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reaching 15 kg (33 lb). The aardwolves in the south of the continent tend to be smaller (about 10 kg (22 lb)) than the eastern version (around 14 kg (31 lb)). This makes the aardwolf the smallest extant member of the
Hyaenidae family. The front feet have five toes each, unlike the four-toed hyena. The skull is similar in shape to those of other hyenas, though much smaller, and its cheek teeth are specialised for eating insects. It still has canines, but unlike other hyenas, these teeth are used primarily for fighting and defense. Its ears, which are large, are very similar to those of the striped hyena.
560:
954:, aardwolves do not scavenge or kill larger animals. Contrary to popular myths, aardwolves do not eat carrion, and if they are seen eating while hunched over a dead carcass, they are actually eating larvae and beetles. Also, contrary to some sources, they do not like meat, unless it is finely ground or cooked for them. The adult aardwolf was formerly assumed to forage in small groups, but more recent research has shown that they are primarily solitary foragers, necessary because of the scarcity of their insect prey. Their primary source,
613:
101:
76:
947:. They are also known to feed on other insects and larvae, and, some sources mention, occasionally eggs, small mammals and birds, but these constitute a very small percentage of their total diet. They use their wide tongues to lap surface foraging termites off of the ground and consume large quantities of sand in the process, which aids in digestion in the absence of teeth to break down their food.
2154:
1011:. In some areas, they are persecuted because of the mistaken belief that they prey on livestock; however, they are actually beneficial to the farmers because they eat termites that are detrimental. In other areas, the farmers have recognized this, but they are still killed, on occasion, for their fur. Dogs and insecticides are also common killers of the aardwolf.
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The territory is marked by both sexes, as they both have developed anal glands from which they extrude a black substance that is smeared on rocks or grass stalks in 5-millimetre (0.20 in)-long streaks. Aardwolves also have scent glands on the forefoot and penile pad. They often mark near termite
773:
down the midline of the neck and back. It also has one or two diagonal stripes down the fore and hindquarters and several stripes on its legs. The mane is raised during confrontations to make the aardwolf appear larger. It is missing the throat spot that others in the family have. Its lower leg (from
880:
Aardwolves are not fast runners nor are they particularly adept at fighting off predators. Therefore, when threatened, the aardwolf may attempt to mislead its foe by doubling back on its tracks. If confronted, it may raise its mane in an attempt to appear more menacing. It also emits a foul-smelling
924:
They do not destroy the termite mound or consume the entire colony, thus ensuring that the termites can rebuild and provide a continuous supply of food. They often memorize the location of such nests and return to them every few months. During certain seasonal events, such as the onset of the rainy
777:
The aardwolf is about 55 to 80 cm (22 to 31 in) long, excluding its bushy tail, which is about 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) long, and stands about 40 to 50 cm (16 to 20 in) tall at the shoulders. An adult aardwolf weighs approximately 7–10 kg (15–22 lb), sometimes
970:
varies depending on location, but normally takes place during autumn or spring. In South Africa, breeding occurs in early July. During the breeding season, unpaired male aardwolves search their own territory, as well as others, for a female to mate with. Dominant males also mate opportunistically
849:
which occupy a territory with their young. If their territory is infringed upon by another aardwolf, they will chase the intruder away for up to 400 m (1,300 ft) or to the border. If the intruder is caught, which rarely happens, a fight will occur, which is accompanied by soft clucking,
993:
with their parents. The male may spend up to six hours a night watching over the cubs while the mother is out looking for food. After three months, they begin supervised foraging, and by four months are normally independent, though they often share a den with their mother until the next breeding
971:
with the females of less dominant neighboring aardwolves, which can result in conflict between rival males. Dominant males even go a step further and as the breeding season approaches, they make increasingly greater and greater incursions onto weaker males' territories. As the female comes into
1006:
The aardwolf has not seen decreasing numbers and is relatively widespread throughout eastern Africa. They are not common throughout their range, as they maintain a density of no more than 1 per square kilometer, if food is abundant. Because of these factors, the IUCN has rated the aardwolf as
975:, they add pasting to their tricks inside of the other territories, sometimes doing so more in rivals' territories than their own. Females will also, when given the opportunity, mate with the dominant male, which increases the chances of the dominant male guarding "his" cubs with her.
854:
mounds within their territory every 20 minutes or so. If they are patrolling their territorial boundaries, the marking frequency increases drastically, to once every 50 m (160 ft). At this rate, an individual may mark 60 marks per hour, and upwards of 200 per night.
958:, forages in small but dense patches of 25–100 cm (9.8–39.4 in). While foraging, the aardwolf can cover about 1 km (0.62 mi) per hour, which translates to 8–12 km (5.0–7.5 mi) per summer night and 3–8 km (1.9–5.0 mi) per winter night.
850:
hoarse barking, and a type of roar. The majority of incursions occur during mating season, when they can occur once or twice per week. When food is scarce, the stringent territorial system may be abandoned and as many as three pairs may occupy a single territory.
989:(most often two or three) during the rainy season (October–December), when termites are more active. They are born with their eyes open, but initially are helpless, and weigh around 200–350 g (7.1–12.3 oz). The first six to eight weeks are spent in the
723:
737:
406:, which subsequently led to the creation of Protelidae. Recent studies have suggested that the aardwolf probably diverged from other hyaenids early on; how early is still unclear, as the fossil record and genetic studies disagree by 10 million years.
877:. They typically will only use one or two dens at a time, rotating through all of their dens every six months. During the summer, they may rest outside their den during the night and sleep underground during the heat of the day.
589:
1883:
Koepfli, K.-P.; Jenks, S. M.; Eizirik, E.; Zahirpour, T.; Van
Valkenburgh, B.; Wayne, R. K. (2006). "Molecular systematics of the Hyaenidae: Relationships of a Relictual Lineage Resolved by a Molecular Supermatrix".
375:; one aardwolf can lap up as many as 300,000 termites during a single night using its long, sticky tongue. The aardwolf's tongue has adapted to be tough enough to withstand the strong bite of termites.
842:, sleeping in burrows by day. They will, on occasion during the winter, become diurnal feeders. This happens during the coldest periods as they then stay in at night to conserve heat.
750:
439:
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season and the cold of midwinter, the primary termites become scarce, so the need for other foods becomes pronounced. During these times, the southern aardwolf will seek out
1053:
Some sources such as
Coetzee in Meester and Setzer (1977), Köhler and Ricardson (1990), and Yalden, Largen, and Koch (1980), classify the aardwolf in its own family still.
935:
active in the afternoon, which explains some of their diurnal behavior in the winter. The eastern aardwolf, during the rainy season, subsists on termites from the genera
781:
As an aardwolf ages, it will typically lose some of its teeth, though this has little impact on its feeding habits due to the softness of the insects that it eats.
7892:
7959:
917:, which digs into the mound. They locate their food by sound and also from the scent secreted by the soldier termites. An aardwolf may consume up to 250,000
2167:
1719:
Anderson, M. D.; Richardson, P. R. K.; Woodall, P. F. (1992). "Functional analysis of the feeding apparatus and digestive tract anatomy of the aardwolf
2177:
2141:
861:, within their territory. When they deposit excreta at their middens, they dig a small hole and cover it with sand. Their dens are usually abandoned
812:
There are two distinct populations: one in
Southern Africa, and another in East and Northeast Africa. The species does not occur in the intermediary
7814:
7840:
809:. For most of the year, aardwolves spend time in shared territories consisting of up to a dozen dens, which are occupied for six weeks at a time.
679:
which combined means "complete in front" based on the fact that they have five toes on their front feet and four on the rear. The specific name,
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2004:
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421:. A 2021 study found the genetic differences in eastern and southern aardwolves may be pronounced enough to categorize them as species.
520:
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793:, avoiding mountainous areas. Due to their specific food requirements, they are found only in regions where termites of the family
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Histo-physiology of the scent-marking glands of the penile pad, anal pouch, and the forefoot in the aardwolf (Proteles cristatus)
7989:
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1495:
Macintyre, G. T. (1972). "The
Trisulcate Petrosal Pattern of Mammals". In Dobzhansky, T.; Hecht, M. K.; Steere, W. C. (eds.).
