Albertosaurus - Knowledge (XXG)

2237: 2036:, and more fleet-footed than most of their prey animals. This resulted in a dramatic decrease in their mortality rate and a corresponding rarity of fossil remains. Mortality rates doubled at age twelve, perhaps the result of the physiological demands of the rapid growth phase, and then doubled again with the onset of sexual maturity between the ages of fourteen and sixteen. This elevated mortality rate continued throughout adulthood, perhaps due to the high physiological demands of procreation, including stress and injuries received during intraspecific competition for mates and resources, and the eventual, ever-increasing effects of 7130: 9245: 871:. Further excavation from 1997 to 2005 turned up the remains of 13 more individuals of various ages, including a diminutive two-year-old and a very old individual estimated at over 10 metres (33 feet) long. None of these individuals are known from complete skeletons and most are represented by remains in both museums. Excavations continued until 2008, when the minimum number of individuals present had been established at 12 (on the basis of preserved elements that occur only once in a skeleton) and at 26 if mirrored elements were counted when differing in size due to 1984: 7123: 2398:. The Inland Sea was receding as the climate cooled and sea levels subsided towards the end of the Cretaceous, thus exposing land that had previously been underwater. It was not a smooth process, however, and the seaway would periodically rise to cover parts of the region throughout Horseshoe Canyon before finally receding altogether in the years after. Due to the changing sea levels, many different environments are represented in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, including offshore and near-shore marine habitats and coastal habitats, such as 824: 5627: 6452: 6438: 888: 8697: 2344: 2109: 7918: 9295: 8683: 6431: 1909: 129: 8690: 5633: 975: 552: 7137: 150: 6445: 9258: 7936: 1334: 2040:. The higher mortality rate in adults may explain their more common preservation. Very large animals were rare because few individuals survived long enough to attain such size. High infant mortality rates, followed by reduced mortality among juveniles and a sudden increase in mortality after sexual maturity, with very few animals reaching maximum size, is a pattern observed in many modern large mammals, including elephants, 7924: 1403: 2061: 7943: 9252: 1516: 8677: 929:

paleontologist Maurice Stefanuk. RTMP 85.098.001 was found by Stefanuk on June 16, 1985. RTMP 86.64.001 was found in December 1985. RTMP 86.205.001 was found in 1986. RTMP 97.058.0001 was found in 1996 and then there is CMN 11315. Unfortunately, none of these skeletons were found with complete skulls. Fossils have also been reported from the American states of Montana, New Mexico,

7931: 654: 1253: 9283: 5057: 1315:. One patch was found associated with some gastralic ribs and the impression of a long, unknown bone, indicating that the patch is from the belly. The scales are pebbly and gradually become larger and somewhat hexagonal in shape. Also preserved are two larger feature scales, placed 4.5 cm apart from each other, making 704:. Due to a lack of specialised equipment, the almost complete skull could only be partially secured. In 1889, Tyrrell's colleague Thomas Chesmer Weston found an incomplete smaller skull associated with some skeletal material at a location nearby. The two skulls were assigned to the preexisting species 1432:

and lessened the risk of damage to the tooth under strain. The presence of incisions ending in voids has parallels in human engineering. Guitar makers use incisions ending in voids to, as Abler describes, "impart alternating regions of flexibility and rigidity" to wood that they work on. The use of a

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in the tooth ending in a round void called an ampulla. Tyrannosaurid teeth were used as holdfasts for pulling flesh off a body, so when a tyrannosaur pulled back on a piece of meat, the tension could cause a purely crack-like serration to spread through the tooth. However, the presence of the ampulla

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During growth, thickening of the tooth morphology changed so much that, had the association of young and adult skeletons on the Dry Island bonebed not proven that they belonged to the same taxon, the teeth of juveniles would likely have been identified by statistical analysis as those of a different

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before growing to become the dominant predators on their islands. However, as the preservation of behaviour in the fossil record is exceedingly rare, these ideas cannot readily be tested. In 2010, Currie, though still favouring the hunting pack hypothesis, admitted that the concentration could have

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to create an "ampulla" of sorts and prevent the propagation of cracks through material is also used to protect aircraft surfaces. Abler demonstrated that a plexiglass bar with incisions called "kerfs" and drilled holes was more than 25% stronger than one with only regularly placed incisions. Unlike

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were probably equally fleet-footed or at least faster than their prey. Currie hypothesized that the younger members of the pack may have been responsible for driving their prey towards the adults, who were larger and more powerful, but also slower. Juveniles may also have had different lifestyles

2329:, were present, but their cause is unknown. Two ribs and a belly-rib showed signs of breaking and healing. One adult specimen had a left lower jaw showing a puncture wound and both healed and unhealed bite marks. The low number of abnormalities compares favourably with the health condition of a 928:

fossils were found from 1926 to 1972, but there has been an increase in findings since then. Apart from the Dry Island bonebed, six more skulls and skeletons have since been discovered in Alberta and are housed in various Canadian museums. Specimen RTMP 81.010.001 was found in 1978 by amateur

1947:-shaped growth curve results, with the most rapid growth occurring in a four-year period ending around the sixteenth year of life, a pattern also seen in other tyrannosaurids. The growth rate during this phase was 122 kilograms (269 pounds) per year, based on an adult weighing 1.3 2086:. The group seems to be composed of one very old adult, eight adults between 17 and 23 years old, seven sub-adults undergoing their rapid growth phases at between 12 and 16 years old, and six juveniles between the ages of 2 and 11 years old that had not yet reached the growth phase. 2048:. The same pattern is also seen in other tyrannosaurids. The comparison with modern animals and other tyrannosaurids lends support to this life history hypothesis, but bias in the fossil record may still play a large role, especially since more than two-thirds of all 1295:

with a long, muscular tail. However, tyrannosaurid forelimbs were extremely small for their body size and retained only two functional fingers, the second being longer than the first. The legs were long and ended in a four-toed foot on which the first toe, the

1056:, benefiting from much more extensive finds and a general increase in anatomical knowledge of theropods, compared several tyrannosaurid skulls and came to the conclusion that the two species are more distinct than previously thought. As the two species are 1398:

was less formidable, however, with the maximum force, by the back teeth, reaching 3,413 Newtons. Above the eyes were short bony crests that may have been brightly coloured in life and possibly used, by males in particular, in courtship to attract a mate.

2105:, and that all of the preserved animals died at the same time. Currie claims this as evidence of pack behavior. Other scientists are skeptical, observing that the animals may have been driven together by a drought, flood, or other reasons. 846:

alongside the Red Deer River. Because of the large number of bones and the limited time available, Brown's party did not collect every specimen, but made sure to collect remains from all of the individuals that they could identify in the

1943:) and measured slightly more than 2 metres (6.6 feet) long. The 10 metres (33 feet) specimen from the same quarry is 28 years old, the oldest and largest one known. When specimens of intermediate age and size are plotted on a graph, an 2008:, where the smaller bones of younger animals were less likely to be preserved by fossilization than the larger bones of adults, and collection bias, where smaller fossils are less likely to be noticed by collectors in the field. Young 1967:, although growth continued at a slower rate throughout the animals' lives. Sexual maturation while still actively growing appears to be a shared trait among small and large dinosaurs, as well as in large mammals like humans and 2031:

died in large numbers, but have not been preserved in the fossil record because of their small size and fragile construction. After just two years, juveniles were larger than any other predator in the region, aside from adult

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Rothschild, B., Tanke, D. H., and Ford, T. L., 2001, Theropod stress fractures and tendon avulsions as a clue to activity: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press,

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Larson, Derek W.; Brinkman, Donald B.; Bell, Phil R. (2010). "Faunal assemblages from the upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation, an early Maastrichtian cool-climate assemblage from Alberta, with special reference to the

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Hendrickx, Christophe; Bell, Phil R.; Pittman, Michael; Milner, Andrew R. C.; Cuesta, Elena; O'Connor, Jingmai; Loewen, Mark; Currie, Philip J.; Mateus, Octávio; Kaye, Thomas G.; Delcourt, Rafael (June 2022).

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with short arms, two-fingered hands, and a massive head with dozens of large, sharp teeth, a strong sense of smell, powerful binocular vision, and a bone crushing bite force. It may have even been the

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was based on generic tyrannosaurid teeth, so the two Horseshoe Canyon skulls could not be confidently referred to that species. The Horseshoe Canyon skulls also differed markedly from the remains of

4039:"Albertosaurus." In: Dodson, Peter; Britt, Brooks; Carpenter, Kenneth; Forster, Catherine A.; Gillette, David D.; Norell, Mark A.; Olshevsky, George; Parrish, J. Michael; & Weishampel, David B. 2187:, although some or all of the above localities may represent temporary or unnatural aggregations. Others have speculated that, instead of social groups, at least some of these finds represent 2325:

assembly was reported upon. Most specimens showed no sign of disease. On three phalanges of the foot, strange bony spurs that consisted of abnormal ossifications of the tendons, so-called

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are relatively large for juvenile animals, but their remains are still rare in the fossil record when compared to adults. It has been suggested that this phenomenon is a consequence of

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Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337–363.

909:, based on a partial skeleton lacking a skull that was excavated by Gus Lindblad and Ralph Hornell near the Red Deer River in 1923, but this species has been considered identical to 1325:, the only known theropods with preserved feature scales. Another skin impression is from an unknown part of the body. These scales are small, diamond-shaped, and arranged in rows. 859:, along with two isolated toe bones that did not match any of the metatarsals in size. This indicated the presence of at least nine individuals in the quarry. Palaeontologist 9438: 2285:

foot bones checked for stress fractures actually had them and none of the four hand bones did. The scientists found that stress fractures were "significantly" less common in

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to be an albertosaurine in 2004, but his more recent unpublished work places it as a basal eotyrannosaurian just outside of Tyrannosauridae, in agreement with other authors.

1971:. This pattern of relatively early sexual maturation differs strikingly from the pattern in birds, which delay their sexual maturity until after they have finished growing. 1935:, the age of an individual animal at the time of death can often be determined, allowing growth rates to be estimated and compared with other species. The youngest known 4677:; Wicks, Kelly; Murphy, Nate (2005). "An unusual multi-individual tyrannosaurid bonebed in the Two Medicine Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) of Montana (USA)". In 1951:. Other studies have suggested higher adult weights, which would affect the magnitude of the growth rate, but not the overall pattern. Tyrannosaurids similar in size to 2725: 5018:, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae". 9468: 9453: 3154: 1364:

that reduced its overall weight. Its long jaws contained, both sides combined, 58 or more banana-shaped teeth. Larger tyrannosaurids possessed fewer teeth, but

717: 2266:, which infects birds. They suggested that tyrannosaurids transmitted the infection by biting each other and that the infection impaired their ability to eat. 1304:

may have been able to reach walking speeds of 14–21 km/hour (8–13 mi/hour). At least for the younger individuals, a high running speed is plausible.

3235: 1500:. Compared with the more robust tyrannosaurines, albertosaurines had slender builds, with proportionately smaller skulls and longer bones of the lower legs ( 2786: 2236: 1352:, which was perched on a muscular, short, S-shaped neck, was about 1 metre (3.3 feet) long in the largest adults. Wide openings in the skull, called 9473: 9371: 1520: 868: 4630: 1060:, they are more closely related to each other than to any other species of tyrannosaurid. Recognizing this, Currie nevertheless recommended that 895:

In 1911, Barnum Brown, during the second year of the American Museum of Natural History's operations in Alberta, uncovered a fragmentary partial

7129: 9448: 7122: 3944:"Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non-feather integumentary structures in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs" 9244: 4958: 4765: 4690: 4610: 4530: 3603: 3414: 2671: 864: 2072:, the most individuals found in one locality of any large Cretaceous theropod and the second-most of any large theropod dinosaur behind the 3433:(1914). "On a new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of 522:

anatomy than what is available for most other tyrannosaurids. The discovery of 26 individuals in one particular site provides evidence of

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adults measured up to 8–9 m (26–30 ft) long and weighed between 1.7 and 3.0 metric tons (1.9 and 3.3 short tons) in body mass.

5089: 4245:"Growth patterns in brooding dinosaurs reveals the timing of sexual maturity in non-avian dinosaurs and genesis of the avian condition" 3892:

Bell, Phil; E. Campione, Nicolás; Scott Persons, W; J. Currie, Philip; Larson, Peter; Tanke, Darren; T. Bakker, Robert (June 1, 2017).

