32:
1819:…today's legal prohibition of conquest creates an incentive for states to obfuscate the reality of annexation that did not exist when such actions were lawful. Excessive formalism, accordingly, seems misplaced when assessing whether a state has manifested an intention to hold a territory "under its dominion" with sufficient clarity to constitute an unlawful annexation. Indeed, state practice offers no shortage of examples in which the international community has looked past a state's formal characterization of its actions when evaluating their lawfulness for this purpose—most recently in relation to Russia's annexation of Crimea. Accordingly, while a formal act of annexation is powerful evidence of intent, the lack of one is by no means dispositive. What other kinds of acts signal such an intention? As noted above, it may be signaled by a state's exercise, for a prolonged time, of the kinds of governmental functions typically reserved to a sovereign. An occupant's refusal to accept the law of occupation's applicability would seem probative for drawing this conclusion—as would a refusal to comply with duties under that law that relate specifically to distinguishing the rights of an occupant from those of a sovereign.
1713:
followed by a declaration of annexation, in order to incorporate the territory under the sovereignty of the acquiring State. In the context of armed conflicts, annexation is the case in which the victorious State unilaterally declares that it is henceforth sovereign over the territory having passed under its control as a result of hostilities. This attempt at producing a transfer of sovereignty through the exclusive decision of the victor is not generally recognized as valid, both in classical and in contemporary international law. An example of a case of annexation preceding the adoption of the UN Charter is the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1908. The annexation was not recognized by the major Powers and required a modification of the 1878 Treaty of Berlin which had simply granted
Austria-Hungary the right to administer the territory. Another example is the annexation of Ethiopia by Italy in 1936. Examples of purported contemporary annexations are the Golan Heights annexed by Israel in 1980 and Kuwait by Iraq in 1990, both declared null and void by the Security Council, or the incorporation of Crimea and the City of Sebastopol in the Russian Federation.
53:
1543:, p. i: "Annexation means the forcible acquisition of territory by one State at the expense of another State. It is one of the principal modes of acquiring territory... in contrast to acquisition a) of terra nullius by means of effective occupation accompanied by the intent to appropriate the territory; b) by cession as a result of a treaty concluded between the States concerned (Treaties), or an act of adjudication, both followed by the effective peaceful transfer of territory; c) by means of prescription defined as the legitimization of a doubtful title to territory by passage of time and presumed acquiescence of the former sovereign; d) by accretion constituting the physical process by which new land is formed close to, or becomes attached to, existing land. Under present international law, annexation no longer constitutes a legally admissible mode of acquisition of territory as it violates the prohibition of the threat or use of force. Therefore annexations must not be recognized as legal."
939:
1528:, p. 360: "Annexation is distinct from cession. Instead of a State seeking to relinquish territory, annexation occurs when the acquiring State asserts that it now holds the territory. Annexation will usual follow a military occupation of a territory, when the occupying power decides to cement its physical control by asserting legal title. The annexation of territory is essentially the administrative action associated with conquest. Mere conquest alone is not enough, but rather the conquering State must assert it is now sovereign over the territory concerned. For example, the defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945 led to their occupation by the United States and allies for a number of years, but the States themselves were not absorbed by the Allied Powers part of their respective territories. Examples of annexation in contemporary practice are not common, and are generally viewed as illegal."
522:
3284:, in the first paragraph in Section III: Occupied territories, restricted the effects of annexation on the rights of persons within those territories: "Protected persons who are in occupied territory shall not be deprived, in any case or in any manner whatsoever, of the benefits of the present Convention by any change introduced, as the result of the occupation of a territory, into the institutions or government of the said territory, nor by any agreement concluded between the authorities of the occupied territories and the Occupying Power, nor by any annexation by the latter of the whole or part of the occupied territory."
608:
1369:
1913:, p. ii: "...States are under a legal obligation to abide by the Stimson Doctrine and not to recognize as lawful territorial changes effected by means of annexation. Moreover, even the annexation of the entire territory of a State does not result in the automatic extinction of that State as a subject of international law notwithstanding that it no longer has the capacity to act as such since it cannot exercise sovereign and effective control over any territory."
238:
448:
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1115:. India invaded and conquered the areas after 36 hours of fighting, thus ending 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule in India. The action was viewed in India as a liberation of historically Indian territory; in Portugal, however, the loss of both enclaves was seen as a national tragedy. A condemnation of the action by the United Nations Security Council was vetoed by the
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1983:(XXIX) of 14 December 1974, qualify as an act of aggression:(a) The invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation, however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack, or any annexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof;
1227:
2278:
The perceived separation of the OPT from Israel and the lack of de jure annexation allows the continued attitude toward the OPT as "merely" occupied to persist. In reality, however, events familiar from the context of East Timor, Western Sahara, and
Northern Cyprus, such as settlements and the taking
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Conquest and annexation are not synonymous either. The latter term is used within and outside the context of armed conflicts, to designate a unilateral decision adopted by a State in order to extend its sovereignty over a given territory. In many cases, the effective occupation of a terra nullius was
413:
reaffirmed it was "eeply concerned that Israel has not withdrawn from the Syrian Golan, which has been under occupation since 1967, contrary to the relevant
Security Council and General Assembly resolutions," and "tress the illegality of the Israeli settlement construction and other activities in the
3270:
that a state: "cannot admit the legality of any situation de facto nor... recognize any treaty or agreement entered into between those
Governments... not... recognize any situation, treaty or agreement which may be brought about by means contrary to the covenants and obligations of the Pact of Paris
1053:
After the withdrawal of the
British Empire from India, each of the Princely States of India and Pakistan that had been protectorates of the British Empire were given the choice of either 1. opting to join India, 2. opting to join Pakistan or 3. resume their former status as fully independent states.
1058:
elected instead to resume full independence. Following the expiration of ultimatums from India, the Indian military launched its
Operation Polo on 13 September 1948 and invaded Hyderabad. After conquering most of Hyderabad in five days of warfare, the Nizam signed a treaty on 18 September 1948 that
288:
the West Bank in 1950, it was considered an illegal occupation and Jordan was recognized as the legal sovereign by the United
Kingdom and possibly Pakistan. On 31 July 1988, Jordan relinquished this claim. It has remained occupied until the present day. On 27 June 1967, Israel unilaterally extended
1724:
Kohen, p.288, refers to clause 101 of the PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE, 1933, April 5th, General List: No. 43. TWENTY-SIXTH SESSION, LEGAL STATUS OF EASTERN GREENLAND: "Conquest only operates as a cause of loss of sovereignty when there is war between two States and by reason of the
206:
contrasted de jure annexation as a formal declaration by a state that it is claiming permanent sovereignty over territory and de facto annexation without the formal declaration as a descriptive term for a state establishing facts on the ground as the prelude to a future claim of sovereignty.