559:
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1328:"High-quality carnivoran genomes from roadkill samples enable comparative species delineation in aardwolf and bat-eared fox"
402:. However, it was formerly placed in its own family Protelidae. Early on, scientists felt that it was merely mimicking the
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2136:
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Werdelin, L.; Kitchener, A. C.; Abramov, A.; Veron, G.; Do Linh San, E. (2021). "The
Scientific Name of the Aardwolf is
832:
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An adult pair, along with their most-recent offspring, occupies a territory of 1–4 km (0.39–1.54 sq mi).
1326:
Allio, R.; Tilak, M.-K.; Scornavacca, C.; Avenant, N. L.; Kitchener, A. C.; Corre, E.; Nabholz, B.; Delsuc, F. (2021).
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A 2006 molecular analysis indicates it is phylogenetically the most basal of the four extant hyaenidae species.
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dens, or on occasion they are crevices in rocks. They will also dig their own dens, or enlarge dens started by
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season. By the time the next set of cubs is born, the older cubs have moved on. Aardwolves generally achieve
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895:. This genus of termites has different species throughout the aardwolf's range. In East Africa, they eat
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occur. Termites of this family depend on dead and withered grass and are most populous in heavily grazed
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The fossil record shows 18–20 mya, and genetic studies indicate roughly 10.6 mya.
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of eastern and southern Africa – open lands covered with stunted trees and shrubs. It is
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1831:. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
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was home to the oldest recorded aardwolf in captivity at 18 years and 11 months.
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A functional analysis of scent marking and mating behaviour in the aardwolf
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913:. Their technique consists of licking them off the ground as opposed to the
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691:
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410:
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383:
379:
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152:
112:
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They are primarily solitary animals, though during mating season they form
7910:
1613:
Aardwolf mating system: overt cuckoldry in an apparently monogamous mammal
1175:
1173:
769:, black vertical stripes on a coat of yellowish fur, and a long, distinct
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1485:. Dictionary Unit for South African English, 2018. Web. 25 February 2019.
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182:
132:
2094:. Vol. I: A – Bazouki (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
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1818:. Vol. I: A to Ameland (1st ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier.
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the knee down) is all black, and its tail is bushy with a black tip.
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142:
122:
39:
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The aardwolf feeds primarily on termites and more specifically on
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684:
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368:
325:
172:
2053:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
413:
Protelinae. There is disagreement as to whether the species is a
398:
The aardwolf is generally classified as part of the hyena family
6913:
5809:
5134:
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IUCN Hyaenidae
Specialist Group Aardwolf pages on hyaenidae.org
1705:
Stoeckelhuber, Mechthild, Alexander Sliwa, and Ulrich Welsch. "
5043:
4652:
2980:
2056:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 573.
2024:. Vol. 3. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
1301:
1179:
857:
An aardwolf pair may have up to 10 dens, and numerous feces
1814:
Goodwin, G. G. (1997). "Aardwolf". In
Johnston, B. (ed.).
687:
and means "provided with a comb", relating to their mane.
706:, based on its habit of secreting substances from its
348:, based on its habit of secreting substances from its
1956:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
1615:." South African Journal of Science 83.7 (1987): 405.
985:
lasts between 89 and 92 days, producing two to five
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1778:. Vol. Group 1. IMP Publishing Ltd. Card 144.
390:during the day and emerging at night to seek food.
2015:
1799:. Animal. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 28–32.
761:The aardwolf resembles a much smaller and thinner
409:The aardwolf is the only surviving species in the
1935:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
1668:
1627:
754:Aardwolf with tongue exposed. Note the prominent
921:per night using its long, broad, sticky tongue.
2086:Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989).
1709:." The anatomical record 259.3 (2000): 312-326.
2112:The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region
1499:. Vol. 6. Springer US. pp. 275–303.
1112:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T18372A45195681.en
2208:
1991:Richardson, P. K. R.; Bearder, S. K. (1984).
1846:Koehler, C. E.; Richardson, P. R. K. (1990).
1607:
1605:
8:
2115:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1999:. New York, NY: Facts on File Publication.
1793:Brottman, M. (2012). Burt, Jonathon (ed.).
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3614:
3390:
3300:
3285:
3267:
3173:
3115:
3104:
3091:
2876:
2798:
2597:
2527:
2518:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2372:
2330:
2319:
2298:
2287:
2271:
2215:
2201:
2193:
1313:
355:Unlike many of its relatives in the order
74:
47:
27:
2148:https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=lRevqS6Pxgg
1971:Oxford English Dictionary Online (2013).
1905:
1865:
1577:
1353:
1343:
1110:
2109:Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (2006).
1760:(PhD). Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
1693:
1596:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1393:
1286:
789:Aardwolves live in open, dry plains and
423:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1623:
1621:
1592:
1590:
1536:
1439:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1074:
1046:
998:at one and a half to two years of age.
271:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1397:
1297:
1295:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1082:
1080:
1078:
690:Its common name means "earth-wolf" in
1886:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1469:Oxford English Dictionary Online 2013
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1274:
1270:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
7:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1221:African Journal of Wildlife Research
1164:
1134:"Proteles cristata (Sparrman, 1783)"
7960:IUCN Red List least concern species
3585:South African small-spotted genet (
1483:Dictionary of South African English
1456:Dictionary of South African English
1098:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
907:, and in southern Africa, they eat
575:
545:
506:
498:
484:
359:, the aardwolf does not hunt large
2146:Cam footage from the Namib desert
1737:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04445.x
729:Dorsal and ventral aspect of skull
14:
3929:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (
2022:Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals
344:. (Afrikaans for "mane-jackal"),
336:. Its name means "earth-wolf" in
2152:
1953:Walker's Carnivores of the World
736:
722:
611:
588:
558:
519:
457:
438:
99:
979:lasts between 1 and 4.5 hours.
1931:Mills, G.; Harvey, M. (2001).
1823:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010).
901:, in central Africa, they eat
1:
7995:Taxa named by Anders Sparrman
3341:Malabar large-spotted civet (
2092:The Oxford English Dictionary
2020:. In Parker, Sybil P. (ed.).
1669:Richardson & Bearder 1984
1628:Koehler & Richardson 1990
881:liquid from its anal glands.
667:comes from two words both of
7603:Indonesian mountain weasel (
7259:North American river otter (
6147:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (
3201:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii
16:Insectivorous African mammal
4464:Somalian slender mongoose (
1997:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
1916:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.10.017
1505:10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_9
904:Trinervitermes rhodesiensis
702:meaning "mane-jackal", and
56:An aardwolf in Namib-Nord,
8016:
7980:Mammals of Southern Africa
7417:Asian small-clawed otter (
6156:American hog-nosed skunk (
6138:Molina's hog-nosed skunk (
4446:Angolan slender mongoose (
4141:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (
3190:Small-toothed palm civet (
2183:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1995:. In MacDonald, D. (ed.).