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in 1905. He did not describe the remains in any great detail, citing Lambe's complete description the year before. Both specimens, the

534:. These are near impossible with lesser-known dinosaurs because their remains are rarer and more fragmentary when compared to those of 4356:

Buckley, Lisa G.; Larson, Derek W.; Reichel, Miriam; Samman, Tanya (2010). "Quantifying tooth variation within a single population of

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Erickson, Gregory M.; Currie, Philip J.; Inouye, Brian D.; Winn, Alice A. (2010). "A revised life table and survivorship curve for

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grew at almost five times this rate (601 kilograms per year) at its peak. The end of the rapid growth phase suggests the onset of

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in 1970. A species distinction was maintained because of the age difference. The addition extended the temporal range of the genus

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that could only be used for the type specimen itself because other fossils could not reliably be assigned to it. However, in 2010,

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situation may be clarified once these are fully described. Most authors have followed Currie's recommendation, but some have not.

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individuals were aged 14 years or older at the time of death. Juvenile animals are rarely fossilized for several reasons, mainly

1448:, had no adaptations to prevent the crack-like serrations of their teeth from spreading when subjected to the forces of feeding. 6437: 9478: 8682: 4710:(Tyrannosauridae, Albertosaurinae) material from the Danek Bonebed of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada with evidence of cannibalism". 3153:

Erickson, Gregory M.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Currie, Philip J.; Norell, Mark A.; Yerby, Scott A.; Brochu, Christopher A. (2004).

2168: 2079: 1338: 5626: 3326: 902: 6430: 8696: 5632: 2518:. Dinosaurs dominate the fauna, especially hadrosaurs, which make up half of all dinosaurs known. These include the genera 9273: 9123: 7935: 2998: 7136: 4514: 3730:

Matthew, W.D.; Brown, B. (1922). "The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta".

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sp." "Corral De Enmedio and Packard Formations, Cabollona Group, Sonora, Mexico," in Sullivan and Lucas (2006). Page 16.

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teeth at the tip of the upper jaw, four per side, were much smaller than the rest, more closely packed, and D-shaped in

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of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation is well-known, as vertebrate fossils, including those of dinosaurs, are very common.

1983: 9458: 8689: 6444: 3515:"A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama" 961: 694: 462: 4823:

Wolff, Ewan D. S.; Salisbury, Steven W.; Horner, John R.; Varricchio, David J. (2009). Hansen, Dennis Marinus (ed.).

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Raath, Michael A. (1990). "Morphological variation in small theropods and its meaning in systematics: evidence from

1076:, which are almost always separated. In addition to this, several albertosaurine specimens have been recovered from 799:

established that the holotype, the paratype, and comparable later finds all shared a single common unique trait, or

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Mader, B.; Bradley, R. (1989). "A redescription and revised diagnosis of the syntypes of the Mongolian tyrannosaur

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Carpenter, K., 1992, "Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America", In: N. Mateer and P.-J. Chen (eds.)

823: 3651:"Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia" 2833: 1471:; see below). These two species are the only described albertosaurines, but other undescribed species may exist. 778: 3530: 2310:, although the describer of the species did not recognize this as pathological. The specimen also contains some 879:

bones had been secured, which is the largest concentration of large theropod fossils known from the Cretaceous.

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Roach, Brian T.; Brinkman, Daniel T. (2007). "A reevaluation of cooperative pack hunting and gregariousness in

1383: 7923: 4417: 3807:"Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions" 2191:-like mobbing of carcasses, where aggressive competition leads to some of the predators being killed and even 1939:

is a two-year-old discovered in the Dry Island bonebed, which would have weighed about 50 kilograms (110

785:. By the early twenty-first century, some concerns had arisen that, due to the damaged state of the holotype, 9251: 4486:(Supplement to 3 – Abstracts of Papers, 61st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology): 46A. 1394:

were adapted in general form to resist lateral forces exerted by a struggling prey animal. The bite force of

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has been found in marine sediments in the Horseshoe Canyon, while freshwater environments were populated by

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preserved alongside several hadrosaurs. These findings may corroborate the evidence for social behaviour in

1802: 1615: 1003: 604: 511:, growing up to 8–9 metres (26–30 ft) in length and weighing 1.7–3.0 metric tons (1.9–3.3 short tons). 137: 2223:

in mass. A similar situation is observed in modern Komodo dragons, with hatchlings beginning life as small

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remains have been discovered alongside the river, in outcrops like the ones on either side of this picture.

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established the very same year where the first remains were found. The generic name also incorporates the

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of more than 30 individuals have been recovered that provide scientists with a more detailed knowledge of

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Tyrannosauridae, specifically the subfamily Albertosaurinae. Its closest relative is the slightly older

887: 731: 290: 2133:. However, only rarely are so many dinosaurian predators found at the same site. Small theropods, like 505:

was certainly large for a theropod, it was still much smaller than its larger and more famous relative

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between the enormous adults and the smaller contemporaneous theropods, the largest of which were two

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in other tyrannosaurids as well, as fragmentary remains of smaller individuals were found alongside "

2156: 1563: 1175: 914: 828: 475: 4167: 2548:, all of these animals would have been prey for a diverse array of carnivorous theropods, including 7661: 7448: 4674: 4134: 3398: 3394: 2945: 2216: 1912:

A graph showing the hypothesized growth curves (body mass versus age) of four tyrannosaurids, with

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Erickson, Gregory M.; Curry Rogers, Kristi; Varricchio, David J.; Norell, Mark.; Xu, Xing (2007).

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were also very common, together making up another third of the known fauna. Along with much rarer

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population of which it was established, in 2007, that 19% of individuals showed bone pathologies.

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been brought about by other causes, such as a slowly rising water level during an extended flood.

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when he described the remains in detail in 1903 and 1904, which was a combination first coined by

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earlier by several million years and its geographic range southwards by hundreds of kilometres.

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rediscovered the bonebed in 1997 and resumed fieldwork at the site, which is now located inside

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Eberth, David A.; Currie, Philip J. (2010). "Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and taphonomy of the

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Abler, W.L. 2001. A kerf-and-drill model of tyrannosaur tooth serrations. p. 84–89. In:

3035:. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, N° 117, Government Printing Office. pp 868 2097:

bonebed quarry led Currie to conclude that the locality was not a predator trap, such as the

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There is plentiful evidence for gregarious behaviour among herbivorous dinosaurs, including

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The other major subfamily of tyrannosaurids is Tyrannosaurinae, which includes members like

1477: 1460: 1420: 1406: 1053: 1017:. Finding no significant differences to separate the two taxa (due mostly to a lack of good 860: 747: 367: 3894:"Tyrannosauroid integument reveals conflicting patterns of gigantism and feather evolution" 9165: 8903: 8866: 8798: 8653: 8646: 8474: 8416: 8389: 8379: 8339: 8174: 8033: 8017: 7835: 7807: 7785: 7672: 7517: 7224: 6998: 6881: 6859: 6780: 6609: 6586: 6579: 6557: 6543: 6536: 6497: 6348: 6195: 6122: 6111: 6047: 5935: 5822: 5399: 5308: 5162: 5137: 4631:"A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina" 4094: 3587: 2869: 2514: 2383: 2318:

specimens with humeri were reported by Dale Russel as having pathological damage to them.

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The Dry Island bonebed discovered by Barnum Brown and his crew contains the remains of 26

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Riabinin, A.N. (1930). " "On the age and fauna of the dinosaur beds on the Amur River".

3291: 3173: 3070: 2923: 2805: 2748: 1300:, was very short and did not reach the ground. The third toe was longer than the rest. 9130: 9093: 9074: 9036: 9025: 8822: 8535: 8501: 8483: 8463: 8360: 8074: 7819: 7681: 7508: 7490: 7318: 7285: 7271: 7232: 7006: 6867: 6824: 6817: 6739: 6715: 6668: 6627: 6564: 6550: 6278: 6263: 6090: 5924: 5788: 5756: 5745: 5722: 5684: 5545: 5515: 5439: 5378: 5277: 4859: 4824: 4333: 4298: 4269: 4244: 4220: 4183: 4179: 3918: 3893: 3762:

Christiansen, Per; Fariña, Richard A. (2004). "Mass prediction in theropod dinosaurs".

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bonebed from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Campanian–Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous)"

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dinosaurs and the implications for their behavior. They found that only one of the 319

2160: 1486: 1402: 1030: 996: 735: 734:, Cope stubbornly refused to recognize the new name created by his archrival. However, 701: 690: 658: 3650: 3514: 3278:

bonebed (upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation; Maastrichtian), southern Alberta, Canada".

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In 2009, researchers hypothesized that smooth-edged holes found in the fossil jaws of

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remains and the similar state of preservation common to the many individuals at the

9144: 9082: 9052: 8972: 8965: 8943: 8935: 8815: 8807: 8787: 8510: 8429: 8367: 8258: 8229: 8181: 8010: 7995: 7770: 7702: 7630: 7609: 7588: 7404: 7360: 7168: 7155: 7085: 7038: 6913: 6803: 6755: 6748: 6685: 6654: 6647: 6528: 6355: 6207: 6104: 6006: 5999: 5894: 5878: 5814: 5765: 5697: 5474: 5357: 5350: 5321: 5284: 5253: 4579: 4491: 4043:. Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International, Ltd., 1993. pp. 106–107. 3716: 3402: 3359: 3197: 2785:

Erickson, Gregory M.; Currie, Philip. J.; Inouye, Brian D.; Wynn, Alice A. (2006).

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period, about 70 to 68 million years ago. Immediately below this formation is the

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Eberth, David A.; McCrea, Richard T. (2001). "Were large theropods gregarious?".

4210: 3783: 3333:, a new species of therapodous dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta". 9384: 9343: 9198: 9179: 9109: 9059: 9045: 8987: 8928: 8873: 8750: 8544: 8436: 8405: 8322: 8308: 8040: 7988: 7856: 7778: 7741: 7623: 7595: 7548: 7468: 7346: 7203: 7054: 7027: 6927: 6874: 6810: 6789: 6762: 6513: 6326: 6319: 6305: 6131: 5978: 5969: 5871: 5842: 5772: 5737: 5730: 5530: 5508: 5501: 5460: 5452: 5428: 5413: 5392: 5300: 5292: 4547: 2526: 2479: 2430: 2307: 2261: 2224: 2195:. The evidence of cannibalism was later reported in 2024 by Coppock and Currie. 2141: 2135: 2118: 1492: 1366: 1321: 1265: 1106: 1068:

be kept as separate genera, as he concluded that they were no more similar than

1057: 1008: 979: 620: 47: 3574:. Monographie für Geologie und Palaeontologie, Parts I and II, ser. I, 4: 1–361 3409:(Second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 111–136. 9137: 9066: 9011: 8632: 8447: 8265: 8251: 8236: 8188: 8122: 8048: 7870: 7863: 7849: 7755: 7688: 7616: 7580: 7533: 7475: 7461: 7428: 7420: 7413: 7394: 7217: 7182: 6970: 6571: 6362: 6312: 6249: 6220: 6175: 6153: 6146: 6138: 6062: 5958: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5886: 5806: 5677: 5553: 5406: 5269: 5128: 4184:"Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans" 4077:. Ed.s Tanke, D. H., Carpenter, K., Skrepnick, M. W. Indiana University Press. 3155:"Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs" 2549: 2503: 2484: 2434: 2422: 2407: 2294: 2269:

In 2001, Bruce Rothschild and others published a study examining evidence for

2151: 2126: 2102: 2074: 2045: 2037: 1505: 1444: 1379: 1378:, with teeth of different forms depending on their position in the mouth. The 1375: 1233: 1081: 856: 662: 623:

with which it shares its name, which is a combination of the Greek words σαρξ/

523: 207: 92: 57: 3967: 3572:, 1932 Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia: ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte 3120: 2787:"Tyrannosaur life tables: an example of nonavian dinosaur population biology" 2202:. The leg proportions of the smaller individuals were comparable to those of 9158: 9151: 8851: 8844: 8517: 8456: 8110: 7828: 7374: 7278: 7013: 6598: 6483: 6470: 6397: 6333: 6256: 6235: 5992: 5855: 5663: 5650: 5568: 5420: 5239: 5226: 5189: 5098: 4323: 4138: 3831: 3806: 2813: 2475: 2311: 2290: 2130: 2090: 2028: 1932: 1509: 1439: 698: 653: 616: 498: 220: 161: 117: 97: 41: 9334: 4868: 4731: 4342: 4299:"Sexual maturity in growing dinosaurs does not fit reptilian growth models" 4278: 4260: 4229: 3975: 3927: 3909: 3496: 3478: 3231: 3189: 3033:, 1902 Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America 2821: 2704: 2578:

in their environment, with intermediate niches possibly filled by juvenile

595:, meaning "lizard", which is the most common suffix in dinosaur names. The 5056: 4905:

from the Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada".