352:
Law professor Omar M. Dajani and others discuss de facto annexation (also referred to as "creeping annexation"). The debate considers whether, in all the circumstances, there is a pattern of behavior sufficient to conclude that Israel is in violation of the international prohibition against
748:. Jordan did not officially relinquish its claim to rule the West Bank until 1988. Israel has not taken the step of annexing the territory (except for the part of it that was made part of the Jerusalem Municipality). Rather, there were enacted a complex (and highly controversial) system of
432:
stated "the status of Golan has not changed", and the decision received worldwide condemnation with
European members of the United Nations Security Council noting "we raise our strong concerns about the broader consequences of recognizing illegal annexation and also about broader regional
1211:
and disarming the Palace Guards. A referendum was held in which 97.5% of the voting people (59% of the people entitled to vote) voted to join the Indian Union. A few weeks later, on 16 May 1975, Sikkim officially became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the monarchy was abolished.
414:
occupied Syrian Golan since 1967." The
General Assembly then voted by majority, 110 in favour to 6 against (Canada, Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, United States), with 59 abstentions, to demand a full Israeli withdrawal from the Syrian Golan Heights.
1670:
322:, which recognizes Jerusalem as the united capital of Israel and requires the relocation of the U.S. embassy there in 1995. The act included a provision permitting the President to delay its implementation due to national security concerns. This waiver was used by presidents
31:
197:
Illegally annexed territory is considered as still occupied under international law and the provisions of international humanitarian law continue to apply. For precision, such territory may be referred to as "occupied and illegally annexed". In a report to the
165:
today: "All
Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations".
402:, the largest Syrian village in the Golan, have held onto their Syrian passports. When Israel annexed the Golan Heights in 1981, 95% of the Majdal Shams residents refused Israeli citizenship, and are still firmly of that opinion, in spite of the
1187:, and controlling its external affairs, defence, diplomacy and communications. A state council was established in 1955 to allow for constitutional government under the Sikkimese monarch. Meanwhile, trouble was brewing in the state after the
1634:
218:
with respect to the question of the protection of civilians, and the rules regarding inviolability of rights have "an absolute character", making it much more difficult for a state to bypass international law through the use of annexation.
2315:
the ICJ concluded that the "route of the Wall will prejudge the future frontier between Israel and Palestine" and generates "the fear that Israel may integrate the settlements and their means of access" in a manner "tantamount to de facto
52:
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by the Government of Tibet in October 1951. From 1959 onwards, claims were made that this agreement was signed under pressure; academics have debated this ever since, but Tibet is recognized internationally as part of China.
2043:
it was obvious that they were in fact always subservient to the will of the Occupying Power. Such practices were incompatible with the traditional concept of occupation (as defined in Article 43 of the Hague Regulations of
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516:
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that its measures constituted administrative and municipal integration rather than annexation. Later rulings by the Israeli Supreme Court indicated that East Jerusalem had become part of Israel. In 1980, Israel passed the
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2480:
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2023:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949. Commentary - Art. 47. Part III: Status and treatment of protected persons #Section III: Occupied territories"
977:(ROC) to inherit all Qing territories, including Tibet. However, the ROC had no effective control over Tibet from 1912 to 1951; In the opinion of the Chinese government, this condition does not represent Tibet's
2402:
1199:, Chinese border attacks were repulsed. In 1973, riots in front of the palace led to a formal request for protection from India. The Chogyal was proving to be extremely unpopular with the people. In 1975, the
894:) in August 1990. Hussein's primary justifications included a charge that Kuwaiti territory was in fact an Iraqi province, and that annexation was retaliation for "economic warfare" Kuwait had waged through
289:
its law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem and some of the surrounding area, incorporating about 70 square kilometers of territory into the Jerusalem Municipality. Although at the time, Israel informed the
433:
consequences" and that "annexation of territory by force is prohibited under international law", adding that unilateral changes to borders violate "the rules-based international order and the UN Charter".
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421:
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Jewish neighborhoods have since been built in East Jerusalem, and Israeli Jews have since also settled in Arab neighborhoods there, though some Jews may have returned from their 1948 expulsion after the
495:
peace process was initiated in 1991, but it has been stalled, and as of mid-2012, the UN is holding direct negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario front to reach a solution to the conflict. The
92:
of the territory. In current international law, it is generally held to be an illegal act. Annexation is a unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, as distinct from the complete
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1028:
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816:-sponsored agreement between the two sides, the people of East Timor rejected the offer of autonomy within Indonesia. East Timor achieved independence in 2002 and is now officially known as
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It was evident that the Chinese were not prepared to accept any compromises and that the Tibetans were compelled, under the threat of immediate armed invasion, to sign the Chinese proposal.
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2135:
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ultimately condemned Iraq's actions, and moved to drive out Iraqi forces. Authorized by United Nations Security Council resolutions, an American-led coalition of 34 nations fought the
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732:". It was annexed to Jordan in 1950 at the request of a Palestinian delegation. It had been questioned, however, how representative that delegation was, and at the insistence of the
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110:
The illegality of annexation means that states carrying out such acts usually avoid using the word annexation in describing their actions; in each of the unresolved annexations by
573:
2113:
970:
2240:
302:, which declared Jerusalem the "complete and united" capital of Israel. In other words, Israel purported to annex East Jerusalem. The annexation was declared null and void by
3321:
2472:
1752:
Unlike cession, whereby territory is given or sold through treaty, annexation is a unilateral act made effective by actual possession and legitimized by general recognition.
1477:
2533:
1472:
1859:
However, in an era which has repudiated the 'right of conquest', the term 'annexation' is discreetly avoided by all states effecting acquisitions of territory by force.
2398:
1183:
came under pressure. He requested Indian help to quell the uprising, which was offered. Subsequently, in 1950, India signed a treaty with Sikkim bringing it under its
521:
3226:
569:. The UN General Assembly considers the Russian possession of Crimea and Sevastopol to be an "attempted annexation" and the Russian Federation an "occupying power".
181:
can be transferred in such a situation has been the subject of legal debate. 'nnexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof' is an
1980:
1428:
170:
2917:
534:
512:
384:
119:
60:
3092:
314:. Only Costa Rica recognized Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem, and those countries who maintained embassies in Israel did not move them to Jerusalem. The
2975:
In Western opinion, the "Tibet question" is settled: Tibet should not be part of China; before being forcibly annexed, in 1951, it was an independent country.
