1629:"Amoor, Territory of, a name applied to Russian Manchooria, or the region of Southeastern Siberia acquired from the Chinese and Japanese by the Russians since 1858. It is bounded on the N. by Siberia proper, on the E. by the Seas of Okhotsk and Japan, the coast being Russian as far S. as the river Toomen, which divides it from Corea (the island of Saghalin being now included) ; on the W. by Chinese Manchooria, the rivers Oosooree, Argoon, Soongaree, and Amoor forming (for the most part) the boundary; and on the N.W. by the government of Transbaikalia. Its area, 905,462 square miles, is over four times that of France. It is divided into the provinces of Amoor and Primorsk."
986:
day, Sept. 3, 2024, TASS, the
Russian state-run news agency issued an article entitled "Russia, China officially confirm renunciation of territorial claims, diplomat says." The article purported to cite Maria Zakharova, the spokeperson for the Russian Foreign Ministry. What Zakharova actually said was quite telling. She said, "We are confident that our friends in Beijing share the same position." This statement acknowledge some doubt as she was "confident," but not completely sure. Zakharova also threw in some disparaging comments about Lai (referring to him as a "fringe politician").
1087:. The Allies in 1918 consisted of over 12 countries (including dominions of the British Empire) who sought to remove the Bolsheviks and the ideology of communism from the former Russian Empire. At the time in Manchuria, there were over 150,000 former Russian (Tsarist) citizens most of whom were anti-Bolshevik. Thus, and due to the uncertain times, the Bolsheviks wanted to return the Chinese Eastern Railway and other territories to China to gain China's allegiance and to protect Russia from another Allied front based in Manchuria.
251:
1353:, 1860)....The Convention of Peking, one of several unequal treaties, moreover assigned the parts in the East of the Ussuri River (Wusulijiang) to Russia. Outer Manchuria, also called Russian Manchuria was never claimed to be part of a Chinese nation-state. Today it belongs to the Russian Federation, is no longer referred to as Outer Manchuria, and is considered to be part of Siberia. Consequently, the name Manchuria refers only to Inner Manchuria today. In the following, I will refer to Inner Manchuria as Manchuria."
127:
664:
1012:
1511:"New Russian leaders may or may not look to the West rather than Beijing, and might be so weak that the Russian Federation’s fragmentation, especially east of the Urals, isn’t inconceivable. Beijing is undoubtedly eyeing this vast territory, which potentially contains incalculable mineral wealth. Significant portions of this region were under Chinese sovereignty until the 1860 Treaty of Peking transferred “outer Manchuria,” including extensive Pacific coast lands, to Moscow."
175:
139:
151:
90:
163:
918:
was seen as tenuous by the
Russians. Despite warnings, Qing authorities remained indecisive about how to respond to the Russian presence. In 1856, Russian military entered the area north of the Amur on pretext of defending the area from France and the UK, Russian settlers founded new towns and cut down forests in the region, and the Russian government created a new maritime province,
1596:"MANCHURIA, man-cho͞oʹre-a (the land of the Manchus). The northeastern part of the Chinese Empire, situated east of Mongolia and the Argun River (which formerly traversed Manchurian territory), south of the Amur River (which separates it from Siberia), and west of the Usuri, which separates it from Primorsk (Maritime Province) or Russian Manchuria (a Chinese possession until 1860)."
1008:
the two
Karakhan Manifestos. During 1991 and 2004, there were border-treaties between Russia and China. The Karakhan Manifestos are not border treaties. They are unilateral, but legally binding offers of the return of territory to China. Here are three excerpts from the first Karakhan Manifesto (I) according to the translated, English version published by Allen S. Whiting:
106:
1411:"For these services Moscow exacted a staggering territorial price: a broad swath of territory in so-called Outer Manchuria along the Pacific coast, including the port city now called Vladivostok.¹⁴ In a stroke, Russia had gained a major new naval base, a foothold in the Sea of Japan, and 350,000 square miles of territory once considered Chinese."