1252: 457:, after which the genus is named, although an indeterminate species ("cf. 9328: 8742: 8167: 8160: 8132: 8025: 7525: 6906: 6242: 6069: 5830: 5467: 5146: 5122: 4188: 2453: 2449: 2278: 2192: 1968: 1424: 1353: 1216: 1013:

in 1914. Other specimens were later found in Alberta and the US state of

934: 872: 848: 774: 770: 527: 490: 422: 419: 325: 194: 181: 87: 82: 67: 62: 52: 3245:

has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace

3223: 3181: 9376: 8300: 8062: 7792: 7695: 7020: 6341: 4781:

Currie, Philip J.; Eberth, David A. (2010). "On gregarious behavior in

3840: 3242: 3051:

and the identity of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) in the

2870:"Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurids from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta" 2403: 2360: 2172: 1014: 930: 918: 682: 666: 574: 454: 102: 77: 9389: 3959: 8951: 8639: 6083: 5116: 4901:

Bell, Phil R. (2010). "Palaeopathological changes in a population of

2756: 2493: 2457: 2399: 2145:, have been found in aggregations, as have larger predators, such as 1357: 1297: 1077: 953: 899:

skull at the Red Deer River near Tolman Bridge (specimen AMNH 5222).

843: 782: 645:("to eat"). More than 30 specimens of all ages are known to science. 515: 473:. Scientists disagree on the content of the genus and some recognize 470: 171: 9305: 5000: 4926: 4806: 4464: 4381: 4026: 3805:

Campione, N. E.; Evans, D. C.; Brown, C. M.; Carrano, M. T. (2014).

3677: 3513:

Carr, Thomas D.; Williamson, Thomas E.; Schwimmer, David R. (2005).

3299: 3078: 2931: 2688: 2306:), had a 2.5 by 3.5 cm (0.98 by 1.38 in) deep hole in the 425:

that lived in northwestern North America during the early to middle

3362:(1970). "Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada". 2564:

remains of the Dry Island bonebed, the bones of the small theropod

7799: 7540: 7482: 2445: 2441: 2418: 2342: 2235: 2107: 2059: 1982: 1948: 1514: 1501: 1434: 1401: 1345: 1332: 1292: 1251: 973: 886: 822: 812: 652: 550: 487: 412: 2437:

of large rivers during the later half of Horseshoe Canyon times.

2020:

are rare because they simply did not die as often as adults did.

1174:

on a small tyrannosaurid skeleton, specimen LACM 28345, from the

1002:

recovered another tyrannosaurid skeleton from the slightly older

9363: 9215: 7842: 3364:

National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Paleontology

2415: 2411: 2083: 1283:

shared a similar body appearance with all other tyrannosaurids,

721: 9309: 8713: 7959: 7153: 6468: 5648: 5224: 5109: 5071: 3854:

Thulborn, Richard A. (1982). "Speeds and gaits of dinosaurs".

2461: 1203:(Maleev 1955) was renamed by Bryn Mader and Robert Bradley as 3622:(1995). "(The origin and evolution of the tyrannosaurids.)". 3106:"Possible evidence of gregarious behaviour in tyrannosaurids" 639: 632: 625: 609: 586: 5067: 3750:, 1939 Saurischia — Fossilium catalogus I, Animalia, Pars 87 2666:(Second ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 112. 397: 382: 4685:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 313–324. 4005:: biomechanical implications inferred through 3-D models". 3531:

10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0119:ANGASO]2.0.CO;2

3003:(Cope) from the Edmonton Series of the Northwest Territory" 2206:, which were probably among the fastest dinosaurs. Younger 400: 388: 4605:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–105. 4095:"Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid phylogeny" 2906:

Tanke, Darren H.; Currie, Philip J. (2010). "A history of

2689:"Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" 2064:

Bronze sculptures of a pack, RTM, designed by Brian Cooley

4418:

10.3374/0079-032X(2007)48[103:AROCPH]2.0.CO;2

2198:

Currie has also speculated on the pack-hunting habits of

1150:. The former species is today seen as a juvenile form of 569:

in a one-page note at the end of his 1905 description of

370: 2314:

on the fourth left metatarsal. In 1970, two of the five

4550:(1995). "Taphonomy and paleobiological implications of 2608: 2606: 1527:

Below is the cladogram of Tyrannosauridae based on the

913:

since 1970. Parks' specimen (ROM 807) is housed in the

1263:

was a fairly large bipedal predator, but smaller than

1104:

based on a tooth from China that probably belonged to

681:

is a partial skull collected on June 9, 1884, from an

9271: 4825:"Common avian infection plagued the tyrant dinosaurs" 1199:, but this has found no general acceptance. In 1989, 855:

collections in New York City are seven sets of right

693:

in Alberta. It was recovered by an expedition of the

403: 394: 376: 4395: 4393: 4391: 1184:

in 1995, but is now thought to represent a juvenile

385: 379: 373: 9318: 9197: 9092: 9035: 8997: 8914: 8887: 8797: 8767: 8726: 8624: 8592: 8534: 8500: 8473: 8446: 8415: 8388: 8377: 8337: 8202: 8150: 8121: 8083: 8072: 7972: 7884: 7818: 7740: 7671: 7647: 7559: 7507: 7447: 7403: 7392: 7336: 7304: 7251: 7201: 7166: 7084: 7037: 6984: 6946: 6892: 6843: 6779: 6738: 6714: 6683: 6637: 6607: 6596: 6481: 6396: 6295: 6206: 6185: 6121: 6024: 5968: 5934: 5841: 5786: 5755: 5695: 5661: 5587: 5567: 5491: 5438: 5319: 5237: 5188: 5161: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 1955:had similar growth rates, although the much larger 1291:was bipedal and balanced its large, heavy head and 607:

