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processes and the reciprocal functional personal environment interdependence. Although this view was the earliest to fuse micro-psychological and macro-social factors into an integrated theory, it is clearly focused on assimilation rather than racial or ethnic integration. In Kim's approach, assimilation is unilinear and the sojourner must conform to the majority group culture in order to be "communicatively competent." According to
Gudykunst and Kim (2003) the "cross-cultural adaptation process involves a continuous interplay of deculturation and acculturation that brings about change in strangers in the direction of assimilation, the highest degree of adaptation theoretically conceivable." This view has been heavily criticized, since the biological science definition of
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therefore, an immediate change is likely to occur. Aspects of food acculturation include the preparation, presentation, and consumption of food. Different cultures have different ways in which they prepare, serve, and eat their food. When exposed to another culture for an extended period of time, individuals tend to take aspects of the "host" culture's food customs and implement them with their own. In cases such as these, acculturation is heavily influenced by general food knowledge, or knowing the unique kinds of food different cultures traditionally have, the media, and social interaction. It allows for different cultures to be exposed to one another, causing some aspects to intertwine and also become more acceptable to the individuals of each of the respective cultures.
514:, argues that it is impossible for a person to unlearn themselves and that by definition, "growth" is not a zero-sum process that requires the disillusion of one form for another to come into being but rather a process of learning new languages and cultural repertoires (ways of thinking, cooking, playing, working, worshiping, and so forth). In other words, Kramer argues that one need not unlearn a language to learn a new one, nor does one have to unlearn who one is to learn new ways of dancing, cooking, talking, and so forth. Unlike Gudykunst and Kim (2003), Kramer argues that this blending of language and culture results in cognitive complexity, or the ability to switch between cultural repertoires. To put Kramer's ideas simply, learning is growth rather than unlearning.
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discriminated against than those whom abandon their culture. Further research has also identified that the acculturation strategies and experiences of immigrants can be significantly influenced by the acculturation preferences of the members of the host society. The degree of intergroup and interethnic contact has also been shown to influence acculturation preferences between groups, support for multilingual and multicultural maintenance of minority groups, and openness towards multiculturalism. Enhancing understanding of out-groups, nurturing empathy, fostering community, minimizing social distance and prejudice, and shaping positive intentions and behaviors contribute to improved interethnic and intercultural relations through intergroup contact.
809:, higher levels of adoption of the American host culture has been associated with negative effects on health behaviors and outcomes, such as increased risk for depression and discrimination, and increased risk for low self-esteem. However, some individuals also report "finding relief and protection in relationships" and "feeling worse and then feeling better about oneself with increased competencies" during the acculturative process. Again, these differences can be attributed to the age of the immigrant, the manner in which an immigrant exited their home country, and how the immigrant is received by both the original and host cultures. Recent research has compared the acculturative processes of documented Mexican-American immigrants and
730:. Immediate environment also impacts the availability, advantage, and selection of different acculturation strategies. As individuals immigrate to unequal segments of society, immigrants to areas lower on economic and ethnic hierarchies may encounter limited social mobility and membership to a disadvantaged community. It can be explained by the theory of Segmented Assimilation, which is used to describe the situation when immigrants individuals or groups assimilate to the culture of different segments of the society of the host country. The outcome of whether entering the upper class, middle class, or lower class is largely determined by the socioeconomic status of the last generation.
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differences in acceptable social behaviors. Acculturative stress can manifest in many ways, including but not limited to anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and other forms of mental and physical maladaptation. Stress caused by acculturation has been heavily documented in phenomenological research on the acculturation of a large variety of immigrants. This research has shown that acculturation is a "fatiguing experience requiring a constant stream of bodily energy," and is both an "individual and familial endeavor" involving "enduring loneliness caused by seemingly insurmountable language barriers".
997:(2006) that included 7,997 immigrant adolescents from 13 countries found that immigrant boys tend to have slightly better psychological adaptation than immigrant girls. Overall, immigrants in the integration profile were found to be more well-adapted than those in other profiles. Perceived discrimination was also negatively linked to both psychological and sociocultural adaptation. Various factors can explain the differences in these findings, including how different the two interacting cultures are, and degree of integration difficulty (
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applied existence of the marginalization acculturation strategy. In addition, the bi-directionality of acculturation means that whenever two groups are engaged in cultural exchange, there are 16 permutations of acculturation strategies possible (e.g. an integrationist individual within an assimilationist host culture). According to the research, another critic of the fourfold of acculturation is that the people are less likely to cultivate a self-perception but either not assimilate other cultures or continuing the heritage cultures.
459:, the most common progenitor of direct cultural change. Although these cultural changes may seem simple, the combined results are both robust and complex, impacting both groups and individuals from the original culture and the host culture. Anthropologists, historians, and sociologists have studied acculturation with dominance almost exclusively, primarily in the context of colonialism, as a result of the expansion of western European peoples throughout the world during the past five centuries.
476:. From studying Polish immigrants in Chicago, they illustrated three forms of acculturation corresponding to three personality types: Bohemian (adopting the host culture and abandoning their culture of origin), Philistine (failing to adopt the host culture but preserving their culture of origin), and creative-type (able to adapt to the host culture while preserving their culture of origin). In 1936, Redfield, Linton, and Herskovits provided the first widely used definition of acculturation as:
838:(SES) serve as protections or mediators against acculturative stress. Previous work shows that limited education, low SES, and underemployment all increase acculturative stress. Since this field of research is rapidly growing, more research is needed to better understand how certain subgroups are differentially impacted, how stereotypes and biases have influenced former research questions about acculturative stress, and the ways in which acculturative stress can be effectively mediated.
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831:, since Muslim Arab-Americans have faced increased prejudice and discrimination, leaving this religious ethnic community with an increased risk of acculturative stress. Research focusing on the adolescent Muslim Arab American experience of acculturation has also found that youth who experience acculturative stress during the identity formation process are at a higher risk for low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.
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also faced discrimination, hostility, and exclusion by their own ethnic group (Mexicans) because of their unauthorized legal status. These studies highlight the complexities of acculturative stress, the degree of variability in health outcomes, and the need for specificity over generalizations when discussing potential or actual health outcomes.
560:. It is important to note that in this theory, no single mode of communication is inherently superior, and no final solution to intercultural conflict is suggested. Instead, Kramer puts forth three integrated theories: the theory Dimensional Accrual and Dissociation, the Cultural Fusion Theory and the Cultural Churning Theory.
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and semiotics, which infer that identity, meaning, communication, and learning all depend on differences or variance. According to this view, total assimilation would result in a monoculture void of personal identity, meaning, and communication. Kramer's DAD theory also utilizes concepts from several
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Researchers recently uncovered another layer of complications in this field, where survey data has either combined several ethnic groups together or has labeled an ethnic group incorrectly. When these generalizations occur, nuances and subtleties about a person or group's experience of acculturation
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Mexican-American immigrants and found significant differences in their experiences and levels of acculturative stress. Both groups of
Mexican-American immigrants faced similar risks for depression and discrimination from the host (Americans), but the undocumented group of Mexican-American immigrants
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One important distinction when it comes to risk for acculturative stress is degree of willingness, or migration status, which can differ greatly if one enters a country as a voluntary immigrant, refugee, asylum seeker, or sojourner. According to several studies, voluntary migrants experience roughly
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Although numerous models of acculturation exist, the most complete models take into consideration the changes occurring at the group and individual levels of both interacting groups. To understand acculturation at the group level, one must first look at the nature of both cultures before coming into
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as a result of being placed into a new culture, or when another culture is brought to someone. Individuals of a differing culture try to incorporate themselves into the new more prevalent culture by participating in aspects of the more prevalent culture, such as their traditions, but still hold onto
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This type of entry distinction is important, but acculturative stress can also vary significantly within and between ethnic groups. Much of the scholarly work on this topic has focused on Asian and Latino/a immigrants, however, more research is needed on the effects of acculturative stress on other
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When individuals of a certain culture are exposed to another culture (host) that is primarily more present in the area that they live, some aspects of the host culture will likely be taken and blended within aspects of the original culture of the individuals. In situations of continuous contact,
751:, which argues that first generation immigrants tend to have better health outcomes than non-immigrants. Although this term has been popularized, most of the academic literature supports the opposite conclusion, or that immigrants have poorer health outcomes than their host culture counterparts.
