60:
1076:
1261:
4308:
1059:, disagreeing with Beloch, instead put forth the suggestion that the real-life Achaeans were mainland pre-Dorian Greeks. His conclusion is based on his research on the similarity between the languages of the Achaeans and pre-historic Arcadians. William Prentice disagreed with both, noting archeological evidence suggests the Achaeans instead migrated from "southern
3223:, Texts and Commentaries – Introduction #2: "Panhellenism is the least common denominator of ancient Greek civilization...The impulse of Panhellenism is already at work in Homeric and Hesiodic poetry. In the Iliad, the names "Achaeans" and "Danaans" and "Argives" are used synonymously in the sense of Panhellenes = "all Hellenes" = "all Greeks.""
3211:, Chapter 4: Argos, p. 23: "The Late Bronze Age in Greece is also called conventionally 'Mycenaean', as we saw in the last chapter. But it might in principle have been called 'Argive', 'Achaean', or 'Danaan', since the three names that Homer does apply to Greeks collectively were 'Argives', 'Achaeans', and 'Danaans'."
3522:
In particular: Achilles 72, Antilochus 2, Protesilaus 4, Peneleos 2, Eurypylus 1, Ajax 14, Thoas 2, Leitus 20, Thrasymedes 2, Agamemnon 16, Diomedes 18, Menelaus 8, Philoctetes 3, Meriones 7, Odysseus 12, Idomeneus 13, Leonteus 5, Ajax 28, Patroclus 54, Polypoetes 1, Teucer 30, Neoptolemus 6; a total
1032:
A scholarly consensus has not yet been reached on the origin of the historic
Achaeans relative to the Homeric Achaeans and is still hotly debated. Former emphasis on presumed race, such as John A. Scott's article about the blond locks of the Achaeans as compared to the dark locks of "Mediterranean"
3147:
According to
Finkelberg, this derivation does not necessitate an ultimate Greek and Indo-european origin of the word: "Obviously, this deduction cannot supply conclusive proof that Ahhiyawa presents a Greek word, the more so as neither the etymology of this word nor its cognates are known to
1187:, a Swiss Hittitologist who worked on the Boghazköy tablets in Berlin, said the Achaeans of pre-Homeric Greece were directly associated with the term "Land of Ahhiyawa" mentioned in the Hittite texts. His conclusions at the time were challenged by other Hittitologists (i.e.
1240:
It now seems most reasonable to identify
Ahhiyawa primarily with the Greek mainland, although in some contexts the term "Ahhiyawa" may have had broader connotations, perhaps covering all regions that were settled by Mycenaeans or came under Mycenaean
3286:
1245:
In fact, the authors state that "there is now little doubt that
Ahhiyawa was a reference by the Hittites to some or all of the Bronze Age Mycenaean world", and that Forrer was "largely correct after all".
1541:
1236:
Scholarship up to 2011 was reviewed by Gary M. Beckman et al. In this review, the increasing acceptance of the
Ahhiyawa-Mycenaeans hypothesis was noted. As to the exact location of Ahhiyawa:
3933:
3351:
3333:
1312:, offering greeting gifts to the Egyptian king, in order to initiate diplomatic relations, when the latter campaigned in Syria. Tanaju is also listed in an inscription at the
1354:
or Eqwesh, whom some have seen as
Achaeans, although Egyptian texts specifically mention these Ekwesh to be circumcised. Homer mentions an Achaean attack upon the delta, and
1386:, the perceived cultural divisions among the Hellenes were represented as legendary lines of descent that identified kinship groups, with each line being derived from an
1534:
3257:
As
William K. Prentice expressed this long-standing skepticism of a genuine Achaean ethnicity in the distant past, at the outset of his article "The Achaeans" (see
1037:, on the basis of hints in Homer, has been rejected by some. The contrasting belief that "Achaeans", as understood through Homer, is "a name without a country", an
3788:
3779:
3573:
1527:
3926:
731:
In the historical period, the term fell into disuse as a general term for Greek people, and was generally reserved for inhabitants of the region of
3725:
Mellink, Machteld J. (April 1983). "The
Hittites and the Aegean World: Part 2. Archaeological Comments on Ahhiyawa-Achaians in Western Anatolia".