is derived from the Ancient Greek term σαρκοφάγος (

391: 5014:Longrich, Nicholas R.; Currie, Philip J. (2009). " 4292: 4290: 4288: 3732:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3591: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2737:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2693:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2052:specimens are known from the exact same locality. 4603:Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives 4406:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 4085: 4083: 3856:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2954:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 2901: 2899: 2897: 2016:, rather than bias, and that fossils of juvenile 4443:based on the Dry Island mass death assemblage". 3335:University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series 3316:. China Ocean Press, Beijing, China, pp. 250–268 2179:of Montana contains at least three specimens of 4953:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 199–204. 4706:Coppock, C.; Currie, P. J. (2024). "Additional 3508: 3506: 3456: 3454: 3452: 2429:remains are found in deposits laid down in the 1214:material were reassigned to a different genus, 1006:in Alberta. Lawrence Lambe named this dinosaur 615:), meaning "flesh-eating", and having the same 4945:Eberth, David A. (1997). "Edmonton Group". In 3641: 3639: 3637: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3047:"A taxonomic assessment of the type series of 1154:and the latter is seen as either identical to 5083: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4525:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 45–50. 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 983:, which was described as a second species of 8: 4818: 4816: 4760:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 4758:The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor 3997:Reichel, Miriam (2010). "The heterodonty of 3554:Memoirs of the Russian Mineralogical Society 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 2716: 2714: 1100:In 1930, Anatoly Nikolaevich Riabinin named 834:On August 11, 1910, American paleontologist 3582: 3580: 2730:and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" 1438:tyrannosaurs, more ancient predators, like 838:discovered the remains of a large group of 9439:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America 9306: 9003: 8920: 8895: 8779: 8775: 8734: 8723: 8710: 8621: 8589: 8421: 8385: 8345: 8214: 8210: 8095: 8091: 8080: 7980: 7969: 7956: 7747: 7737: 7653: 7565: 7453: 7400: 7310: 7263: 7259: 7209: 7174: 7163: 7150: 7081: 6990: 6898: 6851: 6720: 6695: 6691: 6619: 6615: 6604: 6489: 6478: 6465: 6393: 6212: 6203: 6032: 5847: 5798: 5794: 5707: 5703: 5669: 5658: 5645: 5444: 5327: 5245: 5234: 5221: 5167: 5158: 5106: 5090: 5076: 5068: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2624: 2622: 127: 20: 4858: 4848: 4332: 4322: 4268: 4219: 4209: 3917: 3830: 3486: 2971:Lambe, L.M. (1903). "On the lower jaw of 2948:(1892). "On the skull of the dinosaurian 2636:. Indiana University Press. p. 310. 2470:made up the fish fauna. Mammals included 1210:On two occasions, species based on valid 4404:and other nonavian theropod dinosaurs". 2629:Larson, P.; Carpenter, K., eds. (2008). 2394:formation representing a section of the 2374:in Alberta. These younger units of this 1907: 9278: 4297:Lee, Andrew H.; Werning, Sarah (2008). 4093:; Hurum, Jørn H; Sabath, Karol (2003). 3314:Aspects of nonmarine Cretaceous geology 3007:Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 2602: 2259:, were caused by a parasite similar to 1521:Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center 1428:distributed these forces over a larger 1287:in particular. Typical for a theropod, 869:Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park 753:Shortly later, Osborn pointed out that 3752:. 's-Gravenhage, W. Junk, 1939, 124 pp 3259:|...|checked=yes}} 2664:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 2321:In 2010, the health of the Dry Island 827:Teeth from Dry Island and Drumheller, 332:(Osborn, 1905) Matthew and Brown, 1922 9469:Maastrichtian genus first appearances 3887: 3885: 3624:Kyoryugaku Saizensen (Dino Frontline) 2890:from the original on October 9, 2022. 941:and may not even belong to the genus 865:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology 7: 9454:Taxa named by Henry Fairfield Osborn 2634:, the Tyrant King (Life of the Past) 4115:from the original on March 26, 2009 2749:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2007.00735_17.x 1777: 1753: 1729: 1705: 1681: 1657: 1633: 1608: 1555: 1548: 1538: 851:. Among the bones deposited in the 765:, so Osborn gave them the new name 526:behavior and allows for studies of 514:Since the first discovery in 1884, 16:Genus of bipedal predatory dinosaur 4981:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 4907:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 4787:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 4712:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 4560:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4480:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4445:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 4362:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 4007:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3697:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3658:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3598:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3519:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3280:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3059:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2912:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2687:Osborn, H.F. (December 31, 1905). 2244:-type lesions; D (upper right) is 1160:or representing a separate genus, 1037:, which had been named first, and 937:, but they are doubted to be from 853:American Museum of Natural History 14: 2910:discoveries in Alberta, Canada". 1390:, the maxillary (cheek) teeth of 1232:. In 1939, German paleontologist 905:described a new species in 1928, 461:sp.") has been discovered in the 411:; meaning "Alberta lizard") is a 9293: 9281: 9256: 9250: 9243: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8675: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7922: 7916: 7135: 7128: 7121: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6429: 5631: 5625: 5055: 3811:Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3594:Predatory Dinosaurs of the World 2592:Timeline of tyrannosaur research 1138:(Matthew & Brown 1922) into 1134:, in 1970, Russell also renamed 366: 148: 9474:Maastrichtian genus extinctions 3397:(2004). "Tyrannosauroidea". In 2169:Field Museum of Natural History 2080:Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry 1370:had 62. Unlike most theropods, 1339:Geological Museum in Copenhagen 669:. Almost three-quarters of all 445:, was apparently restricted in 4580:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011256 4492:10.1080/02724634.2001.10010852 4139:"RE: Burpee Conference (LONG)" 3717:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011737 2211:than adults, filling predator 1452:Classification and systematics 1374:and other tyrannosaurids were 1: 9449:Fossil taxa described in 1905 5040:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.07.005 4102:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2877:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2027:life history postulates that 1188:. Also in 1988, Paul renamed 4850:10.1371/journal.pone.0007288 4629:; Currie, Philip J. (2006). 4601:; Currie, Philip J. (eds.). 4211:10.1371/journal.pone.0079420 3876:10.1016/0031-0182(82)90005-0 3784:10.1080/08912960412331284313 3461:Ricklefs, Robert E. (2007). 3405:; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). 2425:fossils from the formation, 2155:. There is some evidence of 1459:is a member of the theropod 1126:. Because he had identified 1084:. Currie suggested that the 777:CMN 5601, are stored in the 640: 626: 610: 4644:(1): 71–118. Archived from 2298:. ROM 807, the holotype of 2240:Tyrannosaur jaw-bones with 1178:of Montana. It was renamed 962:Corral de Enmedio Formation 712:in 1892. Although the name 695:Geological Survey of Canada 9495: 2372:Horseshoe Canyon Formation 2349:Horseshoe Canyon Formation 1523:in Woodland Park, Colorado 1307:Two skin impressions from 1172:Albertosaurus megagracilis 687:Horseshoe Canyon Formation 633: 587: 9240: 9006: 8923: 8898: 8782: 8778: 8737: 8722: 8709: 8673: 8620: 8588: 8424: 8348: 8217: 8213: 8098: 8094: 7983: 7968: 7955: 7914: 7750: 7736: 7656: 7568: 7456: 7313: 7266: 7262: 7212: 7177: 7162: 7149: 7118: 7080: 6993: 6901: 6854: 6723: 6698: 6694: 6622: 6618: 6492: 6477: 6464: 6426: 6392: 6215: 6035: 5850: 5801: 5797: 5710: 5706: 5672: 5657: 5644: 5622: 5447: 5330: 5248: 5233: 5220: 5170: 5157: 5105: 4977:Albertosaurus sarcophagus 4951:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 4903:Albertosaurus sarcophagus 4708:Albertosaurus sarcophagus 4683:The Carnivorous Dinosaurs 4523:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 4504:(published abstract only) 4441:Albertosaurus sarcophagus 4358:Albertosaurus sarcophagus 3999:Albertosaurus sarcophagus 3435:Stephanosaurus marginatus 3119:: 271–277. Archived from 3049:Albertosaurus sarcophagus 2421:. Like most of the other 2370:are known from the upper 2368:Albertosaurus sarcophagus 2316:Albertosaurus sarcophagus 1799: 1782: 1775: 1758: 1751: 1734: 1727: 1710: 1703: 1686: 1679: 1662: 1655: 1638: 1631: 1613: 1606: 1581:Albertosaurus sarcophagus 1577: 1560: 1553: 1546: 1311:are known, and both show 1124:Albertosaurus incrassatus 1102:Albertosaurus pericolosus 952:".sp" have been found in 779:Canadian Museum of Nature 767:Albertosaurus sarcophagus 601:Albertosaurus sarcophagus 321: 314: 303:Albertosaurus sarcophagus 296: 289: 145:Scientific classification 143: 135: 126: 23: 4949:; Padian, Kevin (eds.). 4521:; Padian, Kevin (eds.). 4075:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life 3437:from the same horizon". 3331:Albertosaurus arctunguis 3136:(not printed until 2000) 3045:Carr, Thomas D. (2010). 3001:Dryptosaurus incrassatus 2973:Dryptosaurus incrassatus 2560:. Intermingled with the 2414:seams represent ancient 1205:Albertosaurus novojilovi 1140:Albertosaurus sternbergi 1116:Dryptosaurus incrassatus 907:Albertosaurus arctunguis 740:Dryptosaurus incrassatus 724:and had been changed to 350:(Parks, 1928) Kuhn, 1939 337:Albertosaurus arctunguis 9464:Paleontology in Alberta 4517:(1997). "Behavior". In 4402:Deinonychus antirrhopus 4324:10.1073/pnas.0708903105 3832:10.1111/2041-210X.12226 2814:10.1126/science.1125721 2396:Western Interior Seaway 2175:, and a bonebed in the 1927:are represented in the 1923:Most age categories of 1803:Zhuchengtyrannus magnus 1148:Albertosaurus lancensis 1004:Dinosaur Park Formation 948:Two specimens from "cf 891:Skull TMP 1985 098 0001 138:Milwaukee Public Museum 9479:Horseshoe Canyon fauna 4732:10.1139/cjes-2023-0055 4595:Syntarsus rhodesiensis 4261:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0254 4137:(September 20, 2005). 3910:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0092 3479:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0597 2705:10.5281/zenodo.1038222 2363: 2248: 2177:Two Medicine Formation 2122: 2065: 1997: 1920: 1714:Bistahieversor sealeyi 1666:Daspletosaurus horneri 1642:Daspletosaurus torosus 1524: 1469:Albertosaurus libratus 1409: 1341: 1257: 1222:William Diller Matthew 1201:Gorgosaurus novojilovi 1136:Gorgosaurus sternbergi 1043:Albertosaurus libratus 992: 892: 831: 674: 567:Henry Fairfield Osborn 559: 433:period, about 71 9411:Paleobiology Database 7649:Carcharodontosaurinae 7561:Carcharodontosauridae 5016:Albertonykus borealis 4546:Maxwell, W. Desmond; 3251:|...}} 2346: 2239: 2111: 2063: 1986: 1911: 1690:Teratophoneus curriei 1529:phylogenetic analysis 1518: 1405: 1360:attachment sites and 1356:, provided space for 1336: 1255: 1144:Gorgosaurus lancensis 977: 890: 826: 732:Othniel Charles Marsh 656: 554: 479:as a second species. 8625:Dubious coelurosaurs 7338:Metriacanthosaurinae 7306:Metriacanthosauridae 5588:Dubious neotheropods 5064:at Wikimedia Commons 4041:The Age of Dinosaurs 3693:Alectrosaurus olseni 3463:"Tyrannosaur ageing" 3399:Weishampel, David B. 2157:gregarious behaviour 2089:The near-absence of 1564:Gorgosaurus libratus 1531:conducted by Loewen 1465:Gorgosaurus libratus 1230:Deinodon sarcophagus 1197:Albertosaurus olseni 1195:(Gilmore 1933) into 1176:Hell Creek Formation 1152:Gorgosaurus libratus 1146:(Gilmore 1946) into 1000:Charles H. Sternberg 969:Gorgosaurus libratus 915:Royal Ontario Museum 829:Royal Tyrrell Museum 697:, led by the famous 542:History of discovery 482:As a tyrannosaurid, 476:Gorgosaurus libratus 136:Mounted cast in the 7662:Carcharodontosaurus 7449:Carcharodontosauria 5032:2009CrRes..30..239L 5020:Cretaceous Research 4993:2010CaJES..47.1159L 4919:2010CaJES..47.1263B 4841:2009PLoSO...4.7288W 4799:2010CaJES..47.1277C 4724:2024CaJES..61..401C 4572:1995JVPal..15..707M 4457:2010CaJES..47.1269E 4374:2010CaJES..47.1227B 4315:2008PNAS..105..582L 4202:2013PLoSO...879420L 4019:2010CaJES..47.1253R 3868:1982PPP....38..227T 3823:2014MEcEv...5..913C 3776:2004HBio...16...85C 3709:1989JVPal...9...41M 3670:2003CaJES..40..651C 3292:2010CaJES..47.1119E 3224:10.1038/nature16487 3182:10.1038/nature02699 3174:2004Natur.430..772E 3071:2010CaJES..47.1213C 2950:Laelaps incrassatus 2924:2010CaJES..47.1197T 2806:2006Sci...313..213E 2662:Paul, G.S. (2016). 