2791:
2328:
744:
recognized the annexation by Jordan. It was not condemned by the United Nations Security Council and it remained under Jordanian rule until 1967 when it was
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347:
1582:
19:
This article is about the incorporation of additional territory into a nation state. For the incorporation of additional territory into an urban area, see
2445:
1598:
809:
2706:
3743:
3334:
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Scholars have debated the existence of a norm against conquest since 1945 but states have continued to pursue annexation of small swaths of territory.
667:
3913:
2070:
3867:
2161:
2139:
500:
158:
3195:
2941:"Tibet and China 65 Years Later: Tibet was annexed by the Chinese 65 years ago. The struggle for Tibetan independence has continued ever since"
1175:, acting as the leader of Executive Council, agreed that Sikkim would not be treated as an Indian state. Between 1947 and 1950, Sikkim enjoyed
588:. A term often used in Russia to describe these events is "re-unification" (воссоединение) to highlight the fact that Crimea was a part of the
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1203:(prime minister) appealed to the Indian Parliament for a change in Sikkim's status so that it could become a state of India. In April, the
671:
255:
3004:
1301:
771:
475:, the last Spanish troops withdrew from the territory and ceded the administration to Mauritania and Morocco. This was challenged by an
3052:
1806:
1423:(coincidentally named after the man who first charted the island). The team cemented in a brass plaque on Hall's Ledge and hoisted the
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692:
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of land and of natural resources, as detailed in the next chapter, have occurred in this territory even without a formal annexation.
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765:
150:
142:
111:
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2030:
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3148:
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independence. In 1961, the territory was merged with India after its government signed an agreement with the Indian government.
410:
303:
199:
3432:
3281:
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577:
388:
2659:
2622:"New UNGA resolution: Crimea temporarily occupied by Russia, Russia must release political prisoners & stop repressions"
3222:
2349:
The United Nations' first report on Israel's overall settlement policy describes it as a "creeping annexation" of territory
3433:
Occupation/annexation of a territory: Respect for international humanitarian law and human rights and consistent EU policy
1344:
88:, is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following
1122:
3898:
2060:
Commentary on Part III : Status and treatment of protected persons #Section III : Occupied territories Art. 47
1467:
745:
700:
663:
659:
186:
173:. Since the use of force against territorial integrity or political independence is illegal, the question as to whether
2909:
611:
Regions of Ukraine annexed by Russia, with a red line marking the area of actual control by Russia on 30 September 2022
3723:
1431:
in the waters beyond 12 nautical miles from Rockall are neither claimed by Britain nor recognised by Denmark (for the
1196:
1092:
within India, ended Portuguese rule with the help of nationalist volunteers. From 1954 to 1961, the territory enjoyed
616:
558:
311:
2682:
3893:
2567:
2206:
1275:
933:
656:
554:
725:
607:
572:
Russia rejects the view that this was an annexation and regards it as an accession to the Russian Federation of a
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1188:
990:
562:
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during the 1967 Six-Day War, and subsequently built Jewish settlements in the area. In 1981, Israel passed the
211:
154:
3076:
2698:
3492:
3460:
3326:
2591:"New UN resolution on Crimea confirms Russia is an occupying power, brings 10 important changes for Ukraine"
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115:
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104:
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to stake the UK's claim. However, any effect of this annexation on valuable maritime rights claims under
942:
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1293:
1179:
independence. However, Indian independence spurred popular political movements in Sikkim and the ruling
1160:
958:
319:
2165:
1698:
The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
2058:
Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
913:. Iraq's invasion (and annexation) was deemed illegal and Kuwait remains an independent nation today.
898:
into Iraq's oil supplies. The monarchy was deposed after annexation, and an Iraqi governor installed.
3918:
3903:
3794:
3569:
1389:
1257:(OPM) has engaged in a small-scale yet bloody conflict with the Indonesian military since the 1960s.
841:
299:
20:
801:. It was regarded by Indonesia as the country's 27th province, but this was never recognised by the
3888:
3809:
3789:
3703:
3665:
3640:
1635:"The Evolution of Territorial Conquest After 1945 and the Limits of the Territorial Integrity Norm"
1440:
1368:
1350:. On most maps, there had been an unclaimed area between Queen Maud Land's borders of 1939 and the
1254:
718:
648:
429:
182:
89:
2293:
The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory
2008:
1610:
3613:
2503:
2215:
1970:
1798:
1662:
1242:
1238:
883:
879:
857:
845:
753:
636:
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recognize this view. Ukraine considers Crimea and Sevastopol its own territory, and oversees the
3124:
1725:
defeat of one of them sovereignty over territory passes from the loser to the victorious State."
867:
3074:
1024:
in October 1950. Many analysts consider the incorporation of Tibet into the PRC an annexation.
3670:
3564:
3534:
3447:
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3409:
3394:
3373:
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2876:
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2824:
2797:
2770:
2741:
2737:
2304:
2267:
1960:
1880:
1876:
1841:
1837:
The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice
1835:
1790:
1735:
1701:
1693:
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1614:
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1134:
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area. This declaration was declared "null and void and without international legal effect" by
376:
362:
162:
146:
131:
85:
3390:
The acquisition of territory in international Law with a New Introduction by Marcelo G. Kohen
3299:
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which had occupied Tibet in 1720, and lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. The
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3688:
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3439:
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1952:
1780:
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1606:
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1077:
1013:
403:
379:, which extended Israeli "law, jurisdiction, and administration" to the area, including the
174:
1768:
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3174:
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2117:
2066:
1871:
Boris N. Mamlyuk (6 July 2015). "The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law".
1409:
1347:
1330:
1148:
1055:
1005:
966:
601:
597:
480:
2873:
Running From Tenda Gyamar: A Volunteer's Story of Life with the Refugee Children of Tibet
1979:
Any of the following acts, regardless of a declaration of war, shall, in accordance with
805:. The people of East Timor resisted Indonesian forces in a prolonged guerrilla campaign.
447:
237:
3645:
3623:
3597:
2192:
2099:
Understanding the Holy Land: Answering Questions about the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
2059:
2022:
1297:
1164:
1027:
If the actions of 1950 constituted an annexation, it was subsequently legalized by the
910:
895:
891:
813:
802:
741:
688:
652:
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589:
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1974:
1802:
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1413:
1401:
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1112:
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368:
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38:
2560:"Putin signs laws on reunification of Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol with Russia"
1139:
828:
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3753:
3733:
3728:
3693:
2081:
1336:
1168:
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1009:
954:
833:
476:
399:
380:
335:
331:
323:
203:
2962:
2473:"Trump recognizes Golan Heights as Israeli, boosting Netanyahu and angering Syria"
1949:
The Crime of Aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
1278:
billboard marking the 30th anniversary of the reunification of the country in 1975
3388:
3367:
3346:
2887:
With the collapse of the Chinese Empire in 1911, Tibet Declared its independence.