1323:–1344 BC. Moreover, a list of the cities and regions of the Tanaju is also mentioned in this inscription; among the cities listed are Mycenae,
3919:
3876:
3616:
3592:
149:
3942:
623:
1350:
and northern peoples is supposed to have attacked the western delta. Included amongst the ethnic names of the repulsed invaders is the
4353:
4338:
3548:
3348:
3330:
1045:, has modern supporters among those who conclude that "Achaeans" were redefined in the 5th century BC, as contemporary speakers of
4348:
1459:
each gained a foothold in mainland Greece and were assimilated and
Hellenized. Hellen, Graikos, Magnes, and Macedon were sons of
1313:
1209:
to the
Achaeans beyond a similarity in pronunciation was hotly debated by scholars, even following the discovery that Mycenaean
1225:. More recent research based on new readings and interpretations of the Hittite texts, as well as of the material evidence for
4242:
1188:
969:
683:
59:
4262:
3103:
121:
3792:
759:Ἀχαιϝοί) is possibly derived, via an intermediate form *Ἀχαϝyοί, from a hypothetical older Greek form reflected in the
1222:
800:, the term Achaeans is one of the primary terms used to refer to the Greeks as a whole. It is used 598 times in the
3178:
2584:
1592:
358:
4333:
3639:
Güterbock, Hans G. (April 1983). "The Hittites and the Aegean World: Part 1. The Ahhiyawa Problem Reconsidered".
1795:
1468:
75:
3083:
2251:
1409:
616:
557:
3415:
Editors: Gary M. Beckman, Trevor Bryce, Eric H. Cline; Society of Biblical Literature, 2011; ISBN 158983268X
3063:
2577:
2258:
1397:
999:
991:
732:
42:
35:
1370:. Some ancient Greek authors also say that Helen had spent the time of the Trojan War in Egypt, and not at
3763:
2544:
2223:
1488:
1421:
1105:). In the earliest reference to this land, a letter outlining the treaty violations of the Hittite vassal
1021:
Pausanias and Herodotus both recount the legend that the Achaeans were forced from their homelands by the
1007:
725:
674:
528:
4257:
2761:
2558:
1010:, writing in the 2nd century AD, the term "Achaean" was originally given to those Greeks inhabiting the
4343:
2664:
1218:
1055:
suggested there was no Dorian invasion, but rather that the Peloponnesian Dorians were the Achaeans.
523:
968:; All of the aforementioned terms were used synonymously to denote a common Greek identity. In some
4287:
4178:
3073:
2482:
772:
752:
698:
609:
575:
367:
3853:
3832:
3824:
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3742:
3685:
3664:
3656:
3567:
3098:
2551:
2537:
339:
286:
238:
167:
114:
3896:"The Iliad of Homer (Translated by Herbert Jordan): The Achaeans, Argives, Danaans, or Greeks?"
3173:
4292:
4237:
3872:
3612:
3588:
3544:
3412:
2735:
1115:
768:
713:
538:
319:
188:
3816:
3734:
3648:
3093:
2365:
2020:
1226:
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987:
926:
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705:
647:
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518:
392:
135:
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1214:
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1026:
965:
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543:
533:
282:
3442:
4247:
4044:
3602:
3068:
1886:
1702:
1336:
983:
806:, often accompanied by the epithet "long-haired". Other common names used in Homer are
740:
371:
248:
4327:
4312:
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3836:
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3668:
3510:
1417:
1295:
1124:
228:
173:
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2354:
1392:
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990:
periods, the term "Achaeans" referred to inhabitants of the much smaller region of
178:
141:
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3582:
3538:
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349:
128:
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4004:
3971:
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2051:
1483:
after Hellen who was proved to be the strongest. Sons of Hellen and the nymph
1367:
1363:
1148:
1106:
1060:
1042:
580:
410:
329:
183:
100:
51:
4267:
2347:
1709:
1460:
1448:
1343:
1294:. The earliest textual reference to the Mycenaean world is in the Annals of
1264:
Map of Mycenaean cultural areas, 1400–1100 BC (unearthed sites in red dots).
1178:
995:
776:
508:
498:
468:
443:
324:
273:
263:
258:
218:
69:
1491:. Sons of Xuthos and Kreousa, daughter of Erechthea, were Ion and Achaeus.
