Achomawi - Knowledge

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and human evidence taken away. The settlers' cattle would also fall in these pits, so much so that the settlers convinced the people to stop this practice. The pits were most numerous near the river because the deer came down to drink and so the river is named for these trapping pits. Deer hunting was always preceded by ritual. Rituals also existed that did not involve the hunting process but involved the avoidance of deer meat. Adolescent girls would stuff their nostrils with fragrant herbs to avoid smelling

234:

about 20-60 inhabitants per village. The bands were organized by having one central village with smaller satellite villages. The lower Pit River bands existed in a more densely forested mountain zone, while the upper Pit River bands had a drier sage brush and juniper zone. Their housing, food sources, and seasonal movements therefore also varied. In the summer, the Achomawi band, and other upper Pit River bands usually lived in cone-shaped homes covered in

131:. The name "Achomawi" means river people and properly applies to the band which historically inhabited the Fall River Valley and the Pit River from the south end of Big Valley Mountains, westerly to Pit River Falls. The nine bands of Achumawi lived on both sides of the Pit River from its origin at Goose Lake to Montgomery Creek, and the two bands of Atsugewi lived south of the Pit River on creeks tributary to it in the Hat Creek valley and Dixie Valley. 2541: 41: 59: 492:, was six to feet in depth and extended across the stream from one side to the other in calm water. Stones were used to sink the lower edge, and buoys were used on the upper edge. The fisherman would sit in a canoe at one bank, and a pulley was attached to the opposite shore. When the net was tugged upon by the fish, the fisherman would haul in the float line with the pulley to remove the catch. 615:. A victory dance was also held in the community, which involved the toting of a head of the enemy with women participating in the celebration. Elder men would fast to increase the run of fish and women and children would eat out of sight of the river to encourage fish populations. Spiritual presences were identified with mountain peaks, certain springs, and other sacred places. 1257:(″Madesi Valley″) was on the north bank of the Pit River, east of Kosk Creek, and was directly across the river from the smaller villages that surrounded the hot springs on the river's south bank, which were called Oo-le'-moo-me, Lah'-lah-pis'-mah, and Al-loo-satch-ha.; usually referred to as "Big Bend Achomawi" or “Big Bend People”, sometimes as “Montgomery Creek People” 140: 517:, was placed in shallow streams to capture trout, pike and suckers. A row of stakes were placed in the bottom of the stream and stones, logs, stumps and dirt was piled up against the stakes so that the water would be dammed and have to pour over the weir and into a trap on the other side. Another weir, the 689:

A girl would begin her puberty ritual by having her ears pierced by her father or another relative. She would then be picked up, dropped, and then hit with an old basket, before running away. During this part, her father would pray to the mountains for her. The girl would return in the evening with a

546:

Due to the dry nature of the Achomawi's land, deer was not always abundant, hence their unique way of hunting deer compared to other Californian Natives America. A deep pit would be dug along a deer trail, covered with brush, the trail restored including adding deer tracks using a hoof, and all dirt

778:

and have slightly rounded bottoms and sides, wide openings and shallow depth. Baskets sizes and shapes depend on the intended use. Some baskets are created for women to wear as caps, some for cooking on hot stones, holding semi-liquid food or water. Willow rods are used for the warp and pine root is

533:

consisted of two fence sections which extended from opposite river banks at a down-stream angle; almost meeting mid-river. They were connected by a short section of wall made by lashing horizontal poles close together across the gap. This was the lowest point in the created dam, and water would pour

472:

was four to five feet deep and wide when closed. The mesh at the lower edge of the bags opening are threaded along a stick which is then placed in the water to catch the fish. The fisherman would wade in the water while moving the net while women and children would wade pushing the fish towards the

622:

maintained the health of the community, serving as doctors. Shamans would focus on "pains" which were physical and spiritual. These pains were believed to have been put on people by other, hostile shamans. After curing the pain, the shaman would then swallow it. Both men and women held the role of

477:, was small with an oval hoop sewn into the opening. The fisherman would dive into the water and would hold the net in one hand while driving the suckers in with his free hand. Upon succeeding at capturing the fish, the fisherman would then flip the hoop over the net to close it for safe capture. 428:

points made of bone and horn. Achomawi fish hooks were made of deer bone, and fishing spears consisted of a long wooden shaft with a double-pointed bone head with a socket in which the base of the shaft was installed. A line was fastened to the spear point which was then held by the spearsman for

690:

load of wood, another symbol of women's roles within the community, like the basket. She would then build a fire in front of her house and dance around it throughout the night, with relatives participating; around the fire or inside the house. Music would accompany the dance, made by a deer hoof

233:

Each of the nine tribes in the "Achomawi" language group had defined separate territories up and down the banks of the Pit River (which they called "Achoma"). Within their respective territories, each band had several villages, which were apparently composed of extended family members, and had

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There is a Housing Authority that through Government grants has developed community housing projects, such as housing for low income families and elders. The Tribe operates a Day Care center, and environmental program. The Pit River Tribe currently operates Pit River Casino, a Class III gaming

710:

and runs away to fast and bathe in a lake or spring. While he is gone, his father prays for the mountains and the Deer Woman to watch over the boy. In the morning, he returns, lighting fires during his trip home and eats outside the home and then runs away again. He stays several nights away,

389:

was described as being of "paramount importance" to the Achomawi. Salmon was scarce for eastern groups, while those in the lower Pit River found it in abundance. The salmon was sun dried, lightly roasted or smoked, and then stored in large bark covered baskets in slabs or in crumbled pieces.

724:

In general Achomawi held a significantly negative view of actual warfare, finding it be an undesirable outcome. Joining in a battle or killing an enemy was believed to give a particular contamination. Only through "a rigorous program of purification" could an individual remove it.

280:

into the stubble and on her face. A widow would also wear a necklace with lumps of pitch around her neck. These items were worn for about three years. After a widow's hair grew to reach her upper arm, she was permitted to marry her dead husband's brother.

