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pinkish tan form. Quickly the soft form hardens and becomes grayish brown. The chrysalis stays in this form for eleven to twenty-one days. After that period of time, a small crack begins to form at the tip of the chrysalis revealing the butterfly's head. It continues to slowly move down through the bottom of the chrysalis until its legs are free to cling onto the shell of the chrysalis and pull itself the rest of the way out. Much like the monarch butterfly, it begins to pump the fluids from its bulging abdomen into its shriveled wings. When its wings are fully expanded it releases excess fluids from its abdomen. For the next ten to fifteen minutes it stays still and allows its wings to dry. Finally it fans its wings out and takes flight.
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544:) and lasts until the female pauses above an individual plant. Then, the female makes contact with the host plant by landing; the female then deposits an egg to complete the process of oviposition. The driving factor behind what causes the female to oviposit on or near the host plant is most likely due to the certain chemical composition of the specific
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margins. Throughout this food acquisition process, the degree to which a specific leaf is eaten before it is abandoned in favor of another newer leaf largely depends on whether food is in plentiful or scarce supply. The average duration of the larval stage is between 11 and 16 days depending on the temperature.
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that engage in the production and eventual release of chemical pheromones. It is likely that pores that exist on the wings of the male butterflies transport the pheromones to the surface where the chemicals can be released and can then affect the females. The use of pheromones in the mating process
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which is composed of several different types of chemicals, such as 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and hexadecyl acetate. The summation of these chemical compounds released from the glands leads to birds preferentially avoiding the gulf fritillaries in favor of other prey. In some cases, gulf fritillaries
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of gulf fritillaries are not recognizably uniform, but rather can vary in both coloring and physical size. The average duration of the pupal stage in gulf fritillaries is roughly between 7 and 12 days depending on the temperature of the environment. Colder temperatures are associated with a longer
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as females are typically distinctively larger in size than males. The underside of the wings is brown and speckled with silvery white dots. In contrast, the top surface layer of the wings is deep orange in color with black streaks running across. In addition to the size difference between the two
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it turns a grayish color and begins to spin a silk-like substance into a ball on top or against a malleable surface. It then attaches its rear end to the "silk" lump and hangs upside down in a "j" position. By small contractions of the muscles it begins to shed its skin and head revealing a soft
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and feed away from the leaf margins of the host plant. How much of the leaf and how deep into the layers the larva will eat depend on the type (i.e. thickness or thinness) of the leaf in question. Throughout the last two instar stages, the larvae mainly consume the leaves and feed at the leaf
616:, each with a varying timeframe. After the eggs hatch, the new larvae eat the egg casings for food. Eventually, the larvae will transition either to consuming other eggs or parts of the host plant for nourishment. Throughout the first three instar stages, the larvae primarily consume the
683:. The average duration of the adult stage is roughly 14 to 27 days after the butterfly emerges from the chrysalis depending on the quality of the environment (i.e. factor in the availability of food, the presence of predators, competition between individuals).
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plays an important role in the mating and courtship process. During the physical act of copulation, males transfer nutritious materials to the females. These extra nutrients given to the females can be used by a female to her advantage during the process of
511:. These passion vine plants are suitable host plants as they provide a good structure for larval host habitats which enables young populations of gulf fritillaries to be sufficiently nurtured and protected. The role of host plants is also integral to the
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for gulf fritillaries is roughly between three and five days depending on the temperature of the environment. Eggs are usually found on the upper surfaces of the leaves of the host plant, but some can be found on the underside of leaves as well.
1113:
Ross, Gary N.; Fales, Henry M.; Lloyd, Helen A.; Jones, Tappey; Sokoloski, Edward A.; Marshall-Batty, Kimberly; Blum, Murray S. (June 2001). "Novel
Chemistry of Abdominal Defensive Glands of Nymphalid Butterfly Agraulis vanillae".