898:Trinervitermes bettonianus
378:The aardwolf lives in the
18:
7965:Mammals described in 1783
7322:
7230:
7184:Saharan striped polecat (
7155:
7052:
6870:
6629:
6614:
6601:
6323:
6165:Striped hog-nosed skunk (
6071:
6058:
5994:
5896:Mediterranean monk seal (
5891:
5739:
5704:
5625:Juan Fernández fur seal (
5589:South American fur seal (
5560:
5524:South American sea lion (
5519:
5465:
5378:
5362:
5205:
4997:
4906:South American gray fox (
4850:
4809:
4592:
4530:
4514:
4482:Common slender mongoose (
4348:
4226:
4112:
4062:
3955:Narrow-striped mongoose (
3950:
3900:
3828:
3724:
3666:
3662:
3649:
3613:
3477:Crested servaline genet (
3303:
3266:
3176:
3103:
3090:
2879:
2825:
2600:
2391:
2371:
2318:
2301:
2286:
2270:
2232:
1977:Oxford English Dictionary
603:
580:
573:
550:
543:
511:
504:
496:
417:, or can be divided into
262:
255:
244:
240:
221:
214:
96:Scientific classification
94:
72:
63:
55:
46:
30:
21:Aardwolf (disambiguation)
7540:Stoat/Beringian ermine (
7408:African clawless otter (
7160:African striped weasel (
6973:Yellow-throated marten (
6849:Formosan ferret-badger (
6553:Western mountain coati (
6544:Eastern mountain coati (
6461:Western lowland olingo (
6443:Eastern lowland olingo (
6271:Southern spotted skunk (
5965:Southern elephant seal (
5956:Northern elephant seal (
5746:Pagophilus groenlandicus
4523:("dog-like" carnivorans)
4336:Stripe-necked mongoose (
3957:Mungotictis decemlineata
2832:Herpailurus yagouaroundi
2279:("cat-like" carnivorans)
2050:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
785:Distribution and habitat
7585:Yellow-bellied weasel (
6840:Burmese ferret-badger (
6822:Chinese ferret-badger (
6813:Bornean ferret badger (
6804:Vietnam ferret-badger (
6289:Eastern spotted skunk (
6280:Western spotted skunk (
6010:Leptonychotes weddellii
5652:Subantarctic fur seal (
5598:Australasian fur seal (
4422:Black-footed mongoose (
4404:Bushy-tailed mongoose (
4353:White-tailed mongoose (
4291:Indian brown mongoose (
4273:Short-tailed mongoose (
4264:Small Indian mongoose (
4201:Flat-headed kusimanse (
4174:Alexander's kusimanse (
4150:Common dwarf mongoose (
4117:Pousargues's mongoose (
3979:Brown-tailed mongoose (
3938:Grandidier's mongoose (
3192:Arctogalidia trivirgata
2416:Sunda clouded leopard (
2168:Encyclopædia Britannica
1829:Encyclopædia Britannica
1582:Mills & Harvey 2001
1415:Mills & Harvey 2001
1203:Mills & Harvey 2001
838:Aardwolves are shy and
250: Extant (resident)
7990:Myrmecophagous mammals
7426:Congo clawless otter (
7329:Hydrictis maculicollis
7327:Spotted-necked otter (
7286:Southern river otter (
7237:Pteronura brasiliensis
7000:European pine marten (
6511:South American coati (
6239:Palawan stink badger (
5565:New Zealand sea lion (
4630:Japanese raccoon dog (
4327:Crab-eating mongoose (
4282:Indian grey mongoose (
3905:Ring-tailed vontsira (
3716:(bone-crushing hyenas)
3411:Central African oyan (
2972:Chinese mountain cat (
2171:(11th ed.). 1911.
1816:Collier's Encyclopedia
1611:Richardson, P. R. K. "
1027:
928:Hodotermes mossambicus
835:
765:, with a more slender
758:
7970:Carnivorans of Africa
7666:Back-striped weasel (
7612:Black-footed ferret (
7384:Smooth-coated otter (
7162:Poecilogale albinucha
6831:Javan ferret-badger (
6717:Sumatran hog badger (
6699:Northern hog badger (
6393:Crab-eating raccoon (
6298:Pygmy spotted skunk (
6019:Lobodon carcinophagus
5755:Histriophoca fasciata
5548:Australian sea lion (
5494:California sea lion (
5243:American black bear (
4985:Black-backed jackal (
4976:Side-striped jackal (
4816:Chrysocyon brachyurus
4240:Long-nosed mongoose (
3513:Rusty-spotted genet (
3350:Large-spotted civet (
3199:Sulawesi palm civet (
3128:Owston's palm civet (
2702:Andean mountain cat (
2157:Texts on Wikisource:
2014:Rieger, Ingo (1990).
1950:Nowak, R. M. (2005).
1105:: e.T18372A45195681.
1022:
830:
753:
465:P. c. septentrionalis
7985:Fauna of East Africa
7481:Long-tailed weasel (
7059:Lyncodon patagonicus
6708:Greater hog badger (
6230:Sunda stink badger (
5920:Hawaiian monk seal (
5643:Guadalupe fur seal (
5616:Antarctic fur seal (
5607:Galápagos fur seal (
5503:Galápagos sea lion (
4621:Common raccoon dog (
4473:Cape gray mongoose (
4413:Jackson's mongoose (
4373:Paracynictis selousi
4364:Cynictis penicillata
3988:Durrell's vontsira (
3576:Giant forest genet (
3368:Large Indian civet (
3308:Small Indian civet (
2917:Sunda leopard cat (
2693:Southern tiger cat (
2629:African golden cat (
2306:African palm civet (
2137:Animal Diversity Web
1497:Evolutionary Biology
1233:10.3957/056.051.0149
1087:Green, D.S. (2015).
823:Behavior and ecology
704:termite-eating hyena
698:. It is also called
346:termite-eating hyena
19:For other uses, see
7524:M. aistoodonnivalis
7360:Hairy-nosed otter (
7277:Neotropical otter (
7057:Patagonian weasel (
6520:White-nosed coati (
5720:Cystophora cristata
5711:Erignathus barbatus
5444:Northern fur seal (
5221:Helarctos malayanus
4857:Atelocynus microtis
4564:U. cinereoargenteus
4455:Egyptian mongoose (
4382:Rhynchogale melleri
4380:Meller's mongoose (
4371:Selous's mongoose (
4355:Ichneumia albicauda
4309:Collared mongoose (
4183:Angolan kusimanse (
4067:Liberian mongoose (
3420:West African oyan (
3319:Civettictis civetta
3250:Golden palm civet (
3208:Masked palm civet (
3183:Arctictis binturong
3157:Hemigalus derbyanus
3155:Banded palm civet (
3146:Hose's palm civet (
2935:Rusty-spotted cat (
1898:2006MolPE..38..603K
1345:10.7554/eLife.63167
1302:Koepfli et al. 2006
1180:Koepfli et al. 2006
66:Conservation status
7639:European polecat (
7472:Colombian weasel (
7122:(African polecats)
6750:Caucasian badger (
6678:(Eurasian badgers)
6128:(hog-nosed skunks)
5865:("southern seals")
5764:Halichoerus grypus
5695:("northern seals")
5567:Phocarctos hookeri
5472:Eumetopias jubatus
5470:Steller sea lion (
5252:Asian black bear (
5002:African wild dog (
4956:(wolf-like canids)
4233:Atilax paludinosus
4192:Common kusimanse (
4119:Dologale dybowskii
4091:Gambian mongoose (
3875:Western falanouc (
3866:Eastern falanouc (
3835:Cryptoprocta ferox
3740:Parahyaena brunnea
3495:Johnston's genet (
3450:Abyssinian genet (
3402:(African linsangs)
3310:Viverricula indica
3241:Brown palm civet (
3232:Asian palm civet (
3139:Cynogale bennettii
3130:Chrotogale owstoni
3026:European wildcat (
3017:Black-footed cat (
2607:Leptailurus serval
2575:Asian golden cat (
2341:(Asiatic linsangs)
1993:"The Hyena Family"
1850:Proteles cristatus
1776:Wildlife Fact File
1757:s (Sparrman, 1783)
1755:Proteles cristatus
1750:Sliwa, A. (1996).