1007:
in which he promised to return to China all territories taken in
Siberia and Manchuria during the Tsarist period and to return the Chinese Eastern Railway and other concessions. He signed his name on both documents as deputy minister of foreign affairs. To date, China has never renounced the offer of
917:
settlement in
Manchuria; nevertheless, there was significant Han Chinese migration into areas south of the Amur and west of the Ussuri. By the mid-19th century, there were very few subjects of the Qing Empire living in the areas north of the Amur and east of the Ussuri, and Qing authority in the area
998:
generally) further noting that "ignificant portions of this region were under
Chinese sovereignty until the 1860 Treaty of Peking". However, two American historians, Jon K. Chang and Bruce A. Elleman disagree with Larin, Radchenko and other Russian historians. Chang and Elleman note that in 1919 and
1052:
The Soviet
Government has renounced the conquests made by the Tsarist Government which deprived China of Manchuria and other areas....The Soviet Government is well aware ... that the return to the Chinese people of what was taken from them requires first of all putting an end to the robber invasion
985:
Sergey
Radchenko, speaking for China's government stated, "China fully recognizes Russia's sovereignty over these territories ." He also called Taiwan's President Lai, "seriously misguided" for attempting to suggest to China to take back her "lost territories," rather than invade Taiwan. The next
1075:
With the
Karakhan manifestos, the Soviets/Bolsheviks offered to return territories that they held to China. The Soviets and their representative, Lev Karakhan, the Soviet Deputy-Minister of Foreign Affairs, made China significant offers without requiring China to give back anything in return.
1020:
We bring help not only to our own labouring classes, but to the
Chinese people too, and we once more remind them of what they have been told ever since the great October revolution of 1917, but which was perhaps concealed from them by the venal press of America, Europe, and Japan.
978:, said that the fact that Russia had built Vladivostok “is a historical fact that cannot be rewritten,” and that the notion that Vladivostok was ever a Chinese town is a “myth” based on a misreading of evidence that a few Chinese sometimes came to the area to fish and collect
989:
Despite the potential for territorial claims (in theory) coextensive with the Qing dynasty, Chinese leaders as of 2014 had not suggested that Mongolia and part of Outer or Russian Manchuria would be a legitimate objective. In April 2023, US diplomat
982:. The main point of Viktor Larin was that the Russian Far East (outer Manchuria) is Russia's. They developed the region and thus, will not give it back. Larin was a state historian and ethnographer. He would not stray from the government "line."
2177:
968:
1478:
1036:
But the Chinese people, the Chinese workers and peasants, could not even learn the truth, could not find out the reason for this invasion by the American, European, and Japanese robbers of Manchuria and Siberia.
2105:
1154:
930:, Qing China was forced to sign a series of treaties that gave away territories and ports to various Western powers as well as to Russia and Japan; these were collectively known by the Chinese side as the
2051:
2163:
1245:
1345:"In the mid-19th century, the Qing government gave over (so-called) Outer Manchuria, where mostly non-Manchu Tungusic people dwelled, to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun (
2137:
1505:
946:
rivers. As a result, China lost the region that came to be known as Outer Manchuria or Russian Manchuria (an area of 350,000 square miles (910,000 km)) and access to the
899:. When the Qing sent officials to erect boundary markers, the markers were set up far to the south of the agreed limits, ignoring some 23,000 square miles of territory.
1067:
The Karakhan Manifestos I and II are similar. Both promise to return "the conquests made by the Tsarist Government which deprived China of Manchuria and other areas."
1822:
650:
1781:
89:
1084:
2302:
2026:
2061:
583:
2282:
2129:
2170:
430:
1208:
2100:
994:
speculated that China (PRC) is "undoubtedly eyeing this vast territory, which potentially contains incalculable mineral wealth," (referring to
1995:
1714:
1664:
1388:
1322:
1223:
2287:
2277:
2307:
1539:
490:
750:, with the terms "Outer Manchuria" and "Russian Manchuria" arising after the Russian annexation. The same general area became known as
643:
1967:
1940:
1455:
1430:
2297:
762:"Manchuria" was coined in the 19th century to refer to the northeastern part of the Qing Empire, the traditional homeland of the
1003:, the Soviet deputy minister (also called "commissar") of foreign affairs, issued two legally binding "declarations" called the
1228:
1130:
In 1973, the Soviet Union renamed several locations in the region that bore names of Chinese origin. Names affected included
829:
803:
588:
1848:
1083:
raged between the Bolsheviks (the Reds) and the White movement (the Whites). The Whites or White Guards were backed by the
2292:
821:
795:
636:
543:
501:
230:
1761:
Fletcher, Joseph (1978). "Sino-Russian Relations, 1800-62: The loss of north-east Manchuria". In Fairbank, John K (ed.).