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Under normal circumstances that are seen commonly in today's society, the process of acculturation normally occurs over a large span of time throughout a few generations. Physical force can be seen in some instances of acculturation, which can cause it to occur more rapidly, but it is not a main
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Several theorists have stated that the fourfold models of acculturation are too simplistic to have predictive validity. Some common criticisms of such models include the fact that individuals don't often fall neatly into any of the four categories, and that there is very little evidence for the
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Food habits and food consumption are affected by acculturation on different levels. Research has indicated that food habits are discreet and practiced privately, and change occurs slowly. Consumption of new food items is affected by the availability of native ingredients, convenience, and cost;
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Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting the culture or language of one nation in another, usually occurring in situations in which assimilation is the dominant strategy of acculturation. Cultural imperialism can take the form of an active, formal policy or a general attitude regarding
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Cultural appropriation is the adoption of some specific elements of one culture by members a different cultural group. It can include the introduction of forms of dress or personal adornment, music and art, religion, language, or behavior. These elements are typically imported into the existing
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The large flux of migrants around the world has sparked scholarly interest in acculturation, and how it can specifically affect health by altering levels of stress, access to health resources, and attitudes towards health. The effects of acculturation on physical health is thought to be a major
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outlined seven stages of the assimilative process, setting the stage for literature on this topic. Later, Young Yun Kim authored a reiteration of Gordon's work, but argued cross-cultural adaptation as a multi-staged process. Kim's theory focused on the unitary nature of psychological and social
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Language plays a pivotal role in cultural heritage, serving as both a foundation for group identity and a means for transmitting culture in situations of contact between languages. Language acculturation strategies, attitudes and identities can also influence the sociolinguistic development of
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Attitudes towards acculturation, and thus the range of acculturation strategies available, have not been consistent over time. For example, for most of
American history, policies and attitudes have been based around established ethnic hierarchies with an expectation of one-way assimilation for
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The fourfold model is a bilinear model that categorizes acculturation strategies along two dimensions. The first dimension concerns the retention or rejection of an individual's minority or native culture (i.e. "Is it considered to be of value to maintain one's identity and characteristics?"),
427:, numerous theories and definitions have emerged to describe elements of the acculturative process. Despite definitions and evidence that acculturation entails a two-way process of change, research and theory have primarily focused on the adjustments and adaptations made by minorities such as
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On a broad scale study, involving immigrants in 13 immigration-receiving countries, the experience of discrimination was positively related to the maintenance of the immigrants' ethnic culture. In other words, immigrants that maintain their cultural practices and values are more likely to be
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which address the nature in which the former and new cultures make contact. Kramer uses the phrase "interaction potential" to refer to differences in individual or group acculturative processes. For example, the process of acculturation is markedly different if one is entering the host as an
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In contradistinction from
Gudykunst and Kim's version of adaptive evolution, Eric M. Kramer developed his theory of Cultural Fusion (2011, 2010, 2000a, 1997a, 2000a, 2011, 2012) maintaining clear, conceptual distinctions between assimilation, adaptation, and integration. According to Kramer,
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refers to the stress response of immigrants in response to their experiences of acculturation. Stressors can include but are not limited to the pressures of learning a new language, maintaining one's native language, balancing differing cultural values, and brokering between native and host
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Most individuals show variation in both their ideal and chosen acculturation strategies across different domains of their lives. For example, among immigrants, it is often easier and more desired to acculturate to their host society's attitudes towards politics and government, than it is to
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is used to define individual foreign-origin acculturation, and occurs on a smaller scale with less visible impact. Scholars making this distinction use the term "acculturation" only to address large-scale cultural transactions. Acculturation, then, is the process by which migrants gain new
1001:). These types of factors partially explain why general statements about approaches to acculturation are not sufficient in predicting successful adaptation. As research in this area has expanded, one study has identified marginalization as being a maladaptive acculturation strategy.
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of the acculturation literature found these results to be unclear, a more thorough meta-analysis of 40 studies showed that integration was indeed found to have a "significant, weak, and positive relationship with psychological and sociocultural adjustment". A study was done by
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At the individual level, the process of acculturation refers to the socialization process by which foreign-born individuals blend the values, customs, norms, cultural attitudes, and behaviors of the overarching host culture. This process has been linked to changes in daily
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At this group level, acculturation often results in changes to culture, religious practices, health care, and other social institutions. There are also significant ramifications on the food, clothing, and language of those becoming introduced to the overarching culture.
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Those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups...under this definition acculturation is to be distinguished
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immigrant or as a refugee. Moreover, this idea encapsulates the importance of how receptive a host culture is to the newcomer, how easy is it for the newcomer to interact with and get to know the host, and how this interaction affects both the newcomer
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Scholars in different disciplines have developed more than 100 different theories of acculturation, but the concept of acculturation has only been studied scientifically since 1918. As it has been approached at different times from the fields of
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culture, and may have wildly different meanings or lack the subtleties of their original cultural context. Because of this, cultural appropriation for monetary gain is typically viewed negatively, and has sometimes been called "cultural theft".
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as
Caucasian or "White". By doing so, this data set omits many factors about the Muslim Arab-American migrant experience, including but not limited to acculturation and acculturative stress. This is of particular importance after the events of
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in response to their contact with the dominant majority. Contemporary research has primarily focused on different strategies of acculturation, how variations in acculturation affect individuals, and interventions to make this process easier.
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whereas the second dimension concerns the adoption or rejection of the dominant group or host culture. ("Is it considered to be of value to maintain relationships with the larger society?") From this, four acculturation strategies emerge.
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represents one proposed alternative to the typological approach by attempting to explain the acculturation process within a framework of state policies and the dynamic interplay of host community and immigrant acculturation orientations.
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that refers to the process of maintaining cultural content by researching those individuals' language use, religious belief, and family norms. Cultural exchange can either occur naturally through extended contact, or more quickly though
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society, in which multiple cultures are accepted and appreciated, individuals are encouraged to adopt an integrationist approach to acculturation. In societies where cultural exclusion is promoted, individuals often adopt
2005:"How minority members' perceptions of majority members' acculturation preferences shape minority members' own acculturation preferences: Evidence from Chile: Predicting minority members' acculturation preferences"
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their original cultural values and traditions. The effects of acculturation can be seen at multiple levels in both the devotee of the prevailing culture and those who are assimilating into the culture.
