814:
1116:
552:
612:
1059:
1086:
918:
582:
89:
112:
860:
976:
1032:
1202:
639:
954:
794:
1177:
1146:
525:
498:
1197:
691:
670:
898:
1384:
Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, Heiss A, Hoppenrath M, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, McManus H, Mitchell EA, Mozley-Stanridge SE, Parfrey LW, Pawlowski J, Rueckert S, Shadwick RS, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Spiegel FW (September 2012).
271:
The
International Society of Protistologists, the recognised body for taxonomy of protozoa, recommended in 2012 that the term Unikont be changed to Amorphea because the name "Unikont" is based on a hypothesized
1749:
Cavalier-Smith T (May 2013). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla
Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa".
1359:, actually have two basal bodies, as in typical 'bikonts' (even though only one is flagellated in most unikonts). This paired arrangement can also be seen in the organization of
435:. By contrast, other well-known eukaryotic groups, which more often have two emergent flagella (although there are many exceptions), are often referred to as
1478:
Derelle, Romain; Torruella, GuifrĂ©; Klimeš, VladimĂr; Brinkmann, Henner; Kim, Eunsoo; VlÄŤek, ÄŚestmĂr; Lang, B. Franz; Eliáš, Marek (17 February 2015).
1363:
in typical animal cells. In spite of the name of the group, the common ancestor of all 'unikonts' was probably a cell with two basal bodies.
2183:
3534:
1866:
Brown MW, Heiss AA, Kamikawa R, Inagaki Y, Yabuki A, Tice AK, Shiratori T, Ishida KI, Hashimoto T, Simpson A, Roger A (2018-01-19).
1982:
Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Gawryluk RM, et al. (December 2022). "Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes".
1786:"Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa"
2217:
1346:. This must have involved a double fusion, a rare pair of events, supporting the shared ancestry of Opisthokonta and Amoebozoa.
96:
2212:
813:
1343:
2296:
2286:
2269:
1335:
92:
111:
1115:
94:
1665:
Burki F, Pawlowski J (October 2006). "Monophyly of
Rhizaria and multigene phylogeny of unicellular bikonts".
2301:
2176:
1353:. This is unlikely, however, as flagellated opisthokonts, as well as some flagellated Amoebozoa, including
3457:
551:
93:
2264:
1537:
1440:
1058:
298:
265:
611:
1825:
Cavalier-Smith T, Fiore-Donno AM, Chao E, Kudryavtsev A, Berney C, Snell EA, Lewis R (February 2015).
3372:
2098:
1928:
1491:
3377:
1085:
395:. Lobosa consists entirely of non-flagellated lobose amoebae and has been divided into two classes:
3079:
2863:
3235:
581:
264:. The taxonomic affinities of the members of this clade were originally described and proposed by
97:
3089:
2281:
2259:
2247:
2222:
2169:
2067:
2007:
1964:
1598:
326:
201:
106:
2029:
1323:
The unikonts have a triple-gene fusion that is lacking in the bikonts. The three genes that are
1349:
Cavalier-Smith originally proposed that unikonts ancestrally had a single flagellum and single
95:
3529:
3423:
3349:
3330:
3040:
2623:
2291:
2254:
2242:
2232:
2132:
2114:
2059:
2051:
1999:
1956:
1897:
1848:
1807:
1766:
1731:
1723:
1682:
1647:
1590:
1519:
1460:
1416:
3395:
3341:
3095:
2541:
2206:
2122:
2106:
2041:
1991:
1946:
1938:
1887:
1879:
1838:
1797:
1758:
1713:
1674:
1637:
1629:
1580:
1549:
1509:
1499:
1452:
1406:
1398:
1027:
917:
859:
322:
261:
3268:
2443:
1916:
1700:
Burki, Fabien; Roger, Andrew J.; Brown, Matthew W.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (2020-01-01).
2127:
2102:
2086:
1784:
Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Snell EA, Berney C, Fiore-Donno AM, Lewis R (December 2014).