1150:
for Mankovka; Gurskoye for Khungari; Cherenshany for Sinan cha; Rudny for Lifudzin; and Uglekamensk for Severny Suchan.
539:
471:
2056:
950:. In the wake of these events, the Qing government changed course and encouraged Han Chinese migration to Manchuria (
2076:
1807:
1656:
1570:
119:
1862:
671:, and subsequent losses of territory to Russia in the 1858 Treaty of Aigun (beige) and 1860 Treaty of Peking (red)
496:
353:
2036:
1213:
573:
511:
486:
476:
1616:
1157:
relabelled eight cities and areas inside Russia in the region with Chinese names. The eight names are Boli for
1015:
Karakhan Manifesto I (signed July 25, 1919) courtesy of Allen S. Whiting's Soviet Policies in China, 1917-1924.
869:
421:
250:
132:
883:
The northern part of the area was disputed by Qing China and the Russian Empire, in the midst of the Russia's
1912:
1895:
1706:
1483:
784:
1646:
1591:
1521:
974:, the director of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East in
578:
403:
1983:
1531:
663:
1762:
2110:
906:
to Sakhalin and the region of the Amur to determine the extent of Russian influence and penetration.
563:
333:
239:
1011:
2272:
2234:
2155:
1696:
1610:
1564:
1174:
938:, the Treaty of Peking in 1860, the Sino–Russian border was realigned in Russia's favour along the
923:
888:
668:
1585:
2267:
2262:
1827:
1786:
1700:
1203:
1124:
1004:
919:
896:
892:
723:
711:
553:
1650:
1525:
2130:"The Legacy of a War: How the Legacy of the Russo-Japanese War Affected the US-Japan Relations"
2007:
1999:
1963:
1957:
1936:
1840:
1832:
1799:
1791:
1720:
1710:
1678:
1670:
1660:
1620:
1545:
1535:
1496:
1488:
1451:
1426:
1402:
1394:
1384:
1336:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1080:
602:
598:
265:
76:
667:
Map showing the original border (in pink) between Manchuria and Russia according to the 1689
935:
931:
884:
775:
747:
687:
621:
180:
62:
48:
2222:
2216:
1642:
1368:
1276:
1233:
1198:
1162:
1139:
1116:
1108:
952:
865:
767:
743:
739:
695:
612:
557:
534:
529:
446:
441:
144:
903:
2240:
2077:"OPINION: China Challenges Russia by Restoring Chinese Names of Cities on Their Border"
1238:
1218:
1182:
1112:
861:
771:
731:
707:
683:
548:
156:
2256:
1380:
1143:
763:
751:
727:
719:
568:
481:
398:
388:
328:
303:
293:
217:
1652:
Strategic Reassurance and Resolve: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century
1100:
1000:
995:
979:
947:
891:
signed in 1689 after a series of conflicts, defined the Sino–Russian border as the
735:
715:
505:
461:
451:
426:
378:
2144:
1930:
2198:
1474:
1272:
1166:
1104:
1095:
Today, there are reminders of the ancient Manchu domination in English-language
991:
975:
914:
873:
393:
318:
308:
168:
1373:
922:, including Sakhalin, the mouth of the Amur, and Kamchatka with its capital at
94:
Outer Manchuria, north and east of the China-Russia border, shown in light red.
2210:
2031:
1406:
1311:
Schneider, Julia C. (2017). "The New Setting: Political Thinking after 1912".