2536:. Ceratopsians and 2464:, and the gar-like 2255:dinosaurs, such as 2219:smaller than adult 2217:orders of magnitude 1242:Deinodon arctunguis 1118:, not considered a 1112:Friedrich von Huene 875:. A total of 1,128 819:Dry Island bone bed 744:Laelaps incrassatus 710:Edward Drinker Cope 706:Laelaps incrassatus 702:Joseph Burr Tyrrell 346:Deinodon arctunguis 282:A. sarcophagus 9459:Maastrichtian life 9117:Archaeornithomimus 7638:Veterupristisaurus 7498:Veterupristisaurus 7354:Metriacanthosaurus 7294:Piatnitzkysauridae 6729:Eustreptospondylus 6639:Piatnitzkysauridae 6522:Chuandongocoelurus 5386:Notatesseraeraptor 4754:Auffenberg, Walter 4679:Carpenter, Kenneth 4673:; Trexler, David; 4599:Carpenter, Kenneth 3948:Biological Reviews 3764:Historical Biology 3620:Olshevsky, George. 3431:Lambe, Lawrence M. 3207:on October 6, 2011 2995:Lambe, Lawrence M. 2570:were found. Adult 2378:date to the early 2376:geologic formation 2364: 2351:is exposed in its 2249: 2123: 2078:assemblage at the 2066: 1998: 1921: 1786:Tarbosaurus bataar 1738:Lythronax argestes 1525: 1467:(sometimes called 1410: 1342: 1337:Skull cast at the 1258: 1025:declared the name 993: 893: 832: 761:, type species of 675: 573:. Its namesake is 560: 532:population biology 467:Packard Formations 449:to the modern-day 9426: 9425: 9398:Open Tree of Life 9312:Taxon identifiers 9269: 9268: 9265: 9264: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9193: 9192: 9189: 9188: 8999:Macrocheiriformes 8916:Ornithomimosauria 8890:Maniraptoriformes 8883: 8882: 8729:Maniraptoromorpha 8716:Maniraptoromorpha 8705: 8704: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8616: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8594:Maniraptoromorpha 8584: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8333: 8332: 8198: 8197: 8152:Proceratosauridae 8104:Chingkankousaurus 7951: 7950: 7912: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7880: 7879: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7388: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7145: 7144: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7076: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 6980: 6979: 6936:Vallibonavenatrix 6839: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6679: 6678: 6460: 6459: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6015: 5782: 5781: 5640: 5639: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5563: 5562: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5060:Media related to 4960:978-0-12-226810-6 4947:Currie, Philip J. 4767:978-0-8130-0621-5 4692:978-0-253-34539-4 4675:Koppelhus, Eva B. 4671:Currie, Philip J. 4651:on March 26, 2009 4627:Coria, Rodolfo A. 4612:978-0-521-43810-0 4532:978-0-12-226810-6 4519:Currie, Philip J. 4091:Currie, Philip J. 4003:Tyrannosaurus rex 3960:10.1111/brv.12829 3647:Currie, Philip J. 3605:978-0-671-61946-6 3439:Ottawa Naturalist 3416:978-0-520-24209-8 3327:Parks, William A. 3168:(7001): 772–775. 3126:on March 26, 2009 3102:Currie, Philip J. 3031:Hay, Oliver Perry 2977:Ottawa Naturalist 2866:Currie, Philip J. 2800:(5784): 213–217. 2673:978-0-691-16766-4 2632:Tyrannosaurus rex 2546:pachycephalosaurs 2472:multituberculates 2302:(now referred to 2006:preservation bias 1957:Tyrannosaurus rex 1895: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1841: 1840: 1832: 1831: 1823: 1822: 1814: 1813: 1762:Tyrannosaurus rex 1592: 1591: 1388:Tyrannosaurus rex 1271:Tyrannosaurus rex 1186:Tyrannosaurus rex 1021:skull material), 958:Packard Formation 883:Other discoveries 773:CMN 5600 and the 649:Early discoveries 621:funeral container 579:Canadian province 571:Tyrannosaurus rex 556:Holotype specimen 508:Tyrannosaurus rex 463:Corral de Enmedio 451:Canadian province 435:million years ago 357: 356: 351: 342: 333: 270: 121: 9486: 9419: 9418: 9406: 9405: 9393: 9392: 9380: 9379: 9367: 9366: 9354: 9353: 9352: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9307: 9298: 9297: 9296: 9286: 9285: 9284: 9277: 9260: 9254: 9247: 9103:Aepyornithomimus 9004: 8921: 8896: 8860:Sinocalliopteryx 8780: 8776: 8770:Neocoelurosauria 8735: 8724: 8711: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8679: 8622: 8590: 8559:Zhuchengtyrannus 8491:Thanatotheristes 8422: 8386: 8354:Appalachiosaurus 8346: 8215: 8211: 8205:Pantyrannosauria 8096: 8092: 8086:Tyrannosauroidea 8081: 8056:Xinjiangovenator 7981: 7970: 7957: 7945: 7938: 7933: 7926: 7920: 7748: 7738: 7654: 7574:Acrocanthosaurus 7566: 7454: 7401: 7327:Yangchuanosaurus 7311: 7264: 7260: 7210: 7191:Lourinhanosaurus 7175: 7164: 7151: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7082: 7048:Sigilmassasaurus 6991: 6948:Ceratosuchopsini 6899: 6852: 6797:Dubreuillosaurus 6721: 6704:Streptospondylus 6696: 6692: 6662:Piatnitzkysaurus 6620: 6616: 6605: 6490: 6479: 6466: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6394: 6229:Ekrixinatosaurus 6213: 6204: 6033: 5848: 5799: 5795: 5708: 5704: 5670: 5659: 5646: 5635: 5629: 5539:Procompsognathus 5445: 5328: 5246: 5235: 5222: 5168: 5159: 5152: 5151: 5107: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5069: 5059: 5044: 5043: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4987:(9): 1159–1181. 4971: 4965: 4964: 4942: 4931: 4930: 4913:(9): 1263–1268. 4898: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4882:p. 331–336. 4879: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4852: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4793:(9): 1277–1289. 4778: 4772: 4771: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4635: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4451:(9): 1269–1275. 4436: 4430: 4429: 4397: 4386: 4385: 4368:(9): 1227–1251. 4353: 4347: 4346: 4336: 4326: 4294: 4283: 4282: 4272: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4223: 4213: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4135:Holtz, Thomas R. 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4114: 4099: 4087: 4078: 4071: 4052: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4013:(9): 1253–1261. 3994: 3988: 3987: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3921: 3889: 3880: 3879: 3862:(3–4): 227–256. 3851: 3845: 3844: 3834: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3759: 3753: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3655: 3643: 3632: 3631: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3597: 3588:Paul, Gregory S. 3584: 3575: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3490: 3458: 3447: 3446: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3395:Holtz, Thomas R. 3391: 3372: 3371: 3360:Russell, Dale A. 3356: 3343: 3342: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3286:(9): 1119–1143. 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3252: 3237:Retraction Watch 3216: 3214: 3212: 3206: 3200:. Archived from 3159: 3150: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3125: 3110: 3098: 3083: 3082: 3065:(9): 1213–1226. 3042: 3036: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2918:(9): 1197–1211. 2903: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2874: 2862: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2839:on July 18, 2010 2838: 2832:. Archived from 2791: 2782: 2761: 2760: 2734: 2722:Osborn, Henry F. 2718: 2709: 2708: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2659: 2648: 2647: 2626: 2617: 2610: 2483:. The saltwater 2366:Most fossils of 2357:Horseshoe Canyon 2275:tendon avulsions 2271:stress fractures 2099:La Brea Tar Pits 2023:A hypothesis of 1919: 1778: 1754: 1730: 1706: 1682: 1658: 1634: 1609: 1556: 1549: 1539: 1478:Appalachiosaurus 1421:tooth serrations 1407:Life restoration 1054:Philip J. Currie 991:by Dale Russell. 861:Philip J. Currie 748:Oliver Perry Hay 643: 636: 635: 629: 613: 590: 589: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 349: 340: 331: 305: 301: 265: 258: 245: 232: 153: 152: 131: 115: 114: 44: 29:Temporal range: 21: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9484: 9483: 9429: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9414: 9409: 9401: 9396: 9388: 9383: 9375: 9370: 9362: 9357: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9314: 9304: 9294: 9292: 9282: 9280: 9272: 9270: 9261: 9248: 9222: 9185: 9166:Sinornithomimus 9088: 9031: 8993: 8910: 8904:Compsognathidae 8892: 8879: 8867:Sinosauropteryx 8799:Compsognathidae 8793: 8772: 8763: 8731: 8718: 8701: 8700: 8686: 8659: 8654:Shanyangosaurus 8647:Phaedrolosaurus 8608: 8564: 8530: 8496: 8475:Daspletosaurini 8469: 8442: 8417:Tyrannosaurinae 8411: 8390:Albertosaurinae 8382: 8380:Tyrannosauridae 8373: 8342: 8340:Eutyrannosauria 8329: 8207: 8194: 8175:Proceratosaurus 8146: 8117: 8088: 8077: 8068: 8034:Richardoestesia 8018:Chilantaisaurus 7977: 7964: 7947: 7946: 7927: 7900: 7876: 7836:Australovenator 7814: 7808:Chilantaisaurus 7786:Phuwiangvenator 7708: 7673:Giganotosaurini 7667: 7643: 7555: 7518:Chilantaisaurus 7503: 7443: 7397: 7380: 7332: 7300: 7256: 7247: 7225:Monolophosaurus 7206: 7197: 7171: 7158: 7141: 7140: 7126: 7100: 7060: 7033: 6999:Camarillasaurus 6976: 6942: 6888: 6882:Ostafrikasaurus 6860:Camarillasaurus 6848: 6831: 6781:Afrovenatorinae 6775: 6734: 6710: 6688: 6675: 6633: 6612: 6610:Megalosauroidea 6601: 6592: 6587:Vectaerovenator 6580:Szechuanosaurus 6558:Monolophosaurus 6544:Kaijiangosaurus 6537:Cryolophosaurus 6498:Calamospondylus 6486: 6473: 6456: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6412: 6368: 6349:Pycnonemosaurus 6291: 6202: 6196:Majungasaurinae 6181: 6123:Majungasaurinae 6117: 6112:Xenotarsosaurus 6048:Dryptosauroides 6029: 6012: 5964: 5936:Elaphrosaurinae 5930: 5837: 5823:Ornithomimoides 5791: 5778: 5751: 5700: 5691: 5666: 5653: 5636: 5630: 5608: 5583: 5559: 5487: 5434: 5400:Shuangbaisaurus 5324: 5315: 5242: 5229: 5204: 5184: 5178:Avemetatarsalia 5163:Avemetatarsalia 5153: 5138:Avemetatarsalia 5112: 5111: 5101: 5096: 5052: 5047: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5001:10.1139/e10-005 4973: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4944: 4943: 4934: 4927:10.1139/e10-030 4900: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4876: 4822: 4821: 4814: 4807:10.1139/e10-072 4780: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4633: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4558:associations". 4548:Ostrom, John H. 4545: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4515:Horner, John R. 4513: 4512: 4508: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4465:10.1139/e10-051 4438: 4437: 4433: 4399: 4398: 4389: 4382:10.1139/e10-029 4355: 4354: 4350: 4296: 4295: 4286: 4249:Biology Letters 4242: 4241: 4237: 4168:Sertich, J.J.W. 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4097: 4089: 4088: 4081: 4072: 4055: 4038: 4034: 4027:10.1139/e10-063 3996: 3995: 3991: 3954:(3): 960–1004. 3940: 3939: 3935: 3904:(6): 20170092. 3898:Biology Letters 3891: 3890: 3883: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3743: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3678:10.1139/e02-083 3653: 3645: 3644: 3635: 3626:(in Japanese). 3618: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3586: 3585: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3467:Biology Letters 3460: 3459: 3450: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3393: 3392: 3375: 3358: 3357: 3346: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3300:10.1139/e10-045 3273: 3272: 3268: 3254: 3246: 3240: 3218:(Erratum: 3217: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3157: 3152: 3151: 3140: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3108: 3100: 3099: 3086: 3079:10.1139/e10-035 3044: 3043: 3039: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2946:Cope, Edward D. 2944: 2943: 2939: 2932:10.1139/e10-057 2905: 2904: 2895: 2887: 2872: 2864: 2863: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2764: 2732: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2661: 2660: 2651: 2644: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2612:Listed as "cf. 2611: 2604: 2600: 2588: 2515:Stangerochampsa 2384:Late Cretaceous 2341: 2234: 2232:Palaeopathology 2167:mounted in the 2058: 2042:African buffalo 1987:Restoration of 1981: 1961:sexual maturity 1917: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1603:Tyrannosaurinae 1593: 1543:Tyrannosauridae 1454: 1331: 1329:Skull and teeth 1256:Size comparison 1250: 1168:Gregory S. Paul 1098: 972: 885: 821: 651: 549: 544: 431:Late Cretaceous 369: 365: 348: 339: 330: 310: 307: 299: 298: 285: 264: 256: 247:Albertosaurinae 243: 234:Tyrannosauridae 230: 147: 122: 113: 112: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 39: 38: 31:Late Cretaceous 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9492: 9490: 9482: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9444:Tyrannosaurids 9441: 9431: 9430: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9407: 9394: 9381: 9368: 9355: 9340: 9324: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9310: 9303: 9302: 9290: 9267: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9218: 9212: 9203: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9162: 9155: 9148: 9141: 9134: 9131:Dromiceiomimus 9127: 9120: 9113: 9106: 9098: 9096: 9094:Ornithomimidae 9090: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9079: 9075:Paraxenisaurus 9071: 9063: 9056: 9049: 9041: 9039: 9037:Deinocheiridae 9033: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9026:Shenzhousaurus 9022: 