36:
307:
802:
Kings from the Third
Dynasty of Ur also introduced Annunitum to Uruk. She was worshiped there as one of the members of the entourage of Inanna, as attested in the archive of Shulgi-simti. However, she later disappears from texts from this city until the first millennium BCE. A letter from the scholar
581:
according to commemorative inscriptions repaired the E-maš of
Annunitum in Sippar-Annunītu. The toponym might be either an alternate name of Sippar-Amnanum, or alternatively the part of the city where the temple was located. It is uncertain if the E-maš was an alternate name of the E-ulmaš, the name
408:
of Ishtar, originally associated with the temple E-ulmaš in Akkad. Spencer J. Allen assumes the connection between them originally developed in this location. Tonia
Sharlach notes that while distinct from each other, they appear in sources from the Ur III period together frequently and compares them
524:
notes that while It has been proposed that this might reflect a situation in which a major deity was superimposed over a preexisting one whose name was only preserved in the name of the temple, this theory lacks evidence other than the presence of names with phrases like Ulmaš seemingly functioning
585:
No exemplars of the aforementioned inscriptions dealing with the reconstruction of
Annunitum's temple dated to the Kassite period have been discovered, but like many other royal inscriptions they were copied in the Neo-Babylonian period and survive in the form of a compilation. Most likely scribes
911:
of the land", also attested as the name of a temple of
Annunitum in Babylon, is a variant rather than a separate house of worship. It continued to function through the first millennium BCE. An Old Babylonian prayer additionally associated Annunitum with the E-turkalamma ("house, cattle pen of the
666:
Nabonidus elevated
Annunitum's position in the pantheon of Sippar. It is assumed that he considered her one of the most important deities next to Sin, Shamash and Ishtar. He rebuilt the E-ulmaš in the sixteenth year of his reign. According to one of his inscriptions, he was instructed to do so by
1026:
Annuis the single most common theophoric element in names of women, appearing in forty eight different types. Examples include Annu-amriya, Annu-asiya, Annu-damqa, Annu-gāmiltī and Annu-tukultī. Masculine names invoking her have been identified too, but overall feminine ones predominate. Nakata
763:, centered on Terqa, Annunitum was among deities invoked in oaths, as already attested in texts from the reign of the local ruler Zimri-lim (presumably named in honor of his Mariote forerunner); however she only appears in formulas most likely reflecting Babylonian, rather than local, culture.
543:. Alexa Bartelmus and Jon Taylor stress there is no unambiguous evidence for the existence of Sippar-Amnanum before the Ur III period, and that later rulers like Nabonidus do not claim the temple of Annunitum was founded during the Old Akkadian period, which makes the early dating implausible.
747:
deals with a prophecy of
Annunitum delivered by Ili-ḫaznaya, a member of her temple's staff, who explained that the goddess wants to warn the king about a rebellion. In another letter a woman named Addu-duri, who addresses herself as a maidservant of Zimri-Lim, informs the king that a female
485:
By the Ur III period Akkad ceased to be considered an important city, but
Annunitum's cult spread across Mesopotamia. Through the Old Babylonian period she remained one of the goddesses most commonly invoked in personal letters, and appears in them with comparable frequency to Aya,
1022:
It has been suggested that the theonym Annu known from texts from Mari might be a variant form of
Annunitum or otherwise related to her. However, Ichiro Nakata argues that Annu's character should be considered unknown, and that only her gender can be established with certainty.
520:, modern Tell ed-Der, located next to ancient Sippar-Yahrurum, modern Abu Habbah, which in antiquity was a cult center of Shamash and Aya. She was worshiped in a temple beating the ceremonial name E-ulmaš, similarly as the temple of Ishtar in Akkad. Its meaning remains unknown;
258:
and Inanna of Ulmaš (Ishtar of Akkad) as three separate deities, with separate compositions dedicated to each of them. Sharlach suggests that to accommodate this information, the study of "forms" of Ishtar in
Mesopotamian sources requires relying on a methodology developed by
1080:
In Old Babylonian Mari Nunu appears in twelve types of masculine theophoric names and six types of feminine ones. Attestations from outside Mari are known too, but they are similarly limited to theophoric names. The oldest known examples are the name of a son of the king of
1062:. An alternate proposal is that Nunu was a deity associated with fish from sweetwater lagoons, though this remains unconfirmed. Furthermore, it remains uncertain if Nunu attested in theophoric names is related to an identically named demon associated with the steppe (
363:
Annunitum could be regarded as a daughter of Sin, though references to this association are entirely limited to Nabonidus' inscriptions. It is presumed that this tradition is an extension of presenting Sin as the father of Ishtar. A unique passage from Nabonidus'
671:) was held; such celebrations are otherwise only attested for Shamash alongside gods of Sippar as a collective. However, her elevation under Nabonidus had no impact on her popularity in theophoric names, with only two examples attested in texts from his reign.