715:

so that his teeth would not come into contact with water. If he sees an animal on the first night in the lake or spring or dream of an animal; that animal would become his personal protector. If the boy has a vision like this, he will become a shaman.

405:. A central opening in the wall, which measured between 20-50 centimeters, was supplied to allow the suckers to enter the traps. The opening pulls in the spring water outflow that is strong enough to carry in the suckers. To entrap the fish, a log, 790:, though it is believed that those covered in xerophyllum tenax are for trade and sale only, not for daily use. The xerophyllum tenax protects the baskets artwork and materials when used, helpful for when boiling or holding water. Anthropologist 324:

of Eastern communities. Women wore short gowns or tops similar to the men, along with a deerskin skirt or a fringed apron. Buckskin moccasins and a basket cap were also standard among women. Both men and women's clothing might be decorated with

272:, and their ashes were brought back for burial among their people. The dead's belongings and relatives' offerings were buried or burned with the body, and the dead's house was born. There were no special ceremonies or rituals. When women became 238:-mat and spent time under shade or behind windbreaks of brush or mats. In the winter, larger houses were built. Partially underground, these winter homes had wooden frames which supported a covering made of a mix of bark, grass and tule. 574:

was utilized by the Achomawi in creating twine, mats and shoes; in addition to being a food source. Sprouts were gathered in early spring and then cooked or eaten raw. Fruit bearing trees were also a source of nutrition, including the

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being cooked. In the morning, she would be picked up and dropped again, and she would run off with the deer hoof rattle. This repeated for five days and nights. On the fifth night, she would return from her run to be sprinkled with

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estimated the combined 1770 population of the Achomawi as 3,000 and the Atsugewi as 300. A more detailed analysis by Fred B. Kniffen arrived at the same figure. T. R. Garth estimated the Atsugewi population at a maximum of 900.

1064:; north up to the west side of Goose Lake. Other villages were located in the south of the territory along the Pit River and out on the Devils Garden area; usually referred to as "Goose Lake Achomawi" or "Goose Lake People" 127:. These 5 autonomous bands (also called "tribelets") of the Pit River Indians historically spoke slightly different dialects of one common language, and the other two bands spoke dialects of a related language, called 1326:

and Horse Lake, but their main settlement area was along Horse Creek in Little Valley and Dixie Valley; usually referred to as “Horse Creek Indians” or "Dixie Valley Tribe"Willow Creek (Lassen County, California)

1248:

and the surrounding area of the Lower Pit River (Ah-choo'-mah in the Madesi dialect), and several of its tributaries, such as Kosk Creek (An-noo-che'che) and Nelson Creek (Ah-lis'choo'-chah). Their main village

917:- ″Modoc people″) to the north largely wasn't documented. Despite this Garth found it probable that there were extensive interactions between the cultures prior to the adoption of horses by the Northerners. 2529: 1512: 250:

lived in the bride's home briefly, hunting and working for the bride's relatives. Eventually she would move with him to his family, in what is known as a patrilocal pattern. They have a

847:), were terse. These bad feelings arose in part from particular Atsuge trespassing upon Illmawi territory while traveling through to collect obsidian from the nearby Glass Mountain ( 2477:

Tiller, Veronica E. Velarde, 1996. Tiller's Guide to Indian Country (Albuquerque: BowArrow Pub. Co.): see X-L Ranch Reservation, pp. 308–09. There is a new later edition, 2005.

1224:(“Pit River People”): their 25 settlements centered on the Goose Valley and the lower Burney Creek area; had close ties to the Madesi; usually referred to as “Goose Valley Achomawi” 268:

The Achomawi buried their dead in a flexed position, on the side, facing east; at times they were placed in woven baskets at burial. Those who died outside the community were

934: 2449:, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 236–243. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 172:, a photographer and author in the 1920s, gave an estimate of there being 240 Atsugewi and 985 Achomawi in 1910. As of 2000, the Achomawi population is estimated at 1,500. 1618:

Merriam, C. Hart, The Classification and Distribution of The Pit River Indian Tribes of California. Smithsonian Institution (Publication 2874), Volume 78, Number 3, 1926

1133:(formerly South Fork) at the South Fork of the Pit River, another eight settlements were also located along the South Fork; usually referred to as "Likely Achomawi" 783:

was also made by the Achomawi, as was a mesh beater which would be used to harvest seeds into the burden baskets, made of willow or a mix of willow and pine root.

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as a bundle of feathers which were believed to grow in rural places, rooted in the earth, and which, when secured, dripped of blood constantly. It was used as an

831:

speakers were traditionally favorable for the majority of Achomawi. Yet the close proximity between the Illmawi band of Achomawi and the Atsugewi inhabitants of

1210:: occupied 13 settlements along Pit River from the mouth of Burney Creek to a few miles below Fall River Mills; usually referred to as "Cayton Valley Achomawi" 2507: 2222: 304:

with a hole cut out in the middle was put over the heads after the sides were sewn together to provide armholes, and then it would be belted. Buckskin

2895: 2515: 1969:

Merriam identified the character Annikadel with God in a collection of stories, although his interactions with other characters contradict that idea.

670:

was also revered within the community and was obtained by diving into a waterfall. In the pool in the waterfall the diver would find a spirit (like a

401:. Made of stone, the traps consisted of a large outer wall that connects two points of land on the lake. The wall was built to the water level out of 1548: 1315: 941:- slave; lit. ″dog″- later also meaning ″horse″) who might be traded for other goods." Captured people would be sold into slavery at an intertribal 1340:

up to its confluence with the Pit River (mostly counted among the Atsugewi band)); usually referred to as “Hat Creek Indians” or “Pine Tree Tribe”

2166: 774:

are described as being softer, larger, and with designs that lack the focus on one horizontal band. The shapes are similar to those made by the

762:

The Achomawi follow in the tradition of other California tribes, with their skills in basketry. Baskets are made of willow and are colored with

509:. Cylindrical in shape, the mouth of the trap had splints converging inwards, which would prevent the scape of the fish, were controlled by two 1189: 2492: 2419: 2346:, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 23, University of California Press, pp. 297–332 2317: 2260: 1160: 116: 2252:

The North American Indian. Volume 13 - The Hupa. The Yurok. The Karok. The Wiyot. Tolowa and Tututni. The Shasta. The Achomawi. The Klamath.