1495:
3495:
3364:
3354:
3318:
3293:
2982:
2773:
2674:
2596:
2405:
2237:
1951:
1892:
1867:
1642:
1617:
1514:
1479:
1411:
1386:
1339:
1128:
1031:
872:
835:
493:
444:
440:
330:
3523:
3400:
3199:
3191:
3021:
2942:
2882:
2793:
2767:
2496:
2071:
2011:
1968:
1402:
1192:
970:
634:
334:
310:
168:
1602:
975:
3433:
3260:
3240:
3180:
3084:
3057:
3004:
2962:
2929:
2704:
2482:
2421:
1441:"The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa"
1308:
1201:
651:
638:
420:
361:
357:
345:
273:
173:
1868:"Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group"
1327:
in the unikonts, but not bacteria or bikonts, encode enzymes for synthesis of the
3489:
3324:
3250:
3102:
3066:
3046:
2994:
2968:
2858:
2806:
2779:
2761:
2734:
2501:
2370:
2359:
1843:
1826:
1802:
1785:
1618:"Evolutionary position of breviate amoebae and the primary eukaryote divergence"
1324:
1312:
949:
520:
392:
380:
284:
249:
215:
60:
53:
2046:
1995:
1942:
1762:
1718:
1701:
3405:
3229:
3220:
3205:
3073:
3010:
2869:
2830:
2825:
2711:
2628:
2523:
2435:
1933:
1585:
1568:
1456:
1360:
1350:
1331:
1328:
1300:
953:
892:
793:
789:
664:
365:
353:
338:
178:
3480:
2118:
2055:
1727:
3304:
3245:
2953:
2918:
2876:
2853:
2835:
2722:
2658:
2533:
2410:
2353:
2340:
2192:
1678:
1553:
1504:
1176:
1172:
1145:
1111:
855:
607:
577:
456:
448:
432:
416:
412:
400:
384:
349:
318:
314:
280:
241:
192:
163:
123:
24:
2161:
2136:
2110:
2063:
2023:
2021:
2003:
1960:
1901:
1852:
1811:
1770:
1735:
1686:
1651:
1633:
1594:
1540:(2003). "Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa".
1523:
1464:
1420:
3506:
3474:
3311:
3273:
3174:
3151:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2615:
2490:
2365:
2348:
1883:
1355:
1159:
1141:
1081:
452:
396:
388:
306:
302:
288:
43:
39:
20:
524:
497:
3427:
3162:
2999:
2845:
2752:
2741:
2605:
2511:
2467:
2375:
1304:
1196:
1054:
913:
809:
768:
690:
685:
460:
436:
223:
183:
67:
2817:
2547:
2449:
2391:
594:
428:
424:
376:
372:
257:
253:
245:
158:
74:
3451:
669:
368:. Again, the validity of this revised taxonomy awaits confirmation.
3387:
3027:
897:
547:
2153:
2644:
1098:
3455:
2165:
1616:
A Minge M, Silberman JD, Orr RJ, et al. (November 2008).
371:
Amoebozoa seems to be monophyletic with two major branches:
87:
276:
that the ISOP authors and other scientists later rejected.
1827:"Multigene phylogeny resolves deep branching of Amoebozoa"
1299:
One view of the great kingdoms and their stem groups. The
1915:
Schön ME, Zlatogursky VV, Singh RP, et al. (2021).
419:, or are amoebae with no flagella. The unikonts include
2085:
Al Jewari, Caesar; Baldauf, Sandra L. (28 April 2023).
344:
Further work by
Cavalier-Smith showed that Sulcozoa is
1569:"Evolution: revisiting the root of the eukaryote tree"
1480:"Bacterial proteins pinpoint a single eukaryotic root"
415:
cells that, for the most part, have a single emergent
3464:
3386:
3363:
3340:
3290:
3259:
3219:
3190:
3161:
3149:
3056:
3020:
2981:
2952:
2928:
2915:
2844:
2816:
2792:
2751:
2721:
2684:
2671:
2641:
2614:
2594:
2532:
2510:
2464:
2434:
2419:
2388:
2339:
2324:
403:, which has predominantly tube-shaped pseudopodia.