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Studies suggest that individuals' respective acculturation strategy can differ between their private and public life spheres. For instance, an individual may reject the values and norms of the
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that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society. Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a new
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Research has largely indicated that the integrationist model of acculturation leads to the most favorable psychological outcomes and marginalization to the least favorable. While an initial
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Some researchers argue that education, social support, hopefulness about employment opportunities, financial resources, family cohesion, maintenance of traditional cultural values, and high
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The fourfold models used to describe individual attitudes of immigrants parallel models used to describe group expectations of the larger society and how groups should acculturate. In a
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Cole, Nicki Lisa; Cole, Ph D. Nicki Lisa; journalist, Ph D. is a freelance; California, has taught a range of sociology courses at the
University of; Barbara, Santa; College, Pomona.
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contact with one another. A useful approach is Eric Kramer's theory of
Dimensional Accrual and Dissociation (DAD). Two fundamental premises in Kramer's DAD theory are the concepts of
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is a mixed language that has developed to help communication between members of different cultures in contact, usually occurring in situations of trade or colonialism. For example,
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Ward, C. (2001). The A, B, Cs of acculturation. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.) "The handbook of culture and psychology" (pp. 411–445). Oxford, United
Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
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occurs when individuals can adopt the cultural norms of the dominant or host culture while maintaining their culture of origin. Integration leads to, and is often synonymous with
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those who relocate to a new country on a time-limited basis and for a specific purpose. It is important to note that this group fully intends to return to their native country.
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those that leave their country of origin to find employment, economic opportunity, advanced education, marriage, or to reunite with family members that have already immigrated.
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Hässler, Tabea; González, Roberto; Lay, Siugmin; Lickel, Brian; Zagefka, Hanna; Tropp, Linda R.; Brown, Rupert; Manzi
Astudillo, Jorge; Bernardino, Michelle (March 2019).
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In some instances, acculturation results in the adoption of another country's language, which is then modified over time to become a new, distinct, language. For example,
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assimilation involves conformity to a pre-existing form. Kramer's (2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2003, 2009, 2011) theory of
Cultural Fusion, which is based on systems theory and
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Goforth; Pham; Chun; Castro-Olivo; Yosai (2016). "Association of acculturative stress, Islamic practices, and internalizing symptoms among Arab American adolescents".
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50% less acculturative stress than refugees, making this an important distinction. According to Schwartz (2010), there are four main categories of migrants:
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occurs when individuals reject the dominant or host culture in favor of preserving their culture of origin. Separation is often facilitated by immigration to
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societies, in which humans are separated into racial, ethnic and/or religious groups in daily life, a separation acculturation strategy is endorsed. In a
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cultures have exchanged and blended foods, music, dances, clothing, tools, and technologies. This kind of cultural exchange can be related to selective
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R, E. J.; Okazaki, Sumie; Saw, Anne (2009). "Bicultural self-efficacy among college students: Initial scale development and mental health correlates".
919:, often living as ethnic minorities, developed distinct languages derived from the common languages of the countries in which they lived (for example,
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Nguyen, Angela-MinhTu D.; Benet-Martínez, Verónica (2007). "Biculturalism Unpacked: Components, Measurement, Individual Differences, and Outcomes".
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Lueck & Wilson (2011). "Acculturative stress in Latino immigrants: The impact of social, socio-psychological and migration-related factors".
2914:"Acculturation in a postcolonial context: Language, identity, cultural adaptation, and academic achievement of Macao students in Mainland China"
2465:"The longitudinal associations between discrimination, depressive symptoms, and prosocial behaviors in US Latino/a recent immigrant adolescents"
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component of the process. More commonly, the process occurs through social pressure or constant exposure to the more prevalent host culture.
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2685:"Does selective acculturation work? Cultural orientations, educational aspirations and school effort among children of immigrants in Norway"
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Rudmin, Floyd W. (2003). "Critical history of the acculturation psychology of assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization".
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Berry, J. W. (January 2003). "Conceptual approaches to acculturation". In Chun, Kevin M.; Organista, Pamela Balls; Marín, Gerardo (eds.).
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Ward, Colleen (March 2008). "Thinking outside the Berry boxes: New perspectives on identity, acculturation and intercultural relations".
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did not become prominent in America until the 1980s. Separatism can still be seen today in autonomous religious communities such as the
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Gudykunst, W. & Kim, Y. Y. Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication, 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
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Cobb; Xie; Meca; Schwartz (2016). "Acculturation, Discrimination & Depression Among Undocumented Latino/as in the United States".
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community is god, and stealing it is a highly punishable offense. For example, many people in India believe that statues of the god
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Anthropologists have made a semantic distinction between group and individual levels of acculturation. In such instances, the term
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2075:"People in contact, languages in contact. A multi-group analysis of the effects of interethnic contact on acculturation attitudes"
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Schneider, Arnd (2003). "On 'appropriation': A critical reappraisal of the concept and its application in global art practices".
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Sam, David L.; Berry, John W. (1 July 2010). "Acculturation When Individuals and Groups of Different Cultural Backgrounds Meet".
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occurs when individuals adopt the cultural norms of a dominant or host culture, over their original culture. Sometimes it is
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is a simplified form of English mixed with some of the language of another culture. Some pidgin languages can develop into
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society, in which a harmonious and homogenous culture is promoted, assimilation is the endorsed acculturation strategy. In
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Skuza, Jennifer A. (1 December 2007). "Humanizing the Understanding of the Acculturation Experience with Phenomenology".
2118:"Understanding multicultural attitudes: The role of group status, identification, friendships, and justifying ideologies"
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Navas, Marisol; García, María C.; Sánchez, Juan; Rojas, Antonio J.; Pumares, Pablo; Fernández, Juan S. (January 2005).
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Kim, Young Yun (2005). Adapting to a New Culture. In Gudykunst, W (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication.
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Zhou, Min (1997). "Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research on the New Second Generation".
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Zhou, Min (1997). "Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research on the New Second Generation".
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452:, and in particular the histories of Europe and the United States, are largely defined by patterns of acculturation.
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Lara, Marielena; Gamboa, Cristina; Kahramanian, M. Iya; Morales, Leo S.; Hayes Bautista, David E. (21 April 2005).
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information and insight about the norms and values of their culture and adapt their behaviors to the host culture.
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2587:"Acculturation and Latino Health in the United States: A Review of the Literature and its Sociopolitical Context"
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or acculturative stress can be diluted or lost. For example, much of the scholarly literature on this topic uses
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2670:"Acculturative Stress and Adaptability Levels Between Documented versus Undocumented Hispanic College Students"
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891:, the written language of Chinese language, has been adapted and modified by other nearby cultures, including:
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Long before efforts toward racial and cultural integration in the United States arose, the common process was
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Da Silva, Nicole; Dillon, Frank R.; Rose Verdejo, Toni; Sanchez, Mariana; De La Rosa, Mario (February 2017).
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Kramer, E. M. (2000). Cultural fusion and the defense of difference. In M. K. Asante & J. E. Min (Eds.),
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is used to describe the process of first-culture learning, acculturation can be thought of as second-culture
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2875:"Language shift among adolescent ethnic German immigrants: Predictors of increasing use of German over time"
2165:"Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM): New contributions with regard to the study of acculturation"
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reality involves strong emotional identification, where a holy relic does not simply symbolize the sacred,
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refers to the random mutation of new forms of life, not the convergence of a monoculture (Kramer, 2003).