814:. Longer, thinner and less detailed than the Yurok redwood boats and Modoc canoes, the canoes were produced for transportation and hunting. 2403:, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 30, University of California Press, pp. 1–338 2442:

Evans, Nancy H., 1994. "Pit River," in Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia, ed. Mary B. Davis (NY: Garland Pub. Co).

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Boys’ puberty rites were similar to the girls ritual but adds shamanistic elements. The boys ears are pierced, and then he is hit with a

2373: 1049: 926: 2905: 1013: 254:

society, with inheritance and descent passed through the paternal line. The traditional chiefdom was handed down to the eldest son.

2471: 1983: 456:, was suspended on the prongs of a forked pole, and was used from a canoe, land, or from wading and was used for catching suckers, 2545: 398: 369:

were caught. Wild plant foods, herbs, eggs, insects and larvae were also gathered. The only meat avoided by the Achomawi was the

312:

of twined tule and stuffed with grass were the most common type of footwear. Deerskin moccasins were worn during dry weather. An

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were their primary weapon. These bows had a noticeably flatter design than those used by the Yurok and other California tribes.

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Jaimes, M. Annette, 1987. "The Pit River Indian Claim Dispute in Northern California," Journal of Ethnic Studies, 14(4): 47–74.

2069:. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 45. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1570: 642: 691: 152: 420:

Aside from traps, other tools were made and used by the community for fishing blue rose is the first time to see, including

333:. Women would have three lines tattooed under the mouth and perhaps a few lines on the cheek. Men had septum piercings with 1751: 1107:("Hot Springs People"): their three settlements were located in the headwaters of the Pit River southwards to the area of 1852: 2616: 1193: 1061: 599:. These bulbs and seeds were preserved and stored for use in the winter months in addition for occasional use in trade. 1948:

Stephen Powers * Tribes of California*, p. 269 (Regents of the University of California, foreword by R. Heizer, 1976)

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concluded that the Klamath and their Modoc relatives gained horses in the 1820s. Achomawi settlements became victim to

1542: 1474: 1372: 794:

believed that by 1925 the Achomawi were no longer cooking in baskets, and were merely making them for sale and trade.

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that since time immemorial have resided in the area known as the 100-mile (160 km) square, located in parts of

2332:, Anthropological Records, vol. 14, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. 129–212 1429: 1323: 326: 484:, was 40 to 60 feet long and was weighted with stones to sink it. One end was fasted to a tree and the other to a 2890: 1729: 1288:

and the Pit River as well as along Burney Creek (the families settling there are sometimes considered a separate

2219: 1311: 88: 2466:, pp. 225–235. William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 1860: 1389: 1382:(Achomawi bands: Ajumawi, Astarawi, Atwamsini, Hammawi, Hewisedawi, Ilmawi, Itsatawi, Kosalektawi, and Madesi, 1319: 2210:

Pit River Docket No. 347, (7 ICC 815 at 844), Indian Claims Commission; see also Olmsted and Stewart 1978:226.

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fisherman. When the fish enter the net, the fisherman releases the bag which then closes. The third bag, the

2814: 1468: 386: 2199: 554:

Waterfowl, like ducks, were snared by a noose stretched across streams. Rabbits would be driven into nets.

163:. Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. 1396:- "Kosealekte/Kosalektawi/Qosalektawi" or "Alturas/Altʰúúlas Achomawi"; Population: 0 living on rancheria) 1281: 1156: 988:

when outsiders began to arrive in large numbers and taking land and disturbing the Achomawi lifeways. The

588: 24: 1028:. The tribe consists of several autonomous bands - nine Achomawi and two (perhaps three) Atsugewi bands: 832: 284:

For leisure, women within the community would play a double ball game. The Achomawi also built and used

189: 1048:(″Those from On Top″, "The People Who Live High Up"): several Hewise villages were situated around the 2062: 2276: 1498: 1245: 985: 953: 148: 1594: 1108: 780: 1971: 2296: 2048: 2038: 1399: 1365: 1130: 1009: 946: 576: 297: 205: 2044:

Introduction to the study of Indian languages with words, phrases and sentences to be collected

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was used in extreme moderation, as the community believed that too much salt caused sore eyes.

2885: 2467: 2415: 2351: 2313: 2256: 1979: 1745: 1565: 1454: 1423: 1082: 787: 580: 434: 201: 185: 181: 164: 128: 80: 20: 2379: 437:

was used for fishing weirs. The Achomawi made five types of fishing nets, three of them were

2596: 2288: 2246: 1598: 1413: 1057: 989: 612: 592: 584: 169: 76: 1495:(Achomawi and Atsugewi bands, and some Northern Paiute; Population: 62 living on rancheria) 1085:

and the nearby hot springs; usually referred to as "Hot Springs Achomawi" or “Canby People”

972:- ″Yana people″) were "powerful enemies" that would on occasion attack Madesi settlements. 652:, in the system generally used at that time for writing indigenous American languages. The 2730: 2337: 2226: 1486: 1379: 1349: 1025: 883: 526: 480:

The other two nets were generally used for capturing trout and pike. The gill net, called

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in the Achomawi territories these nuts were largely procured from neighboring cultures.