994:
789:. Once the male has landed, the male assumes a position next to the female with their heads together and with their bodies aligned at a 45-degree angle. At this time, the male engages in a specific action called the
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pattern of gulf fritillaries in
Florida is well-documented. In Florida, gulf fritillaries have two major flights during the year. The first major migration involves huge populations of butterflies flying
571:. The eggs are initially yellow in color after deposition by the female, and they gradually turn a brownish red color over the course of the next 24 hours. The average duration of the egg stage in the
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Despite being covered in spikes, gulf fritillary larvae are not a stinging caterpillar, thus they cannot sting you. The spikes are soft to the touch and serve the purpose of scaring predators.
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Eggs are small and spherically shaped; the female gulf fritillary lays the eggs individually one by one on or near the host plant. Typical host plants include several species of the genus
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between males to females is roughly one to one, but further observational studies of gulf fritillaries are needed to better support the hypothesis of an equal sex ratio between the two
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The process of oviposition in gulf fritillaries begins with the female butterfly flying low and slightly above the vegetation (most likely the typical host plants like
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of the female are placed between the opening and closing wings. After the male ceases wing movement, the male butterfly will move into a position that facilitates
463:, like in moderately sunny areas near open grasslands, parks, and woodlands. Gulf fritillaries are also commonly seen in local butterfly gardens across the U.S.
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by the male gulf fritillaries plays a critical role in the mating and courtship process. Studies have shown that the males possess specific structures on their
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play a critical role in male-female courtship behaviors, with male gulf fritillaries emitting sex pheromones that contribute to mate choice in females.
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mechanism in which they release odorous chemicals in response to predator sightings. As a result, common predators learn to avoid this species.
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begins when a male flies and lands near a perching female, who is most likely perched on a host plant, such as several species of the
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358:. However, it is now known that the gulf fritillary caterpillar does not use the vanilla plant. The species was moved to the genus
1085:
Daniels, Jaret C. (February 2009). "Gulf
Fritillary Butterfly, Agraulis vanillae (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)".
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is completed, the butterfly dries its wings and eventually flies for the first time. In the adult population, the approximate
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are dark orange with small black spines protruding outward from the body. The larval stages of gulf fritillaries include five
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with the female. The average duration of the copulation process including the wing clap display is approximately 11 seconds.
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499:; in some Texan counties where this butterfly's population is high, gulf fritillaries will feed on specific species such as
844:. The use of nuptial gifts in the mating process, especially when females mate with multiple males, relates to the idea of
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sexes, females are usually darker in color and are more marked with black streaks as compared to the males.
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306:. The Heliconiinae are "longwing butterflies", which have long, narrow wings compared to other butterflies.
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1164:"Male-specific structures on the wings of the gulf fritillary butterfly, Agraulis vanillae (Nymphalidae)"
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when those species have breeding populations in similar areas and within the same geographic range.
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is most commonly found in the southern areas of the United States, specifically in many regions of
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parts of
Florida. The first and second migrations occur in the spring and the fall, respectively.
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time frame whereas warmer temperatures are associated with a shorter time for pupal development.
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352:, Plate XXV), which shows the adult and caterpillar of the gulf fritillary on a vanilla orchid,
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Zhang, Jing; Cong, Qian; Shen, Jinhui; Opler, Paul A.; Grishin, Nick V. (5 November 2019).
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in which the male continuously claps its wings open and closed. During this time, the
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1279:"Biology and Migratory Behavior of Agraulis Vanillae (L.) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)"
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of the host plant. Once the female recognizes the chemical composition (by using the
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In its adult form, the gulf fritillary is a medium-sized butterfly that has extended
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Shapiro, Arthur M., Journal of the
Lepidopterists’ Society 62(1), 2008, 58–59.
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constituting a major component of the geographic range of this butterfly, the
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1420:"Courtship Behavior of the Gulf Fritillary, Agraulis Vanillae (Nymphalidae)"
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1301:"'Byron Beauty', An Ornamental Passion Vine for the Temperate Zone"
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Gulf fritillary butterfly feeding on nectar from
Mexican sunflower
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302:. That subfamily was formerly set apart as a separate family, the
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Both male and female gulf fritillaries possess certain defensive
489:. The adult butterflies use nectar from many flowers, including
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Knight, R.J.; Payne, J.A.; Schnell, R.J.; Amis, A.A. (1995).