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2378:"Acculturative Stress, Psychological Distress, and Religious Coping Among Latina Young Adult Immigrants"
2036:"With a little help from our friends: The impact of cross-group friendship on acculturation preferences"
1850:"Segmented Assimilation Revisited: Types of Acculturation and Socioeconomic Mobility in Young Adulthood"
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Kramer, Eric Mark (2012). "Dimensional accrual and dissociation: An introduction". In Grace, J. (ed.).
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Kramer, E. M. (in press). Dimensional accrual and dissociation: An introduction. I In J. Grace (Ed.),
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4370:
4353:
4343:
4318:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4132:
4087:
4077:
3933:
3918:
3855:
3796:
3761:
3700:
3665:
3660:
3587:
3572:
3511:
3208:
3200:
3169:
3127:
3096:
3069:
3003:
2925:
2886:
2847:
2725:
2696:
2641:
2608:
2598:
2567:
2529:
2484:
2476:
2405:
2389:
2339:
2296:
2264:
2224:
2176:
2129:
2082:
2047:
2016:
1977:
1914:
1877:
1861:
1814:
1735:
1703:
1672:
1464:
1273:
1200:
975:
935:). Another common effect of acculturation on language is the formation of pidgin languages.
759:
719:
698:
678:
674:
327:
275:
270:
239:
198:
2757:
Alexander, Victoria (31 January 2003). "The Cultural Diamond – The Production of Culture".
4790:
4785:
4710:
4571:
4526:
4516:
4443:
4438:
4375:
4348:
4323:
4293:
4288:
4268:
4263:
4047:
4022:
3955:
3813:
1433:
1381:
1356:
1331:
1054:
1034:
944:
755:
703:
669:
occurs when individuals reject both their culture of origin and the dominant host culture.
665:
646:
375:
280:
260:
183:
178:
158:
138:
3158:"Expanding the margins of identity: A critique of marginalization in a globalized world"
2489:
2464:
2035:
1011:
912:
4586:
4511:
4506:
4476:
4455:
4380:
4313:
4137:
4117:
3680:
3597:
3213:
3188:
3033:
2992:"Influence of Acculturation on Foodways among Ethnic Groups and Common Acceptable Food"
2613:
2586:
2410:
2377:
2330:
Ausubel, David P. (December 1960). "Acculturative Stress in Modern Maori Adolescence".
1882:
1849:
1676:
1226:
1124:
1099:
1094:
1029:
940:
928:
882:
823:
3370:
3131:
788:
those who have been involuntarily displaced by persecution, war, or natural disasters.
541:, to synthesize explanations of widely observed cultural expressions and differences.
4861:
4795:
4780:
4765:
4740:
4730:
4658:
4618:
4486:
4358:
4122:
4102:
4067:
3987:
3928:
3908:
3867:
3781:
3730:
3187:
Schwartz, Seth J.; Unger, Jennifer B.; Zamboanga, Byron L.; Szapocznik, José (2010).
3100:
2541:
2188:
2102:
1981:
1755:
1465:
1212:
1084:
1069:
1049:
1039:
989:
658:
538:
494:
449:
400:
2506:
2316:
2149:
1989:
615:
4760:
4705:
4693:
4678:
4648:
4561:
4501:
4107:
3791:
3771:
3766:
3715:
2929:
2890:
2851:
2571:
2268:
2180:
2133:
1848:
Waters, Mary C.; Tran, Van C.; Kasinitz, Philip; Mollenkopf, John H. (2010-07-01).
1707:
1119:
529:
511:
420:
148:
3478:
Religious Misperceptions: The case of Muslims and Christians in France and Britain
3260:
Television criticism and the problem of ground interpretation after deconstruction
2701:
2684:
2086:
1427:
Religious Misperceptions: The case of Muslims and Christians in France and Britain
1325:
Religious misperceptions: The case of Muslims and Christians in France and Britain
1278:
1261:
3389:
3306:
3008:
2991:
1411:
1396:
571:– to take such a statue/god from its temple is more than theft, it is blasphemy.
4770:
4673:
4643:
4328:
3786:
3685:
3592:
2004:
690:
534:
472:
463:
456:
234:
193:
153:
143:
89:
3189:"Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research"
794:
those who willingly leave their native country to flee persecution or violence.
754:
One prominent explanation for the negative health behaviors and outcomes (e.g.
3835:
3613:
3276:. Contributions in sociology. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. pp. 1–60.
2729:
2533:
2480:
2073:
Ubalde, Josep; Janés, Judit; Senar, Fernando; Lapresta, Cecilio (2023-11-08).
1865:
738:
acculturate to new attitudes about religion, principles, values, and customs.
727:
503:
428:
416:
396:
3139:
3017:
2937:
2898:
2859:
2645:
2401:
2393:
2141:
2094:
2059:
2020:
1926:
1873:
1739:
1692:"Domains and dimensions in acculturation: Implicit theories of Turkish–Dutch"
4663:
4062:
2836:"Evolution and determinants of language attitudes among Catalan adolescents"
1204:
424:
392:
3222:
2990:
Ishak, Noriza; Zahari, Mohd Salehuddin Mohd.; Othman, Zulhan (2013-12-03).
2622:
2498:
2463:
Davis; Carlo; Schwartz; Unger; Zamboanga; Lorenzo-Blanco; Martinez (2016).
2419:
2359:
2308:
2236:
1942:
1891:
1834:
1747:
718:
has existed since the early 20th century, the recognition and promotion of
3162:
International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation
3346:. New York: University Press of America. pp. 182–223. Archived from
2873:
Michel, Andrea; Titzmann, Peter F.; Silbereisen, Rainer K. (2012-03-01).
1424:
Kramer, E. M. (2011). Preface. In Croucher, S. M. & Cronn-Mills, D.,
1322:
Kramer, E. M. (2011). Preface. In Croucher, S. M. & Cronn-Mills, D.,
1246:
The Polish peasant in Europe and America: monograph of an immigrant group
580:
432:
404:
3270:
Consciousness and culture: an introduction to the thought of Jean Gebser
3241:
Communicating with Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication
563:
For instance, according to Kramer's DAD theory, a statue of a god in an
3534:
3173:
2351:
2300:
2228:
1934:
1826:
920:
908:
188:
2051:
1961:
Berry, John W.; Phinney, Jean S.; Sam, David L.; Vedder, Paul (2006).
1287:
3845:
3204:
3073:
2807:
Fishman, Joshua A.; García, Ofelia; Press, Oxford University (2010).
1661:
Berry, John W. (1997). "Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation".
936:
568:
2343:
1918:
1818:
1467:
Acculturation: Advances in Theory, Measurement, and Applied Research
677:
in their private life (separation), whereas they might adapt to the
3157:
1691:
681:
in public parts of their life (i.e., integration or assimilation).
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
723:
614:
1260:
Redfield, Robert; Linton, Ralph; Herskovits, Melville J. (1936).
594:
Kramer refers to changes in each culture due to acculturation as
3367:
Computers, human interaction, and organizations: Critical issues
916:
462:
The first psychological theory of acculturation was proposed in
3507:
3391:
The Emerging Monoculture: Assimilation and the "Model Minority"
2834:
Ubalde, Josep; Alarcón, Amado; Lapresta, Cecilio (2017-09-01).
1771:"Models of American Ethnic Relations: A Historical Perspective"
1690:
Arends-Tóth, Judit; van de Vijver, Fons J. R. (February 2004).