2809: 2776: 2601: 1545:(Achomawi, Nomlaki, and Gualála (Ahkhawalalee) Pomo; Population: 0 living on rancheria) 1236:(“People of the Village of Mah-dess' (Big Bend)”, “Madesi Valley People”); in Atsugewi 902: 791: 681:, which symbolized the "heart of the world", was another fetish, and harder to obtain. 566:

were a staple for Achomawi and other California native societies. Due to a scarcity of

503: 262: 217: 213: 209: 2498: 40: 2879: 2829: 2781: 2709: 1478: 1357: 1345: 1053: 993: 957: 890:- ″stranger″) were transported by the Achomawi. Eventually they would also trade for 867: 854:

In their networks with neighboring cultures Achomawi exchanged their furs, basketry,

803: 763: 694:. During the ritual time, she would have herbs stuffed up her nose to avoid smelling 678: 446: 277: 197: 124: 397:

to catch the Sacramento sucker. Ten fish traps were found and are on display at the

2703: 2580: 2394: 1976:

Annikadel: The history of the universe as told by the Achumawi ndians of California

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to Cedar Pass; west across the Pit River and out onto the high plateau area called

981: 918: 910: 775: 771: 730: 712: 637:

by Dixon. Kroeber relied upon Dixon's work in this part of California. (The letter

510: 370: 2355: 1732:. Four Directions Institute. 2007. Archived from the original on February 14, 2002 2502: 2409: 2250: 1081:

People"): their four settlements were located along the Pit River in the area of

562:

A variety of foodstuffs was gathered by the Achomawi people throughout the year.

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would be caught by spear, seine, or in nets that hung above water falls or dams.

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movement, and other future religious revitalization movements after moving to a

1005: 965: 461: 358: 354: 321: 285: 251: 2177: 1555:, Pomo, and approximately 60 other tribes; Population: 65 living on rancheria.) 1310:("Juniper-tree People"): their 12 settlements were located along Beaver Creek, 2734: 2682: 2677: 2591: 2561: 2540: 1864: 1505:- "Atwamsini (Atuami/Atwamwi)" or "Big Valley Achomawi"; Xa-Ben-Na-Po Band of 1371:

Today there are around 1,800 tribal members enrolled in contemporary Achumawi

922: 811: 734: 595:, in addition to several species of seed bearing grasses, Indian potatoes and 402: 120: 64: 1832: 1830: 1828: 159:

peoples. Descendants of both cultures later were forcibly relocated onto the

2844: 2748: 2698: 2661: 2576: 859: 746: 707: 624: 596: 421: 414: 394: 309: 258: 2611: 1196:; usually referred to as "Fall River Achomawi" or “Fall River Mills People” 139: 2793: 2787: 2671: 2656: 2586: 2571: 1575: 1492: 1383: 1336:(both: "Burney Valley People"): their settlements were located along the 1024:

The majority of Achomawi people are enrolled in the federally recognized

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were also caught for drying. They were captured with a fish trap made of

442: 350: 305: 301: 269: 156: 2189:

Big Bend Hot Springs Project - Big Bend and Big Bend Hot Springs History

2819: 2771: 2765: 2725: 2720: 2692: 2640: 2636: 2622: 2047:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 1536: 1528: 942: 879: 695: 671: 548: 495: 438: 406: 366: 330: 2300: 1292:

band); usually referred to as “Hat Creek Indians” or “Pine Tree Tribe”

674:) who would lead the diver to a cave where the crystals grew. A giant 2854: 2803: 2798: 2755: 2740: 1552: 1280:(both: "Pine-tree People"): their five settlements were mainly along 1163:; usually referred to as "Big Valley Achomawi" or “Big Valley People” 984:

and traders visited Achomawi land. It wasn't until the 1840s and the

956:, had particularly cordial relationships with the Wintun. The nearby 667: 663: 619: 535: 534:

over carrying the fish into the basket on the other side of the gap.

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Big Bend Hot Springs Project - Pit River Native Indigenous Languages

1978:(Reprint ed.). Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 4. 1420:- "Hammawi" or "Likely Achomawi"; Population: 0 living on rancheria) 2292: 1471:. (Achomawi and Atsugewi bands; Population: 18 living on rancheria) 1188:(“Fall River People”): their 17 settlements were located along the 858:, rabbit-skin blankets, food and acorn in return for goods such as 2864: 2839: 2834: 2824: 2687: 2651: 2646: 1532: 1520: 1482: 1458: 925:

by Modoc and Klamath horsemen. In particular the residents around

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and other goods. Through these commercial dealings goods from the

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to fall off. If twins were born, one of them was killed at birth.

247: 138: 2760: 2666: 2632: 1524: 1506: 894:

with the Modoc. The Achomawi used beads for money, specifically

807: 767: 742: 675: 571: 506: 485: 430: 410: 385:

Fishing was a major source of food supply for the Achomawi. The

374: 346: 317: 235: 192:, and more broadly in a possible northern group of the proposed 2511: 2487: 1489:, and Atsugewi; Population: 1,272 with 342 living on rancheria) 345:

The Achomawi fished, hunted and gathered from around the area.

2255:, North American Indian, vol. 13, Classic Books Company, 1836: 1155:("Big Vally People"): their 27 settlements were located along 738: 700: 2312:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1450:

The following rancherias are shared with other communities:

1444:" or "Montgomery Creek "; Population: 4 living on rancheria) 1410:" or "Big Bend Achomawi"; Population: 5 living on rancheria) 901:

Contact between the Achomawi and Atsugewi speakers with the

766:. Their basketry is twined, and compared to the work of the 779:

used for the weft. In the caps, only tule fiber is used. A

488:; when a fish was captured the buoy would move. The seine, 452:

The three dip nets were shaped like bags. One type, called

2230:

San Diego State University Library and Information Access.

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being cooked while going through their maturity ceremony.

413:, and then they were speared. The stones are described as 2287:(64). Bloomington, IN: American Folklore Society: 23–27. 2078: 2076: 2009: 2007: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 308:

with fringe were rare but occasionally worn by Achomawi.

261:

and had food restrictions while waiting for their baby's

1932: 1930: 1928: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1673: 1671: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 711:

lighting fires, piling up stones and drinking through a

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Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8 (California)

2462:

Olmsted, D.L. and Omer C. Stewart. 1978. "Achumawi" in

1712: 1710: 417:

due to the many interior channels and pools they form.