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3784:
3708:
3097:
1764:
1462:
1457:
1204:
986:
776:
733:
585:
391:
recognized the annexation and in 2019, the United States joined in recognition.
265:
242:
178:
75:
Two examples of unilateral annexation laws, both illegal under international law
3369:
State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation
1271:
1073:
491:, Mauritania withdrew from the territory that left it controlled by Morocco. A
3862:
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1393:
1373:
1351:
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837:
817:
792:
784:
566:
464:
66:
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Transformative military occupation: applying the laws of war and human rights
1794:
1658:
3847:
3799:
2563:
2009:
Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967
1769:"Symposium on revisiting Israel's settlements: Israel's creeping annexation"
1417:
1385:
1354:
until 12 June 2015, when Norway formally claimed to have annexed that area.
1246:
780:
729:
581:
277:
3408:
Rothwell, Donald; Kaye, Stuart; Akhtarkhavari, Afshin; Davis, Ruth (2014).
2793:
Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World
2363:"Symposium on Revisiting Israel's Settlements Israel's Creeping Annexation"
145:
evolved significantly in the 20th century. Key agreements include the 1907
2680:
2300:
1956:
1054:
While most of the princely states opted to join either Pakistan or India,
3842:
3713:
3539:
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It is generally held that countries are under obligation to abide by the
2179:
Lustick, Ian S. (16 January 1997). "Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem?".
1405:
1397:
1284:
906:
737:
93:
3073:
India–Portugal Relations, Indian ministry of External Affairs, Sep 2010
2559:
2136:"UNSC Resolutions referred to in UNSC res 476 - 252, 267, 271, 298, 465"
2122:
UNISPAL – United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine
1785:
517:
Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
3774:
2264:
The Writing on the Wall: Rethinking the International Law of Occupation
2121:
1436:
1381:
1363:
1305:
1208:
1180:
1089:
696:
550:
468:
97:
43:
1586:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 73.
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1340:
1310:
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
1144:
1017:
875:
632:
620:
604:, an international diplomatic initiative to restore its sovereignty.
546:
542:
526:
488:
281:
269:
2233:"US confirms no more presidential waivers for Jerusalem Embassy Act"
1599:"The Development of Territorial Norms and the Norm against Conquest"
3414:
International Law: Cases and Materials with Australian Perspectives
3149:"Report claims secret genocide in Indonesia – University of Sydney"
2329:"UN report: Israel's "creeping annexation" of territory is illegal"
487:
against both Mauritania and Morocco. In 1979, and after a military
3443:
3024:
One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet
2446:"Trump formally recognises Israeli sovereignty over Golan Heights"
1501:
1367:
1270:
1225:
1100:
1072:
1001:
937:
827:
775:
606:
520:
472:
446:
395:
372:
236:
107:
if generally recognized by other states and international bodies.
1107:
engaged in a brief military conflict over Portuguese-controlled
1021:
1012:, negotiations between the Government of Tibet and the PRC, and
871:
863:
122:, the states have avoided characterizing their actions as such.
3464:
2534:"Trump's Golan proclamation gathers international condemnation"
2504:"U.N. chief clear that Golan status has not changed: spokesman"
424:
the Golan Heights as sovereign Israeli territory. In response,
2088:. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 391–498.
1894:
1892:
1890:
1525:
1108:
1412:
and former Royal Marine), were deposited on the island by a
1308:
was officially reunited one year later as the merger of the
1191:
demanded fresh elections and greater representation for the
1008:
to gain international recognition, efforts to modernize its
2399:"Syria: 'We still feel Syrian,' say Druze of Golan Heights"
2502:
Nichols, Michelle (25 March 2019). Oatis, Jonathan (ed.).
629:
annexation of territories in southern and eastern Ukraine.
61:
Admitting to the Russian Federation the Republic of Crimea
3196:"Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen"
2790:
Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006).
306:(UNSC) resolutions 252, 267, 271, 298, 465, 476 and 478.
3223:"On this day: 21 September 1955: Britain claims Rockall"
1840:. Clarendon Press. pp. 253–254 (also see note 11).
795:(Timor-Leste) was annexed by Indonesia and was known as
2086:
The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East
1597:
Goertz, Gary; Diehl, Paul F.; Balas, Alexandru (2016),
1163:
in India, Sikkim had an ambiguous status, as an Indian
981:
independence as many other parts of China also enjoyed
2990:
Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions
2291:
Orna Ben-Naftali; Michael Sfard; Hedi Viterbo (2018).
1119:. Goa and Daman and Diu were incorporated into India.
574:
state that had just declared independence from Ukraine
223:
Annexations since the foundation of the United Nations
100:, in which territory is given or sold through treaty.
2054:
2052:
928:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
2796:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245.
971:
Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor
3818:
3762:
3681:
3606:
3583:
3500:
3322:
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
2422:
2420:
2729:
2207:
1249:. West Papua is the western half of the island of
752:in effect applying Israeli law in many spheres to
241:Israel and the territories Israel occupied in the
3093:"Did India have a right to annex Sikkim in 1975?"
1473:List of national border changes from 1815 to 1914
635:claimed sovereignty over the territories of four
3175:The Timeline of the Political History of Vietnam
1696:. In Frauke Lachenmann; Rüdiger Wolfrum (eds.).
1253:and smaller islands to its west. The separatist
1123:Portugal recognized India's sovereignty over Goa
985:independence when the Chinese state was torn by
973:issued in 1912 provided the legal basis for the
553:since 1991 and administers the territory as two
2987:Anne-Marie Blondeau; Katia Buffetrille (2008).
1981:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314
1551:
1549:
870:(largely due to desiring Iraqi protection from
503:that has claimed the entire region since 1976.
2993:. University of California Press. p. 61.
2910:"What's in store for Hong Kong? Look at Tibet"
1478:List of national border changes (1914–present)
1372:Lieutenant Commander Desmond Scott hoists the
513:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
385:United Nations Security Council Resolution 497
353:annexation, even absent a formal declaration.
169:These principles were reconfirmed by the 1970
3476:
2471:Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (25 March 2019).
1934:
1898:
832:Civilians and coalition military forces wave
736:, Jordan was considered a trustee only. Only
8:
3049:"The United Nations Security Council S/5033"
2850:. City University of HK Press. p. 273.
2823:. City University of HK Press. p. 190.
1380:On 18 September 1955 at precisely 10:16 am,
348:Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank
2875:. Winchester, UK: Mantra Books. p. 5.
2295:. Cambridge University Press. p. 411.
2266:. Cambridge University Press. p. 122.