739:. The city-states of this region later formed a confederation known as the
4252:
4093:
4019:
3996:
3991:
3981:
3791:. Cambridge, MA: President and Fellows of Harvard College. Archived from
3004:
2860:
2742:
2384:
2230:
1893:
1456:
1425:
1355:
1332:
1324:
1210:
1120:
1079:
Map showing the Hittite Empire, Ahhiyawa (Achaeans) and Wilusa (Troy) in
1034:
1029:
of the Peloponnese. They then moved into the region later called Achaea.
513:
493:
430:
253:
243:
233:
223:
65:
17:
4277:
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4216:
4206:
4198:
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3857:
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2027:
1788:
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1433:
1387:
1328:
1132:
1022:
1015:
1011:
756:
590:
458:
353:
344:
193:
3852:(6). The Classical Association of the Middle West and South: 366–367.
3828:
3746:
3689:
3660:
4221:
4202:
4190:
4173:
4153:
4123:
4098:
3966:
3961:
3676:
Güterbock, Hans G. (June 1984). "Hittites and Akhaeans: A New Look".
3078:
3057:
2877:
2237:
2216:
2044:
1484:
1464:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1351:
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448:
425:
420:
405:
334:
314:
309:
198:
105:
3904:
3820:
3738:
3652:
1305:–1425 BC), which refers to messengers from the king of the Tanaju,
4182:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4128:
4088:
4054:
4049:
4000:
3709:
3540:
Etymological Dictionary of Greek: The Pre-Greek Loanwords in Greek
3088:
2772:
2244:
1452:
1437:
1347:
1259:
1229:
contacts with the Anatolian mainland, came to the conclusion that
1074:
802:
797:
694:
304:
94:
31:
4102:
3789:"The Heroic and the Anti-Heroic in Classical Greek Civilization"
3108:
2884:
2853:
2401:
1695:
1499:
1371:
1156:
503:
473:
463:
453:
415:
3915:
3844:
Scott, John A. (March 1925). "The Complexion of the Achaeans".
1396:
were said to be named in honor of their respective ancestors:
1233:
referred to the Mycenaean world, or at least to a part of it.
1006:
as descendants of the earlier, Homeric Achaeans. According to
941:
834:
767:; the latter is attested in the Hittite archives, e.g. in the
662:
659:
1169:
1160:
1127:) of the empire period (14th–13th century BC) to the king of
956:
911:
897:
892:
846:
743:, which was influential during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.
34:
use of the term 'Achaeans'. For other uses in antiquity, see
1374:, and that after Troy the Greeks went there to recover her.
1195:
in 1930), as well as by Ferdinand Sommer, who published his
871:
1498:, 22 Achaeans killed 362 Trojans during their ten years at
935:
877:
828:
688:
650:
3285:, Volume II, Part 1: Die Zeit der ägyptischen Großmacht –
1147:. Ahhiya(wa) has been identified with the Achaeans of the
874:
822:
3807:
Prentice, William K. (April–June 1929). "The Achaeans".
3626:
Finkelberg, Margalit (1988). "From Ahhiyawa to Ἀχαιοί".
693:, "the Achaeans" or "of Achaea") is one of the names in
3441:
For example, in Euripides, Stesichorus, and Herodotus;
1139:) was under his control. It also refers to an earlier "
1090:
Some Hittite texts mention a nation to the west called
3479:
3477:
3287:
V. Das griechische Festland und die mykenische Kultur
947:
944:
883:
837:
825:
665:
656:
3868:
Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery
938:
880:
819:
704:
The term "Achaean" is believed to be related to the
4230:
4116:
3949:
3815:(2). Archaeological Institute of America: 206–218.
3733:(2). Archaeological Institute of America: 138–141.
3647:(2). Archaeological Institute of America: 133–138.
932:
929:
868:
816:
653:
3678:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
3425:
3423:
3421:
3131:Margalit Finkelberg, "From Ahhiyawa to Ἀχαιοί",
1238:
3684:(2). American Philosophical Society: 114–122.