657: 632: 111:) are the northerly nine (out of eleven) bands of the 929:, the Hewisedawi, were used by the Goose Lake Modoc ( 786:

Most baskets are covered in a light white overlay of

433:

was also used to make cords to make fishing nets and

393:

Fishermen used nets, baskets and spears to fish, and

1004:

In 1871 community members participated in the first

1539:, and Achomawi; Population: 68 living on rancheria) 1117:(“Upriver People", "High Plateau People"), usually 257:When children were born, the parents were put into 70: 50: 2397:(1930), Kroeber, Alfred L.; Lowie, Robert (eds.), 1509:and Achomawi; Population: 168 living on rancheria) 952:The Madesi band, Achomawi residents around modern 1364:facility located on 79 acres (320,000 m) in 529:) when they would return to sea in the fall. The 320:was also seen within communities, similar to the 155:. This land was also home to the closely related 1298:(“People of Ammít, i.e. Dixie Valley”), usually 1121:("South Fork of Pit River People"); in Atsugewi 933:- ″Goose Lake Modoc″) "as a source of supply of 851:- ″flint place″, also name for Medicine Lake). 2279:(1904). "Some Shamans of Northern California". 1206:("People of the Village of Ilma"); in Atsugewi 607:Adolescent boys sought guardian spirits called 2360:, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office 656:does not have this word.) Dixon described the 2523: 2503:California Indian Library Collections Project 1306:("People of Apwariwa, i.e. Dixie Valley") or 8: 2220:"California Indians and Their Reservations." 1261:and the two (perhaps three?) Atsugewi bands 33: 16:Native American tribe in Northern California 1244:(no translation): their territory included 1111:; usually referred to as "Alturas Achomawi" 591:. Other plants harvested annually included 147:Achomawi speaking territories reached from 2530: 2516: 2508: 1847: 1845: 703:leaves and bathed, completing the ritual. 39: 32: 468:, was used only for fishing suckers. The 45:Image of an Achumawi woman taken c. 1920 2488:Official website of the Pit River Tribe 2154: 2142: 2106: 2082: 1998: 1957: 1900: 1819: 1802: 1689: 1677: 1662: 1586: 1192:and Pit River (acúmmá - "river") up to 1103:("Juniper liking People"); in Atsugewi 521:, was used in a larger stream to catch 2411:Encyclopedia of Native American tribes 2375:Encyclopedia of Native American tribes 2200:Thomas R. Garth - ATSUGEWI ETHNOGRAPHY 1936: 1919: 1743: 1716: 2901:Native American history of California 2457:The Languages of Native North America 2357:Handbook of the Indians of California 2130: 2118: 2094: 2025: 2013: 1773: 1701: 1465:; Population: 24 living on rancheria) 1360:counties in the state of California. 1220:("Goose Valley People"); in Atsugewi 1168:Downriver Achomawi (Western Achomawi) 1159:and Pit River in the high country of 1046:Hewisedawi/Hay-wee-see-daw-wee/Hewise 276:, they would crop their hair and rub 119:who live in what is now northeastern 7: 2619:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki) 1426:(Population: 21 living on rancheria) 1394:q̓ússiálláq̓tawí / q̓óssi álláq̓tawí 1272:(both: “Hat Creek People”), usually 623:shaman. A shaman was said to have a 51:Regions with significant populations 1837:San Francisco State University 2011 1032:Upriver Achomawi (Eastern Achomawi) 2445:Garth, T. R. 1978. "Atsugewi". In 1216:(“Burney Valley People”), usually 1101:Kosealekte/Kosalektawi/Qosalektawi 14: 1052:, their territory stretched from 1016:took its toll on the Achomawi's. 749:of thin sticks wrapped together. 2896:Indigenous peoples of California 2546:Indigenous peoples of California 2539: 2408:Waldman, Carl (September 2006), 2372:San Francisco State University, 1599:"Aspects of Pit River phonology" 1182:Ajumawi/Achumawi/Achomawi proper 843:- ″Hat Creek People″, own name: 399:Ahjumawi Lava Springs State Park 57: 2493:A bibliography for the Achomawi 1571:Achomawi traditional narratives 1180:(“Fall River People”), usually 1044:(“Goose Lake People”), usually 996:presence to the area, as well. 188:are classified together as the 2717:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute) 1442:Madesi (Mah-day-see/Madessawi) 1408:Madesi (Mah-day-see/Madessawi) 1233:Madesi (Mah-day-see/Madessawi) 1184:("River People"); in Atsugewi 880:Nomlaki (Central Wintu people) 329:. Both men and women did have 1: 2459:. Cambridge University Press. 1525:Mitoám Kai (Little Lake) Pomo 1143:("Valley Dwellers"), usually 666:to locate pains in the body. 611:and both genders experienced 2495:from Shasta Public Libraries 2281:Journal of American Folklore 2232:2009 (retrieved 15 Dec 2009) 1608:, University of Pennsylvania 1246:Big Bend and its Hot Springs 1194:Fall River Mills, California 1000:Late 19th and 20th centuries 992:in 1855-56 brought a strong 658: 641:was supposed to represent a 633: 2310:California Indian Languages 1543:Lytton Band of Pomo Indians 1475:Susanville Indian Rancheria 1386:bands: Atsuge and Aporige) 1373:federally recognized tribes 1202:(“Canyon People”), usually 720:War traditions and weaponry 23:. For the US Navy tug, see 2922: 1513:Round Valley Indian Tribes 1430:Montgomery Creek Rancheria 882:), Modoc and possibly the 827:Relations with the nearby 327:porcupine quill embroidery 89:San Diego State University 18: 2906:Shasta County, California 2552: 2326:Garth, Thomas R. (1953), 1750:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1507:Eastern (Clear Lake) Pomo 802:The Achomawi made simple 300:with coats and shirts. A 143:Achomawi man (circa 1923) 86: 75: 55: 38: 2455:Mithun, Marianne. 