1412:
The Emerging Monoculture: Assimilation and the "Model Minority"
1347:
Kramer, E. M. (2010). Immigration. In R. L. Jackson, II (Ed.),
2003:
Zagefka, Hanna; González, Roberto; Brown, Rupert (June 2011).
1778:
Cultural divides: The social psychology of inter-group contact
332:
18:
3035:
Intercultural Communication: Globalization and Social Justice
591:
modality is far less emotional and increasingly dissociated.
3480:. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton. pp. vii–xxxii. Archived from
3344:
Socio-cultural Conflict between African and Korean Americans
1375:
Socio-cultural Conflict between African and Korean Americans
3420:. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton. pp. ix–xxxix. Archived from
3411:"Theoretical reflections on intercultural studies: Preface"
2640:. International and Cultural Psychology. pp. 287–298.
2638:
Handbook of Multicultural Perspectives on Stress and Coping
36:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3503:
1963:"Immigrant Youth: Acculturation, Identity, and Adaptation"
2437:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–57.
587:
nature, where it represents a symbol of God. Lastly, the
1780:. New York: Russell Sage. pp. 23–45. Archived from
3450:. Thousand Oaks: Sage. pp. 384–389. Archived from
3369:. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. 31–54. Archived from
3308:
Modern/postmodern: Off the Beaten Path of Antimodernism
2759:
Sociology of the Arts: Exploring Fine and Popular Forms
1397:
Modern/Postmodern: Off the Beaten Path of Antimodernism
544:
Kramer's theory identifies three communication styles (
42:
3151:
3149:
2079:
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
1385:(pp. 182-223). New York: University Press of America.
619:
The four essential (paradigm) forms of acculturation
4469:
4389:
4146:
3886:
3749:
3606:
3555:
2371:
2369:
2289:
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology
2116:Verkuyten, Maykel; Martinovic, Borja (2006-01-01).
762:) associated with the acculturation process is the
3032:
2435:The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology
1243:Thomas, William Isaac; Znaniecki, Florian (1919).
455:One of the most notable forms of acculturation is
3243:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
3120:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
2918:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
2879:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
2840:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
2560:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
2257:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
2169:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
2122:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
1696:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
1231:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
3337:"Cultural fusion and the defense of difference"
2636:Berry, John W. (2006). "Acculturative Stress".
1448:Comparative Cultures and Civilizations (Vol. 3)
478:
3239:Gudykunst, William B.; Kim, Young Yun (2003).
1471:. AmericanPsychological Association. pp.
1437:(pp. vii-xxxii). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
523:Theory of Dimensional Accrual and Dissociation
3519:
3116:"The measurement of sociocultural adaptation"
3114:Ward, Colleen; Kennedy, Antony (1999-08-01).
1409:Kramer, E. M. (Contributing Editor). (2003).
1335:. (pp. v-xxxi). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
1012:Rethinking the Concept of Acculturation - PMC
485:, which is at times a phase of acculturation.
352:
8:
3262:(Thesis). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
2975:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2951:Kittler, Sucher, Pamela, Kathryn P. (2008).
1956:
1954:
1952:
1458:
1456:
2742:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
2604:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144615
1721:
1719:
1717:
1262:"Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation"
374:is a process of social, psychological, and
3526:
3512:
3504:
2810:Handbook of Language & Ethnic Identity
1368:
1366:
1343:
1341:
598:. Kramer also addresses what he calls the
359:
345:
76:
3212:
3089:Social and Personality Psychology Compass
3007:
2996:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
2700:
2612:
2602:
2488:
2409:
1881:
1277:
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
951:languages in bi/multilingual contexts.
947:, which are spoken as a first language.
473:The Polish Peasant in Europe and America
3365:. In issues, V.; Murphy, J. W. (eds.).
3342:. In Asante, M. K.; Min, J. E. (eds.).
3156:Kunst, Jonas R.; Sam, David L. (2013).
2689:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
1607:
1579:
1555:
1547:
1531:
1503:
1136:
319:
288:
247:
206:
130:
104:
88:
16:Adjusting to a new cultural environment
3496:. Vol. 3. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton.
3494:Comparative Cultures and Civilizations
3360:"Contemptus mundi: Reality as disease"
2968:
2735:
1776:. In Prentice, D.; Miller, D. (eds.).
1643:
1631:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1535:
1527:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1233:. : Oxford University Press, 2001
685:Predictors of acculturation strategies
2553:
2551:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2040:European Journal of Social Psychology
1728:Perspectives on Psychological Science
1656:
1654:
1652:
1360:. (pp. 384-389). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
7:
4821:
4422:Role of Christianity in civilization
2009:British Journal of Social Psychology
1225:Nutini, Hugo G. "Acculturation". In
1143:Jacob, L. M. (2020). Acculturation.
822:data. The Census incorrectly labels
4833:
3039:. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
2683:Friberg, Jon Horgen (10 Apr 2019).
1907:The International Migration Review
1677:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
1249:. The University of Chicago Press.
14:
395:, as well as numerous changes in
4832:
4820:
4809:
4808:
3543:
3101:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00029.x
3062:Journal of Counseling Psychology
2912:Lou, Nigel Mantou (2021-11-01).
2469:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
1982:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00256.x
312:White genocide conspiracy theory
96:
23:
4634:Culture and positive psychology
3544:
3446:. In Jackson, II, R. L. (ed.).
1016:interactive acculturation model
999:bicultural identity integration
805:ethnic immigrant groups. Among
4073:High- and low-context cultures
2930:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.10.004
2891:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.10.002
2852:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.07.003
2591:Annual Review of Public Health
2572:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.11.002
2269:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.11.016
2181:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.04.001
2134:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.05.015
1807:International Migration Review
1708:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2003.09.001
1:
3132:10.1016/S0147-1767(99)00014-0
2702:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1602471
2087:10.1080/01434632.2023.2277241
1279:10.1525/aa.1936.38.1.02a00330
1159:"Understanding Acculturation"
706:strategies of acculturation.
499:Assimilation in American Life
297:Criticism of multiculturalism
4639:Culture and social cognition
3624:Cross-cultural communication
3009:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.046
1193:Review of General Psychology
399:and physical well-being. As
4873:Majority–minority relations
4721:Intercultural communication
3358:Kramer, Eric Mark (2000b).
3335:Kramer, Eric Mark (2000a).
3326:Kramer, Eric Mark (1997b).
3305:Kramer, Eric Mark (1997a).
2813:. Oxford University Press.
2382:The Counseling Psychologist
2217:School Psychology Quarterly
1115:Intercultural communication
764:acculturative stress theory
4894:
4164:Cross cultural sensitivity
3831:Resistance through culture
3469:Kramer, Eric Mark (2011).
3439:Kramer, Eric Mark (2010).
3409:Kramer, Eric Mark (2009).
3388:Kramer, Eric Mark (2003).
3267:Kramer, Eric Mark (1992).
3258:Kramer, Eric Mark (1988).
3031:Sorrells, Kathryn (2013).
1769:Fredrickson, G.M. (1999).
880:
169:Indefinite leave to remain
4804:
4776:Transformation of culture
4209:Cultural environmentalism
3639:Cross-cultural psychology
3634:Cross-cultural psychiatry
3629:Cross-cultural leadership
3541:
3476:. In Croucher, S. (ed.).
3416:. In Croucher, S. (ed.).
3394:. Westport, CT: Praeger.
3311:. Westport, CT: Praeger.