3408:
3406:
1366:when he recounts his own return home from the
1217:; the earlier debate was summed up in 1984 by
1205:) in 1932. The exact relationship of the term
27:Collective name of the Greeks in Homer's poems
3927:
1535:
617:
41:"Danaan" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
3365:
3363:
1196:
1143:episode" involving hostility on the part of
1063:to Greece, probably settling first in lower
735:, a region in the north-central part of the
3710:"The Egyptian Interest in Mycenaean Greece"
831:
3934:
3920:
3912:
3778:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3572:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3282:
1542:
1528:
1509:
624:
610:
47:
3608:Ancient Greece: A Very Short Introduction
3381:
3369:
3314:
3208:
1416:of the Hellenes (not to be confused with
3903:Salimbetti, Andrea (30 September 2013).
3298:
3258:
1475:were said to have originally been named
1131:, treating him as an equal and implying
3318:
3124:
50:
3956:
3771:
3565:
3429:
3393:
3310:
3270:
1479:after the elder son but later renamed
1272:of the Egyptian records may relate to
1159:(note the similarity with early Greek
3765:Geschichte des Altertums (Volume 1–5)
3537:Beekes, Roberts Stephen Paul (2010).
3397:
3331:Translation of the Sins of Madduwatta
3245:
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1358:speaks of the same in Book IV of the
975:, the Achaeans are simply called the
775:doubted its validity and suggested a
150:Trojan War in literature and the arts
7:
3349:Translation of the Tawagalawa Letter
3273:, Volume I, pp. 88 (Note #1) and 92.
3220:
3871:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3714:Jaarbericht "Ex Oriente Lux" (JEOL)
3611:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3587:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1467:, the only people who survived the
1113:. Another important example is the
25:
3560:Griechische Geschichte (Volume I)
3195:, II.2.530 for "Panhellenes" and
724:and are believed to refer to the
4306:
3162:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
1314:Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III
925:
864:
812:
646:
58:
3865:Windle, Joachim Latacz (2004).
3809:American Journal of Archaeology
3727:American Journal of Archaeology
3703:. Oxford: Vincent Baxter Press.
3697:Huxley, George Leonard (1960).
3641:American Journal of Archaeology
1342:During the 5th year of Pharaoh
720:which appear in texts from the
199:Aeneas and the Founding of Rome
1290:may relate to Classical Greek
1:
3894:Jordan, Herbert (2009–2012).
1317:
1306:
1299:
1080:
1067:" probably prior to 2000 BC.
3943:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
3558:Beloch, Karl Julius (1893).
3104:Military of Mycenaean Greece
1390:ancestor. Each of the Greek
1316:. The latter ruled Egypt in
970:English translations of the
898:
689:
3762:Meyer, Eduard (1884–1902).
3584:The Kingdom of the Hittites
1335:and the Thebaid (region of
1155:with the legendary city of
699:used to refer to the Greeks
4375:
3708:Kelder, Jorrit M. (2010).
3336:February 28, 2007, at the
3179:Collins English Dictionary
1268:It has been proposed that
1253:
1170:
1161:
1099:
957:
912:
893:
847:
789:
678:
40:
30:This article is about the
29:
4301:
3905:"The Greek Age of Bronze"
2952:
2950:
2924:
2922:
2881:
2857:
2832:
2830:
2812:
2810:
2756:
2739:
2710:
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2700:
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2302:
2290:
2288:
2220:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2048:
2024:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1890:
1843:
1841:
1792:
1753:
1751:
1699:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1589:
919:"All of the Greeks") and
4354:People of the Trojan War
4339:Ancient tribes in Greece
3562:. Strassburg and Berlin.
3199:II.2.653 for "Hellenes".
3084:Historicity of the Iliad
1506:Genealogy of the Argives
1487:were Dorus, Xuthos, and
902:; used 182 times in the
854:; used 138 times in the
786:Homeric versus later use
558:Historicity of the Iliad
4349:Ancient tribes in Crete
3064:Achaea (Roman province)
1025:, during the legendary
43:Danaan (disambiguation)
36:Achaea (disambiguation)
3787:Nagy, Gregory (2014).
3581:Bryce, Trevor (1999).
3164:, Brill, 2009, p. 181.
1265:
1243:
1203:The Ahhiyawa Documents
1197:
1119:written by an unnamed
1087:
726:Mycenaean civilization
529:Manapa-Tarhunta letter
194:Wanderings of Odysseus
76:Attic red-figure kylix
3846:The Classical Journal
3700:Achaeans and Hittites
3234:Description of Greece
1346:, a confederation of
1276:(compared to Hittite
1263:
1198:Die Ahhijava-Urkunden
1078:
728:or some part of it.