1158:
1147:
1135:
1131:
939:
927:
703:
368:
363:
2052:"Territorial dispute between China and Russia risks clouding friendly future"
2003:
1836:
1795:
1724:
1682:
1549:
1500:
1492:
1340:
1332:
694:(until the mid-19th century). While Manchuria now more normatively refers to
2228:
2204:
2081:
1624:
1186:
1178:
699:
691:
608:
593:
373:
192:
2011:
1844:
1803:
774:, the ceded areas were known as "Outer Manchuria" or "Russian Manchuria". (
2086:
1170:
877:
466:
348:
283:
187:
1612:
A Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer or Geographical Dictionary of the World
17:
1096:
456:
383:
338:
313:
212:
1120:
943:
910:
837:
811:
436:
323:
298:
288:
111:
80:
1878:
934:. Starting with the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and, in the wake of the
1879:
Russia, China officially confirm rununciation of territorial claims
1674:
1398:
1010:
754:
after a large number of settlers from Ukraine came to the region.
662:
358:
343:
1767:. Vol. 10. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38, 332–351.
2159:
2106:
Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China
1448:
Spirit Voices: The Mysteries and Magic of North Asian Shamanism
1155:
Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China
1823:"Vladivostok Lures Chinese Tourists (Many Think It's Theirs)"
1123:, a non-Manchu Tungusic people, who speak a closely related
1479:"A New American Grand Strategy to Counter Russia and China"
1127:, make up a significant part of the indigenous population.
860:
Outer Manchuria comprises the modern-day Russian areas of
1423:
History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Manchuria (1833-2022)
2109:(in Simplified Chinese). 2023. p. 7. Archived from
1959:
Burnt by the Sun: The Koreans of the Russian Far East
913:
character of Manchuria, the Qing dynasty discouraged
789:
1314:
Nation and Ethnicity: Chinese Discourses on History,
1071:
Background and reasoning to the Karakhan manifestos
211:
203:
198:
186:
118:
99:
35:
2027:"China's ironic reticence on land grab in Ukraine"
1984:"NCNA Condemns New Soviet Place Names in Far East"
1524:(2015). "Conflicts Real, Latent, and Imaginable".
1504:
1372:
714:which covered the area in the right bank of both
1649:(2014). "The Determinants of Chinese Strategy".
1050:
1034:
1018:
902:In 1809, the Japanese government sent explorer
1349:, 1858) and the (First) Convention of Peking (
2171:
1756:
1754:
1243:
965:
698:, it originally included areas consisting of
644:
54:
40:
8:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1637:
1635:
1604:
1602:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
847:
730:, but control of the area was ceded to the
2178:
2164:
2156:
1776:
1774:
1569:. Vol. XXI (9th ed.). New York:
1250:(1972 Russian Far East Place Name Changes)
651:
637:
224:
32:
1115:and other small mountain ranges; and the
207:910,000 km (350,000 sq mi)
1988:Daily Report: People's Republic of China
1962:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1469:
1467:
584:Korean People's Association in Manchuria
1935:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
1371:(2011). "From Preeminence to Decline".
1292:
1271:usually refers to a narrower region of
1260:
238:
227:
210:
197:
98:
86:
1615:(New Revised ed.). Philadelphia:
722:. The region was ruled by a series of
2075:Nahaylo, Bohdan (February 26, 2023).
1996:Foreign Broadcast Information Service
1896:Beijing's claims to Russian territory
1224:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
202:
185:
117:
7:
1911:Jon K. Chang and Bruce A. Elleman, "
1894:Jon K. Chang and Bruce A. Elleman, "
1181:, Outer Khingan (Outer Xing'an) for
2050:Jan van der Made (March 21, 2023).
1932:Soviet Policies in China, 1917-1924
1587:The New International Encyclopaedia
27:Historical region in Northeast Asia
1209:1991 Sino–Russian Border Agreement
1107:; the Amur and Ussuri rivers; the
25:
2283:Geography of the Russian Far East
2186:Chinese historical placenames in
1913:Russian far east belongs to China
1821:Higgins, Andrew (July 23, 2016).
1782:"China Assails New Siberia Names"
1450:. Red Wheel Weiser. p. 140.
718:and the lower Amur River to the
690:but historically formed part of
249:
173:
161:
149:
137:
125:
104:
88:
2025:Pao, Jeff (February 25, 2023).