1725:Journal of Zoology
1721:Proteles cristatus
1671:, pp. 158–159
1584:, pp. 108–109
1400:, pp. 570–571
1277:, pp. 222–223
1217:Proteles cristatus
1028:
1025:Proteles cristatus
836:
759:
607:Parahyaena brunnea
515:Proteles cristatus
328:species native to
318:Proteles cristatus
225:Proteles cristatus
8000:Nocturnal animals
7947:
7946:
7919:Open Tree of Life
7768:proteles-cristata
7741:Proteles cristata
7711:Proteles cristata
7703:Taxon identifiers
7694:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7657:Siberian weasel (
7648:American ermine (
7576:Japanese weasel (
7531:Mountain weasel (
7515:
7438:
7437:
7224:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7193:Striped polecat (
7143:Marbled polecat (
7125:
7110:
7109:
7082:
7030:
7029:
7009:Japanese marten (
6955:American marten (
6948:
6806:M. cucphuongensis
6797:
6780:
6779:
6768:European badger (
6741:Japanese badger (
6681:
6634:American badger (
6597:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6493:
6452:Northern olingo (
6436:
6411:Cozumel raccoon (
6386:
6310:
6309:
6264:
6223:
6131:
6112:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6028:Ommatophoca rossi
6001:Hydrurga leptonyx
5988:
5985:(Antarctic seals)
5958:M. angustirostris
5949:
5932:
5931:
5898:Monachus monachus
5885:
5868:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5698:
5681:
5664:
5663:
5526:Otaria flavescens
5515:
5514:
5426:
5394:Odobenus rosmarus
5358:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5309:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5184:Spectacled bear (
5142:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5109:
4958:
4945:
4944:
4864:Crab-eating fox (
4855:Short-eared dog (
4803:
4788:
4775:
4774:
4657:
4599:Otocyon megalotis
4543:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4362:Yellow mongoose (
4213:
4212:
4100:Banded mongoose (
4069:Liberiictus kuhni
4023:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3887:
3886:
3813:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3718:
3679:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3549:Servaline genet (
3468:Bourlon's genet (
3443:
3404:
3380:
3379:
3262:
3261:
3234:P. hermaphroditus
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
2999:African wildcat (
2956:
2955:
2926:Flat-headed cat (
2866:
2865:
2650:
2649:
2587:
2586:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2425:Clouded leopard (
2384:
2359:Spotted linsang (
2343:
2308:Nandinia binotata
2122:978-0-521-84418-5
2101:978-0-19-861213-1
2063:978-0-8018-8221-0
2044:"Order Carnivora"
2040:Wozencraft, W. C.
2031:978-0-07-909508-4
2006:978-0-87196-871-5
1963:978-0-8018-8032-2
1942:978-1-56098-096-4
1933:African Predators
1857:Mammalian Species
1838:978-1-59339-837-8
1514:978-1-4684-9063-3
1091:Proteles cristata
933:harvester termite
651:
650:
642:
641:
633:
632:
624:
623:
532:
531:
479:
478:
309:
308:
298:Viverra hyenoides
274:Proteles cristata
207:P. cristatus
89:
8007:
7940:
7939:
7927:
7926:
7914:
7913:
7901:
7900:
7888:
7887:
7875:
7874:
7862:
7861:
7849:
7848:
7836:
7835:
7823:
7822:
7810:
7809:
7797:
7796:
7784:
7783:
7771:
7770:
7758:
7757:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7698:
7630:Malayan weasel (
7549:Steppe polecat (
7522:Sichuan weasel (
7514:
7513:
7509:
7449:
7386:L. perspicillata
7351:Eurasian otter (
7228:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7129:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7098:Greater grison (
7081:
7080:
7076:
7050:
7041:
6991:Nilgiri marten (
6964:Pacific marten (
6947:
6946:
6942:
6868:
6851:M. subaurantiaca
6796:
6795:
6794:(ferret-badgers)
6791:
6685:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6627:
6616:
6603:
6497:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6385:
6384:
6380:
6321:
6263:
6262:
6261:(spotted skunks)
6258:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6116:
6111:
6110:
6102:
6073:
6060:
6017:Crabeater seal (
5992:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5948:
5947:
5946:(elephant seals)
5943:
5922:N. schauinslandi
5889:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5737:
5702:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5673:
5634:Brown fur seal (
5609:A. galapagoensis
5496:Z. californianus
5463:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5410:
5380:
5372:
5364:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5212:Melursus ursinus
5203:
5146:
5141:
5138:
5131:
5098:Ethiopian wolf (
4962:
4957:
4954:
4807:
4802:
4799:
4792:
4787:
4784:
4673:Blanford's fox (
4656:
4649:
4590:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4318:Ruddy mongoose (
4300:Javan mongoose (
4231:Marsh mongoose (
4224:
4203:C. platycephalus
4036:
4027:
4022:
4019:
4017:
3898:
3842:Malagasy civet (
3826:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3795:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3683:
3678:
3675:
3668:
3664:
3651:
3615:
3442:
3439:
3403:
3400:
3391:
3301:
3297:
3286:
3281:
3268:
3174:
3116:
3105:
3092:
2886:Otocolobus manul
2877:
2799:
2675:Geoffroy's cat (
2598:
2528:
2519:
2514:
2402:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2373:
2350:Banded linsang (
2342:
2339:
2331:
2320:
2299:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2194:
2187:
2172:
2156:
2126:
2105:
2075:
2035:
2019:
2010:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1967:
1946:
1927:
1909:
1879:
1869:
1842:
1819:
1810:
1806:978-1-86189-9217
1789:
1762:
1761:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1716:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1672:
1666:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1519:
1518:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1418:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1289:, pp. 28–29
1284:
1278:
1272:
1245:
1244:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1084:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1023:Illustration of
847:monogamous pairs
831:Aardwolf at the
740:
726:
615:
592:
587:(striped hyena)
576:
562:
557:(spotted hyena)
546:
523:
507:
499:
485:
469:
468:Rothschild, 1902
461:
442:
424:
302:
294:
290:Viverra cristata
286:
282:Proteles typicus
278:
268:
249:
227:
104:
103:
83:
78:
77:
51:
34:Temporal range:
28:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8009:
8008:
8006:
8005:
8004:
7950:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7935:
7930:
7922:
7917:
7909:
7906:Observation.org
7904:
7896:
7891:
7883:
7878:
7870:
7865:
7857:
7852:
7844:
7839:
7831:
7826:
7818:
7813:
7805:
7800:
7792:
7787:
7779:
7774:
7766:
7761:
7753:
7748:
7739:
7738:
7733:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7705:
7695:
7674:
7650:M. richardsonii
7594:European mink (
7511:
7510:
7508:
7498:
7490:American mink (
7463:Amazon weasel (
7434:
7392:
7368:
7335:
7318:
7294:
7243:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7201:
7168:
7151:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7106:
7089:Lesser grison (
7078:
7077:
7075:
7065:
7026:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6931:
6907:
6883:
6857:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6776:
6725:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6666:
6642:
6623:
6610:
6589:
6561:
6528:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6478:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6419:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6369:
6336:
6306:
6273:S. angustifrons
6260:
6259:
6257:
6247:
6220:(stink badgers)
6219:
6218:
6216:
6206:
6198:Striped skunk (
6173:
6167:C. semistriatus
6127:
6126:
6124:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6093:
6087:Ailurus fulgens
6067:
6034:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5973:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5928:
5904:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5845:
5803:
5770:
5726:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5660:
5573:
5556:
5532:
5511:
5478:
5452:
5419:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5374:
5370:
5342:
5322:
5305:
5304:
5278:
5227:
5192:
5168:
5139:
5137:
5127:
5106:
5035:Golden jackal (
5019:
4993:
4955:
4953:
4941:
4872:
4866:Cerdocyon thous
4846:
4822:
4800:
4798:
4785:
4783:
4771:
4736:RĂĽppell's fox (
4650:
4648:
4638:
4623:N. procyonoides
4605:
4597:Bat-eared fox (
4579:
4544:
4540:
4526:
4522:
4490:
4475:H. pulverulenta
4430:
4388:
4344:
4311:U. semitorquata
4266:U. auropunctata
4248:
4209:
4158:
4125:
4108:
4075:
4058:
4020:
4018:
4013:
4012:
3996:
3963:
3946:
3913:
3907:Galidia elegans
3883:
3850:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3796:
3791:
3770:
3762:Spotted hyena (
3746:
3729:Striped hyena (
3715:
3713:
3705:
3676:
3674:
3658:
3633:
3593:
3531:Aquatic genet (
3522:Pardine genet (
3459:Angolan genet (
3440:
3438:
3428:
3413:P. richardsonii
3401:
3399:
3376:
3359:Malayan civet (
3325:
3317:African civet (
3293:
3292:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3258:
3216:
3163:
3148:Diplogale hosei
3112:
3099:
3074:
3034:
2952:
2892:
2872:
2862:
2838:
2821:
2794:
2788:
2762:Eurasian lynx (
2737:
2646:
2613:
2593:
2583:
2550:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2493:
2433:
2385:
2381:
2367:
2340:
2327:
2314:
2295:
2282:
2278:
2266:
2228:
2221:
2175:
2160:
2133:
2123:
2108:
2102:
2085:
2082:
2080:Further reading
2064:
2038:
2032:
2013:
2007:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1930:
1907:10.1.1.529.1977
1882:
1867:10.2307/3504197
1845:
1839:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1675:
1667:
1634:
1626:
1619:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1522:
1515:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1421:
1413:
1404:
1396:
1371:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1314:Wozencraft 2005
1312:
1308:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1248:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1017:
1004:
996:sexual maturity
968:breeding season
964:
910:T. trinervoides
887:
833:San Antonio Zoo
825:
787:
748:
747:
746:
745:
744:
741:
732:
731:
730:
727:
716:
700:maanhaar-jackal
657:
652:
643:
634:
625:
554:Crocuta crocuta
533:
502:
467:
451:Southern Africa
446:P. c. cristatus
415:Monotypic taxon
396:
334:Southern Africa
305:
301:Desmarest, 1820
300:
292:
284:
276:
270:
269:
266:
251:
247:
245:Aardwolf range
236:
229:
223:
210:
98:
90:
79:
75:
68:
42:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8013:
8011:
8003:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7952:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7928:
7915:
7902:
7889:
7876:
7863:
7850:
7837:
7824:
7811:
7798:
7785:
7772:
7759:
7746:
7731:
7715:
7713:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7692:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7668:M. strigidorsa
7663:
7654:
7645:
7636:
7627:
7621:Least weasel (
7618:
7609:
7600:
7591:
7582:
7573:
7567:Haida ermine (
7564:
7555:
7551:M. eversmannii
7546:
7537:
7528:
7518:
7516:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7487:
7478:
7469:
7459:
7457:
7446:
7440:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7432:
7423:
7414:
7404:
7402:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7357:
7347:
7345:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7306:
7304:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7283:
7279:L. longicaudis
7274:
7268:Marine otter (
7265:
7255:
7253:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7241:
7231:
7225:
7211:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7190:
7180:
7178:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7139:
7137:
7126:
7112:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7095:
7085:
7083:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7053:
7047:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7015:
7006:
6997:
6988:
6982:Beech marten (
6979:
6970:
6961:
6951:
6949:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6919:
6917:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6895:
6893:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6846:
6837:
6828:
6819:
6810:
6800:
6798:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6765:
6759:Asian badger (
6756:
6747:
6737:
6735:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6714:
6705:
6701:A. albogularis
6695:
6693:
6682:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6658:Honey badger (
6654:
6652:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6630:
6624:
6619:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6579:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6550:
6540:
6538:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6517:
6507:
6505:
6494:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6467:
6458:
6449:
6439:
6437:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6408:
6399:
6395:P. cancrivorus
6389:
6387:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6363:B. sumichrasti
6358:
6348:
6346:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6324:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6295:
6286:
6277:
6267:
6265:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6236:
6226:
6224:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6195:
6189:Hooded skunk (
6185:
6183:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6162:
6153:
6144:
6134:
6132:
6113:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6081:
6079:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6023:
6014:
6008:Weddell seal (
6005:
5999:Leopard seal (
5995:
5989:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5962:
5952:
5950:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5916:
5914:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5892:
5886:
5869:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5834:
5825:
5819:Caspian seal (
5815:
5813:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5792:
5786:Spotted seal (
5782:
5780:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5759:
5750:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5715:
5709:Bearded seal (
5705:
5699:
5682:
5678:or true seals)
5676:(earless seals
5666:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5649:
5640:
5631:
5622:
5613:
5604:
5595:
5585:
5583:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5544:
5542:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5500:
5490:
5488:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5440:
5438:
5427:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5388:
5386:
5376:
5375:
5367:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5267:
5258:
5249:
5239:
5237:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5216:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5180:
5178:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5162:A. melanoleuca
5156:
5154:
5143:
5128:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5095:
5086:
5080:Eastern wolf (
5077:
5068:
5062:African wolf (
5059:
5050:
5044:Domestic dog (
5041:
5031:
5029:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5008:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4982:
4972:
4970:
4959:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4930:
4924:Sechuran fox (
4921:
4917:L. gymnocercus
4912:
4903:
4897:Darwin's fox (
4894:
4884:
4882:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4861:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4834:
4832:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4810:
4804:
4789:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4760:
4751:
4742:
4733:
4724:
4715:
4706:
4697:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4666:V. bengalensis
4660:
4658:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4545:
4535:
4528:
4527:
4519:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4479:
4470:
4461:
4452:
4442:
4440:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4406:B. crassicauda
4400:
4398:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4377:
4368:
4359:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4306:
4297:
4288:
4279:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4237:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4147:
4137:
4135:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4097:
4087:
4085:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4033:
4024:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:G. grandidieri
3935:
3925:
3923:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3839:
3829:
3823:
3814:
3797:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3735:
3725:
3719:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3680:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3504:Letaba genet (
3501:
3492:
3486:Common genet (
3483:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3314:
3304:
3298:
3283:
3271:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3252:P. zeylonensis
3247:
3238:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:Paguma larvata
3205:
3196:
3187:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3023:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2981:Domestic cat (
2978:
2968:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2941:
2937:P. rubiginosus
2932:
2923:
2914:
2910:P. bengalensis
2904:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2884:Pallas's cat (
2880:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2771:Iberian lynx (
2768:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2525:
2516:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2449:Snow leopard (
2445:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2399:
2386:
2376:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2262:Laurasiatheria
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2173:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2131:External links
2129:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2106:
2100:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2062:
2036:
2030:
2011:
2005:
1988:
1968:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1928:
1892:(3): 603–620.
1880:
1843:
1837:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1790:
1785:978-1886614772
1784:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1742:
1731:(3): 423–434.
1711:
1698:
1673:
1632:
1617:
1601:
1586:
1553:
1541:
1520:
1513:
1487:
1480:"Maanhaar, n."
1472:
1461:
1453:"Aardwolf, n."
1444:
1419:
1402:
1369:
1318:
1306:
1291:
1279:
1246:
1227:(1): 149–152.
