
1208:
658:Ancona
623:Sangro
597:under
571:Sousse
547:Libyan
495:Gambut
479:Tobruk
422:under
345:Filton
339:. The
244:3-inch
164:Origin
66:Branch
57:
40:Active
737:Notes
716:cadre
585:Italy
567:Gabès
408:Egypt
238:Blitz
1306:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1206:ISBN
677:Rome
625:and
611:Bari
573:and
559:Keep
513:and
488:The
436:Suez
196:and
194:53rd
156:and
89:Size
81:Role
722:at
477:in
406:in
351:at
343:at
230:in
1339::
1200:,
1166:^
1152:^
1129:^
1117:^
1096:^
1084:^
991:^
883:^
806:^
784:^
764:^
744:^
733:.
726:.
707:.
660:.
509:,
416:MC
359:,
279:.
234:.
1312:.
1261:.
1245:.
1227:.
1212:.
216:.
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