9015: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8991: 8984: 8976: 8969: 8962: 8955: 8948: 8940: 8932: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8899: 8893: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8856: 8848: 8841: 8834: 8827: 8823:Beipiaognathus 8819: 8812: 8803: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8791: 8783: 8773: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8738: 8732: 8727: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8694: 8680: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8636: 8628: 8626: 8618: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8598: 8596: 8586: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8540: 8538: 8536:Tyrannosaurini 8532: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8506: 8504: 8502:Teratophoneini 8498: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8487: 8484:Daspletosaurus 8479: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8464:Qianzhousaurus 8460: 8452: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8433: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8402: 8394: 8392: 8383: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8364: 8361:Bistahieversor 8357: 8349: 8343: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8233: 8226: 8218: 8208: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8156: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8136: 8128: 8126: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8107: 8099: 8089: 8084: 8078: 8075:Tyrannoraptora 8073: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8037: 8030: 8022: 8014: 8007: 7999: 7992: 7984: 7978: 7973: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7940: 7921: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7890: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7824: 7822: 7820:Megaraptoridae 7816: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7804: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7767: 7759: 7751: 7745: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7685: 7682:Giganotosaurus 7677: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7577: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7545: 7537: 7530: 7522: 7513: 7511: 7509:Neovenatoridae 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7494: 7491:Ulughbegsaurus 7487: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7433: 7425: 7417: 7409: 7407: 7398: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7342: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7323: 7319:Xuanhanosaurus 7314: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7290: 7286:Xuanhanosaurus 7282: 7275: 7272:Asfaltovenator 7267: 7257: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7237: 7233:Megalosauridae 7229: 7221: 7213: 7207: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7187: 7178: 7172: 7167: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7134: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7090: 7088: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7051: 7043: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7007:Ichthyovenator 7003: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6952: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6932: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6878: 6871: 6868:Cristatusaurus 6864: 6855: 6849: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6825:Poekilopleuron 6821: 6818:Piveteausaurus 6814: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6785: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6744: 6742: 6740:Megalosaurinae 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6724: 6718: 6716:Megalosauridae 6712: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6699: 6689: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6669:Xuanhanosaurus 6665: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6628:Yunyangosaurus 6623: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6568: 6565:Pandoravenator 6561: 6554: 6551:Kayentavenator 6547: 6540: 6533: 6525: 6518: 6510: 6502: 6493: 6487: 6482: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6282: 6279:Skorpiovenator 6275: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6216: 6210: 6201: 6200: 6191: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6172: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6127: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6091:Spectrovenator 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6044: 6036: 6030: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5974: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5940: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5925:Spinostropheus 5921: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5891: 5883: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5827: 5819: 5811: 5802: 5792: 5789:Abelisauroidea 5787: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5769: 5761: 5759: 5757:Ceratosauridae 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5746:Saltriovenator 5742: 5734: 5727: 5723:Fosterovenator 5719: 5711: 5701: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5685:Lophostropheus 5681: 5673: 5667: 5662: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5599: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5550: 5546:Pterospondylus 5542: 5535: 5527: 5519: 5516:Lucianovenator 5512: 5505: 5497: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5448: 5442: 5440:Coelophysoidea 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5425: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5379:Lophostropheus 5375: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5331: 5325: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5305: 5297: 5289: 5281: 5278:Erythrovenator 5274: 5266: 5258: 5249: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5194: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5171: 5165: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5110: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5051: 5050:External links 5048: 5046: 5045: 5026:(1): 239–252. 5006: 4966: 4959: 4932: 4893: 4884: 4874: 4812: 4773: 4766: 4745: 4718:(3): 401–407. 4698: 4691: 4662: 4618: 4611: 4585: 4566:(4): 707–712. 4538: 4531: 4506: 4470: 4431: 4412:(1): 103–138. 4387: 4348: 4309:(2): 582–587. 4284: 4255:(5): 558–561. 4235: 4196:(11): e79420. 4180:Evans, David C 4176:Sampson, S. D. 4151: 4126: 4108:(2): 227–234. 4079: 4053: 4032: 3989: 3933: 3881: 3846: 3817:(9): 913−923. 3797: 3770:(2–4): 85–92. 3754: 3741: 3722: 3683: 3664:(4): 651–665. 3633: 3611: 3604: 3576: 3563: 3544: 3525:(1): 119–143. 3502: 3473:(2): 214–217. 3448: 3422: 3415: 3407:The Dinosauria 3373: 3344: 3318: 3305: 3266: 3138: 3084: 3037: 3024: 2986: 2963: 2937: 2893: 2883:(2): 191–226. 2850: 2762: 2743:(3): 259–265. 2710: 2679: 2672: 2649: 2642: 2618: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2584: 2576:apex predators 2554:dromaeosaurids 2542:ankylosaurians 2489:Leurospondylus 2467:Aspidorhynchus 2340: 2337: 2304:A. sarcophagus 2233: 2230: 2181:Daspletosaurus 2057: 2056:Pack behaviour 2054: 1980: 1977: 1905: 1904:Growth pattern 1902: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1537: 1487:Daspletosaurus 1453: 1450: 1416:observed that 1362:sensory organs 1330: 1327: 1249: 1246: 1226:A. sarcophagus 1097: 1094: 1070:Daspletosaurus 1031:junior synonym 997:paleontologist 971: 966: 939:A. sarcophagus 911:A. sarcophagus 884: 881: 820: 817: 759:D. aquilunguis 755:D. incrassatus 738:used the name 736:Lawrence Lambe 720:by a genus of 691:Red Deer River 689:alongside the 659:Red Deer River 650: 647: 631:("flesh") and 548: 545: 543: 540: 443:A. sarcophagus 355: 354: 353: 352: 343: 334: 319: 318: 312: 311: 308: 294: 293: 287: 286: 278: 276: 272: 271: 254: 250: 249: 241: 237: 236: 228: 224: 223: 218: 211: 210: 205: 198: 197: 192: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 159: 155: 154: 141: 140: 133: 132: 124: 123: 108: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 45: 28: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9491: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9417: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9360: 9356: 9351: 9350:Albertosaurus 9345: 9341: 9336: 9330: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9320:Albertosaurus 9317: 9313: 9308: 9301: 9291: 9289: 9279: 9275: 9259: 9255: 9253: 9246: 9217: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9175: 9174: 9173:Struthiomimus 9170: 9168: 9167: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9149: 9147: 9146: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9135: 9133: 9132: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9124:"Coelosaurus" 9121: 9119: 9118: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9085: 9084: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9064: 9062: 9061: 9057: 9055: 9054: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9019:Pelecanimimus 9016: 9014: 9013: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8980:Thecocoelurus 8977: 8975: 8974: 8970: 8968: 8967: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8959:Kinnareemimus 8956: 8954: 8953: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8926: 8925: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8906: 8905: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8886: 8876: 8875: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8842: 8840: 8839: 8838:Huaxiagnathus 8835: 8833: 8832: 8831:Compsognathus 8828: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8785: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8758:Ornitholestes 8755: 8753: 8752: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8708: 8698: 8693: 8691: 8684: 8678: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8635: 8634: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8561: 8560: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8552:Tyrannosaurus 8549: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8525:Teratophoneus 8522: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8493: 8492: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8399:Albertosaurus 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8336: 8325: 8324: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8316:Xiongguanlong 8313: 8311: 8310: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8294:Suskityrannus 8291: 8289: 8288: 8287:Stokesosaurus 8284: 8282: 8281: 8280:Santanaraptor 8277: 8275: 8274: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8225: 8224: 8223:Alectrosaurus 8220: 8219: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8201: 8191: 8190: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8142: 8141: 8140:Tanycolagreus 8137: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8120: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8015: 8013: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8003:Bahariasaurus 8000: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7975:Coelurosauria 7971: 7967: 7963: 7962:Coelurosauria 7958: 7954: 7944: 7939: 7937: 7932: 7925: 7919: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7886:Coelurosauria 7883: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7763:Bahariasaurus 7760: 7758: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7686: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7603:Kelmayisaurus 7600: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7439: 7438: 7437:Saurophaganax 7434: 7431: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7391: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7368:Siamotyrannus 7365: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7254:Allosauroidea 7250: 7243: 7242: 7241:Spinosauridae 7238: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7200: 7193: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7148: 7138: 7133: 7131: 7124: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6986:Spinosaurinae 6983: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6964:Riparovenator 6961: 6959: 6958: 6957:Ceratosuchops 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6921:Riojavenatrix 6918: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6894:Baryonychinae 6891: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6846:Spinosauridae 6842: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6770:Wiehenvenator 6767: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6682: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506:Chienkosaurus 6503: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6297:Furileusauria 6294: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6271:Rahiolisaurus 6268: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6187:Carnotaurinae 6184: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6168:Rahiolisaurus 6165: 6163: 6162: 6161:Majungasaurus 6158: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6098:Tarascosaurus 6095: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6056:Eoabelisaurus 6053: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6041:Chenanisaurus 6038: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6027:Abelisauridae 6023: 6009: 6008: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5986:Masiakasaurus 5983: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5952:Huinculsaurus 5949: 5947: 5946: 5945:Elaphrosaurus 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5864:Austrocheirus 5861: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5785: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5716:Berberosaurus 5713: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5634: 5628: 5605: 5604: 5603:Halticosaurus 5600: 5598: 5597: 5596:Teinurosaurus 5593: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523:Megapnosaurus 5520: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5493:Coelophysidae 5490: 5484: 5483: 5482:Powellvenator 5479: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5372:Liliensternus 5369: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5343:Dolichosuchus 5340: 5338: 5337: 5336:Dilophosaurus 5333: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5318: 5311: 5310: 5309:Herrerasauria 5306: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262:Daemonosaurus 5259: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5063: 5062:Albertosaurus 5058: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4878: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4783:Albertosaurus 4777: 4774: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4638:Geodiversitas 4632: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4552:Tenontosaurus 4549: 4542: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4172:Currie, P. J. 4169: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4049:0-7853-0443-6 4046: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3738:(6): 367–385. 