16:
Group including fungi, animals and various protozoa
240:is a taxonomic supergroup that includes the basal
2087:"An excavate root for the eukaryote tree of life"
379:. Conosa is divided into the aerobic infraphylum
2028:Burki F, Roger AJ, Brown MW, Simpson AG (2020).
1484:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
91:
1434:
1432:
1430:
2177:
8:
1917:"Picozoa are archaeplastids without plastid"
1303:are hard to place, being sister possibly to
348:. Apusozoa also appears to be paraphyletic.
352:has been redefined to include planomonads,
3452:
3337:
3167:
3158:
3146:
3053:
3017:
2987:
2934:
2925:
2912:
2798:
2727:
2681:
2668:
2651:
2638:
2611:
2591:
2587:
2516:
2474:
2431:
2427:
2398:
2336:
2332:
2321:
2317:
2184:
2170:
2162:
1387:"The revised classification of eukaryotes"
1311:or being a paraphyletic group external to
31:
2126:
2045:
1950:
1932:
1891:
1842:
1801:
1717:
1641:
1584:
1513:
1503:
1410:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
3442:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
294:Taxonomic revisions within this group
7:
1165:
1134:
1104:
1074:
1047:
1020:
942:
885:
878:
848:
841:
781:
774:
657:
627:
600:
570:
540:
513:
486:
479:
469:
399:, which have flattened cells, and
14:
2034:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1706:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
360:. A new taxon has been created -
305:, which consists of the subphyla
1542:European Journal of Protistology
1403:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x
1200:
1195:
1175:
1144:
1114:
1084:
1057:
1030:
974:
952:
916:
896:
858:
812:
792:
689:
668:
637:
610:
580:
550:
523:
496:
110:
1439:Cavalier-Smith T (March 2002).
2921:
2917:
2677:
2673:
1344:aspartate carbamoyltransferase
321:, which includes the subphyla
1:
1567:Roger AJ, Simpson AG (2009).
1445:Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol
2030:"The New Tree of Eukaryotes"
1872:Genome Biology and Evolution
1702:"The New Tree of Eukaryotes"
1336:carbamoyl phosphate synthase
391:) and secondarily anaerobic
1844:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.011
1803:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012
443:(plants and relatives) and
248:. That latter contains the
3551:
2047:10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008
1996:10.1038/s41586-022-05511-5
1943:10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0
1763:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001
1719:10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008
364:- for the planomonads and
18:
3535:Eukaryote unranked clades
3418:
3170:
3145:
2990:
2937:
2911:
2801:
2730:
2667:
2654:
2637:
2590:
2586:
2519:
2477:
2430:
2401:
2335:
2320:
2316:
2200:
2040:(1). Elsevier BV: 43–55.
1934:10.1101/2021.04.14.439778
1586:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.032
1457:10.1099/00207713-52-2-297
1190:
1170:
1163:
1139:
1132:
1109:
1102:
1079:
1072:
1052:
1045:
1025:
1018:
968:
947:
940:
911:
890:
883:
876:
853:
846:
839:
807:
786:
779:
772:
683:
662:
655:
632:
625:
605:
598:
575:
568:
545:
538:
518:
511:
491:
484:
477:
431:, and related forms) and
260:and the Choanomonada, or
207:
200:
155:
150:
107:Scientific classification
105:
86:
34:
2647:
2643:
301:proposed two new phyla:
19:Not to be confused with
1554:10.1078/0932-4739-00002
1505:10.1073/pnas.1420657112
2111:10.1126/sciadv.ade4973
1634:10.1098/rspb.2008.1358
1538:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
100:
38:Temporal range: Early
1921:Nature Communications
1679:10.1093/molbev/msl055
299:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
266:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
252:, which includes the
99:
1391:J Eukaryot Microbiol
1313:all other eukaryotes
228:Derelle et al., 2015
3319:Gunflint microbiota
3080:Klebsormidiophyceae
2864:Hyphochytriomycetes
2103:2023SciA....9E4973A
1831:Mol Phylogenet Evol
1790:Mol Phylogenet Evol
1496:2015PNAS..112E.693D
439:. Bikonts include
411:The group includes
3090:Coleochaetophyceae
2470:
2466:
2394:
2390:
1884:10.1093/gbe/evy014
101:
3517:
3516:
3458:Taxon identifiers
3449:
3448:
3414:
3413:
3350:Spironematellidae
3331:Meteora sporadica
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3215:
3214:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3041:Prasinodermophyta
2977:
2976:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2788:
2787:
2624:Centroplasthelida
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2460:
2459:
2384:
2383:
1990:(7941): 714–719.