1103:, the great coastal range; the
1079:From 1918 to October 1922, the
416:Medieval to Early Modern period
2303:China–Russian Empire relations
1764:The Cambridge History of China
1702:China: The Pessoptimist Nation
1229:1900 Amur anti-Chinese pogroms
1165:, Haishenwai (Haishenwei) for
842:
833:
825:
816:
807:
799:
1:
1425:. Soyinfo Center. p. 6.
887:, between 1643 and 1689. The
502:Sino-Russian border conflicts
852:'outer northeast').
2288:Historical regions of China
2278:Geography of Northeast Asia
2150:— 1903 illustrated article.
2057:Radio France Internationale
1590:. Vol. XII. New York:
1566:The Encyclopædia Britannica
1421:Shurtleff, William (2022).
790:
278:Ancient to Classical period
30:Historical region of Russia
2324:
1929:Whiting, Allen S. (1953).
1657:Princeton University Press
1527:The Future of Land Warfare
1153:On February 14, 2023, the
1053:of Manchuria and Siberia.
2194:
1563:"SAGHALIN, or SAKHALIN".
1244:
1214:Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island
969:Виктор Лаврентьевич Ларин
966:
964:In 2016, Victor L. Larin
779:
702:between the left bank of
574:Kwantung Leased Territory
87:
74:
55:
41:
1919:, Sept. 18, 2024 edition
1902:, Sept. 11, 2024 edition
1617:J. B. Lippincott Company
1185:, and Shuangchengzi for
870:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
686:that is now part of the
682:, refers to a region in
422:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
133:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
1885:, Sept. 3, 2024 edition
1868:, Sept. 2, 2024 edition
1707:Oxford University Press
1609:"Amoor, Territory of".
1571:Charles Scribner's Sons
1484:The Wall Street Journal
2308:China–Russia relations
1956:Chang, Jon K. (2016).
1592:Dodd, Mead and Company
1065:
1049:
1033:
1016:
672:
579:Nationalist government
2113:on February 16, 2023.
2089:on February 26, 2023.
2039:on February 25, 2023.
1998:: A 1. 7 March 1973.
1619:. 1898. p. 489.
1532:Brookings Institution
1142:for Teyukhe‐Pristan;
1014:
666:
2293:History of Manchuria
1697:Callahan, William A.
1594:. 1906. p. 782.
1573:. 1886. p. 147.
1530:. Washington, D.C.:
1522:O'Hanlon, Michael E.
564:Far Eastern Republic
334:Yan (Three Kingdoms)
309:Yan (Warring States)
2298:China–Russia border
2235:Nikolayevsk-on-Amur
2147:Russia in Manchuria
2145:Books.google.com:
1647:Michael E. O'Hanlon
1534:Press. p. 55.
1446:Shi, David (2023).
1175:Nikolayevsk-on-Amur
1099:: for example, the
1005:Karakhan Manifestos
926:. After losing the
924:Nikolayevsk-on-Amur
889:Treaty of Nerchinsk
830:traditional Chinese
804:traditional Chinese
678:, sometimes called
669:Treaty of Nerchinsk
472:Jurchen Jin dynasty
431:Andong Protectorate
2128:Karaoğlu, Semiha.
2064:on March 21, 2023.
1861:Micah McCartney, "
1828:The New York Times
1787:The New York Times
1659:. pp. 36–37.
1477:(April 12, 2023).
1204:Karakhan Manifesto
1017:
920:Primorskaya Oblast
893:Stanovoy Mountains
885:Far East expansion
876:and the island of
822:simplified Chinese
796:simplified Chinese
710:to the north, and
673:
554:Beiyang government
260:Prehistoric period
204: • Total
2250:
2249:
1851:on July 27, 2016.
1810:on June 22, 2023.
1790:. March 8, 1973.
1716:978-0-19-960439-5
1666:978-0-691-15951-5
1509:on 29 April 2023.