3737: 3733: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3570:Von Huene, F. 3567: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3403:Dodson, Peter 3400: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3276:Albertosaurus 3270: 3267: 3258: 3250: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3054: 3053:Albertosaurus 3050: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908:Albertosaurus 2902: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2728:Tyrannosaurus 2723: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2643:9780253350879 2639: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614:Albertosaurus 2609: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2580:Albertosaurus 2577: 2573: 2572:Albertosaurus 2569: 2568: 2563: 2562:Albertosaurus 2559: 2558:caenagnathids 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538:ornithomimids 2535: 2534: 2533:Hypacrosaurus 2529: 2528: 2523: 2522: 2521:Edmontosaurus 2517: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2499:Champsosaurus 2495: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2427:Albertosaurus 2424: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:Bearpaw Shale 2385: 2381: 2380:Maastrichtian 2377: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2339:Palaeoecology 2338: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2332:Majungasaurus 2328: 2327:enthesophytes 2324: 2323:Albertosaurus 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2300:A. arctunguis 2297: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287:Albertosaurus 2284: 2283:Albertosaurus 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2258: 2257:Albertosaurus 2254: 2253:tyrannosaurid 2247: 2246:Albertosaurus 2243: 2242:trichomonosis 2238: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2221:Albertosaurus 2218: 2214: 2209: 2208:Albertosaurus 2205: 2204:ornithomimids 2201: 2200:Albertosaurus 2196: 2194: 2190: 2189:Komodo dragon 2186: 2185:Albertosaurus 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165:Tyrannosaurus 2162: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2114:Albertosaurus 2110: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095:Albertosaurus 2092: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2070:Albertosaurus 2062: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2050:Albertosaurus 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034:Albertosaurus 2030: 2026: 2025:Albertosaurus 2021: 2019: 2018:Albertosaurus 2015: 2011: 2010:Albertosaurus 2007: 2003: 2002:Albertosaurus 1996: 1995:Albertosaurus 1993:fighting off 1992: 1991: 1990:Edmontosaurus 1985: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1965:Albertosaurus 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953:Albertosaurus 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1937:Albertosaurus 1934: 1931:. Using bone 1930: 1929:fossil record 1926: 1925:Albertosaurus 1915: 1914:Albertosaurus 1910: 1903: 1899:Palaeobiology 1898: 1891: 1890: 1882: 1881: 1873: 1872: 1864: 1863: 1855: 1854: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1836: 1828: 1827: 1819: 1818: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1660: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1636: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1619:tyrannosaurid 1617: 1616:Dinosaur Park 1611: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1558: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498:Tyrannosaurus 1495: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457:Albertosaurus 1451: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1418:Albertosaurus 1415: 1414:William Abler 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1396:Albertosaurus 1393: 1392:Albertosaurus 1389: 1385: 1384:cross section 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:Albertosaurus 1369: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350:Albertosaurus 1347: 1340: 1335: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1319:, along with 1318: 1317:Albertosaurus 1314: 1310: 1309:Albertosaurus 1305: 1303: 1302:Albertosaurus 1299: 1294: 1290: 1289:Albertosaurus 1286: 1282: 1281:Albertosaurus 1278: 1276: 1275:Albertosaurus 1272: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1261:Albertosaurus 1254: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1238:A. arctunguis 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1212:Albertosaurus 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1191:Alectrosaurus 1187: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1157:Tyrannosaurus 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:Albertosaurus 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1096:Other species 1095: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1086:Albertosaurus 1083: 1079: 1075: 1074:Tyrannosaurus 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062:Albertosaurus 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1047:Albertosaurus 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035:Albertosaurus 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019:Albertosaurus 1016: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1001: 998: 990: 986: 985:Albertosaurus 982: 981: 976: 970: 967: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 950:Albertosaurus 946: 944: 943:Albertosaurus 940: 936: 932: 927: 926:Albertosaurus 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 903:William Parks 900: 898: 897:Albertosaurus 889: 882: 880: 878: 877:Albertosaurus 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 841: 840:Albertosaurus 837: 830: 825: 818: 816: 814: 810: 809:Albertosaurus 806: 805:palatine bone 802: 798: 794: 793: 788: 787:Albertosaurus 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 728: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679:type specimen 672: 671:Albertosaurus 668: 664: 660: 655: 648: 646: 644: 642: 630: 628: 622: 618: 614: 612: 606: 605:specific name 602: 598: 594: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 565:was named by 564: 563:Albertosaurus 557: 553: 546: 541: 539: 537: 536:Albertosaurus 533: 529: 525: 521: 520:Albertosaurus 517: 512: 510: 509: 504: 503:Albertosaurus 500: 497:in its local 496: 495:apex predator 492: 489: 485: 484:Albertosaurus 480: 478: 477: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459:Albertosaurus 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 427:Maastrichtian 424: 421: 418: 417:tyrannosaurid 414: 408: 363: 362: 361:Albertosaurus 347: 344: 338: 335: 329: 327: 323: 322: 320: 317: 313: 306: 304: 295: 292: 291:Binomial name 288: 284: 283: 277: 274: 273: 268: 263: 262: 261:Albertosaurus 255: 252: 251: 248: 242: 239: 238: 235: 229: 226: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 200: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 177: 176: 173: 170: 167: 166: 163: 160: 157: 156: 151: 146: 142: 139: 134: 130: 125: 119: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 43: 36: 35:Maastrichtian 32: 26: 25:Albertosaurus 22: 19: 9319: 9249: 9178: 9171: 9164: 9157: 9150: 9145:Ornithomimus 9143: 9136: 9129: 9122: 9115: 9108: 9101: 9083:Tyrannomimus 9081: 9073: 9065: 9058: 9053:Deinocheirus 9051: 9044: 9024: 9017: 9010: 8986: 8978: 8973:Nqwebasaurus 8971: 8966:Nedcolbertia 8964: 8957: 8950: 8944:Calamosaurus 8942: 8936:Aviatyrannis 8934: 8927: 8902: 8872: 8865: 8858: 8850: 8843: 8836: 8829: 8821: 8816:Aristosuchus 8814: 8808:Aniksosaurus 8806: 8788:Aniksosaurus 8786: 8756: 8749: 8741: 8687: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8523: 8516: 8511:Dynamoterror 8509: 8489: 8482: 8462: 8455: 8435: 8430:Asiatyrannus 8428: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8368:Dryptosaurus 8366: 8359: 8352: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8278: 8271: 8264: 8259:Jinbeisaurus 8257: 8250: 8243: 8235: 8230:Aviatyrannis 8228: 8221: 8187: 8182:Sinotyrannus 8180: 8173: 8166: 8159: 8138: 8131: 8109: 8102: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8039: 8032: 8024: 8016: 8011:Bicentenaria 8009: 8001: 7996:Asiamericana 7994: 7987: 7928: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7806: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7771:Deltadromeus 7769: 7761: 7754: 7703:Tyrannotitan 7701: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7660: 7636: 7631:Taurovenator 7629: 7622: 7615: 7610:Lajasvenator 7608: 7601: 7594: 7589:Concavenator 7587: 7579: 7572: 7547: 7539: 7532: 7524: 7516: 7496: 7489: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7435: 7427: 7419: 7412: 7405:Allosauridae 7373: 7366: 7361:Shidaisaurus 7359: 7352: 7345: 7325: 7317: 7292: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7239: 7231: 7223: 7216: 7189: 7181: 7169:Avetheropoda 7156:Avetheropoda 7127: 7086:Avetheropoda 7053: 7046: 7039:Spinosaurini 7026: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6997: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6934: 6926: 6919: 6914:Protathlitis 6912: 6905: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6858: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6804:Leshansaurus 6802: 6795: 6788: 6768: 6761: 6756:Megalosaurus 6754: 6749:Duriavenator 6747: 6727: 6702: 6686:Megalosauria 6667: 6660: 6655:Marshosaurus 6653: 6648:Condorraptor 6646: 6626: 6585: 6578: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6529:Cruxicheiros 6527: 6520: 6512: 6504: 6496: 6361: 6356:Quilmesaurus 6354: 6347: 6340: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6284: 6277: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6219: 6208:Brachyrostra 6194: 6174: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6137: 6130: 6110: 6105:Tralkasaurus 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6046: 6039: 6007:Vespersaurus 6005: 6000:Velocisaurus 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5901: 5895:Deltadromeus 5893: 5885: 5879:Compsosuchus 5877: 5870: 5862: 5854: 5829: 5821: 5815:Lametasaurus 5813: 5805: 5771: 5766:Ceratosaurus 5764: 5744: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5714: 5698:Ceratosauria 5683: 5676: 5601: 5594: 5552: 5544: 5537: 5529: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5480: 5475:Podokesaurus 5473: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5427: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5358:Gojirasaurus 5356: 5351:Dracovenator 5349: 5341: 5334: 5322:Neotheropoda 5307: 5299: 5291: 5285:Guaibasaurus 5283: 5276: 5268: 5260: 5254:Chindesaurus 5252: 5142: 5133: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5009: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4950: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4887: 4877: 4835:(9): e7288. 4832: 4828: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4757: 4748: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4682: 4665: 4653:. Retrieved 4646:the original 4641: 4637: 4621: 4602: 4594: 4588: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4522: 4509: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4306: 4302: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4193: 4187: 4160:Loewen, M.A. 4154: 4142:. Retrieved 4129: 4117:. Retrieved 4105: 4101: 4074: 4040: 4035: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3951: 3947: 3936: 3901: 3897: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3749: 3744: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3703:(1): 41–55. 