2730:10.1017/S0964028203000156
2534:10.1007/s10746-007-9073-6
2481:10.1007/s10964-015-0394-x
1866:10.1080/01419871003624076
1854:Ethnic and Racial Studies
1450:. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton.
1302:Thousand Oaks, California
714:. Although the notion of
307:Opposition to immigration
4736:Living things in culture
4726:Intercultural competence
4629:Culture and menstruation
4128:Trans-cultural diffusion
3448:Encyclopedia of Identity
3418:Looking Beyond the Hijab
3330:. Westport, CT: Praeger.
2646:10.1007/0-387-26238-5_12
2394:10.1177/0011000017692111
2021:10.1348/014466610X512211
1740:10.1177/1745691610373075
1415:. Westport, CT: Praeger.
1400:. Westport, CT: Praeger.
1350:Encyclopedia of identity
1145:Salem Press Encyclopedia
1065:Educational anthropology
964:Controversies and debate
600:qualities of out vectors
4547:Cultural homogenization
3777:Individualistic culture
3711:Popular culture studies
3696:Intercultural relations
1266:American Anthropologist
1205:10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.3
579:sacred. By contrast, a
533:scholars, most notably
4482:Archaeological culture
4229:Cultural globalization
4098:Organizational culture
3946:Cultural communication
3904:Cultural appropriation
3691:Intercultural learning
3619:Cross-cultural studies
3328:Postmodernism and Race
2761:. Wiley. p. 162.
2732:(inactive 2024-05-07).
1394:Kramer, E. M. (1997).
1110:Linguistic imperialism
873:cultural superiority.
859:cultural appropriation
620:
556:) in order to explain
487:
220:Immigrant assimilation
113:Immigration by country
45:by rewriting it in an
4751:Participatory culture
4542:Cultural evolutionism
4366:Multiracial democracy
4244:Cultural intelligence
4189:Cultural conservatism
4179:Cultural backwardness
4169:Cultural assimilation
4043:Cultural reproduction
3899:Cultural appreciation
3851:Far-right subcultures
3741:Transcultural nursing
3706:Philosophy of culture
3583:Cultural neuroscience
3563:Cultural anthropology
3193:American Psychologist
2955:. Thomson Wadsworth.
2786:. London: Routledge.
2782:Todd, Loreto (1990).
881:Further information:
780:Voluntary immigrants:
618:
444:Historical approaches
289:Opposition and reform
4746:Oppositional culture
4716:Emotions and culture
4624:Cultural sensibility
4614:Cultural translation
4552:Cultural institution
4532:Cultural determinism
4254:Cultural nationalism
4239:Cultural imperialism
4199:Cultural deprivation
4093:Non-material culture
3726:Sociology of culture
3721:Semiotics of culture
1304:: Sage Publications.
1005:Typological approach
863:cultural imperialism
836:socioeconomic status
768:Acculturative stress
742:Acculturative stress
710:predominantly White
558:cultural differences
450:Western civilization
380:cultural environment
4597:Culture speculation
4592:Cultural relativism
4522:Cultural competence
4412:Cultural Christians
4284:Cultural Revolution
4274:Cultural radicalism
4249:Cultural liberalism
4184:Cultural Bolshevism
4159:Consumer capitalism
4113:Relational mobility
4053:Cultural technology
3961:Cultural dissonance
3878:Culture by location
3841:Alternative culture
3757:Constructed culture
3736:Theology of culture
3676:Cultural psychology
3656:Cultural entomology
2784:Pidgins and Creoles
2718:Social Anthropology
1090:Cultural competence
1075:Cultural relativism
712:European immigrants
174:Migration diplomacy
123:Illegal immigration
4756:Permission culture
4689:Disability culture
4669:Children's culture
4537:Cultural diversity
4497:Circuit of culture
4279:Cultural retention
4259:Cultural pessimism
4214:Cultural exception
4204:Cultural diplomacy
4194:Cultural contracts
4154:Colonial mentality
4083:Manuscript culture
4058:Cultural universal
4028:Cultural pluralism
4008:Cultural landscape
4003:Cultural invention
3971:Cultural framework
3873:Vernacular culture
3671:Cultural mediation
3651:Cultural economics
3646:Cultural analytics
3578:Cultural geography
3568:Cultural astronomy
3174:10.1037/ipp0000008
2301:10.1037/cdp0000118
2229:10.1037/spq0000135
1970:Applied Psychology
1664:Applied Psychology
1432:2012-04-26 at the
1380:2012-04-26 at the
1355:2012-04-26 at the
1330:2012-04-26 at the
984:Recommended models
829:September 11, 2001
716:cultural pluralism
621:
581:Christian crucifix
302:Immigration reform
248:Political theories
215:Social integration
118:Immigration policy
47:encyclopedic style
34:is written like a
4855:
4854:
4684:Death and culture
4577:Cultural movement
4567:Cultural literacy
4427:Eastern Orthodoxy
4339:Dominator culture
4334:Deculturalization
4234:Cultural hegemony
4224:Cultural genocide
4219:Cultural feminism
4038:Cultural property
4033:Cultural practice
4018:Cultural leveling
4013:Cultural learning
3998:Cultural industry
3993:Cultural identity
3976:Cultural heritage
3966:Cultural emphasis
3951:Cultural conflict
3924:Cultural behavior
3914:Cultural artifact
3826:Primitive culture
3802:Political culture
2962:978-0-495-11541-0
2820:978-0-19-537492-6
2695:(15): 2844–2863.
2655:978-0-387-26236-9
2332:Child Development
2052:10.1002/ejsp.2383
1105:Cultural identity
1080:Cultural conflict
1060:Acculturation gap
1045:Deculturalization
749:immigrant paradox
518:Conceptual models
468:Florian Znaniecki
437:indigenous people
369:
368:
320:Causes topics
256:Civic nationalism
229:Acculturation Gap
75:
74:
67:
4885:
4868:Cultural studies
4836:
4835:
4824:
4823:
4812:
4811:
4701:Drinking culture
4654:Culture industry
4602:Cultural tourism
4582:Cultural mulatto
4557:Cultural jet lag
4492:Cannabis culture
4449:Cultural Muslims
4371:Pluriculturalism
4354:Multiculturalism
4344:Interculturalism
4319:Culture minister
4309:Cultural Zionism
4304:Cultural subsidy
4299:Cultural silence
4174:Cultural attaché
4133:Transculturation
4088:Material culture
4078:Interculturality
3934:Cultural capital
3919:Cultural baggage
3856:Youth subculture
3797:Official culture
3762:Dominant culture
3701:Internet culture
3666:Cultural mapping
3661:Cultural history
3588:Cultural studies
3573:Cultural ecology
3547:
3546:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3505:
3497:
3488:
3486:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3415:
3405:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3341:
3331:
3322:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3286:. Archived from
3275:
3263:
3254:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3205:10.1037/a0019330
3184:
3178:
3177:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3074:10.1037/a0015419
3057:
3051:
3050:
3038:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3011:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2966:
2953:Food and Culture
2948:
2942:
2941:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2733:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2492:
2460:
2449:
2448:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2284:
2273:
2272:
2252:
2241:
2240:
2212:
2193:
2192:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1967:
1958:
1947:
1946:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1860:(7): 1168–1193.