3483:Pseudo-Apollodorus.
3396:, pp. 121–122;
3317:, pp. 133–138;
1123:king (most probably
524:Late Bronze Age Troy
68:tending the wounded
3768:. Stuttgart-Berlin.
3432:, pp. 125–126.
3413:The Ahhiyawa Texts.
3384:, pp. 114–122.
3321:, pp. 138–141.
3301:, pp. 206–218.
3248:, pp. 366–367.
3074:Aegean civilization
1520:
1215:early form of Greek
773:Robert S. P. Beekes
753:Margalit Finkelberg
576:Bronze Age Collapse
504:Archaeology of Troy
438:On the Trojan side:
368:Trojan Battle Order
3456:Catalogue of Women
3354:2013-10-21 at the
3099:Mycenaean language
1510:
1455:, and Pelops from
1266:
1223:Oriental Institute
1189:Johannes Friedrich
1177:, the name of the
1088:
400:On the Greek side:
298:Trojans and allies
287:Catalogue of Ships
168:Judgement of Paris
115:Iphigenia in Aulis
4321:
4320:
4313:Turkey portal
3878:978-0-19-926308-0
3618:978-0-19-960134-9
3594:978-0-19-924010-4
3543:. Leiden: Brill.
3060:(modern province)
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3014:
3013:
1408:of the Cadmeans (
1400:of the Achaeans,
1219:Hans G. Güterbock
1116:Tawagalawa Letter
1071:Hittite documents
769:Tawagalawa letter
755:the name Ἀχαιοί (
687:
634:
633:
596:Mycenaean warfare
539:Tawagalawa letter
212:Greeks and allies
16:(Redirected from
4366:
4334:Mycenaean Greece
4311:
4310:
4309:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3908:
3899:
3882:
3861:
3840:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3783:
3777:
3769:
3758:
3721:
3704:
3693:
3672:
3635:
3622:
3598:
3577:
3571:
3563:
3554:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3498:
3492:
3481:
3472:
3465:
3459:
3452:
3446:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3358:
3346:
3340:
3328:
3322:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3189:
3183:
3171:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3138:(1988): 127–134.
3129:
3094:Mycenaean Greece
3038:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3019:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1521:
1404:of the Danaans,
1322:
1319:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1250:Egyptian sources
1200:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1151:and the city of
1101:
1085:
1082:
1002:of the northern
966:appear only once
960:
959:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
915:
914:
901:
896:
895:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
850:
849:
844:
843:
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
792:Achaeans (tribe)
692:
682:
680:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
626:
619:
612:
586:Homeric Question
519:Homeric Question
383:Participant gods
136:The Trojan Women
87:Literary sources
62:
48:
21:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4307:
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4297:
4226:
4112:
3945:
3940:
3902:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3864:
3843:
3806:
3798:
3796:
3786:
3770:
3761:
3724:
3707:
3696:
3675:
3638:
3625:
3619:
3603:Cartledge, Paul
3601:
3595:
3580:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:of 362 Trojans.
3521:
3517:
3499:
3495:
3482:
3475:
3466:
3462:
3453:
3449:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3361:
3356:Wayback Machine
3347:
3343:
3338:Wayback Machine
3329:
3325:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3283:Meyer 1884–1902
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3261:, p. 206).
3256:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3190:
3186:
3172:
3168:
3158:R. S. P. Beekes
3156:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3054:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
1548:
1517:Greek mythology
1508:
1384:Greek mythology
1380:
1378:Greek mythology
1320:
1309:
1302:
1258:
1252:
1109:, it is called
1083:
1073:
1041:created in the
1027:Dorian invasion
998:identified the
928:
924:
867:
863:
815:
811:
794:
788:
749:
722:Late Bronze Age
649:
645:
630:
601:
600:
571:
570:
561:
560:
553:
544:Trojan language
534:Milawata letter
489:
488:
479:
478:
435:
397:
388:Caused the war:
385:
384:
375:
374:
363:
300:
299:
290:
289:
283:Achaean Leaders
278:
214:
213:
204:
203:
163:
162:
153:
152:
89:
88:
79:
73:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4372:
4370:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4326:
4325:
4319:
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4316:
4315:
4302:
4299:
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4296:
4295:
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4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
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4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
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4176:
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4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
3997:Hurrian States
3994:
3992:Hittite Empire
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3900:
3889:
3888:External links
3886:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3862:
3841:
3821:10.2307/497808
3804:
3784:
3759:
3739:10.2307/504929
3722:
3705:
3694:
3673:
3653:10.2307/504928
3636:
3623:
3617:
3599:
3593:
3578:
3555:
3549:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3493:
3473:
3460:
3447:
3434:
3417:
3402:
3386:
3382:Güterbock 1984
3374:
3372:, p. 114.