1390:978-1-59420-271-1
1324:978-90-04-33011-5
1125:Tungusic language
1081:Russian Civil War
850:
788:
724:Chinese dynasties
680:Russian Manchuria
661:
660:
603:Chinese Civil War
599:Liaoshen Campaign
589:Japanese invasion
544:Russian invasions
404:Göktürk Khaganate
266:Liao civilization
223:
222:
77:Historical region
69:Russian Manchuria
16:(Redirected from
2315:
2243:(Waixing'anling)
2180:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2141:
2140:on 10 July 2022.
2136:. Archived from
2115:
2114:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2085:. Archived from
2072:
2066:
2065:
2060:. Archived from
2047:
2041:
2040:
2035:. Archived from
2022:
2016:
2015:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1926:
1920:
1909:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1875:
1869:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1847:. Archived from
1818:
1812:
1811:
1806:. Archived from
1778:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1729:
1728:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1643:Steinberg, James
1639:
1630:
1628:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1503:. Archived from
1471:
1462:
1461:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1378:
1369:Kissinger, Henry
1365:
1354:
1344:
1308:
1280:
1265:
1249:
1248:
1246:1972年俄罗斯远东地区地名变更
1161:, Hailanpao for
1063:
1047:
1031:
973:
972:
936:Second Opium War
932:Unequal Treaties
909:To preserve the
851:
848:
844:
835:
827:
818:
809:
801:
793:
783:
781:
748:Treaty of Peking
688:Russian Far East
653:
646:
639:
622:Russian Far East
354:Sima Jin dynasty
253:
243:
225:
181:Zabaykalsky Krai
179:
177:
176:
167:
165:
164:
155:
153:
152:
143:
141:
140:
131:
129:
128:
120:Federal subjects
110:
108:
107:
92:
66:
58:
57:
52:
44:
43:
33:
21:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2223:Sakhalin Island
2217:Blagoveshchensk
2207:(Shuangchengzi)
2190:
2188:Outer Manchuria
2184:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2024:
2023:
2019:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1910:
1906:
1893:
1889:
1876:
1872:
1860:
1856:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1760:
1759:
1732:
1717:
1709:. p. 240.
1695:
1694:
1690:
1667:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1542:
1541:978-081572689-0
1520:
1519:
1515:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1391:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1351:Beijing tiaoyue
1325:
1317:. p. 277.
1310:
1309:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1277:Khabarovsk Krai
1266:
1262:
1257:
1234:Amur Annexation
1199:Chinese Tartary
1195:
1163:Blagoveshchensk
1140:Rudnaya Pristan
1117:Shantar Islands
1109:Greater Khingan
1093:
1073:
1064:
1060:Soviet Policies
1057:
1048:
1044:Soviet Policies
1041:
1032:
1028:Soviet Policies
1025:
1001:Lev M. Karakhan
962:
960:Modern opinions
953:Chuang Guandong
866:Khabarovsk Krai
858:
768:Amur Annexation
760:
744:Treaty of Aigun
740:Amur Annexation
696:Northeast China
676:Outer Manchuria
657:
628:
627:
618:Outer Manchuria
613:Northeast China
558:Fengtian Clique
535:Chuang Guandong
530:Amur Annexation
525:
517:
516:
447:Dongdan Kingdom
442:Little Goguryeo
417:
409:
408:
279:
271:
270:
261:
241:
234:
174:
172:
171:
162:
160:
159:
150:
148:
147:
145:Khabarovsk Krai
138:
136:
135:
126:
124:
105:
103:
95:
83:
70:
67:
60:
53:
46:
38:
37:Outer Manchuria
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2241:Stanovoy Range
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2123:
2122:External links
2120:
2117:
2116:
2092:
2067:
2042:
2017:
1975:
1968:
1948:
1941:
1921:
1904:
1887:
1870:
1854:
1813:
1770:
1730:
1715:
1688:
1665:
1631:
1598:
1576:
1555:
1540:
1513:
1463:
1456:
1438:
1431:
1413:
1389:
1383:. p. 68.