1845:
1839:
1838:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1775:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1723:
1712:
1711:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1658:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1601:
1595:
1577:
1571:
1545:
1539:
1525:
1519:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1470:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1386:
1370:
1361:
1345:
1336:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1188:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1154:
1148:
1141:
976:transculturation
945:creole languages
760:low birth weight
720:multiculturalism
699:multiculturalist
679:dominant culture
675:dominant culture
361:
354:
347:
328:Economic migrant
276:Plurinationalism
271:Multiculturalism
240:Social exclusion
207:Social processes
199:Voluntary return
100:
77:
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
27:
26:
19:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4800:
4791:Western culture
4786:Welfare culture
4711:Eastern culture
4572:Cultural mosaic
4527:Cultural critic
4517:Cultural center
4465:
4439:Cultural Hindus
4385:
4376:Polyculturalism
4349:Monoculturalism
4324:Culture of fear
4294:Cultural safety
4289:Cultural rights
4269:Cultural racism
4264:Cultural policy
4142:
4048:Cultural system
4023:Cultural memory
3956:Cultural cringe
3882:
3814:Popular culture
3745:
3681:Cultural values
3602:
3551:
3537:
3532:
3491:
3484:
3473:
3468:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3443:
3438:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3387:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3362:
3357:
3350:
3339:
3334:
3325:
3319:
3304:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3251:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3030:
3029:
3025:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2967:
2963:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2734:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2344:10.2307/1126010
2329:
2328:
2324:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2254:
2253:
2244:
2214:
2213:
2196:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1950:
1919:10.2307/2547421
1913:(4): 975–1008.
1904:
1903:
1899:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1819:10.2307/2547421
1813:(4): 975–1008.
1804:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1725:
1724:
1715:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1602:
1598:
1578:
1574:
1546:
1542:
1526:
1522:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1441:
1434:Wayback Machine
1423:
1419:
1408:
1404:
1393:
1389:
1382:Wayback Machine
1371:
1364:
1357:Wayback Machine
1346:
1339:
1332:Wayback Machine
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1224:
1220:
1190:
1189:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1055:Nationalization
1035:Acclimatization
1025:
1007:
986:
971:
966:
957:
885:
879:
849:
844:
792:Asylum seekers:
744:
704:marginalization
687:
666:Marginalization
647:ethnic enclaves
637:by governments.
613:
611:Fourfold models
525:
520:
470:'s 1918 study,
448:The history of
446:
376:cultural change
365:
281:Ethnocentricism
261:Social cohesion
184:Right of asylum
179:Non-refoulement
164:Externalization
159:Immigration law
139:Border security
131:History and law
71:
60:
54:
51:
43:help improve it
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4891:
4889:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4860:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4842:
4830:
4818:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Cultural probe
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4512:Cross-cultural
4509:
4507:Coffee culture
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4477:Animal culture
4473:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4381:Transculturism
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4314:Culture change
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4138:Visual culture
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4118:Safety culture
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3939:Cross-cultural
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3598:Culture theory
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3489:
3487:on 2012-04-26.
3466:
3436:
3406:
3400:
3385:
3355:
3353:on 2012-04-26.
3332:
3323:
3317:
3302:
3283:978-0313278600
3282:
3264:
3255:
3249:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3199:(4): 237–251.
3179:
3168:(4): 225–241.
3145:
3126:(4): 659–677.
3106:
3095:(1): 101–114.
3079:
3068:(2): 211–226.
3052:
3045:
3023:
2982:
2961:
2943:
2904:
2885:(2): 248–259.
2865:
2826:
2819:
2799:
2792:
2774:
2767:
2749:
2724:(2): 215–229.
2708:
2675:
2661:
2654:
2628:
2577:
2566:(2): 105–114.
2547:
2528:(4): 451–463.
2512:
2475:(3): 457–470.
2450:
2443:
2425:
2388:(2): 213–236.
2365:
2338:(4): 617–631.
2322:
2295:(2): 258–268.
2274:
2263:(2): 186–195.
2242:
2223:(2): 198–212.
2194:
2155:
2108:
2065:
2046:(2): 366–384.
2026:
2015:(2): 216–233.
1995:
1976:(3): 303–332.
1948:
1897:
1840:
1797:
1761:
1713:
1682:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1596:
1572:
1540:
1520:
1488:
1481:
1452:
1439:
1417:
1402:
1387:
1362:
1337:
1315:
1306:
1293:
1272:(1): 149–152.
1252:
1235:
1227:Davíd Carrasco
1218:
1174:
1149:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1125:Fusion cuisine
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:Westernization
1097:
1095:Language shift
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:Naturalization
1026:
1024:
1021:
1006:
1003:
985:
982:
970:
967:
965:
962:
956:
953:
941:Pidgin English
883:Language shift
878:
875:
848:
845:
843:
842:Other outcomes
840:
824:Arab-Americans
802:
801:
795:
789:
783:
747:factor in the
743:
740:
695:segregationist
686:
683:
671:
670:
662:
650:
638:
612:
609:
524:
521:
519:
516:
445:
442:
367:
366:
364:
363:
356:
349:
341:
338:
337:
336:
335:
330:
322:
321:
317:
316:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
291:
290:
286:
285:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
250:
249:
245:
244:
243:
242:
237:
232:
222:
217:
209:
208:
204:
203:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
133:
132:
128:
127:
126:
125:
120:
115:
107:
106:
102:
101:
93:
92:
86:
85:
73:
72:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4890:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4797:
4796:Youth culture
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:Urban culture
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4766:Remix culture
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4741:Media culture
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:Languaculture
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4659:Culture shock
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4619:Cultural turn
4617:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Bennett scale
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Protestantism
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4359:Biculturalism
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Technoculture
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Print culture
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:Enculturation
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:Cultural icon
3986:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:Cultural bias
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Cultural area
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:Acculturation
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:Super culture
3866:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
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3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Legal culture
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Sound culture
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
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3550:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3524:
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3517:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3457:on 2012-04-26
3453:
3449:
3442:
3441:"Immigration"
3437:
3427:on 2016-03-04
3423:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3401:9780275973124
3397:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3376:on 2016-03-04
3372:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3318:9780275957582
3314:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3293:on 2012-04-26
3289:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3250:9780071195379
3246:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
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3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3046:9781412927444
3042:
3037:
3036:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3010:
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2997:
2993:
2986:
2983:
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2972:
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2931:
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2908:
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2866:
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2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2793:9780415053112
2789:
2785:
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2775:
2770:
2768:9780631230403
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2760:
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2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2597:(1): 367–97.
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:Human Studies
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
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2444:9780521849241
2440:
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2426:
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2407:
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2387:
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2379:
2372:
2370:
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2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2314:
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2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
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2151:
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2143:
2139:
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2131:
2127:
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2119:
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2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
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1867:
1863:
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1855:
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1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1787:on 2012-02-18
1783:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:(4): 472–81.