3370:Güterbock 1984
3359:
3341:
3323:
3315:Güterbock 1983
3313:, p. 22;
3303:
3291:
3275:
3263:
3250:
3238:
3225:
3213:
3209:Cartledge 2011
3201:
3184:
3166:
3150:
3140:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3069:Achaean League
3066:
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1507:
1504:
1451:, Danaus from
1379:
1376:
1310: 1437 BC
1251:
1248:
1193:Albrecht Götze
1084: 1300 BC
1072:
1069:
1043:Epic tradition
982:Later, by the
787:
784:
748:
745:
741:Achaean League
701:collectively.
632:
631:
629:
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569:Related topics
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372:Trojan Leaders
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158:
155:
154:
145:
144:
139:
132:
125:
118:
111:
103:
98:
90:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
63:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4371:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4314:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:Armenia Minor
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:Classical Age
4229:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Assuwa League
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3795:on 2016-05-20
3794:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3767:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3550:9789004174184
3546:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:Meteorologica
3464:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3400:, p. 60.
3399:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3299:Prentice 1929
3295:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:Prentice 1929
3254:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3006:
2981:
2961:
2959:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2862:
2855:
2839:
2837:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2763:
2758:
2744:
2737:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2693:
2668:
2666:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2629:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2513:
2486:
2484:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2356:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2204:
2201:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2129:
2127:
2115:
2113:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2029:
2022:
2002:
1999:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1933:
1931:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1895:
1888:
1856:
1854:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1762:
1760:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1673:
1670:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:genealogy in
1514:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:According to
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:Helen of Troy
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1315:
1297:
1296:Thutmosis III
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:Hattusili III
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
973:
967:
963:
952:
922:
918:
909:
905:
900:
888:
861:
857:
853:
842:
809:
805:
804:
799:
793:
785:
783:
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:According to
746:
744:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
691:
685:
676:
675:Ancient Greek
670:
643:
639:
627:
622:
620:
615:
613:
608:
607:
605:
604:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
565:
564:
559:
556:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
483:
482:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
439:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
402:
401:
394:
391:
390:
389:
379:
378:
373:
369:
366:
360:
357:
355:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
294:
293:
288:
284:
281:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
208:
207:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:Seduction of
171:
169:
166:
165:
157:
156:
151:
148:
143:
140:
138:
137:
133:
131:
130:
126:
124:
123:
119:
117:
116:
112:
110:
108:
104:
102:
99:
97:
96:
92:
91:
83:
82:
77:
72:
71:
67:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
4179:Neo-Hittites
3867:
3849:
3845:
3812:
3808:
3797:. Retrieved
3793:the original
3764:
3730:
3726:
3717:
3713:
3699:
3681:
3677:
3644:
3640:
3631:
3627:
3607:
3583:
3559:
3539:
3518:
3504:
3496:
3484:
3468:
3463:
3458:, Fragments.
3455:
3450:
3437:
3389:
3377:
3344:
3326:
3319:Mellink 1983
3306:
3294:
3278:
3266:
3253:
3241:
3233:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3143:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3025:
2594:Rhadamanthus
2355:Hypermnestra
1512:
1511:
1493:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1447:Cadmus from
1446:
1391:
1381:
1359:
1341:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1206:
1202:
1191:in 1927 and
1183:
1174:
1165:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1091:
1089:
1057:Eduard Meyer
1051:
1047:Aeolic Greek
1038:
1031:
1020:
981:
979:throughout.