1628:(1657): 597–604.
1451:(Pt 2): 297–354.
1296:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1007:
1006:
997:
996:
988:
987:
929:
928:
825:
824:
758:
757:
749:
748:
740:
739:
730:
729:
721:
720:
712:
711:
702:
701:
262:Choanoflagellates
235:
234:
229:
219:
146:
3542:
3510:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3453:
3396:Collodictyonidae
3342:Hemimastigophora
3338:
3297:
3168:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3096:Zygnematophyceae
3054:
3034:
3018:
2988:
2935:
2926:
2922:
2913:
2799:
2728:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2612:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2542:Choanoflagellata
2517:
2475:
2471:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2399:
2395:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2229:
2209:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2158:Tree of Life.org
2157:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2097:(17): eade4973.
2091:Science Advances
2082:
2076:
2075:
2049:
2025:
2016:
2015:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1954:
1936:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1721:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1588:
1579:(4): R165–R167.
1564:
1558:
1557:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1507:
1490:(7): E693–E699.
1475:
1469:
1468:
1436:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1381:
1204:
1199:
1179:
1166:
1148:
1135:
1118:
1105:
1088:
1075:
1061:
1048:
1034:
1028:Hemimastigophora
1021:
978:
956:
943:
920:
900:
886:
879:
862:
849:
842:
816:
796:
782:
775:
693:
672:
658:
641:
628:
614:
601:
584:
571:
554:
541:
527:
514:
500:
487:
480:
470:
227:
213:
140:
115:
114:
90:
81:
77:
70:
63:
56:
50:
32:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3460:
3450:
3445:
3410:
3382:
3373:Ancyromonadidae
3359:
3336:
3291:
3278:
3269:Malawimonadidae
3255:
3211:
3186:
3150:
3109:
3052:
3025:
3024:
3016:
2973:
2948:
2916:
2887:
2840:
2812:
2784:
2747:
2717:
2672:
2663:
2642:
2633:
2610:
2595:
2554:
2528:
2506:
2465:
2456:
2420:
2415:
2389:
2380:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2227:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2027:
2026:
2019:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1751:Eur J Protistol
1748:
1747:
1743:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1673:(10): 1922–30.
1667:Mol. Biol. Evol
1664:
1663:
1659:
1622:Proc. Biol. Sci
1615:
1614:
1610:
1573:Current Biology
1566:
1565:
1561:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1321:
1319:Characteristics
1297:
1287:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1008:
998:
989:
930:
826:
759:
750:
741:
731:
722:
713:
703:
688:(inc. animals)
466:
409:
296:
139:
109:
98:
88:
82:
80:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
54:
48:
47:
36:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3548:
3546:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3501:
3486:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3430:
3426:excluded from
3419:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3378:Planomonadidae
3375:
3369:
3367:
3365:Ancyromonadida
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3355:Paramastigidae
3352:
3346:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3294:Incertae sedis
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3156:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2983:Archaeplastida
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2932:
2923:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2774:Dinoflagellata
2770:
2768:Chrompodellida
2765:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2679:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2597:Diaphoretickes
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2330:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2302:Mesomycetozoea
2299:
2294:
2284:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2238:Diaphoretickes
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:classification
2191:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2148:
2147:External links
2145:
2143:
2142:
2077:
2017:
1974:
1907:
1878:(2): 427–433.
1858:
1817:
1776:
1741:
1692:
1657:
1608:
1559:
1548:(4): 338–348.