1999. 1861:College of the Siskiyous 1390:Alturas Indian Rancheria 909:- ″Klamath people″) and 2815:Plains and Sierra Miwok 2674:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai) 2414:, Infobase Publishing, 1529:Nomlaki (Central Wintu) 1469:Roaring Creek Rancheria 1375:, that are as follows: 1129:was in the vicinity of 964:- ″Shasta people″) and 949:in present-day Oregon. 2308:Golla, Victor (2011), 1527:and other Pomo bands, 1461:, Achomawi bands, and 737:would be made of hard 144: 25:USS Achomawi (ATF-148) 19:For the language, see 2784:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu) 2617:Eel River Athapaskans 2499:Achomawi Bibliography 2352:Kroeber, Alfred Louis 1503:atw̓áámi / atw̓ámsini 1438:íípʰuunídial/íípʰuurí 1322:and on the shores of 1139:("Valley People") or 1125:: their main village 1072:Astarawi / Astariwawi 1040:(“Highland People”), 464:. Another dip net, a 190:Palaihnihan languages 161:Pit River Reservation 142: 2329:Atsugewi Ethnography 2109:, pp. 313, 316. 1499:Big Valley Rancheria 1204:Ilmawi/Ilmewi/Ilmiwi 986:California gold rush 229:Lodging and villages 2400:Klamath Ethnography 2167:Achomawi dictionary 2067:Achumawi Dictionary 2039:Powell, John Wesley 1764:Mithun 1999:470-472 1334:Wamari'i / Wamari'l 1290:Wamari'i / Wamari'l 1176:(“ River People”), 1109:Alturas, California 962:sástayci / sastííci 915:lutw̓áámíʼ / lútʰám 874:- ″Wintun people″, 654:Achumawi Dictionary 589:Whiteleaf manzanita 35: 2382:on 19 October 2011 2343:Achomawi Geography 2225:2010-07-26 at the 1867:on 8 November 2011 1776:, pp. 84–111. 1606:Ph.D. Dissertation 1549:Picayune Rancheria 1400:Big Bend Rancheria 1366:Burney, California 1304:Aporige / Apwaruge 1131:Likely, California 1056:south through the 613:puberty ceremonies 337:or other jewelry. 296:Achomawi men wore 292:Dress and body art 224:Historical culture 145: 2873: 2872: 2421:978-0-8160-6274-4 2319:978-0-520-26667-4 2262:978-0-7426-9813-0 2247:Curtis, Edward S. 2028:, pp. 38–39. 2016:, pp. 24–25. 1566:Achumawi language 1553:Chukchansi Yokuts 1455:Redding Rancheria 1424:Lookout Rancheria 1097:q̓óssi álláq̓tawí 1083:Canby, California 1014:smallpox epidemic 788:xerophyllum tenax 513:. A weir, called 387:Sacramento sucker 246:In marriage, the 202:Shastan languages 186:Atsugewi language 182:Achomawi language 165:Alfred L. Kroeber 94: 93: 21:Achumawi language 2913: 2891:Pit River tribes 2544: 2543: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2509: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2404: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2378:, archived from 2368: 2367: 2365: 2347: 2338:Kniffen, Fred B. 2333: 2322: 2304: 2277:Dixon, Roland B. 2272: 2271: 2269: 2233: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2197: 2191: 2186: 2180: 2175: 2169: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2071: 2070: 2063:Olmsted, David L 2059: 2053: 2052: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1923: 1917: 1904: 1898: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1863:. Archived from 1849: 1840: 1834: 1823: 1817: 1806: 1800: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1749: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1666: 1660: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1591: 1501:(Achomawi name: 1432:(Achomawi name: 1416:(Achomawi name: 1414:Likely Rancheria 1402:(Achomawi name: 1392:(Achomawi name: 1255:Mah-dess' Atjwam 1093:q̓ússiálláq̓tawí 1058:Warner Mountains 990:Rogue River Wars 976:European contact 661: 636: 445:and the fifth a 170:Edward S. Curtis 117:Native Americans 63: 61: 60: 43: 36: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2731:Northern Paiute 2548: 2538: 2536: 2484: 2439: 2437:Further reading 2434: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2407: 2393: 2385: 2383: 2371: 2363: 2361: 2350: 2336: 2325: 2320: 2307: 2275: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2227:Wayback Machine 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2172: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2074: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1986: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1926: 1918: 1907: 1899: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1851: 1850: 1843: 1835: 1826: 1818: 1809: 1801: 1780: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1742: 1735: 1733: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1669: 1665:, pp. 2–3. 