1207:
1184:
1169:
1150:
1125:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1016:
1013:
1003:
1000:
963:
960:
956:Trinervitermes
892:Trinervitermes
886:
883:
824:
821:
795:Hodotermitidae
786:
783:
742:
735:
734:
733:
728:
721:
720:
719:
718:
717:
715:
712:
656:
653:
649:
648:
645:
644:
640:
639:
636:
635:
631:
630:
627:
626:
622:
621:
618:
617:
610:(brown hyena)
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
579:
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
549:
544:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
530:
529:
526:
525:
510:
505:
503:
497:
495:
483:
477:
476:
470:
462:
454:
453:
448:
443:
435:
434:
431:
428:
395:
392:
307:
306:
304:
303:
295:
293:Sparrman, 1783
287:
279:
277:Sparrman, 1783
265:
264:
263:
260:
259:
253:
252:
246:
242:
241:
238:
237:
230:
219:
218:
212:
211:
204:
202:
198:
197:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
92:
91:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
53:
52:
44:
43:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8012:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7938:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7751:
7747:
7742:
7736:
7732:
7727:
7721:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7699:
7671:
7669:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7646:
7644:
7642:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7605:M. lutreolina
7601:
7599:
7597:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7507:
7506:
7501:
7495:
7493:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7441:
7431:
7429:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7395:
7389:
7387:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7365:
7363:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7332:
7330:
7325:
7324:
7321:
7315:
7313:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7297:
7291:
7289:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7261:L. canadensis
7257:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7240:
7238:
7235:Giant otter (
7233:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7216:
7212:
7198:
7196:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7165:
7163:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7148:
7146:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7127:
7117:
7113:
7103:
7101:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7074:
7073:
7068:
7062:
7060:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7033:
7023:
7021:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6993:M. gwatkinsii
6989:
6987:
6985:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6940:
6939:
6934:
6928:
6926:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6904:
6902:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6880:
6878:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6860:
6854:
6852:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6833:M. orientalis
6829:
6827:
6825:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6773:
6771:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6722:
6720:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6683:
6673:
6669:
6663:
6661:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6639:
6637:
6636:Taxidea taxus
6632:
6631:
6628:
6625:
6622:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6600:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6558:
6556:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6546:N. meridensis
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6495:
6485:
6481:
6475:
6473:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6366:
6364:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6333:
6331:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6232:M. javanensis
6228:
6227:
6225:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6203:
6201:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6168:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6158:C. leuconotus
6154:
6152:
6150:
6149:C. humboldtii
6145:
6143:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6114:
6108:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6088:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6031:
6029:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5968:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5925:
5923:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5899:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5860:
5856:
5842:
5840:
5837:Baikal seal (
5835:
5833:
5831:
5828:Ringed seal (
5826:
5824:
5822:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5800:
5798:
5795:Harbor seal (
5793:
5791:
5789:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5767:
5765:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5753:Ribbon seal (
5751:
5749:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5718:Hooded seal (
5716:
5714:
5712:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5671:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5654:A. tropicalis
5650:
5648:
5646:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5580:Arctocephalus
5576:
5570:
5568:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5505:Z. wollebaeki
5501:
5499:
5497:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5428:
5422:
5417:
5413:(eared seals:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5275:
5273:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5254:U. thibetanus
5250:
5248:
5246:
5245:U. americanus
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5160:Giant panda (
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5121:
5103:
5101:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5046:C. familiaris
5042:
5040:
5038:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5004:Lycaon pictus
5000:
4999:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4960:
4952:
4948:
4938:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4768:
4766:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4700:Tibetan fox (
4698:
4696:
4694:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4654:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4632:N. viverrinus
4628:
4626:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4573:U. littoralis
4569:
4567:
4565:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4487:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4448:H. flavescens
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4338:U. vitticolla
4334:
4332:
4330:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4242:Xenogale naso
4238:
4236:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4016:
4015:sensu stricto
4011:
4007:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3844:Fossa fossana
3840:
3838:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3738:Brown hyena (
3736:
3734:
3732:
3731:Hyaena hyaena
3727:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3558:Hausa genet (
3556:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3461:G. angolensis
3457:
3455:
3453:
3452:G. abyssinica
3448:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3361:V. tangalunga
3357:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3295:sensu stricto
3291:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:Paradoxurinae
3166:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3137:Otter civet (
3135:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3031:
3029:
3028:F. silvestris
3024:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2946:P. viverrinus
2944:Fishing cat (
2942:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2919:P. javanensis
2915:
2913:
2911:
2908:Leopard cat (
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2755:L. canadensis
2753:Canada lynx (
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2577:C. temminckii
2573:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2542:Marbled cat (
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:sensu stricto
2509:
2504:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2361:P. pardicolor
2357:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2048:Wilson, D. E.
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1774:Anon (1998).
1772:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1694:Brottman 2012
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:Brottman 2012
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:Brottman 2012
1545:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1316:, p. 573
1315:
1310:
1307:
1304:, p. 615
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:Brottman 2012
1283:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:, p. 144
1166:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:Frankfurt Zoo
1026:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1009:least concern
1001:
999:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
978:
974:
969:
961:
959:
957:
953:
950:Unlike other
948:
946:
945:
940:
939:
934:
930:
929:
922:
920:
916:
912:
911:
906:
905:
900:
899:
894:
893:
884:
882:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
851:
848:
843:
841:
834:
829:
822:
820:
817:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
784:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
764:
763:striped hyena
757:
752:
739:
725:
713:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
683:, comes from
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
654:
647:
646:
638:
637:
629:
628:
620:
619:
616:
614:
609:
608:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
591:
586:
585:
584:Hyaena hyaena
578:
577:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
561:
556:
555:
548:
547:
541:
540:
537:
536:
528:
527:
524:
522:
517:
516:
509:
508:
501:
500:
493:
492:
487:
486:
482:
474:
471:
466:
463:
460:
456:
455:
452:
449:
447:
444:
441:
437:
436:
433:Distribution
432:
429:
426:
425:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
404:striped hyena
401:
393:
391:
389:
386:, resting in
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
323:insectivorous
320:
319:
314:
299:
296:
291:
288:
283:
280:
275:
272:
261:
258:
254:
243:
239:
234:
228:
226:
220:
217:
216:Binomial name
213:
209:
208:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
93:
87:
82:
81:Least Concern
71:
67:
62:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
29:
26:
22:
7710:
7667:
7658:
7649:
7640:
7631:
7622:
7613:
7604:
7595:
7586:
7577:
7568:
7559:
7550:
7541:
7532:
7523:
7503:
7491:
7482:
7473:
7464:
7452:
7427:
7418:
7409:
7397:
7385:
7373:
7362:L. sumatrana
7361:
7352:
7340:
7328:
7311:
7299:
7287:
7278:
7269:
7260:
7248:
7236:
7194:
7185:
7173:
7161:
7145:V. peregusna
7144:
7132:
7099:
7090:
7070:
7058:
7045:Lyncodontini
7036:Ictonychinae
7020:M. zibellina
7019:
7010:
7001:
6992:
6983:
6975:M. flavigula
6974:
6965:
6957:M. americana
6956:
6936:
6924:
6912:
6900:
6888:
6877:Eira barbara
6876:
6850:
6842:M. personata
6841:
6832:
6823:
6814:
6805:
6785:
6769:
6760:
6752:M. canescens
6751:
6742:
6730:
6718:
6709:
6700:
6688:
6659:
6647:
6635:
6554:
6545:
6533:
6521:
6512:
6500:
6471:
6462:
6453:
6444:
6424:
6412:
6403:
6394:
6374:
6362:
6361:Cacomistle (
6353:
6341:
6330:Potos flavus
6329:
6299:
6290:
6281:
6272:
6252:
6240:
6231:
6211:
6199:
6190:
6178:
6166:
6157:
6148:
6139:
6119:
6086:
6027:
6018:
6009:
6000:
5966:
5957:
5937:
5921:
5909:
5897:
5882:(monk seals)
5838:
5829:
5820:
5808:
5796:
5787:
5775:
5763:
5754:
5745:
5719:
5710:
5653:
5645:A. townsendi
5644:
5635:
5627:A. philippii
5626:
5617:
5608:
5599:
5591:A. australis
5590:
5578:
5566:
5549:
5537:
5525:
5504:
5495:
5483:
5471:
5445:
5433:
5393:
5272:U. maritimus
5271:
5270:Polar bear (
5262:
5261:Brown bear (
5253:
5244:
5232:
5220:
5211:
5210:Sloth bear (
5185:
5173:
5161:
5149:
5099:
5090:
5081:
5072:
5063:
5054:
5045:
5036:
5024:
5013:Cuon alpinus
5012:
5003:
4987:L. mesomelas
4986:
4977:
4965:
4934:
4925:
4916:
4915:Pampas fox (
4907:
4898:
4889:
4877:
4865:
4856:
4840:S. venaticus
4839:
4827:
4815:
4814:Maned wolf (
4796:Cerdocyonina
4764:
4763:Fennec fox (
4755:
4746:
4738:V. rueppelli
4737:
4728:
4719:
4710:
4709:Arctic fox (
4702:V. ferrilata
4701:
4692:
4691:Corsac fox (
4683:
4674:
4665:
4664:Bengal fox (
4643:
4631:
4622:
4610:
4598:
4572:
4571:Island fox (
4563:
4551:
4484:H. sanguinea
4483:
4474:
4465:
4457:H. ichneumon
4456:
4447:
4435:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4393:
4381:
4372:
4363:
4354:
4337:
4328:
4319:
4310:
4301:
4292:
4284:U. edwardsii
4283:
4275:U. brachyura
4274:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4232:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4176:C. alexandri
4175:
4163:
4151:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4101:
4093:M. gambianus
4092:
4080:
4068:
4052:S. suricatta
4051:
4039:
4014:
3989:
3980:
3968:
3956:
3939:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3876:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3834:
3811:carnivorans)
3792:
3763:
3751:
3739:
3730:
3698:
3696:
3686:
3656:Herpestoidea
3619:Herpestoidea
3586:
3578:G. victoriae
3577:
3568:
3567:Cape genet (
3559:
3551:G. servalina
3550:
3541:
3540:King genet (
3533:G. piscivora
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3497:G. johnstoni
3496:
3487:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3433:
3422:P. leightoni
3421:
3412:
3394:
3369:
3360:
3352:V. megaspila
3351:
3343:V. civettina
3342:
3330:
3318:
3309:
3294:
3278:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3129:
3027:
3018:
3010:F. margarita
3009:
3000:
2991:
2990:Jungle cat (
2982:
2973:
2961:
2945:
2936:
2928:P. planiceps
2927:
2918:
2909:
2899:Prionailurus
2897:
2885:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2830:Jaguarundi (
2814:
2802:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2677:L. geoffroyi
2676:
2667:
2666:Pampas cat (
2655:
2639:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2576:
2567:
2555:
2544:P. marmorata
2543:
2531:
2511:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2417:
2405:
2360:
2351:
2334:
2307:
2260:Superorder:
2254:Infraclass:
2181:
2166:
2111:
2091:
2052:
2021:
1996:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:
1952:
1932:
1889:
1885:
1860:(363): 1–6.