976:
971:
961:
920:
917:Panhellenes,
916:
907:
903:
859:
855:
851:
807:
801:
795:
779:
764:
750:
730:
717:
709:
703:
641:
637:
635:
554:
437:
436:
399:
398:
387:
364:
279:
268:
184:Sack of Troy
179:Trojan Horse
146:
142:Posthomerica
134:
127:
120:
113:
106:
93:
78:, c. 500 BC)
64:
4344:Sea Peoples
4283:Paphlagonia
3987:Hayasa-Azzi
3485:Bibliotheca
3467:Aristotle.
3430:Kelder 2010
3394:Windle 2004
3311:Huxley 1960
3271:Beloch 1893
3232:Pausanias.
3023:Colour key:
1469:Great Flood
1410:the Thebans
1321: 1382
1303: 1479
1280:), whereas
1256:Sea Peoples
1185:Emil Forrer
1053:Karl Beloch
1004:Peloponnese
908:Panhellenes
771:. However,
737:Peloponnese
487:Historicity
350:Penthesilea
189:The Returns
122:Philoctetes
4328:Categories
4258:Cappadocia
4238:Antigonids
4187:Carchemish
4134:Cimmerians
4074:Purushanda
4069:Sagalassos
4005:Kizzuwatna
3972:Carchemish
3950:Bronze Age
3799:2014-02-07
3720:: 125–140.
3634:: 127–134.
3398:Bryce 1999
3246:Scott 1925
3115:References
2545:Lacedaemon
2224:Elephantis
2052:Telephassa
1368:Trojan War
1364:Telemachus
1254:See also:
1181:of Troy).
1149:Trojan War
1137:Millawanda
1107:Madduwatta
1061:Asia Minor
913:Πανέλληνες
790:See also:
581:Euhemerism
411:Hephaestus
330:Andromache
101:Epic Cycle
52:Trojan War
4268:Commagene
3837:245265139
3774:cite book
3755:194070218
3669:191376388
3568:cite book
3221:Nagy 2014
3176:entry in
3174:"Hellene"
3120:Citations
2483:Polydorus
2348:Mantineus
1710:Phoroneus
1461:Deucalion
1449:Phoenicia
1388:eponymous
1344:Merneptah
1227:Mycenaean
1179:acropolis
1008:Pausanias
996:Herodotus
988:Classical
777:Pre-Greek
747:Etymology
697:which is
684:romanized
555:See also:
509:Attarsiya
499:Alaksandu
469:Scamander
444:Aphrodite
365:See also:
325:Cassandra
280:See also:
274:Myrmidons
264:Thersites
259:Patroclus
219:Agamemnon
147:See also:
70:Patroclus
4288:Pergamon
4253:Bithynia
4117:Iron Age
3957:Ahhiyawa
3605:(2011).
3454:Hesiod.
3352:Archived
3334:Archived
3236:, VII.1.
3052:See also
3005:Dionysus
2743:Acrisius
2736:Eurydice
2585:Sarpedon
2385:Harmonia
2231:Aegyptus
1894:Poseidon
1481:Hellenes
1457:Anatolia
1426:Aeolians
1356:Menelaus
1333:Messenia
1325:Nauplion
1278:Ahhiyawa
1241:control.
1231:Ahhiyawa
1211:Linear B
1207:Ahhiyawa
1168:, later
1145:Ahhiyawa
1129:Ahhiyawa
1103:Aḫḫiyawa
1100:𒄴𒄭𒅀𒉿
1092:Ahhiyawa
1065:Thessaly
1035:Poseidon
1000:Achaeans
962:Hellenes
921:Hellenes
906:) while
765:Aḫḫiyawā
714:Egyptian
712:and the
710:Ahhiyawa
642:Akhaians
638:Achaeans
514:Hisarlık
494:Ahhiyawa
431:Poseidon
359:Sarpedon
352:and the
269:Achaeans
254:Diomedes
244:Odysseus
234:Menelaus
224:Achilles
161:Episodes
109:, Book 2
66:Achilles
18:Ahhiyawa
4278:Osroene
4273:Galatia
4263:Cilicia
4243:Armenia
4217:Phrygia
4199:Kammanu
4195:Ḫilakku
4144:Diauehi
4139:Colchis
4108:Zalpuwa
4084:Shupria
4065:Pisidia
4040:Miletus
4025:Kussara
4015:Kalašma
4009:Mitanni
3977:Hapalla
3858:3288466
3530:Sources
3506:Fabulae
3501:Hyginus
3471:, I.14.