1661: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1601: 1595:Nevin, Bruce E. 1593: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1562: 1487:Northern Paiute 1380:Pit River Tribe 1105:Astakwaini owte 1089:q̓úsyálléq̓tawi 1076:Astakwaini owte 1054:Fandango Valley 1042:h̓ééwíssáy̓tuwí 1026:Pit River Tribe 1022: 1002: 978: 839:), the Atsuge ( 825: 820: 800: 760: 755: 722: 687: 631:by Kroeber or 605: 560: 544: 527:steelhead trout 383: 343: 335:dentalium shell 294: 244: 231: 226: 178: 137: 115:of Palaihnihan 113:Pit River tribe 87: 58: 56: 46: 31: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2878: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2738: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2707: 2701: 2696: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2537: 2535: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2496: 2490: 2483: 2482:External links 2480: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2420: 2405: 2391: 2369: 2348: 2334: 2323: 2318: 2305: 2293:10.2307/533984 2273: 2261: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2212: 2203: 2192: 2181: 2170: 2159: 2157:, p. 314. 2147: 2145:, p. 309. 2135: 2123: 2121:, p. 185. 2111: 2099: 2097:, p. 182. 2087: 2085:, p. 314. 2072: 2054: 2030: 2018: 2003: 2001:, p. 315. 1991: 1984: 1962: 1960:, p. 301. 1950: 1941: 1939:, p. 137. 1924: 1922:, p. 136. 1905: 1903:, p. 309. 1878: 1841: 1824: 1822:, p. 313. 1807: 1805:, p. 310. 1778: 1766: 1757: 1721: 1719:, p. 135. 1706: 1704:, p. 177. 1694: 1692:, p. 318. 1682: 1680:, p. 308. 1667: 1620: 1611: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1546: 1540: 1510: 1496: 1490: 1483:Mountain Maidu 1472: 1466: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1427: 1421: 1411: 1397: 1342: 1341: 1332:; in Atsugewi 1327: 1302:; in Atsugewi 1293: 1276:; in Atsugewi 1268:; in Atsugewi 1259: 1258: 1225: 1211: 1197: 1165: 1164: 1151:; in Atsugewi 1145:Atuami/Atwamwi 1134: 1127:Hamawe/Hammawi 1112: 1086: 1074:; in Atsugewi 1065: 1038:h̓ééwíssátééwi 1021: 1018: 1001: 998: 977: 974: 862:, clam beads, 824: 821: 819: 816: 799: 796: 792:Alfred Kroeber 764:vegetable dyes 759: 756: 754: 751: 721: 718: 686: 683: 668:Quartz crystal 643:velar spirant 604: 601: 559: 556: 543: 540: 382: 379: 342: 339: 293: 290: 263:umbilical cord 243: 240: 230: 227: 225: 222: 218:Pomo languages 177: 174: 136: 133: 92: 91: 84: 83: 73: 72: 68: 67: 53: 52: 48: 47: 44: 29: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2918: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2472:0-16-004578-9 2469: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2395:Spier, Leslie 2392: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2370: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2264: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2133:, p. 31. 2132: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1985:0-8165-1283-3 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:Woiche, Istet 1966: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853:"Subsistence" 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1753: 1747: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1068:astaaqííw̓awí 1066: 1063: 1062:Devils Garden 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1012:. In 1921, a 1011: 1007: 999: 997: 995: 994:U.S. military 991: 987: 983: 975: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 823:Early history 822: 817: 815: 813: 809: 805: 804:dugout canoes 797: 795: 793: 789: 784: 782: 781:burden basket 777: 773: 769: 765: 758:Basket-making 757: 752: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 719: 717: 714: 709: 704: 702: 697: 693: 685:Puberty rites 684: 682: 680: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 655: 651: 647: 646: 640: 635: 630: 626: 621: 616: 614: 610: 602: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 573: 569: 565: 557: 555: 552: 550: 541: 539: 537: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 505: 501: 497: 493: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 388: 380: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 340: 338: 336: 332: 328: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 291: 289: 287: 282: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 260: 255: 253: 249: 241: 239: 237: 228: 223: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 175: 173: 171: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 141: 134: 132: 130: 126: 125:United States 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 90: 85: 82: 78: 74: 69: 66: 54: 49: 42: 37: 26: 22: 2806:(Gabrieliño) 2790:(Fernandeño) 2695:(Bear River) 2556: 2474:/0160045754. 2463: 2456: 2446: 2425:, retrieved 2410: 2399: 2384:, retrieved 2380:the original 2374: 2362:, retrieved 2356: 2342: 2328: 2309: 2284: 2280: 2266:, retrieved 2251: 2239:Bibliography 2229: 2215: 2206: 2195: 2184: 2173: 2162: 2155:Kniffen 1928 2150: 2143:Kniffen 1928 2138: 2126: 2114: 2107:Kniffen 1928 2102: 2090: 2083:Kroeber 1925 2066: 2057: 2043: 2033: 2021: 1999:Kroeber 1925 1994: 1975: 1965: 1958:Kniffen 1928 1953: 1944: 1901:Kroeber 1925 1869:. Retrieved 1865:the original 1856: 1820:Kroeber 1925 1803:Kroeber 1925 1769: 1760: 1734:. Retrieved 1724: 1697: 1690:Kniffen 1928 1685: 1678:Kroeber 1925 1663:Waldman 2006 1614: 1605: 1589: 1521:Konkow Maidu 1502: 1481:, Achomawi, 1449: 1437: 1433: 1417: 1403: 1393: 1370: 1362: 1343: 1338:Burney Creek 1333: 1330:wanúmcíw̓awí 1329: 1316:Willow Creek 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1286:Mount Lassen 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1079: 1078:(both: "Hot 1075: 1071: 1067: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1023: 1003: 982:fur trappers 979: 969: 961: 951: 943:slave market 938: 930: 919:Leslie Spier 914: 906: 900: 887: 876:númláákiname 875: 871: 853: 848: 844: 840: 