1536:
1534:
1408:AA Fraser RM, and James Fisher (a civilian
3483:
3469:
3461:
1335:One example of a claimed annexation after
791:Following an Indonesian invasion in 1975,
3339:The American Journal of International Law
2699:"Sessions of the Arab League (1945–1994)"
1829:
1827:
1784:
1611:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199301027.001.0001
1233:was formally annexed by Indonesia in 1969
3387:Jennings, R. Y.; Kohen, Marcelo (2017).
2728:Marshall J. Berger, Ora Ahimeir (2002).
2589:Pechonchyk, Tetiana (19 December 2017).
1700:. Oxford University Press. p. 289.
1138:
3250:
3021:Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa (2009).
1910:
1540:
1493:
1384:was declared officially annexed by the
1207:moved into Sikkim, seizing the city of
159:Chapter I of the United Nations Charter
39:Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel
3319:Hofmann, Rainer (2013). "Annexation".
2765:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.
2736:. Syracuse University Press. pp.
1994:
695:. He dissolved it in 1962 and annexed
3105:from the original on 28 February 2019
3055:from the original on 28 February 2019
2601:from the original on 22 December 2017
2370:American Society of International Law
2111:"A/35/508-S/14207 of 8 October 1980."
1779:. Cambridge University Press: 51–56.
1261:Vietnam reunification (South Vietnam)
1147:was realized in the 1960s during the
713:Jordanian annexation of the West Bank
338:, but was allowed to expire in 2019.
185:according to the Rome Statute of the
96:of another country, and differs from
7:
2570:from the original on 1 December 2014
2011:(Report). United Nations. p. 7.
1922:
1809:from the original on 25 January 2022
1521:
1519:
1517:
1000:Tibet came under the control of the
256:Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem
3341:. vol. 100, pp. 580–622 (2006)
3007:from the original on 23 June 2016.
2709:from the original on 5 October 2022
2632:from the original on 2 January 2022
2536:. DW. 26 March 2019. Archived from
2379:from the original on 7 October 2022
772:Indonesian occupation of East Timor
592:from 1783 to 1917, and part of the
2973:from the original on 19 May 2017,
2662:from the original on 28 April 2019
2514:from the original on 26 March 2019
2483:from the original on 25 March 2019
2452:from the original on 25 March 2019
2221:, November 8, 1995, 109 Stat. 398.
2212:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2193:10.1111/j.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x
2181:Middle East Policy Council Journal
2101:. New York: Viking, 2005. p. 74.
2033:from the original on 17 April 2016
443:Political status of Western Sahara
367:Israel occupied two-thirds of the
342:West Bank excluding East Jerusalem
216:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
14:
3202:from the original on 4 March 2016
2951:from the original on 1 July 2019.
2920:from the original on 29 June 2020
2405:from the original on 7 April 2019
2339:from the original on 7 March 2022
2007:Lynk, Michael (22 October 2018).
1673:from the original on 3 March 2022
1216:By Indonesia (Western New Guinea)
766:Indonesian invasion of East Timor
615:On 30 September 2022, during the
157:, culminating in Article 2(4) of
151:Covenant of the League of Nations
3229:from the original on 25 May 2017
2732:Jerusalem: a city and its future
2243:from the original on 23 May 2021
2231:Ahren, Raphael; staff, T. O. I.
1742:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1556:
1483:Timeline of geopolitical changes
1171:. Prior to Indian independence,
1059:saw Hyderabad annexed by India.
497:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
141:International law regarding the
51:
30:
3914:Aggression in international law
3491:Autonomous types of first-tier
3438:(Report). European parliament.
3393:. Manchester University Press.
2205:Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995,
2125:. 8 October 1980. 8 June 2008
411:United Nations General Assembly
304:United Nations Security Council
212:Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV)
200:United Nations General Assembly
3416:. Cambridge University Press.
3372:. Princeton University Press.
3304:. Cambridge University Press.
2908:Carlson, Allen (2 June 2020).
2620:Fb, Or on (24 December 2018).
1951:. Cambridge University Press.
1343:'s southward expansion of the
1125:in a treaty in December 1974.
389:Federated States of Micronesia
171:Friendly Relations Declaration
126:Evolution of international law
1:
3301:Handbook of International Law
3184:". San José State University.
2939:Matthew Wills (23 May 2016).
2448:. Al Jazeera. 25 March 2019.
1358:British annexation of Rockall
1300:of its government system and
1245:or West Papua was annexed by
3410:"6.6 Cession and Annexation"
3125:How the UN Failed West Papua
3027:. Brill. pp. 953, 955.
2963:"Tibet Through Chinese Eyes"
2763:A Historical Atlas of Jordan
2703:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2652:"Eritrea profile – Timeline"
1468:List of military occupations
1143:The strategic importance of
1004:(PRC) after attempts by the
840:flags as they celebrate the
701:Eritrean War of Independence
187:International Criminal Court
16:Concept in political science
1605:, Oxford University Press,
1197:Nathu La and Cho La clashes
750:military government decrees
687:In 1952, Ethiopian Emperor
617:Russian invasion of Ukraine
549:, which had been a part of
459:In 1975, and following the
451:Morocco officially annexed
3935:
1639:International Organization
1361:
1328:
1276:Communist Party of Vietnam
1264:
1219:
1132:
1084:In 1954, the residents of
1066:
1046:
1002:People's Republic of China
934:Tibetan sovereignty debate
931:
925:
855:
769:
763:
710:
510:
501:partially recognized state
440:
360:
345:
253:
129:
18:
3575:List of federal countries
3366:Tanisha M. Fazal (2011).
3348:The Recognition of States
2333:Christian Science Monitor
1947:Carrie McDougall (2021).
1935:Jennings & Kohen 2017
1899:Jennings & Kohen 2017
1651:10.1017/S0020818320000119
1029:Seventeen Point Agreement
664:Luhansk People's Republic
660:Donetsk People's Republic
409:On 29 November 2012, the
193:Occupation and annexation
2871:Freeman, Lesley (2013).
2685:October 2, 2011, at the
1692:Marcelo G Kohen (2017).
1239:controversial plebiscite
1189:Sikkim National Congress
961:was established after a
949:advance in February 1950
945:and approximate line of
901:United States president
862:After being allied with
655:– and recognised as its
3909:Latin words and phrases
3327:Oxford University Press
2361:Omar M. Dajani (2017).
1740:Encyclopædia Britannica
1583:Encyclopædia Britannica
1222:West New Guinea dispute
1049:Annexation of Hyderabad
693:federation with Eritrea
3525:Corporative federalism
3520:Cooperative federalism
3351:. LIT Verlag Münster.
3345:Daniel Högger (2015).