1529:
1470:
1426:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1340:dihydroorotase
1325:fused together
1320:
1317:
1294:
1293:
1292:2200 mya
1289:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1003:1600 mya
1000:
999:
995:
994:
991:
990:
986:
985:
984:1000 mya
981:
980:
967:
964:
963:
962:1100 mya
959:
958:
946:
941:
939:
936:
935:
932:
931:
927:
926:
923:
922:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
889:
884:
882:
877:
875:
873:Archaeplastida
869:
868:
865:
864:
852:
847:
845:
840:
838:
836:Diaphoretickes
832:
831:
828:
827:
823:
822:
819:
818:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
785:
780:
778:
773:
771:
765:
764:
761:
760:
756:
755:
752:
751:
747:
746:
743:
742:
738:
737:
736:1500 mya
733:
732:
728:
727:
724:
723:
719:
718:
715:
714:
710:
709:
708:1300 mya
705:
704:
700:
699:
696:
695:
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:
661:
656:
654:
648:
647:
644:
643:
631:
626:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
604:
599:
597:
591:
590:
587:
586:
574:
569:
567:
561:
560:
557:
556:
544:
539:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
517:
512:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
494:Ancyromonadida
490:
485:
483:
478:
476:
468:
445:SAR supergroup
441:Archaeplastida
408:
405:
331:Mantamonadidae
295:
292:
233:
232:
231:
230:
220:
205:
204:
198:
197:
196:
195:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
181:
171:
166:
153:
152:
148:
147:
134:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
103:
102:
84:
83:
73:
66:
59:
52:
51:
49:1400–0 Ma
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3547:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3508:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3422:Âątraditional
3421:
3420:
3417:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Mantamonadida
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3200:Heterolobosea
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3192:Discicristata
3189:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3022:Viridiplantae
3019:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2943:Microheliella
2940:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2884:
2883:Actinophryida
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Stramenopiles
2791:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Ichthyosporea
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:Rotosphaerida
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Apusomonadida
2404:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:Stramenopiles
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2228:(major groups
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:(2): 115–78.
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:(5): 429–93.
1396:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1193:Stramenopiles
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:550 mya
1153:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1002:
1001:
993:
992:
983:
982:
979:
977:
972:
971:Viridiplantae
966:
965:
961:
960:
957:
955:
951:
945:
944:
938:
937:
934:
933:
925:
924:
921:
919:
915:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
899:
894:
888:
887:
881:
880:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
861:
857:
851:
850:
844:
843:
837:
834:
833:
830:
829:
821:
820:
817:
815:
811:
805:
804:
801:
800:
797:
795:
791:
784:
783:
777:
776:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
754:
753:
745:
744:
735:
734:
726:
725:
717:
716:
707:
706:
698:
697:
694:
692:
687:
681:
680:
677:
676:
673:
671:
667:(inc. fungi)
666:
660:
659:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
640:
636:
635:Apusomonadida
630:
629:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
613:
609:
603:
602:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
583:
579:
573:
572:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
555:
553:
549:
543:
542:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
526:
522:
516:
515:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
499:
495:
489:
488:
482:
481:
475:
472:
471:
467:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
335:Planomonadida
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:Apusomonadida
308:
304:
300:
293:
291:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
226:
225:
221:
218:
217:
212:
209:
208:
206:
203:
199:
194:
191:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
170:
169:Apusomonadida
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
156:
154:
149:
144:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
113:
108:
104:
85:
78:
71:
64:
57:
45:
41:
33:
30:
26:
22:
3465:
3439:
3434:paraphyletic
3329:
3310:
3292:
3261:Malawimonada
3241:Anaeromonada
3236:Anaeramoebae
3228:
3204:
3181:Tsukubamonas
3179:
3101:
3094:
3085:Charophyceae
3072:
3065:
3058:Streptophyta
3045:
3029:
3009:
3005:Rhodelphidia
2963:Palpitomonas
2961:
2941:
2930:Pancryptista
2875:
2868:
2805:
2772:
2760:
2740:
2710:
2705:Foraminifera
2703:
2546:
2489:
2483:Tunicaraptor
2481:
2448:
2422:Opisthokonta
2358:
2326:
2287:Opisthokonta
2276:
2154:"Eukaryotes"
2094:
2090:
2080:
2037:
2033:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1712:(1): 43–55.