836: 826: 801: 785: 761: 745:hide with a 723: 705: 688: 653: 649: 644: 638: 628: 617: 608: 606: 577:Oregon grape 561: 553: 545: 530: 522: 518: 514: 494: 489: 481: 479: 474: 469: 465: 453: 451: 419: 392: 384: 371:domestic dog 344: 295: 286:sweat lodges 283: 267: 256: 245: 232: 194:Hokan phylum 179: 146: 108: 104: 100: 96: 95: 30:Ethnic group 2810:Tübatulabal 2628:Halchidhoma 2607:Coast Miwok 2567:Ahwahnechee 2427:21 November 2386:20 November 2268:21 November 1937:Curtis 1924 1920:Curtis 1924 1871:20 November 1736:20 November 1717:Curtis 1924 1434:íípʰuníw̓ca 1320:Susan River 1266:haatííw̓iwí 1222:Bomari owte 1208:Apahezarini 1186:Dicowi owte 1178:wannúkyumiʔ 1020:Present day 1010:reservation 1006:Ghost Dance 923:slave raids 841:haatííw̓iwí 585:Pacific yew 581:Oregon plum 409:or a canoe 403:lava stones 341:Subsistence 322:breechcloth 252:patrilineal 242:Family life 79:, formerly 2880:Categories 2735:Kucadikadi 2678:Lake Miwok 2592:Chemehuevi 2562:Acjachemen 2447:California 2364:28 January 2131:Spier 1930 2119:Garth 1953 2095:Garth 1953 2026:Golla 2011 2014:Dixon 1904 1774:Golla 2011 1730:"ACHOMAWI" 1702:Garth 1953 1582:References 1418:h̓ámmááw̓i 1324:Eagle Lake 1312:Pine Creek 1300:Apwarugewi 1270:Atuwanúúci 1251:Mah-dess' 1230:, usually 1214:iic̓áátawí 1190:Fall River 1161:Big Valley 1141:atw̓ámsini 1115:h̓ámmááw̓i 1099:, usually 1070:, usually 1050:Goose Lake 947:The Dalles 927:Goose Lake 845:atuwanúúci 837:haatiiw̓iw 735:Body armor 531:tafsifschi 519:tafsifschi 490:talámámchi 482:tuwátifshi 422:fish hooks 415:labyrinths 395:fish traps 248:bridegroom 216:, and the 153:Goose Lake 135:Population 121:California 65:California 2845:Wukchumni 2749:Ramaytush 2745:Costanoan 2706:(Klamath) 2699:Mechoopda 2662:Kitanemuk 2597:Chimariko 2577:Bay Miwok 1308:Mahuopani 1282:Hat Creek 1242:Psicamuci 1238:Dakyupeni 1174:acúmmááwi 1157:Ash Creek 1153:Akui owte 1149:Atwamsini 931:lámmááw̓i 860:epos root 833:Hat Creek 747:waistcoat 708:bowstring 618:Achomawi 568:oak trees 558:Gathering 504:pine root 502:rods and 454:taláka'yi 429:control. 310:Moccasins 259:seclusion 206:Chimariko 71:Languages 2886:Achomawi 2794:Timbisha 2788:Tataviam 2672:Kumeyaay 2657:Kawaiisu 2587:Cahuilla 2572:Atsugewi 2557:Achomawi 2354:(1925), 2340:(1928), 2249:(1924), 2223:Archived 2041:(1880). 1974:(1992). 1857:Achumawi 1746:cite web 1597:(1998), 1576:Edechewe 1560:See also 1493:XL Ranch 1384:Atsugewi 1350:Siskiyou 1284:between 1274:Atsugewi 1218:Itsatawi 1137:atw̓áámi 980:In 1828 970:tʰísayci 954:Big Bend 939:cah̓h̓úm 896:dentalia 864:obsidian 856:steatite 829:Atsugewi 729:-backed 648:, as in 609:tinihowi 603:Religion 443:gill net 441:, one a 439:dip nets 351:wildfowl 306:leggings 302:deerskin 298:buckskin 270:cremated 184:and the 176:Language 157:Atsugewi 149:Big Bend 129:Atsugewi 109:Ahjumawi 101:Achumawi 97:Achomawi 81:Achumawi 34:Achumawi 2820:Vanyume 2777:Serrano 2772:Salinan 2766:Quechan 2726:Nomlaki 2721:Nisenan 2693:Mattole 2683:Luiseño 2641:Whilkut 2637:Chilula 2623:Esselen 2602:Chumash 2501:, from 1537:Wailaki 1404:matéési 1296:ammítci 1228:matéési 1200:ílmááwi 1119:Hammawi 907:ál ámmí 903:Klamath 872:iqpiimí 818:History 696:venison 672:mermaid 627:called 620:shamans 549:venison 542:Hunting 496:Minnows 470:tamichi 466:tamichi 435:rawhide 407:dip net 381:Fishing 367:catfish 331:tattoos 123:in the 105:Ajumawi 77:English 2855:Yokuts 2830:Washoe 2804:Tongva 2799:Tolowa 2782:Shasta 2768:(Yuma) 2756:Patwin 2741:Ohlone 2710:Mohave 2612:Cupeño 2581:Saklan 2470: 2418: 2316: 2301:533984 2299: 2259: 1982: 1479:Washoe 1358:Lassen 1356:, and 1346:Shasta 1278:Atsugé 1123:Apishi 958:Shasta 935:slaves 892:horses 888:aapʰúy 884:Paiute 868:Wintun 849:sáttít 798:Canoes 692:rattle 679:cocoon 664:oracle 625:fetish 597:lilies 587:, and 564:Acorns 536:Salmon 515:tatápi 500:willow 475:lipake 365:, and 274:widows 200:, the 99:(also 62: 2865:Yurok 2840:Wiyot 2835:Wintu 2825:Wappo 2704:Modoc 2688:Maidu 2652:Cahto 2647:Karuk 2297:JSTOR 1602:(PDF) 1533:Cahto 1459:Wintu 1354:Modoc 911:Modoc 812:cedar 776:Modoc 772:Yurok 727:Sinew 593:camas 523:allis 511:weirs 458:trout 447:seine 426:spear 363:trout 316:like 314:apron 278:pitch 214:Washo 210:Karuk 196:with 2860:Yuki 2850:Yana 2761:Pomo 2715:Mono 2667:Kizh 2633:Hupa 2468:ISBN 2429:2011 2416:ISBN 2388:2011 2366:2018 2314:ISBN 2270:2011 2257:ISBN 1980:ISBN 1873:2011 1752:link 1738:2011 1517:Yuki 1463:Yana 966:Yana 808:pine 770:and 768:Hupa 753:Arts 743:bear 731:bows 713:reed 676:moth 659:qaqu 650:Bach 634:qaqu 629:kaku 572:Tule 507:weft 486:buoy 462:pike 460:and 431:Hemp 424:and 411:prow 375:salt 373:and 359:pike 355:bass 347:Deer 318:kilt 236:tule 198:Yana 180:The 107:and 2289:doi 1440:- " 1436:or 1406:- " 1253:or 1240:or 1147:or 945:at 810:or 806:of 741:or 739:elk 701:fir 151:to 2882:: 2639:, 2295:. 2285:17 2283:. 2075:^ 2065:. 2006:^ 1927:^ 1908:^ 1881:^ 1859:. 1855:. 1844:^ 1827:^ 1810:^ 1781:^ 1748:}} 1744:{{ 1709:^ 1670:^ 1623:^ 1604:, 1535:, 1531:, 1523:, 1519:, 1485:, 1368:. 1352:, 1348:, 1318:, 1314:, 1095:, 1091:, 898:. 878:- 583:, 579:, 449:. 361:, 357:, 353:, 349:, 288:. 220:. 212:, 208:, 204:, 103:, 2737:) 2733:( 2643:) 2635:( 2583:) 2579:( 2531:e 2524:t 2517:v 2303:. 2291:: 2051:. 2049:9 1988:. 1875:. 1839:. 1754:) 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