3298:Aust, Anthony (2010).
2817:Zhai, Zhiyong (2017).
2116:June 12, 2012, at the
1873:The German Law Journal
1377:
1279:
1234:
1156:
1086:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
1081:
950:
917:Subsequently legalized
853:
788:
678:Subsequently withdrawn
612:
538:
456:
417:On 25 March 2019, the
316:United States Congress
246:
214:of 1949 amplified the
143:use of force by states
3510:Asymmetric federalism
2301:10.1017/9781316661376
2237:www.timesofisrael.com
1957:10.1017/9781108769143
1414:Royal Navy helicopter
1371:
1298:effective dissolution
1274:
1229:
1161:British colonial rule
1142:
1076:
963:Qing expedition force
941:
831:
812:held in 1999 under a
779:
726:1948 Arab–Israeli War
610:
524:
450:
394:The vast majority of
320:Jerusalem Embassy Act
240:
3570:Symmetric federalism
3431:Wrange, Pål (2015).
3271:of August 27, 1928".
3138:. 19 September 2016.
3101:. 18 February 2015.
2898:Grunfeld, 1996, p256
2844:Gao, Quanxi (2016).
2761:Romano, Amy (2003).
2658:. 15 November 2018.
2401:. 28 November 2012.
2262:Aeyal Gross (2017).
1633:Altman, Dan (2020).
1526:Rothwell et al. 2014
1390:Lieutenant-Commander
846:annexation of Kuwait
535:annexation by Russia
312:Battle for Jerusalem
21:Municipal annexation
3899:Political geography
3810:Territorial dispute
3790:Military occupation
3704:Dependent territory
3666:Supranational union
3641:Multinational state
2914:The Washington Post
2540:on 11 November 2020
2434:on 2 December 2012.
2335:. 31 January 2013.
2142:on 24 February 2015
1834:Korman, S. (1996).
1786:10.1017/aju.2017.21
1603:The Puzzle of Peace
1345:dependent territory
1255:Free Papua Movement
1014:a military conflict
1006:Government of Tibet
754:Israeli settlements
719:Mandatory Palestine
717:The part of former
699:, resulting in the
596:from 1921 to 1954.
580:, and considers it
578:disputed referendum
155:Kellogg–Briand Pact
90:military occupation
3868:Tribal sovereignty
3614:Composite monarchy
3198:. Aftenposten.no.
3194:Rapp, Ole Magnus.
3180:2021-08-04 at the
3130:2018-09-16 at the
3079:2018-04-27 at the
2428:"UN Doc A/67/L.24"
2168:on 5 January 2012.
2065:2016-04-17 at the
1378:
1304:on 30 April 1975.
1280:
1243:Western New Guinea
1235:
1231:Western New Guinea
1157:
1082:
1063:Goa, Daman and Diu
951:
858:Invasion of Kuwait
854:
852:(28 February 1991)
789:
746:occupied by Israel
722:occupied by Jordan
621:Russian Federation
613:
559:Republic of Crimea
539:
457:
428:Secretary-General
286:Jordan had annexed
247:
103:Annexation can be
3894:International law
3876:
3875:
3671:Continental union
3565:Fiscal federalism
3535:Ethnic federalism
3453:978-92-823-7550-1
3423:978-1-107-69119-3
3400:978-1-5261-1718-2
3379:978-1-4008-4144-8
3358:978-3-643-80196-8
3311:978-1-139-48578-4
3034:978-90-04-17732-1
3000:978-0-520-24464-1
2882:978-1-78099-853-4
2857:978-962-937-291-0
2830:978-962-937-321-4
2803:978-0-7425-7815-9
2776:978-0-8239-3980-0
2747:978-0-8156-2912-2
2566:. 21 March 2014.
2310:978-1-107-15652-4
2273:978-1-316-50932-6
1966:978-1-108-73852-1
1847:978-0-19-158380-3
1707:978-0-19-878462-3
1620:978-0-19-930102-7
1341:Kingdom of Norway
1267:Reunification Day
1135:History of Sikkim
1069:Annexation of Goa
991:Japanese invasion
975:Republic of China
909:to reinstate the
903:George H. W. Bush
728:was renamed "the
637:Ukrainian oblasts
547:Crimean Peninsula
377:Golan Heights Law
363:Golan Heights Law
183:act of aggression
147:Porter Convention
132:Right of conquest
86:international law
3926:
3853:Stateless nation
3838:Decentralization
3689:Associated state
3550:Federal republic
3545:Federal monarchy
3485:
3478:
3471:
3462:
3457:
3437:
3427:
3404:
3383:
3362:
3330:
3315:
3285:
3278:
3272:
3268:Stimson Doctrine
3264:
3258:
3255:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3191:
3185:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3151:. Archived from
3145:
3139:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3089:
3083:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3045:
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3038:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2984:
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2977:
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2899:
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2889:
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2835:
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2787:
2781:
2780:
2758:
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2735:
2725:
2719:
2718:
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2714:
2695:
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2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2626:Euromaidan Press
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2595:Euromaidan Press
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2556:
2550:
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2547:
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2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
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2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2430:. Archived from
2424:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2259:
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2250:
2248:
2228:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2164:. Archived from
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2138:. Archived from
2132:
2126:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2089:
2084:. "Jerusalem."
2079:
2073:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
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1884:
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1861:
1856:
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1754:
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1747:
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1630:
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1587:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1512:
1498:
1173:Jawaharlal Nehru
1167:or as an Indian
1078:Portuguese India
1020:area of western
953:The rule of the
922:By China (Tibet)
657:federal subjects
555:federal subjects
430:António Guterres
404:Syrian Civil War
276:, a part of the
264:During the 1967
69:on 21 March 2014
55:
42:, passed by the
34:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3831:Autonomous area
3814:
3758:
3749:Tributary state
3739:Satellite state
3677:
3651:Political union
3634:Colonial empire
3602:
3579:
3555:Federated state
3530:Dual federalism
3496:
3489:
3454:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3407:
3401:
3386:
3380:
3365:
3359:
3344:
3333:Adam Roberts. "
3318:
3312:
3297:
3294:
3292:Further reading
3289:
3288:
3279:
3275:
3265:
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3252:
3247:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3220:
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3215:
3205:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3182:Wayback Machine
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3155:on 15 June 2011
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:Wayback Machine
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
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3086:
3081:Wayback Machine
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2118:Wayback Machine
2109:
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2097:Frank, Mitch.
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2067:Wayback Machine
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1810:
1765:Dajani, Omar M.