1855:
1849:
1828:
1815:
1795:
1775:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1701:
1696:, p. 31
1599:, p. 30
1551:, p. 29
1544:
1537:Goodwin 1997
1496:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1464:
1455:
1447:
1440:Hoiberg 2010
1417:, p. 33
1335:
1331:
1321:
1309:
1282:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1205:, p. 71
1141:. Retrieved
1138:www.gbif.org
1137:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1102:
1096:
1090:
1058:
1049:
1029:
1024:
1015:In captivity
1005:
1002:Conservation
981:
965:
955:
949:
942:
938:Odontotermes
936:
931:, a type of
926:
923:
908:
902:
896:
890:
888:
879:
856:
852:
844:
837:
818:
811:
805:, including
788:
780:
776:
760:
703:
699:
689:
680:
676:
672:
664:
658:
605:
604:
582:
581:
552:
551:
514:
513:
512:
489:
480:
464:
445:
408:
397:
377:
354:
345:
317:
316:
312:
310:
297:
289:
281:
273:
224:
222:
206:
205:
193:
25:
7828:iNaturalist
7735:Wikispecies
7659:M. sibirica
7641:M. putorius
7614:M. nigripes
7596:M. lutreola
7569:M. haidarum
7465:N. africana
7428:A. congicus
7419:A. cinereus
7410:A. capensis
7310:Sea otter (
7288:L. provocax
7195:I. striatus
7116:Ictonychini
7011:M. melampus
6923:Wolverine (
6901:P. pennanti
6824:M. moschata
6815:M. everetti
6761:M. leucurus
6719:A. hoevenii
6710:A. collaris
6660:M. capensis
6555:N. olivacea
6470:Olinguito (
6426:Bassaricyon
6413:P. pygmaeus
6343:Bassariscus
6316:Procyonidae
6291:S. putorius
6282:S. gracilis
6200:M. mephitis
6191:M. macroura
6085:Red panda (
6065:Musteloidea
6026:Ross seal (
5979:Lobodontini
5911:Neomonachus
5839:P. sibirica
5797:P. vitulina
5762:Grey seal (
5744:Harp seal (
5636:A. pusillus
5600:A. forsteri
5435:Callorhinus
5369:Pinnipedia
5328:Musteloidea
5100:C. simensis
5064:C. lupaster
4933:Hoary fox (
4926:L. sechurae
4899:L. fulvipes
4890:L. culpaeus
4786:(true dogs)
4745:Swift fox (
4720:V. macrotis
4612:Nyctereutes
4521:Caniformia
4466:H. ochracea
4424:B. nigripes
4415:B. jacksoni
4302:U. javanica
4219:Herpestinae
4194:C. obscurus
4185:C. ansorgei
4165:Crossarchus
4021:(mongooses)
4010:Herpestidae
3990:S. durrelli
3981:S. concolor
3931:G. fasciata
3868:E. goudotii
3789:Herpestidae
3699:P. cristata
3560:G. thierryi
3515:G. maculata
3479:G. cristata
3470:G. bourloni
3223:Paradoxurus
3181:Binturong (
3120:Hemigalinae
3097:Viverroidea
3060:Viverroidea
3019:F. nigripes
2871:Leopard cat
2856:P. concolor
2773:L. pardinus
2722:L. tigrinus
2713:L. pardalis
2704:L. jacobita
2695:L. guttulus
2668:L. colocola
2427:N. nebulosa
2397:Pantherinae
2277:Feliformia
2088:"aard-wolf"
1630:, p. 4
1539:, p. 3
1442:, p. 4
1398:Rieger 1990
1118:19 November
944:Macrotermes
875:springhares
714:Description
518:(aardwolf)
473:East Africa
285:Smith, 1834
179:Subfamily:
36:Pleistocene
7954:Categories
7632:M. nudipes
7623:M. nivalis
7587:M. kathiah
7542:M. erminea
7533:M. altaica
7483:N. frenata
7474:N. felipei
7444:Mustelinae
7186:I. libycus
7100:G. vittata
6966:M. caurina
6743:M. anakuma
6621:Mustelidae
6608:Mustelidae
6584:see below↓
6575:Mustelidae
6472:B. neblina
6383:(raccoons)
6354:B. astutus
6352:Ringtail (
6328:Kinkajou (
6300:S. pygmaea
6241:M. marchei
6099:Mephitidae
5967:M. leonina
5859:Monachinae
5830:P. hispida
5821:P. caspica
5618:A. gazella
5550:N. cinerea
5446:C. ursinus
5384:Odobenidae
5337:see below↓
5317:see below↓
5301:Pinnipedia
5219:Sun bear (
5186:T. ornatus
5175:Tremarctos
5151:Ailuropoda
5089:Red wolf (
5055:C. latrans
4978:L. adustus
4935:L. vetulus
4908:L. griseus
4838:Bush dog (
4729:V. pallida
4727:Pale fox (
4711:V. lagopus
4682:Cape fox (
4562:Gray fox (
4320:U. smithii
4152:H. parvula
4143:H. hirtula
4031:Mungotinae
3920:Galidictis
3893:Galidiinae
3821:Euplerinae
3804:Eupleridae
3793:sensu lato
3764:C. crocuta
3697:Aardwolf (
3628:see below↓
3569:G. tigrina
3542:G. poensis
3524:G. pardina
3506:G. letabae
3488:G. genetta
3386:Genettinae
3370:V. zibetha
3290:Viverrinae
3279:sensu lato
3274:Viverrinae
3243:P. jerdoni
3110:Viverridae
3069:see below↓
3008:Sand cat (
2815:A. jubatus
2640:C. caracal
2533:Pardofelis
2352:P. linsang
2293:Feliformia
1973:"maanhaar"
1825:"Aardwolf"
1338:: e63167.