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
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1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:Inculturation
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:Ethnocentrism
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1050:Globalization
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Socialization
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
995:John W. Berry
991:
990:meta-analysis
983:
981:
978:
977:
968:
963:
961:
954:
952:
948:
946:
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934:
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910:
906:
902:
898:
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890:
884:
876:
874:
870:
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864:
860:
855:
854:acculturation
846:
841:
839:
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830:
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790:
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778:
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776:
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769:
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761:
757:
756:substance use
752:
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713:
707:
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700:
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680:
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663:
660:
659:biculturalism
656:
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648:
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643:
639:
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631:
627:
626:
625:
617:
610:
608:
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592:
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586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
539:Lewis Mumford
536:
531:
522:
517:
515:
513:
507:
505:
500:
496:
495:Milton Gordon
492:
486:
484:
477:
475:
474:
469:
465:
460:
458:
453:
451:
443:
441:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
412:
408:
406:
402:
401:enculturation
398:
397:psychological
394:
388:
384:
381:
377:
373:
372:Acculturation
362:
357:
355:
350:
348:
343:
342:
340:
339:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
293:
292:
287:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
252:
251:
246:
241:
238:
236:
233:
230:
226:
225:Acculturation
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
211:
210:
205:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
135:
134:
129:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:
69:
66:
58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
4844:
4837:
4825:
4813:
4761:Rape culture
4706:Drug culture
4694:Deaf culture
4679:Cyberculture
4649:Culture hero
4562:Cultural lag
4502:Civilization
4402:Christianity
4108:Protoculture
3893:
3792:Microculture
3772:High culture
3767:Folk culture
3716:Postcritique
3493:
3482:the original
3477:
3459:. Retrieved
3452:the original
3447:
3429:. Retrieved
3422:the original
3417:
3390:
3378:. Retrieved
3371:the original
3366:
3348:the original
3343:
3327:
3307:
3295:. Retrieved
3288:the original
3269:
3259:
3240:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3165:
3161:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3034:
3026:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2952:
2946:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2809:
2802:
2783:
2777:
2758:
2752:
2738:cite journal
2721:
2717:
2711:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2664:
2637:
2631:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2563:
2559:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2472:
2468:
2434:
2428:
2385:
2381:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2292:
2288:
2260:
2256:
2220:
2216:
2175:(1): 28–29.
2172:
2168:
2158:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2078:
2068:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1973:
1969:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1789:. Retrieved
1782:the original
1777:
1764:
1731:
1727:
1702:(1): 19–35.
1699:
1695:
1685:
1668:
1662:
1639:
1627:
1608:Kramer 1997a
1599:
1580:Kramer 1997a
1575:
1556:Kramer 2000a
1548:Kramer 1997a
1543:
1532:Kramer 1997a
1523:
1504:Kramer 1997a
1491:
1466:
1447:
1442:
1425:
1420:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1390:
1373:
1348:
1323:
1318:
1309:
1296:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1221:
1196:
1192:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1120:Fusion music
1008:
987:
974:
972:
958:
949:
886:
871:
867:
853:
850:
833:
816:
811:undocumented
807:U.S. Latinos
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
763:
753:
745:
736:
732:
708:
688:
672:
664:
652:
640:
630:Assimilation
628:
622:
604:
599:
596:co-evolution
595:
593:
588:
584:
576:
572:
564:
562:
553:
549:
545:
543:
530:hermeneutics
526:
512:hermeneutics
508:
498:
491:assimilation
488:
483:assimilation
479:
471:
461:
454:
447:
421:anthropology
413:
409:
389:
385:
371:
370:
224:
149:Repatriation
61:
52:
33:
4878:Immigration
4839:WikiProject
4771:Tea culture
4674:Culturalism
4644:Culture gap
4607:Pop-culture
4407:Catholicism
4329:Culture war
3787:Low culture
3686:Culturomics
3593:Culturology
3002:: 438–444.
2924:: 213–225.
2128:(1): 1–18.
1644:Kramer 2010
1632:Kramer 2009
1620:Kramer 2012
1616:Kramer 2011
1612:Kramer 2003
1604:Kramer 1992
1592:Kramer 2012
1588:Kramer 2011
1584:Kramer 2003
1568:Kramer 2012
1564:Kramer 2011
1560:Kramer 2003
1552:Kramer 2010
1536:Kramer 2003
1528:Kramer 1992
1516:Kramer 2012
1512:Kramer 2011
1508:Kramer 2003
1500:Kramer 1992
1496:Kramer 1988
969:Definitions
933:Old Spanish
925:High German
820:U.S. Census
798:Sojourners:
691:melting pot
654:Integration
535:Jean Gebser
493:. In 1964,
464:W.I. Thomas
457:imperialism
235:Persecution
154:Deportation
144:Citizenship
90:Immigration
4862:Categories
3836:Subculture
3614:Bioculture
3461:2011-12-19
3431:2011-12-19
3380:2011-12-19
3297:2011-12-19
3233:References
2846:: 92–103.
1791:2011-12-04
1168:2018-12-09
728:Hutterites
642:Separation
607:the host.
583:follows a
504:adaptation
429:immigrants
417:psychology
55:April 2024
4664:Culturgen
4432:Mormonism
4390:Religions
4063:Cultureme
3981:Destroyed
3607:Subfields
3471:"Preface"
3140:0147-1767
3018:1877-0428
2971:cite book
2938:0147-1767
2899:0147-1767
2860:0147-1767
2542:143876583
2402:0011-0000
2189:143660561
2142:0147-1767
2103:265196239
2095:0143-4632
2060:0046-2772
1927:0197-9183
1874:0141-9870
1756:220262608
1671:(1): 10.
1213:144987871
1163:ThoughtCo
786:Refugees:
425:sociology
393:behaviour
4815:Category
4397:Buddhism
4147:Politics
3556:Sciences
3223:20455618
2623:15760294
2507:22674591
2499:26597783
2490:11194831
2420:29033462
2360:13685218
2317:22501934
2309:27429063
2237:27243243
2150:56235559
2081:: 1–14.
1990:34215198
1943:12293212
1892:20543888
1835:12293212
1748:26162193
1430:Archived
1378:Archived
1353:Archived
1328:Archived
1199:(1): 3.
1023:See also
877:Language
726:and the
589:signalic
585:symbolic
554:signalic
550:symbolic
497:'s book
433:refugees
405:learning
266:Nativism
82:a series
80:Part of
4846:Changes
4827:Commons
4470:Related
4461:Sikhism
4456:Judaism
3887:Aspects
3549:Outline
3535:Culture
3214:3700543
2614:5920562
2411:5636182
2352:1126010
1935:2547421
1883:2882294
1827:2547421
1229:(ed.).
921:Yiddish
913:chữ Hán
909:Vietnam
907:), and
847:Culture
481:from...
189:Refugee
105:General
41:Please
3846:Fandom
3398:
3315:
3280:
3247:
3221:
3211:
3138:
3043:
3016:
2959:
2936:
2897:
2858:
2817:
2790:
2765:
2652:
2621:
2611:
2540:
2505:
2497:
2487:
2441:
2418:
2408:
2400:
2358:
2350:
2315:
2307:
2235:
2187:
2148:
2140:
2101:
2093:
2058:
1988:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1890:
1880:
1872:
1833:
1825:
1754:
1746:
1479:
1288:662563
1286:
1211:
937:Pidgin
929:Ladino
635:forced
573:Idolic
569:Ganesh
565:idolic
546:idolic
435:, and
423:, and
4444:Islam
3819:Urban
3807:Civic
3750:Types
3485:(PDF)
3474:(PDF)
3455:(PDF)
3444:(PDF)
3425:(PDF)
3414:(PDF)
3374:(PDF)
3363:(PDF)
3351:(PDF)
3340:(PDF)
3291:(PDF)
3274:(PDF)
2538:S2CID
2503:S2CID
2348:JSTOR
2313:S2CID
2185:S2CID
2146:S2CID
2099:S2CID
1986:S2CID
1966:(PDF)
1931:JSTOR
1823:JSTOR
1785:(PDF)
1774:(PDF)
1752:S2CID
1475:–37.
1284:JSTOR
1209:S2CID
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