1763:
1762:
1758:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1708:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1570:Barclay, Thomas
1568:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1515:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1449:
1366:
1360:
1348:Queen Maud Land
1333:
1331:Queen Maud Land
1327:
1325:Queen Maud Land
1322:
1294:military defeat
1269:
1263:
1224:
1218:
1149:Sino-Indian War
1137:
1131:
1088:, a Portuguese
1071:
1065:
1056:Hyderabad State
1051:
1045:
1040:
1038:
967:Dzungar Khanate
936:
930:
924:
919:
860:
826:
774:
768:
762:
715:
709:
691:orchestrated a
685:
680:
627:, declared the
602:Crimea Platform
584:as a result of
541:In March 2014,
519:
511:Main articles:
509:
481:Polisario Front
445:
439:
365:
359:
350:
344:
298:as part of its
262:
254:Main articles:
252:
235:
230:
225:
195:
139:
134:
128:
79:
78:
77:
76:
72:
71:
70:
56:
48:
47:
46:on 30 July 1980
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3932:
3930:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:Personal union
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3624:Dynastic union
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3598:Regional state
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:administration
3490:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3452:
3428:
3422:
3405:
3399:
3384:
3378:
3363:
3357:
3342:
3331:
3316:
3310:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3273:
3259:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3213:
3186:
3166:
3140:
3116:
3084:
3066:
3051:. www.un.org.
3040:
3033:
3013:
2999:
2979:
2954:
2931:
2900:
2891:
2881:
2863:
2856:
2836:
2829:
2809:
2802:
2782:
2775:
2753:
2746:
2720:
2690:
2673:
2643:
2612:
2581:
2551:
2525:
2494:
2463:
2437:
2416:
2390:
2353:
2320:
2309:
2283:
2272:
2254:
2223:
2198:
2171:
2162:"UNSC res 478"
2153:
2127:
2103:
2090:
2074:
2048:
2014:
1999:
1987:
1965:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1886:
1863:
1846:
1823:
1756:
1727:
1717:
1706:
1684:
1645:(3): 490–522.
1625:
1619:
1589:
1578:Chisholm, Hugh
1545:
1530:
1513:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1392:Desmond Scott
1362:Main article:
1359:
1356:
1329:Main article:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1292:following the
1282:North Vietnam
1262:
1259:
1217:
1214:
1195:. In the 1967
1165:princely state
1133:Main article:
1130:
1127:
1067:Main article:
1064:
1061:
1047:Main article:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
926:Main article:
923:
920:
918:
915:
896:slant drilling
892:Saddam Hussein
856:Main article:
825:
822:
803:United Nations
764:Main article:
761:
758:
742:United Kingdom
711:Main article:
708:
705:
689:Haile Selassie
684:
681:
679:
676:
590:Russian Empire
537:(14 June 2015)
508:
505:
493:United Nations
479:movement, the
477:independentist
461:Madrid Accords
453:Western Sahara
441:Main article:
438:
435:
426:United Nations
361:Main article:
358:
355:
343:
340:
291:United Nations
274:East Jerusalem
251:
250:East Jerusalem
248:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
194:
191:
138:
135:
127:
124:
74:
73:
65:passed by the
57:
50:
49:
36:
29:
28:
27:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3931:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:Indirect rule
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:Dual monarchy
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3585:Unitary state
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Confederation
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3444:10.2861/80851
3441:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3244:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2724:
2721:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:104–45 (text)
2210:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:Sela, Avraham
2078:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1997:, p. 14.
1996:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1937:, p. 81.
1936:
1931:
1928:
1925:, p. 36.
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1901:, p. 80.
1900:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1565:public domain
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:Faroe Islands
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:British Crown
1383:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1314:North Vietnam
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:South Vietnam
1287:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1153:Map in Polish
1150:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1113:Daman and Diu
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
965:defeated the
964:
960:
956:
948:
944:
940:
935:
929:
921:
916:
914:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
868:Iran–Iraq War
865:
859:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:Saudi Arabian
835:
830:
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
799:
794:
786:
782:
778:
773:
767:
759:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
714:
706:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
682:
677:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:As a result,
630:
626:
622:
618:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
533:flying after
532:
528:
523:
518:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:guerrilla war
483:that waged a
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
454:
449:
444:
436:
434:
431:
427:
423:
420:
419:United States
415:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:Golan Heights
364:
357:Golan Heights
356:
354:
349:
341:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
307:
305:
301:
297:
296:Jerusalem Law
292:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
261:
260:Jerusalem Law
257:
249:
244:
239:
232:
227:
222:
220:
217:
213:
208:
205:
201:
192:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
164:
160:
156:
153:and the 1928
152:
148:
144:
136:
133:
125:
123:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
68:
64:
62:
54:
45:
41:
40:
33:
22:
3858:Subsidiarity
3769:
3754:Vassal state
3734:Puppet state
3729:Protectorate
3694:Client state
3413:
3389:
3368:
3347:
3338:
3320:
3300:
3276:
3262:
3253:
3231:. Retrieved
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3189:
3169:
3159:16 September
3157:. Retrieved
3153:the original
3143:
3136:The Diplomat
3135:
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3096:
3087:
3069:
3057:. Retrieved
3043:
3023:
3016:
3008:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2967:The Atlantic
2966:
2957:
2944:
2934:
2922:. Retrieved
2913:
2903:
2894:
2886:
2872:
2866:
2846:
2839:
2819:
2812:
2792:
2785:
2762:
2756:
2731:
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2702:
2693:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2655:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2625:
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2594:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2554:
2542:. Retrieved
2538:the original
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2507:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2476:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2440:
2432:the original
2407:. Retrieved
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2369:
2356:
2348:
2341:. Retrieved
2332:
2323:
2314:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2263:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2236:
2226:
2201:
2187:(1): 34–45.
2184:
2180:
2174:
2166:the original
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2140:the original
2130:
2120:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2042:
2035:. Retrieved
2026:
2017:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1948:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1911:Hofmann 2013
1906:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1851:. Retrieved
1836:
1818:
1811:. Retrieved
1776:
1773:AJIL Unbound
1772:
1759:
1751:
1744:. Retrieved
1739:
1736:"Annexation"
1730:
1720:
1711:
1697:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1642:
1638:
1628:
1602:
1592:
1581:
1541:Hofmann 2013
1508:
1504:
1496:
1419:
1379:
1337:World War II
1334:
1283:
1281:
1237:Following a
1236:
1200:
1176:
1169:protectorate
1158:
1152:
1121:
1117:Soviet Union
1098:
1093:
1083:
1052:
1026:
999:
982:
978:
955:Qing dynasty
952:
911:Kuwaiti Emir
900:
861:
810:a referendum
807:
796:
790:
716:
686:
668:Zaporizhzhia
649:Zaporizhzhia
623:, following
614:
594:Russian SFSR
576:following a
571:
563:federal city
545:annexed the
540:
531:Russian flag
525:Tourists in
458:
416:
408:
400:Majdal Shams
396:Syrian Druze
393:
381:Shebaa farms
366:
351:
308:
263:
209:
204:Michael Lynk
196:
168:
140:
109:
102:
81:
80:
59:Federal Law
58:
37:
3919:Imperialism
3904:Sovereignty
3785:Irredentism
3763:Development
3744:Trusteeship
3709:Direct rule
3682:Subordinacy
3493:subdivision
3221:BBC staff.