1355:
1323:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1239:Outer Mongolia
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1219:Zhenbao Island
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1183:Stanovoy Range
1177:, Nibuchu for
1173:, Miaojie for
1138:for Tetyukhe;
1113:Lesser Khingan
1092:
1089:
1072:
1069:
1055:
1039:
1023:
961:
958:
862:Primorsky Krai
857:
854:
772:Russian Empire
759:
756:
732:Russian Empire
708:Stanovoy Range
684:Northeast Asia
659:
658:
656:
655:
648:
641:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
615:
606:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
551:
549:Russian Dalian
546:
537:
532:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
509:
499:
494:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
424:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
246:
245:
236:
235:
228:
221:
220:
215:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
196:
195:
190:
184:
183:
157:Primorsky Krai
122:
116:
115:
101:
97:
96:
93:
85:
84:
75:
72:
71:
68:
39:
36:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2320:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1969:9780824876746
1965:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1942:9780804706124
1938:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1584:"Manchuria".
1580:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:9781633412835
1453:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1432:9781948436670
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1381:Penguin Press
1377:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:Aigun tiaoyue
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1275:and parts of
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:Dalnerechensk
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1085:Allied Forces
1082:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1062:, pp. 270-271
1061:
1054:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
987:
983:
981:
980:sea cucumbers
977:
970:
959:
957:
955:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
912:
907:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
853:
845:
839:
831:
823:
819:
813:
805:
797:
792:
786:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:Manchu people
757:
755:
753:
752:Green Ukraine
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:Mongol Empire
725:
721:
720:Pacific Coast
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
665:
654:
649:
647:
642:
640:
635:
634:
632:
631:
623:
619:
616:
614:
610:
607:
604:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
569:Green Ukraine
567:
565:
562:
559:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
524:Modern period
521:
520:
513:
510:
507:
503:
500:
498:
495:
492:
488:
485:
483:
482:Northern Yuan
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
432:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
413:
412:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Xianbei state
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:Takri Kingdom
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
275:
274:
267:
264:
263:
257:
256:
252:
248:
247:
244:
237:
232:
226:
219:
216:
214:
206:
194:
191:
189:
182:
170:
158:
146:
134:
123:
121:
113:
102:
91:
82:
78:
73:
64:
50:
34:
19:
2201:(Haishenwai)
2187:
2153:
2146:
2138:the original
2134:researchgate
2133:
2111:the original
2104:
2101:"公开地图内容表示规范"
2095:
2087:the original
2080:
2070:
2062:the original
2055:
2045:
2037:the original
2030:
2020:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1958:
1951:
1931:
1924:
1917:Taipei Times
1916:
1907:
1900:Taipei Times
1899:
1890:
1882:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:the original
1826:
1816:
1808:the original
1785:
1763:
1701:
1691:
1651:
1611:
1586:
1579:
1565:
1558:
1526:
1516:
1506:the original
1482:
1475:Bolton, John
1447:
1441:
1422:
1416:
1379:. New York:
1374:
1350:
1346:
1313:
1268:
1263:
1152:
1134:for Suchan;
1129:
1101:Sikhote-Alin
1094:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
996:Asian Russia
988:
984:
963:
951:
948:Sea of Japan
908:
904:Mamiya Rinzō
901:
882:
859:
841:
815:
766:. After the
761:
742:in the 1858
716:Ussuri River
679:
675:
674:
617:
462:Liao dynasty
452:Later Balhae
427:Tang dynasty
379:Northern Yan
114:(since 1860)
2219:(Hailanpao)
2199:Vladivostok
1273:Amur Oblast
1169:, Kuye for
1167:Vladivostok
1105:Khanka Lake
1091:Place names
992:John Bolton
976:Vladivostok
915:Han Chinese
897:Argun River
874:Amur Oblast
864:, southern
843:Wài Dōngběi
817:Wài Mǎnzhōu
738:during the
712:Primorskaya
319:Han dynasty
240:History of
169:Amur Oblast
2273:Inner Asia
2257:Categories
2211:Khabarovsk
2032:Asia Times
1675:2013035849
1407:1025648355
1399:2011009265
1287:References
1159:Khabarovsk
1148:Sibirtsevo
1146:for Iman;
1136:Dalnegorsk
1132:Partizansk
928:Opium Wars
780:Приаму́рье
736:Qing China
704:Amur River
369:Former Qin
364:Former Yan
42:Приаму́рье
2268:East Asia
2263:Manchuria
2237:(Miaojie)
2231:(Nibuchu)
2229:Nerchinsk
2225:(Kuyedao)
2205:Ussuriysk
2082:Kyiv Post
2004:0892-0141
1837:0362-4331
1796:0362-4331
1725:754167885
1683:861542585
1550:930512519
1501:781541372
1493:0099-9660
1341:974211957
1333:1574-4493
1269:Priamurye
1187:Ussuriysk
1179:Nerchinsk
1058:Whiting,
1042:Whiting,
1026:Whiting,
791:Priamurye
785:romanized
758:Etymology
746:and 1860
700:Priamurye
692:Manchuria
609:Manchuria
594:Manchukuo
512:Qing rule
497:Later Jin
487:Ming rule
477:Yuan rule
374:Later Yan
242:Manchuria
193:Manchuria
188:Named for
1866:Newsweek
1699:(2010).