1709:
1705:
1695:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1448:
1444:
1394:
1390:
1354:
1348:
1322:
1309:Malawimonada
1298:
1191:
1171:
1140:
1110:
1080:
1053:
1026:
969:
948:
912:
895:(red algae)
891:
854:
808:
787:
684:
663:
652:Opisthokonta
633:
606:
576:
564:
546:
521:Malawimonada
519:
492:
473:
465:
421:opisthokonts
410:
370:
362:Glissodiscea
358:Collodictyon
346:paraphyletic
343:
297:
289:Apusomonada.
285:opisthokonts
279:It includes
278:
274:synapomorphy
270:
250:Opisthokonta
237:
236:
222:
214:
210:
174:Opisthokonts
142:
136:
130:
29:
3490:Wikispecies
3325:Chitinozoan
3251:Parabasalia
3103:Embryophyta
3067:Chlorokybus
3047:Chlorophyta
2995:Glaucophyta
2969:Cryptophyta
2859:Pirsoniales
2826:Bicosoecida
2807:Platysulcus
2780:Perkinsozoa
2762:Apicomplexa
2735:Colponemida
2502:Pluriformea
2371:Archamoebea
2360:Eumycetozoa
1927:(1): 6651.
1837:: 293–304.
1332:nucleotides
950:Glaucophyta
393:Archamoebae
381:Semiconosia
327:Discocelida
323:Diphyllatea
62:Proterozoic
3524:Categories
3406:Rigifilida
3305:Acritarchs
3230:Barthelona
3221:Metamonada
3206:Euglenozoa
3074:Mesostigma
3030:sensu lato
3011:Rhodophyta
2870:Ochrophyta
2831:Placidozoa
2742:Ciliophora
2712:Radiolaria
2629:Haptophyta
2524:Filasterea
2436:Holomycota
1367:References
1361:centrioles
1351:basal body
1329:pyrimidine
1301:Metamonada
893:Rhodophyta
790:Metamonada
665:Holomycota
474:Eukaryotes
413:eukaryotic
366:Mantamonas
354:Mantamonas
339:Rigifilida
179:Holomycota
151:Subgroups
3246:Fornicata
3152:Excavates
2954:Cryptista
2877:Oomycetes
2854:Developea
2836:Sagenista
2723:Alveolata
2659:Telonemia
2534:Choanozoa
2411:Breviatea
2354:Tubulinea
2341:Amoebozoa
2282:Amoebozoa
2260:Alveolata
2248:Cryptista
2223:Eukaryota
2193:Eukaryote
2119:2375-2548
2072:204545629
2056:0169-5347
2012:254436650
1969:233328713
1796:: 71–85.
1728:0169-5347
1173:Alveolata
1112:Telonemia
973:(plants)
856:Cryptista
608:Breviatea
578:Amoebozoa
457:Telonemia
449:Cryptista
433:Amoebozoa
417:flagellum
401:Tubulinea
385:Mycetozoa
350:Varisulca
319:Varisulca
315:Breviatea
281:amoebozoa
268:in 2002.
242:Amoebozoa
216:nom. nud.