3098:India Today
2945:JSTOR Daily
2316:annexation"
2146:24 November
1995:Wrange 2015
1463:Irredentism
1458:Imperialism
1400:Brian Peel
1205:Indian Army
1159:During the
866:during the
818:Timor-Leste
798:Timor Timur
734:Arab League
724:during the
625:referendums
586:irredentism
318:passed the
266:Six-Day War
243:Six-Day War
179:sovereignty
161:, which is
149:, the 1920
105:legitimized
3889:Annexation
3883:Categories
3863:Suzerainty
3805:Separatism
3780:Detachment
3770:Annexation
3661:Superstate
3656:Real union
3593:Devolution
3560:Federation
3502:Federalism
3282:Article 47
2409:7 December
1694:"Conquest"
1574:Annexation
1511:, joining)
1507:, to, and
1489:References
1453:Hard power
1425:Union Flag
1410:naturalist
1374:Union Flag
1352:South Pole
1265:See also:
1251:New Guinea
1220:See also:
1185:suzerainty
987:warlordism
932:See also:
808:Following
793:East Timor
785:East Timor
770:See also:
760:East Timor
598:Few states
567:Sevastopol
465:Mauritania
437:By Morocco
422:recognized
346:See also:
228:Unresolved
137:Illegality
130:See also:
82:Annexation
67:State Duma
3848:Home rule
3800:Secession
3795:Partition
3233:15 August
3109:7 October
2847:政治憲法與未來憲制
2713:5 October
2636:2 January
2605:2 January
2564:ITAR TASS
1975:241838777
1923:Aust 2010
1803:149297181
1795:2398-7723
1667:226467742
1659:0020-8183
1572:(1911). "
1418:HMS
1247:Indonesia
1241:in 1969,
1099:In 1961,
1043:Hyderabad
995:civil war
947:communist
781:Indonesia
730:West Bank
674:Oblasts.
582:secession
529:with the
507:By Russia
300:Basic Law
278:West Bank
272:captured
233:By Israel
3843:Hegemony
3826:Autonomy
3819:See also
3714:Dominion
3540:Federacy
3227:Archived
3206:8 August
3200:Archived
3178:Archived
3128:Archived
3103:Archived
3077:Archived
3053:Archived
3005:Archived
2971:archived
2969:, 1999,
2949:Archived
2918:Archived
2707:Archived
2683:Archived
2660:Archived
2656:BBC News
2630:Archived
2599:Archived
2574:21 March
2568:Archived
2544:22 April
2518:23 April
2512:Archived
2487:25 March
2481:Archived
2456:25 March
2450:Archived
2403:Archived
2374:Archived
2337:Archived
2241:Archived
2114:Archived
2063:Archived
2037:20 March
2031:Archived
1807:Archived
1767:(2017).
1746:20 March
1671:Archived
1447:See also
1406:Corporal
1398:Sergeant
1302:military
1288:annexed
1285:de facto
1193:Nepalese
1177:de facto
1105:Portugal
1094:de facto
1037:By India
1010:military
983:de facto
907:Gulf War
842:reversal
783:annexed
740:and the
738:Pakistan
561:and the
463:between
284:. While
163:in force
94:conquest
3775:Cession
3724:Mandate
3225:. BBC.
3059:17 July
2924:27 June
2666:12 June
2508:Reuters
2477:Reuters
2383:7 March
2343:7 March
2208:Pub. L.
2069:by the
1881:2627417
1853:9 March
1813:9 March
1677:4 March
1580:(ed.).
1567::
1441:Ireland
1437:Iceland
1382:Rockall
1376:in 1955
1364:Rockall
1339:is the
1306:Vietnam
1209:Gangtok
1181:Chogyal
1090:enclave
1080:in 1961
1016:in the
979:de jure
890:(under
884:annexed
880:invaded
844:of the
834:Kuwaiti
787:in 1976
697:Eritrea
683:Eritrea
672:Kherson
653:Kherson
645:Donetsk
641:Luhansk
551:Ukraine
469:Morocco
455:in 1976
324:Clinton
280:, from
116:Morocco
98:cession
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3699:Colony
3629:Empire
3607:Unions
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1429:UNCLOS
1145:Sikkim
1129:Sikkim
1018:Chamdo
993:, and
876:Kuwait
824:Kuwait
707:Jordan
633:Russia
619:, the
557:– the
543:Russia
527:Crimea
489:putsch
471:, and
387:. The
334:, and
282:Jordan
270:Israel
120:Russia
112:Israel
3436:(PDF)
3280:GCIV
3245:Notes
2377:(PDF)
2366:(PDF)
2219:(PDF)
2044:1907)
1971:S2CID
1799:S2CID
1663:S2CID
1509:nexus
1502:Latin
1420:Vidal
1416:from
1388:when
1320:Other
1101:India
959:Tibet
957:over
943:Tibet
499:is a
473:Spain
373:Syria
371:from
336:Trump
332:Obama
175:title
84:, in
3448:ISBN
3418:ISBN
3395:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3353:ISBN
3306:ISBN
3235:2018
3208:2016
3161:2018
3111:2018
3061:2017
3029:ISBN
2995:ISBN
2926:2020
2877:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2825:ISBN
2798:ISBN
2771:ISBN
2742:ISBN
2715:2022
2668:2019
2638:2022
2607:2022
2576:2014
2546:2020
2520:2020
2489:2019
2458:2019
2411:2012
2385:2022
2345:2022
2305:ISBN
2268:ISBN
2249:2021
2148:2011
2071:ICRC
2039:2014
2027:ICRC
1961:ISBN
1877:SSRN
1855:2022
1842:ISBN
1815:2022
1791:ISSN
1748:2014
1702:ISBN
1679:2022
1655:ISSN
1615:ISBN
1312:and
1296:and
1201:Kazi
1111:and
1103:and
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888:Iraq
882:and
878:was
872:Iran
864:Iraq
850:Iraq
836:and
670:and
651:and
515:and
328:Bush
258:and
210:The
118:and
3440:doi
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3134:".
2738:145
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1647:doi
1607:doi
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