1625:83607338
1375:On China
1193:See also
1171:Sakhalin
1097:toponyms
1056:—
1046:, p. 270
1040:—
1030:, p. 269
1024:—
895:and the
878:Sakhalin
726:and the
706:and the
467:Xingliao
349:Goguryeo
284:Gojoseon
231:a series
229:Part of
18:Amurland
2012:1113433
1877:TASS, "
1845:1645522
1804:1645522
856:History
787::
776:Russian
770:by the
457:Jeongan
384:Kumo Xi
339:Cao Wei
314:Xiongnu
213:Demonym
100:Country
63:Chinese
49:Russian
2213:(Boli)
2010:
2002:
1994:(45).
1966:
1939:
1843:
1835:
1802:
1794:
1723:
1713:
1681:
1673:
1663:
1623:
1548:
1538:
1499:
1491:
1454:
1429:
1405:
1397:
1387:
1339:
1331:
1321:
1121:Evenks
999:1920,
944:Ussuri
911:Manchu
872:, the
868:, the
840::
838:pinyin
832::
824::
814::
812:pinyin
806::
798::
540:Korean
491:Nurgan
437:Balhae
399:Shiwei
389:Khitan
324:Wuhuan
299:Yemaek
294:Donghu
289:Sushen
233:on the
218:Manchu
178:
166:
154:
142:
130:
112:Russia
109:
81:Russia
59:
45:
1255:Notes
359:Yuwen
344:Buyeo
2008:OCLC
2000:ISSN
1964:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1883:TASS
1841:OCLC
1833:ISSN
1800:OCLC
1792:ISSN
1721:OCLC
1711:ISBN
1679:OCLC
1671:LCCN
1661:ISBN
1621:OCLC
1546:OCLC
1536:ISBN
1497:OCLC
1489:ISSN
1452:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1403:OCLC
1395:LCCN
1385:ISBN
1337:OCLC
1329:ISSN
1319:ISBN
1267:Now
942:and
940:Amur
849:lit.
620:(in
542:and
506:Jaxa
394:Mohe
199:Area
1915:,"
1898:,"
1881:,"
1864:,"
956:).
834:外東北
826:外东北
820:or
808:外滿洲
800:外满洲
734:by
79:of
56:外满洲
2259::
2132:.
2103:.
2079:.
2054:.
2029:.
2006:.
1990:.
1986:.
1839:.
1831:.
1825:.
1798:.
1784:.
1773:^
1733:^
1719:.
1705:.
1677:.
1669:.
1655:.
1645:;
1634:^
1601:^
1544:.
1495:.
1487:.
1481:.
1466:^
1401:.
1393:.
1358:^
1335:.
1327:.
1295:^
1189:.
1119:.
1111:,
880:.
846:;
836:;
828:;
810:;
802:;
794:;
782:,
778::
2179:e
2172:t
2165:v
2014:.
1992:I
1972:.
1945:.
1727:.
1685:.
1627:.
1552:.
1460:.
1435:.
1409:.
1343:.
1279:.
971:)
967:(
652:e
645:t
638:v
624:)
611:/
605:)
601:(
560:)
556:(
508:)
504:(
493:)
489:(
433:)
429:(
65:)
61:(
51:)
47:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