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The
Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Society
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while the second migration involves the butterflies moving
1162:
Rauser, Casandra L.; Rutowski, Ronald L. (December 2003).
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of gulf fritillaries, as the female butterflies lay their
1039:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0 Dione vanillae Gulf Fritillary"
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plants. The
Passiflora host plants are frequently called
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When the time comes for the caterpillar to create its
431:. However, this butterfly’s range can extend from the
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range of 6.5 to 9.5 cm. This butterfly exhibits
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Sole species in brush-footed butterfly genus
Agraulis
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30:"Agraulis" redirects here. Not to be confused with
604:Gulf Fritillary caterpillar, Florida, January 2021
370:. A phylogenetic analysis reported in 2019 placed
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483:--for gulf fritillaries are members of the genus
938:Fritillary feeding on nectar from passion flower
835:Along with chemical pheromones, the presence of
708:throughout the state, especially throughout the
1864:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
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1286:Graduate Council of the University of Florida
479:The caterpillar food plants--also called the
407:Gulf fritillaries are found primarily in the
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1418:Rutowski, Ronald L.; Schaefer, John (1984).
1340:"Lepidopteran Foodplant Records from Texas"
1204:"Changes to North American butterfly names"
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350:The Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam
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1277:Arbogast, Richard Terrance (August 1965).
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63:
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1482:How to Raise Gulf Fritillary Butterflies
971:larvae preparing for their metamorphoses
1379:Arbogast, Richard T. (September 1966).
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671:After the process of emerging from the
1427:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
1347:Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
1168:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
1002:Metamorphosis insectorum surinamensium
753:from other butterfly species, such as
736:, especially avian predators such as
667:Minutes after emerging from chrysalis
344:in 1758, based on a 1705 painting by
7:
1087:University of Florida IFAS Extension
1000:Plate XXV in Maria Sibylla Merian's
459:Gulf fritillaries are found in open
340:was given to the gulf fritillary by
1859:Fauna of the Western United States
1854:Fauna of the Eastern United States
1472:, San Diego Natural History Museum
778:The general process for a typical
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1019:from Central GA (scale bar: 1 cm)
443:and sometimes as far as parts of
1879:Lepidoptera of the United States
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953:in its chrysalis form, seen in
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745:can sometimes be subjected to
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1869:Butterflies described in 1758
1809:Nymphalidae of South America
1804:Butterflies of the Caribbean
1794:Butterflies of North America
1466:, University of Florida IFAS
881:Profile of wings in sunlight
805:Female and male interactions
629:In form and appearance, the
552:, the female will oviposit.
1874:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1116:Journal of Chemical Ecology
869:Feeding using its proboscis
519:on or near the host plant.
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1784:NatureServe secure species
1321:10.21273/HORTSCI.30.5.1112
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1338:Neck, Raymond W. (1976).
716:Defense against predators
447:. They are also found in
323:Gulf fritillaries have a
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1839:Lepidoptera of Venezuela
1819:Lepidoptera of Argentina
1385:The Florida Entomologist
1043:explorer.natureserve.org
413:contiguous United States
1829:Lepidoptera of Colombia
1478:, Butterflies of Canada
1128:10.1023/A:1010372114144
823:relates to the idea of
1844:Insects of Puerto Rico
1834:Lepidoptera of Ecuador
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780:courtship interaction
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290:) is a bright orange
762:Dryas iulia moderata
535:Passiflora incarnata
346:Maria Sibylla Merian
334:The scientific name
36:, a trilobite genus.
1849:Fauna of the Amazon
1814:Butterflies of Cuba
893:Fritillaries mating
608:In appearance, the
79:Conservation status
774:Courtship behavior
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508:Passiflora affinis
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374:as a sub-genus of
355:Vanilla planifolia
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1756:Open Tree of Life
1556:Agraulis-vanillae
1546:Agraulis_vanillae
1532:Agraulis vanillae
1502:Agraulis vanillae
1494:Taxon identifiers
1458:Agraulis vanillae
969:Agraulis vanillae
951:Agraulis vanillae
791:wing clap display
730:defense mechanism
724:located on their
396:sexual dimorphism
294:in the subfamily
282:passion butterfly
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269:(Linnaeus, 1758)
267:Agraulis vanillae
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1122:(6): 1219–1228.