3700: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3661: 3657: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3593: 3571: 3566: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3522: 3518: 3470: 3466: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3425: 3406: 3367: 3363: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3313: 3308: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3255:{{ 3247:{{ 3236: 3234:, 3209:. Retrieved 3202:the original 3165: 3161: 3128:. Retrieved 3121:the original 3116: 3112: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3032: 3027: 3015:. Retrieved 3010: 3006: 3000: 2989: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2880: 2876: 2841:. Retrieved 2834:the original 2797: 2793: 2740: 2736: 2727: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2663: 2633: 2630: 2613: 2579: 2571: 2567:Albertonykus 2565: 2561: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2509:Leidyosuchus 2507: 2504:crocodilians 2497: 2487: 2478: 2465: 2439: 2426: 2367: 2365: 2353:type section 2330: 2322: 2320: 2315: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2289:than in the 2286: 2282: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2245: 2225:insectivores 2220: 2207: 2199: 2197: 2193:cannibalized 2184: 2180: 2164: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2127:ceratopsians 2124: 2117: 2113: 2094: 2088: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2049: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2014:life history 2009: 2001: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1979:Life history 1973: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1936: 1924: 1922: 1913: 1801: 1800: 1784: 1783: 1760: 1759: 1736: 1735: 1712: 1711: 1688: 1687: 1664: 1663: 1640: 1639: 1614: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1562: 1561: 1532: 1526: 1519:Cast in the 1504:) and feet ( 1497: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1476: 1473:Thomas Holtz 1468: 1464: 1456: 1455: 1443: 1430:surface area 1417: 1411: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386:. Like with 1380:premaxillary 1371: 1365: 1349: 1344:The massive 1343: 1320: 1316: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1225: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1189: 1185: 1181:Dinotyrannus 1179: 1171: 1163:Nanotyrannus 1161: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1120:nomen dubium 1119: 1115: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1089: 1085: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1041:was renamed 1038: 1034: 1026: 1023:Dale Russell 1018: 1007: 994: 988: 984: 978: 968: 949: 947: 942: 938: 925: 923: 910: 906: 901: 896: 894: 876: 839: 836:Barnum Brown 833: 808: 807:proves that 801:autapomorphy 792:nomen dubium 790: 786: 766: 763:Dryptosaurus 762: 758: 754: 752: 743: 739: 727:Dryptosaurus 725: 713: 705: 676: 670: 638: 624: 608: 600: 597:type species 592: 570: 562: 561: 535: 519: 513: 506: 502: 483: 481: 474: 458: 442: 439:type species 360: 359: 358: 345: 336: 324: 309:Osborn, 1905 302: 297: 281: 280: 260: 259: 214: 201: 188: 24: 18: 9385:iNaturalist 9344:Wikispecies 9210:Maniraptora 9199:Maniraptora 9180:Tototlmimus 9110:Anserimimus 9060:Garudimimus 9046:Beishanlong 8988:Valdoraptor 8929:Arkansaurus 8874:Xunmenglong 8751:Juravenator 8545:Tarbosaurus 8437:Nanuqsaurus 8406:Gorgosaurus 8323:Megaraptora 8309:Timurlengia 8041:Sciurumimus 7989:Aratasaurus 7857:Murusraptor 7779:Fukuiraptor 7742:Megaraptora 7624:Shaochilong 7596:Eocarcharia 7549:Megaraptora 7469:Lusovenator 7347:Alpkarakush 7204:Carnosauria 7055:Spinosaurus 7028:Siamosaurus 6928:Suchosaurus 6875:Iberospinus 6811:Magnosaurus 6790:Afrovenator 6763:Torvosaurus 6514:Chilesaurus 6327:Carnotaurus 6320:Caletodraco 6306:Abelisaurus 6132:Arcovenator 5979:Laevisuchus 5970:Noasaurinae 5872:Berthasaura 5843:Noasauridae 5773:Genyodectes 5738:Lukousaurus 5731:Jubbulpuria 5531:Panguraptor 5509:Coelophysis 5502:Camposaurus 5461:Panguraptor 5453:Dracoraptor 5429:Zupaysaurus 5414:Tachiraptor 5393:Sarcosaurus 5293:Nhandumirim 4556:Deinonychus 4164:Irmis, R.B. 3841:10088/25281 3560:(2): 41–51. 2699:: 259–265. 2550:troodontids 2527:Saurolophus 2480:Didelphodon 2435:floodplains 2410:. Numerous 2408:tidal flats 2382:age of the 2308:iliac blade 2262:Trichomonas 2142:Coelophysis 2136:Deinonychus 2119:Saurolophus 2000:Most known 1506:metatarsals 1493:Tarbosaurus 1423:resemble a 1367:Gorgosaurus 1322:Carnotaurus 1285:Gorgosaurus 1266:Tarbosaurus 1248:Description 1220:. In 1922, 1166:. In 1988, 1128:Gorgosaurus 1122:by him, to 1110:. In 1932, 1107:Tarbosaurus 1090:Gorgosaurus 1066:Gorgosaurus 1058:sister taxa 1039:G. libratus 1027:Gorgosaurus 1009:Gorgosaurus 989:A. libratus 980:Gorgosaurus 857:metatarsals 842:at another 811:is a valid 797:Thomas Carr 789:might be a 742:instead of 730:in 1877 by 718:preoccupied 611:sarkophagos 429:age of the 341:Parks, 1928 328:sarcophagus 240:Subfamily: 40:71–68 9433:Categories 9138:Gallimimus 9067:Harpymimus 9012:Harpymimus 8633:Iliosuchus 8603:see below↓ 8448:Alioramini 8266:Juratyrant 8252:Eotyrannus 8237:Bagaraatan 8189:Yutyrannus 8123:Coeluridae 8049:Vayuraptor 7895:see below↓ 7871:Tratayenia 7864:Orkoraptor 7850:Megaraptor 7756:Aoniraptor 7689:Mapusaurus 7617:Sauroniops 7581:Altispinax 7534:Neovenator 7476:Siamraptor 7462:Datanglong 7429:Epanterias 7421:Antrodemus 7414:Allosaurus 7395:Allosauria 7218:Altispinax 7183:Gasosaurus 7095:see below↓ 6971:Suchomimus 6572:Sinosaurus 6407:see below↓ 6363:Viavenator 6313:Aucasaurus 6250:Ilokelesia 6221:Dahalokely 6176:Rajasaurus 6154:Indosaurus 6147:Genusaurus 6139:Dahalokely 6063:Indosuchus 5959:Limusaurus 5918:Ligabueino 5911:Kiyacursor 5903:Genusaurus 5887:Dahalokely 5807:Betasuchus 5678:Dornraptor 5578:see below↓ 5554:Segisaurus 5407:Sinosaurus 5270:Eodromaeus 5199:see below↓ 5147:Dinosauria 5129:Sauropsida 4979:bonebed". 3211:August 29, 3017:August 29, 2960:: 240–245. 2843:August 29, 2598:References 2485:plesiosaur 2423:vertebrate 2295:Allosaurus 2152:Mapusaurus 2147:Allosaurus 2131:hadrosaurs 2103:California 2075:Allosaurus 2046:rhinoceros 2038:senescence 2029:hatchlings 1445:Dimetrodon 1440:phytosaurs 1376:heterodont 1273:. Typical 1234:Oskar Kuhn 1082:New Mexico 663:Drumheller 524:gregarious 208:Saurischia 195:Dinosauria 9288:Dinosaurs 9214:includes 9159:Rativates 9152:Qiupalong 8852:Scipionyx 8845:Mirischia 8518:Lythronax 8457:Alioramus 8111:Labocania 7829:Aerosteon 7375:Sinraptor 7279:Erectopus 7014:Irritator 6599:Orionides 6484:Tetanurae 6471:Tetanurae 6398:Tetanurae 6334:Elemgasem 6257:Llukalkan 6236:Elemgasem 5993:Noasaurus 5856:Afromimus 5664:Averostra 5651:Averostra 5569:Averostra 5421:Velocipes 5240:Theropoda 5227:Theropoda 5190:Theropoda 5115:Kingdom: 5099:Theropoda 4740:266279287 4500:220414868 3984:245820672 3968:1464-7931 3630:: 92–119. 3329:(1928). " 3241:. If the 2975:(Cope)". 2757:2246/1464 2574:were the 2476:marsupial 2454:sturgeons 2404:estuaries 2312:exostosis 2291:carnosaur 2091:herbivore 1975:species. 1969:elephants 1933:histology 1916:drawn in 1535:in 2013. 1510:phalanges 1412:In 2001, 1354:fenestrae 1052:In 2003, 995:In 1913, 750:in 1902. 699:geologist 617:etymology 499:ecosystem 415:of large 275:Species: 221:Theropoda 168:Kingdom: 162:Eukaryota 118:Campanian 116:Possible 9329:Wikidata 8743:Coelurus 8168:Kileskus 8161:Guanlong 8133:Coelurus 8026:Gualicho 7526:Gualicho 6907:Baryonyx 6243:Guemesia 6070:Kryptops 5831:Ozraptor 5468:Pendraig 5123:Chordata 5121:Phylum: 5117:Animalia 4869:19789646 4829:PLOS ONE 4756:(2000). 4426:84175628 4343:18195356 4279:17638674 4230:24223179 4189:PLoS ONE 4178:(2013). 4144:June 18, 4110:Archived 3976:34991180 3928:28592520 3792:84322349 3748:Kuhn, O. 3649:(2003). 3590:(1988). 3539:86243316 3497:17284406 3445:: 13–20. 3232:26675726 3190:15306807 3104:(1998). 2997:(1904). 2885:Archived 2868:(2003). 2830:34191607 2822:16840697 2724:(1905). 2586:See also 2474:and the 2279:theropod 2264:gallinae 2116:hunting 1236:renamed 1224:renamed 1217:Deinodon 1114:renamed 1011:libratus 935:Missouri 873:ontogeny 849:bone bed 775:paratype 771:holotype 603:and the 558:CMN 5600 528:ontogeny 501:. While 491:predator 423:dinosaur 420:theropod 326:Deinodon 316:Synonyms 227:Family: 182:Chordata 178:Phylum: 172:Animalia 158:Domain: 9403:3595536 9377:4822622 9364:4433625 9274:Portals 8301:Timimus 8063:Zuolong 7793:Rapator 7696:Meraxes 7021:Oxalaia 6342:Koleken 5365:Lepidus 5127:Class: 5028:Bibcode 4989:Bibcode 4915:Bibcode 4860:2748709 4837:Bibcode 4795:Bibcode 4720:Bibcode 4681:(ed.). 4568:Bibcode 4453:Bibcode 4370:Bibcode 4334:2206579 4311:Bibcode 4270:2396186 4221:3819173 4198:Bibcode 4182:(ed.). 4015:Bibcode 3919:5493735 3864:Bibcode 3819:Bibcode 3772:Bibcode 3705:Bibcode 3666:Bibcode 3488:2375931 3370:: 1–34. 3341:: 1–42. 3288:Bibcode 3257:erratum 3249:erratum 3243:erratum 3198:4404887 3170:Bibcode 3067:Bibcode 2952:Cope". 2920:Bibcode 2802:Bibcode 2794:Science 2494:turtles 2458:bowfins 2400:lagoons 2361:Alberta 2173:Chicago 2163:", the 1015:Montana 931:Wyoming 919:Toronto 863:of the 714:Laelaps 685:of the 683:outcrop 667:Alberta 641:phagein 619:as the 575:Alberta 516:fossils 488:bipedal 455:Alberta 300:† 279:† 253:Genus: 109:↓ 9390:554390 9335:Q40751 9300:Canada 8952:Hexing 8640:Kakuru 8245:Dilong 6286:Thanos 6264:Niebla 6084:Rugops 6077:Kurupi 4957: 4867: 4857: 4764: 4738: 4689: 4655:May 3, 4609: 4597:". 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The 269:, 1905 267:Osborn 120:record 9416:38607 9216:birds 8273:Moros 7800:Siats 7541:Siats 7483:Siats 5143:Clade 5134:Clade 4736:S2CID 4649:(PDF) 4634:(PDF) 4496:S2CID 4422:S2CID 4113:(PDF) 4098:(PDF) 3980:S2CID 3788:S2CID 3654:(PDF) 3535:S2CID 3253:with 3205:(PDF) 3194:S2CID 3158:(PDF) 3124:(PDF) 3109:(PDF) 2888:(PDF) 2873:(PDF) 2837:(PDF) 2826:S2CID 2790:(PDF) 2733:(PDF) 2506:like 2442:fauna 1502:tibia 1435:drill 1425:crack 1346:skull 1293:torso 1240:into 1228:into 1130:with 813:taxon 661:near 585:word 583:Greek 447:range 413:genus 215:Clade 202:Clade 189:Clade 9372:GBIF 9208:see 7843:Maip 5301:Tawa 5176:see 4955:ISBN 4865:PMID 4762:ISBN 4687:ISBN 4657:2009 4607:ISBN 4527:ISBN 4339:PMID 4303:PNAS 4275:PMID 4226:PMID 4146:2007 4121:2009 4045:ISBN 4001:and 3972:PMID 3964:ISSN 3924:PMID 3600:ISBN 3493:PMID 3411:ISBN 3228:PMID 3213:2010 3186:PMID 3132:2009 3113:Gaia 3019:2010 2999:"On 2845:2010 2818:PMID 2668:ISBN 2638:ISBN 2544:and 2512:and 2462:gars 2450:rays 2440:The 2433:and 2416:peat 2412:coal 2390:, a 2347:The 2273:and 2149:and 2139:and 2129:and 2112:Two 2084:Utah 1508:and 1442:and 1269:and 1142:and 1080:and 1072:and 1064:and 960:and 722:mite 716:was 677:The 657:The 627:sarx 530:and 465:and 48:PreꞒ 37:), ~ 9359:EoL 5036:doi 4997:doi 4923:doi 4855:PMC 4845:doi 4803:doi 4785:". 4728:doi 4576:doi 4488:doi 4461:doi 4414:doi 4378:doi 4329:PMC 4319:doi 4307:105 4265:PMC 4257:doi 4216:PMC 4206:doi 4023:doi 3956:doi 3914:PMC 3906:doi 3872:doi 3837:hdl 3827:doi 3780:doi 3713:doi 3695:". 3674:doi 3527:doi 3483:PMC 3475:doi 3296:doi 3220:doi 3178:doi 3166:430 3075:doi 2928:doi 2810:doi 2798:313 2753:hdl 2745:doi 2701:doi 2355:at 2277:in 2171:in 2161:Sue 2101:in 2082:in 1963:in 1918:red 1512:). 1348:of 1033:of 964:). 924:No 917:in 781:in 708:by 599:is 469:of 453:of 398:ɔːr 383:ɜːr 9435:: 9413:: 9400:: 9387:: 9374:: 9361:: 9346:: 9331:: 5145:: 5136:: 5034:. 5024:30 5022:. 4995:. 4985:47 4983:. 4935:^ 4921:. 4911:47 4909:. 4863:. 4853:. 4843:. 4831:. 4827:. 4815:^ 4801:. 4791:47 4789:. 4734:. 4726:. 4716:61 4714:. 4642:28 4640:. 4636:. 4574:. 4564:15 4562:. 4494:. 4484:21 4482:. 4459:. 4449:47 4447:. 4420:. 4410:48 4408:. 4390:^ 4376:. 4366:47 4364:. 4337:. 4327:. 4317:. 4305:. 4301:. 4287:^ 4273:. 4263:. 4251:. 4247:. 4224:. 4214:. 4204:. 4192:. 4186:. 4174:; 4170:; 4166:; 4162:; 4106:48 4104:. 4100:. 4082:^ 4056:^ 4021:. 4011:47 4009:. 3978:. 3970:. 3962:. 3952:97 3950:. 3946:. 3922:. 3912:. 3902:13 3900:. 3896:. 3884:^ 3870:. 3860:38 3858:. 3835:. 3825:. 3813:. 3809:. 3786:. 3778:. 3768:16 3766:. 3736:46 3734:. 3711:. 3699:. 3672:. 3662:40 3660:. 3656:. 3636:^ 3579:^ 3558:59 3556:. 3533:. 3523:25 3521:. 3517:. 3505:^ 3491:. 3481:. 3469:. 3465:. 3451:^ 3443:28 3441:. 3401:; 3376:^ 3366:. 3347:^ 3339:25 3337:. 3294:. 3284:47 3282:. 3192:. 3184:. 3176:. 3164:. 3160:. 3141:^ 3117:15 3115:. 3111:. 3087:^ 3073:. 3063:47 3061:. 3057:. 3009:. 3005:. 2981:17 2979:. 2958:30 2956:. 2926:. 2916:47 2914:. 2896:^ 2881:48 2879:. 2875:. 2853:^ 2824:. 2816:. 2808:. 2796:. 2792:. 2765:^ 2751:. 2741:21 2739:. 2735:. 2713:^ 2697:21 2695:. 2691:. 2652:^ 2621:^ 2605:^ 2582:. 2552:, 2524:, 2496:, 2460:, 2456:, 2452:, 2448:, 2402:, 2359:, 1941:lb 1490:, 1244:. 1207:. 1029:a 987:, 945:. 921:. 815:. 665:, 538:. 441:, 217:: 204:: 191:: 98:Pg 42:Ma 9276:: 9078:? 9070:? 8983:? 8947:? 8939:? 8907:? 8855:? 8826:? 8811:? 8746:? 8326:? 8304:? 8240:? 8143:? 8125:? 8114:? 8044:? 8029:? 8021:? 8006:? 7810:? 7802:? 7774:? 7766:? 7744:? 7584:? 7552:? 7544:? 7529:? 7521:? 7486:? 7440:? 7432:? 7424:? 7322:? 7297:? 7289:? 7244:? 7236:? 7228:? 7194:? 7186:? 7002:? 6939:? 6931:? 6885:? 6863:? 6828:? 6707:? 6672:? 6575:? 6532:? 6517:? 6509:? 6501:? 6337:? 6274:? 6224:? 6199:? 6171:? 6142:? 6051:? 5906:? 5898:? 5890:? 5882:? 5867:? 5859:? 5834:? 5826:? 5818:? 5810:? 5741:? 5726:? 5688:? 5549:? 5534:? 5526:? 5456:? 5424:? 5346:? 5312:? 5304:? 5296:? 5288:? 5273:? 5265:? 5257:? 5091:e 5084:t 5077:v 5042:. 5038:: 5030:: 5003:. 4999:: 4991:: 4963:. 4929:. 4925:: 4917:: 4871:. 4847:: 4839:: 4833:4 4809:. 4805:: 4797:: 4770:. 4742:. 4730:: 4722:: 4695:. 4659:. 4615:. 4582:. 4578:: 4570:: 4554:- 4535:. 4502:. 4490:: 4467:. 4463:: 4455:: 4428:. 4416:: 4384:. 4380:: 4372:: 4345:. 4321:: 4313:: 4281:. 4259:: 4253:3 4232:. 4208:: 4200:: 4194:8 4148:. 4123:. 4051:. 4029:. 4025:: 4017:: 3986:. 3958:: 3930:. 3908:: 3878:. 3874:: 3866:: 3843:. 3839:: 3829:: 3821:: 3815:5 3794:. 3782:: 3774:: 3719:. 3715:: 3707:: 3701:9 3680:. 3676:: 3668:: 3628:9 3608:. 3541:. 3529:: 3499:. 3477:: 3471:3 3419:. 3368:1 3302:. 3298:: 3290:: 3263:) 3261:. 3222:: 3215:. 3180:: 3172:: 3134:. 3081:. 3077:: 3069:: 3021:. 3011:3 2934:. 2930:: 2922:: 2847:. 2812:: 2804:: 2759:. 2755:: 2747:: 2726:" 2707:. 2703:: 2676:. 2646:. 1945:S 1088:- 956:( 637:/ 591:/ 407:/ 404:s 401:ə 395:s 392:ˈ 389:ə 386:t 380:b 377:ˌ 374:l 371:æ 368:/ 364:( 257:† 244:† 231:† 103:N 93:K 88:J 83:T 78:P 73:C 68:D 63:S 58:O 53:Ꞓ 33:(

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