1275:Nowak 2005
1070:References
977:Copulation
867:springhare
799:grasslands
708:anal gland
430:Subspecies
419:subspecies
380:shrublands
367:and their
363:. It eats
350:anal gland
183:Protelinae
163:Feliformia
159:Suborder:
7578:M. itatsi
7512:(weasels)
7375:Lutrogale
7312:E. lutris
7270:L. felina
7079:(grisons)
7002:M. martes
6945:(martens)
6863:Guloninae
6649:Mellivora
6522:N. narica
6463:B. medius
6454:B. gabbii
6445:B. alleni
6433:(olingos)
6402:Raccoon (
6254:Spilogale
6140:C. chinga
6121:Conepatus
6077:Ailuridae
5876:Monachini
5788:P. largha
5458:Otariinae
5421:sea lions
5416:fur seals
5407:Otariidae
5292:Mustelida
5263:U. arctos
5125:Arctoidea
5082:C. lycaon
5037:C. aureus
4967:Lupulella
4879:Lycalopex
4756:V. vulpes
4754:Red fox (
4718:Kit fox (
4693:V. corsac
4437:Herpestes
4050:Meerkat (
3809:(Malagasy
3711:Hyaeninae
3672:Hyaenidae
3587:G. felina
3001:F. lybica
2813:Cheetah (
2731:L. wiedii
2720:Oncilla (
2686:L. guigna
2657:Leopardus
2638:Caracal (
2631:C. aurata
2566:Bay cat (
2487:P. pardus
2485:Leopard (
2460:P. tigris
2418:N. diardi
2336:Prionodon
2236:Kingdom:
2225:Carnivora
2178:Aard-wolf
2163:Aard-wolf
1902:CiteSeerX
1241:242046818
1165:Anon 1998
983:Gestation
871:porcupine
840:nocturnal
816:forests.
803:savannahs
692:Afrikaans
681:cristatus
655:Etymology
491:Hyaenidae
411:subfamily
400:Hyaenidae
384:nocturnal
371:, mainly
357:Carnivora
338:Afrikaans
201:Species:
173:Hyaenidae
153:Carnivora
119:Kingdom:
113:Eukaryota
7932:Species+
7885:14000689
7755:Proteles
7720:Wikidata
7558:Ferret (
7492:N. vison
7353:L. lutra
7221:(otters)
7215:Lutrinae
7072:Galictis
6984:M. foina
6899:Fisher (
6787:Melogale
6770:M. meles
6690:Arctonyx
6535:Nasuella
6513:N. nasua
6490:(coatis)
6404:P. lotor
6180:Mephitis
5939:Mirounga
5689:Phocinae
5670:Phocidae
5539:Neophoca
5485:Zalophus
5392:Walrus (
5091:C. rufus
5073:C. lupus
5053:Coyote (
4888:Culpeo (
4829:Speothos
4765:V. zerda
4747:V. velox
4684:V. chama
4395:Bdeogale
4293:U. fusca
4132:Helogale
4102:M. mungo
4041:Suricata
3970:Salanoia
3877:E. major
3857:Eupleres
3688:Proteles
3677:(hyenas)
3441:(genets)
2992:F. chaus
2983:F. catus
2974:F. bieti
2854:Cougar (
2804:Acinonyx
2782:L. rufus
2780:Bobcat (
2729:Margay (
2711:Ocelot (
2684:Kodkod (
2605:Serval (
2568:C. badia
2557:Catopuma
2467:Jaguar (
2451:P. uncia
2440:Panthera
2407:Neofelis
2325:Feloidea
2256:Eutheria
2250:Mammalia
2244:Chordata
2242:Phylum:
2238:Animalia
2072:62265494
2042:(2005).
2017:"Hyenas"
1982:23 April
1924:16503281
1364:33599612
1143:28 March
962:Breeding
919:termites
915:aardvark
863:aardvark
807:farmland
791:bushland
756:papillae
743:Skeleton
671:origin,
665:proteles
494:
394:Taxonomy
373:termites
321:) is an
313:aardwolf
267:Synonymy
257:Synonyms
233:Sparrman
194:Proteles
169:Family:
143:Mammalia
133:Chordata
129:Phylum:
123:Animalia
109:Domain:
86:IUCN 3.1
31:Aardwolf
7872:1006074
7820:2433502
7726:Q185295
7560:M. furo
7505:Mustela
7454:Neogale
7301:Enhydra
7175:Ictonyx
7134:Vormela
7091:G. cuja
7018:Sable (
6925:G. gulo
6890:Pekania
6875:Tayra (
6672:Melinae
6484:Nasuina
6376:Procyon
5732:Phocini
5371:(seals)
5306:(seals)
5198:Ursinae
5140:(bears)
5135:Ursidae
5011:Dhole (
4801:(zorro)
4675:V. cana
4585:Vulpini
4553:Urocyon
4537:Canidae
4329:U. urva
3833:Fossa (
3753:Crocuta
3435:Genetta
3332:Viverra
2873:lineage
2795:lineage
2764:L. lynx
2620:Caracal
2594:lineage
2592:Caracal
2524:lineage
2522:Bay cat
2508:Felinae
2469:P. onca
2458:Tiger (
2378:Felidae
2248:Class:
2227:species
2223:Extant
2186:. 1921.
1894:Bibcode
1876:3504197
1768:Sources
1458:. 2018.
1355:7963486
1035:Germany
973:oestrus
885:Feeding
859:middens
661:generic
488:
388:burrows
365:insects
361:animals
326:hyaenid
235:, 1783)
189:Genus:
149:Order:
139:Class:
84: (
58:Namibia
7975:Hyenas
7924:563161
7911:201133
7846:726269
7807:925982
7781:359712
7763:ARKive
7250:Lontra
6938:Martes
6213:Mydaus
6107:skunks
5071:Wolf (
4951:Canina
4781:Canini
4645:Vulpes
4541:(dogs)
4082:Mungos
3396:Poiana
2478:P. leo
2476:Lion (
2382:(cats)
2119:
2098:
2070:
2060:
2028:
2003:
1960:
1939:
1922:
1904:
1874:
1835:
1803:
1782:
1511:
1362:
1352:
1239:
952:hyenas
814:miombo
767:muzzle
677:teleos
673:protos
369:larvae
248:
40:Recent
7859:18372
7833:57561
7794:4N38B
7399:Aonyx
7342:Lutra
6732:Meles
6502:Nasua
5777:Phoca
5234:Ursus
5026:Canis
4653:foxes
2963:Felis
2046:. In
1872:JSTOR
1796:Hyena
1332:eLife
1237:S2CID
1041:Notes
869:, or
696:Dutch
685:Latin
669:Greek
663:name
427:Image
342:Dutch
7937:7432
7898:9680
7893:NCBI
7854:IUCN
7841:ITIS
7815:GBIF
7776:BOLD
6914:Gulo
5810:Pusa
4255:Urva
2845:Puma
2793:Puma
2744:Lynx
2117:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2068:OCLC
2058:ISBN
2026:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1984:2014
1958:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1920:PMID
1833:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1360:PMID
1145:2023
1120:2021
1103:2015
987:cubs
966:The
941:and
801:and
771:mane
694:and
675:and
659:The
340:and
332:and
330:East
311:The
7880:MSW
7867:MDD
7802:EoL
7789:CoL
7750:ADW
2180:".
2165:".
1912:doi
1862:doi
1733:doi
1729:228
1723:".
1501:doi
1350:PMC
1340:doi
1229:doi
1219:".
1107:doi
1033:in
991:den
7956::
7934::
7921::
7908::
7895::
7882::
7869::
7856::
7843::
7830::
7817::
7804::
7791::
7778::
7765::
7752::
7737::
7722::
2090:.
2066:.
1975:.
1918:.
1910:.
1900:.
1890:38
1888:.
1870:.
1854:.
1827:.
1727:.
1676:^
1635:^
1620:^
1604:^
1589:^
1556:^
1523:^
1507:.
1422:^
1405:^
1372:^
1358:.
1348:.
1336:10
1334:.
1330:.
1294:^
1249:^
1235:.
1225:51
1223:.
1187:^
1172:^
1153:^
1136:.
1101:.
1095:.
1077:^
865:,
710:.
475:.
352:.
38:–
7670:)
7661:)
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7634:)
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