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19:
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1435:. Retrieved
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1353:(2): 75–82.
1350:
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1176:. Retrieved
1174:(4): 279–283
1171:
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1051:. Retrieved
1047:the original
1042:
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1016:
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987:Grand Cayman
983:
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820:dorsal wings
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304:Heliconiidae
296:Heliconiinae
286:
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232:
230:
214:
213:
194:
58:Dorsal view
38:
31:
1789:Heliconiini
1652:iNaturalist
1526:Wikispecies
1314:(5): 1112.
1308:HortScience
1089:: 423–425.
1017:D. vanillae
917:Caterpillar
825:mate choice
747:competition
528:Oviposition
523:Propagation
513:oviposition
481:host plants
467:Host plants
382:Description
362:in 1835 by
300:Nymphalidae
184:Heliconiini
174:Nymphalidae
164:Lepidoptera
97:NatureServe
1778:Categories
1437:25 October
1433:(1): 23–31
1364:25 October
1178:25 October
1025:References
816:pheromones
810:Pheromones
784:Passiflora
710:peninsular
588:Life cycle
573:life cycle
568:Passiflora
556:Life cycle
486:Passiflora
429:California
329:Pheromones
144:Arthropoda
1696:173004462
1484:, WikiHow
1223:2643-4806
1091:CiteSeerX
1053:3 October
842:oogenesis
734:predators
706:southward
702:northward
697:migration
687:Migration
677:sex ratio
673:chrysalis
652:chrysalis
646:Chrysalis
550:antennae)
388:forewings
364:Boisduval
292:butterfly
209:Species:
130:Kingdom:
124:Eukaryota
1704:LepIndex
1670:10616831
1587:BugGuide
1563:BioLib:
1553:BAMONA:
1511:Wikidata
1241:34746798
1217:(2): 5.
1136:11504024
795:antennae
751:fighting
732:against
726:abdomens
461:habitats
392:wingspan
372:Agraulis
368:Le Conte
360:Agraulis
254:Synonyms
241:Linnaeus
170:Family:
140:Phylum:
134:Animalia
120:Domain:
33:Agraulos
18:Agraulis
1644:1907711
1517:Q134532
1405:3493431
1288:: 7–46.
1232:8570546
1144:2815219
1015:Pinned
856:Gallery
693:Florida
614:instars
492:Lantana
455:Habitat
421:Georgia
417:Florida
415:, from
411:of the
314:Florida
190:Genus:
180:Tribe:
160:Order:
154:Insecta
150:Class:
95: (
93:Secure
1709:153090
1683:777975
1631:AGRAVA
1618:151782
1566:548641
1403:
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769:Mating
722:glands
618:leaves
610:larvae
449:Hawaii
437:Mexico
390:and a
366:&
201:Hübner
1761:81495
1748:80653
1735:40039
1665:IRMNG
1657:49150
1579:17383
1423:(PDF)
1401:JSTOR
1343:(PDF)
1304:(PDF)
1282:(PDF)
1207:(PDF)
1140:S2CID
787:genus
738:birds
691:With
659:Adult
631:pupae
580:Larva
546:genus
425:Texas
376:Dione
318:Texas
195:Dione
1730:NCBI
1722:4413
1717:MONA
1691:IUCN
1678:ITIS
1639:GBIF
1626:EPPO
1605:B3CX
1574:BOLD
1439:2017
1366:2017
1237:PMID
1219:ISSN
1180:2017
1132:PMID
1055:2020
759:and
749:and
742:odor
625:Pupa
517:eggs
505:and
439:and
427:and
419:and
316:and
276:The
245:1758
1613:EoL
1600:CoL
1592:567
1541:ADW
1393:doi
1355:doi
1316:doi
1227:PMC
1124:doi
905:Egg
561:Egg
538:or
423:to
280:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