3445:wsu.edu
2980:Perseus
2665:Autonoë
2366:Lynceus
2259:Phoenix
2028:Achiroë
1796:Memphis
1789:Epaphus
1586:Inachus
1496:Hyginus
1477:Graikoi
1442:Dorians
1440:of the
1434:Ionians
1432:of the
1424:of the
1398:Achaeus
1360:Odyssey
1329:Kythera
1221:of the
1133:Miletus
1121:Hittite
1096:Hittite
1023:Dorians
1016:Laconia
1012:Argolis
984:Archaic
964:) both
958:Ἕλληνες
899:Argeioi
894:Ἀργεῖοι
860:Argives
808:Danaans
780:*Akaya-
761:Hittite
757:earlier
706:Hittite
690:Akhaioí
686::
591:Mycenae
459:Artemis
354:Amazons
345:Troilus
32:Homeric
4359:Denyen
4293:Pontus
4222:Urartu
4203:Kummuh
4191:Gurgum
4174:Mushki
4154:Etiuni
4124:Aeolia
4099:Wilusa
4020:Kaskia
3962:Arzawa
3875:
3856:
3835:
3829:497808
3827:
3753:
3747:504929
3745:
3690:986225
3688:
3667:
3661:504928
3659:
3628:Glotta
3615:
3591:
3547:
3133:Glotta
3079:Denyen
3058:Achaea
3037:
3034:Female
3032:
3027:
2878:Semele
2552:Ocalea
2538:Sparta
2252:Europa
2238:Cadmus
2217:Danaus
2045:Agenor
1513:Argive
1489:Aeolus
1485:Orseis
1471:; the
1465:Pyrrha
1436:, and
1422:Aeolus
1414:Hellen
1406:Cadmus
1402:Danaus
1352:Ekwesh
1348:Libyan
1337:Thebes
1292:Danaoi
1288:Tanaju
1283:Denyen
1274:Achaea
1270:Ekwesh
1213:is an
1166:Wilion
1162:Ϝίλιον
1153:Wilusa
1141:Wilusa
1111:Ahhiya
1039:ethnos
992:Achaea
977:Greeks
858:) and
852:Danaoi
848:Δαναοί
733:Achaea
718:Ekwesh
679:Ἀχαιοί
549:Wilusa
449:Apollo
426:Thetis
421:Hermes
406:Athena
340:Memnon
335:Aeneas
315:Hector
310:Hecuba
239:Nestor
107:Aeneid
4211:Tabal
4183:Atuna
4169:Lydia
4164:Lycia
4159:Ionia
4149:Doris
4129:Caria
4094:Urumu
4089:Urshu
4055:Nairi
4050:Mysia
4035:Luwia
4030:Lukka
4001:Isuwa
3982:Hatti
3854:JSTOR
3833:S2CID
3825:JSTOR
3751:S2CID
3743:JSTOR
3686:JSTOR
3665:S2CID
3657:JSTOR
3489:I.7.3
3443:HELEN
3197:Iliad
3193:Iliad
3089:Homer
3039:Deity
2861:Danaë
2773:Minos
2578:Agave
2245:Cilix
2021:Belus
1887:Libya
1593:Melia
1473:ethne
1453:Egypt
1438:Dorus
1393:ethne
1175:Ilion
1171:Ἴλιον
972:Iliad
904:Iliad
856:Iliad
803:Iliad
798:Homer
763:form
716:term
708:term
695:Homer
320:Paris
305:Priam
229:Helen
174:Helen
95:Iliad
4207:Quwê
4103:Troy
4079:Seha
4060:Pala
4045:Mira
3873:ISBN
3780:link
3613:ISBN
3589:ISBN
3574:link
3545:ISBN
3191:See
3148:us".
3109:Troy
3029:Male
2885:Zeus
2854:Zeus
2559:Abas
2402:Zeus
1696:Zeus
1500:Troy
1463:and
1372:Troy
1286:and
1157:Troy
1014:and
986:and
636:The
474:Zeus
464:Leto
454:Ares
416:Hera
393:Eris
249:Ajax
129:Ajax
3817:doi
3735:doi
3682:128
3649:doi
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