193:Amoebozoa
164:Breviatea
124:Eukaryota
25:Amorpheae
3530:Amorphea
3504:BioLib:
3496:Unikonta
3475:Wikidata
3466:Unikonta
3428:protists
3424:kingdoms
3312:Grypania
3274:Imasidae
3175:Jakobida
2699:Endomyxa
2694:Cercozoa
2686:Rhizaria
2616:Haptista
2548:Animalia
2491:Bicellum
2366:Variosea
2349:Discosea
2327:Amorphea
2277:Amorphea
2255:Rhizaria
2243:Hacrobia
2233:Excavata
2218:Bacteria
2137:37115919
2128:10146883
2064:31606140
2004:36477531
1961:34789758
1902:29360967
1853:25150787
1812:25152275
1771:23085100
1736:31606140
1687:16829542
1652:19004754
1603:13172971
1595:19243692
1524:25646484
1465:11931142
1421:23020233
1356:Breviata
1282:Bikonts
1160:Halvaria
1142:Rhizaria
1082:Haptista
565:Amorphea
453:Haptista
397:Discosea
389:Variosea
307:Apusozoa
303:Sulcozoa
238:Amorphea
211:Unikonta
202:Synonyms
137:Amorphea
120:Domain:
40:Ectasian
35:Amorphea
21:Amorphae
3481:Q964455
3163:Discoba
3028:Plants
3000:Picozoa
2846:Gyrista
2753:Myzozoa
2606:Provora
2512:Filozoa
2468:Holozoa
2376:Cutosea
2292:Animals
2213:Archaea
2099:Bibcode
1952:8599508
1929:bioRxiv
1893:5793813
1643:2660946
1515:4343179
1492:Bibcode
1412:3483872
1305:Discoba
1055:Provora
914:Picozoa
810:Discoba
769:Diphoda
686:Holozoa
461:picozoa
437:bikonts
425:animals
317:), and
258:Animals
224:Opimoda
184:Holozoa
69:Archean
44:Present
3507:322924
3436:groups
2818:Bigyra
2392:Obazoa
2270:Plants
2207:Domain
2135:
2125:
2117:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2010:
2002:
1984:Nature
1967:
1959:
1949:
1931:
1900:
1890:
1851:
1810:
1769:
1734:
1726:
1685:
1650:
1640:
1601:
1593:
1522:
1512:
1463:
1419:
1409:
1307:or to
595:Obazoa
447:, the
377:Lobosa
373:Conosa
287:, and
246:Obazoa
159:Obazoa
145:, 2012
143:et al.
3388:CRuMs
2450:Fungi
2297:Fungi
2068:S2CID
2008:S2CID
1965:S2CID
1599:S2CID
548:CRuMs
429:fungi
407:Clade
254:Fungi
131:Clade
3440:bold
2645:TSAR
2133:PMID
2115:ISSN
2060:PMID
2052:ISSN
2000:PMID
1957:PMID
1898:PMID
1849:PMID
1808:PMID
1767:PMID
1732:PMID
1724:ISSN
1683:PMID
1648:PMID
1591:PMID
1520:PMID
1461:PMID
1417:PMID
1099:TSAR
459:and
387:and
375:and
356:and
337:and
313:and
244:and
141:Adl
76:Had.
55:Pha.
2919:CAM
2675:SAR
2123:PMC
2107:doi
2042:doi
1992:doi
1988:612
1947:PMC
1939:doi
1888:PMC
1880:doi
1839:doi
1798:doi
1759:doi
1714:doi
1675:doi
1638:PMC
1630:doi
1626:276
1581:doi
1550:doi
1510:PMC
1500:doi
1488:112
1453:doi
1407:PMC
1399:doi
1129:SAR
23:or
3526::
3492::
3477::
2131:.
2121:.
2113:.
2105:.
2093:.
2089:.
2066:.
2058:.
2050:.
2038:35
2036:.
2032:.
2020:^
2006:.
1998:.
1986:.
1963:.
1955:.
1945:.
1937:.
1925:12
1923:.
1919:.
1896:.
1886:.
1876:10
1874:.
1870:.
1847:.
1835:83
1833:.
1829:.
1806:.
1794:81
1792:.
1788:.
1765:.
1755:49
1753:.
1730:.
1722:.
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1708:.
1704:.
1681:.
1671:23
1669:.
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1620:.
1597:.
1589:.
1577:19
1575:.
1571:.
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1544:.
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1443:.
1429:^
1415:.
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1374:^
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1338:,
1334::
1315:.
788:?
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455:,
451:,
427:,
341:.
333:,
329:,
325:,
283:,
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3106:Âą
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