667:
Annunitum in a dream. He also states that when the work started, inscriptions of Shagarakti-Shuriash were discovered, and the rebuilding followed guidance found in them. During his reign Annunitum was also the only deity for whom a separate clothing ceremony (
274:. As summarized by Beckman, "in some respects (...) Ištar-figures partake of a common essence, while in others they are distinct". He also notes that "any special features of the varieties will become apparent only if each is initially studied in isolation".
538:
based on the name of her temple. However, she acknowledges that there is no evidence for the existence of this house of worship before the Old Babylonian period and that the oldest reference to Annunitum being worshiped in Sippar is a text from the reign of
971:, Dan-bītum and Rašub-bītum in a foundation inscription imploring them to punish anyone who would destroy this text. Nathan Wasserman and Ygal Bloch suggest that he might have mentioned her in order to evoke the tradition of rulers of the Akkadian Empire.
515:
Annunitum was considered an important deity in Sippar. As already attested in the Old Babylonian period, she could be referred to with the epithet Šarrat-Sipparim, :queen of Sippar", though it was also applied to Ishtar. She was the tutelary goddess of
659:. In offering lists from the reign of Nabopolassar she is the last of the deities mentioned, but her position improved during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II. According to Nabonidus' inscriptions she was subsequently returned to Sippar-Amnanum by
620:
indicate Annunitum remained a major goddess in the local pantheon through the twelfth century, but at an unknown point in time her position started to decline. According to an inscription of Nabonidus, the E-ulmaš was eventually destroyed by
84:
exemplifying her warlike aspect, but by the late third millennium BCE she came to function as a distinct deity. She was the tutelary goddess of the cities of Akkad and Sippar-Amnanum, though she was also worshiped elsewhere in Mesopotamia.
529:
element, which can be explained as the temple name itself being regarded as divine, rather than as proof of the existence of otherwise unattested deity Ulmaš. The temple has not been excavated yet, and its full history remains uncertain.
302:
lion-griffons. Other seals from Sippar indicate she could be depicted in a robe leaving one shoulder and breast exposed, similarly to Ishtar and Aya. It is assumed that this garment was meant to highlight beauty, charm and sex appeal.
1085:
mentioned in a text from Ebla, Ir-KUM-Nunu (reading of the second sign is uncertain), and a number of names from Old Akkadian texts from the north of Babylonia, such as Da-Nunu and Šu-Nunu. Later examples are uncommonly attested in
469:
of the city of Akkad, and it has been described as the main cult center of Annunitum as a distinct deity as well. A temple dedicated to her existed in this city, but its full ceremonial name is not known. It is mentioned in the
205:
2284–2275 BCE) already refers to them as a pair of distinct goddesses as opposed to a singular Ishtar-Annunitum. By the end of the third millennium BCE, Annunitum was widely recognized as a separate goddess. In the
533:
Tonia Sharlach speculatively suggests Sippar already became Annunitum's main cult center in the Ur III period. Jennie Myers suggests that Annunitum might have become its tutelary goddess during the reign of the
233:
Spencer J. Allen refers to the phenomenon of epithets of Mesopotamian deities becoming distinct figures as "divine splintering". Other comparable cases of an epithet of Ishtar becoming a distinct deity include
189:. However, later it came to be viewed as a theonym, rather than an epithet, and developed into a distinct deity. It is assumed the process of separation of Annunitum from Ishtar started during the reign of
40:
A depiction of Ishtar as an armed warrior on an Akkadian seal, 2350–2150 BCE. The warlike aspect of Ishtar, "Ishtar Annunitum," developed into a separate goddess in the late third millennium BCE.
905:. A later topographical text indicates the former bore the ceremonial name E-saggašarra, "foremost house of the universe". It is presumed that E-mesigakalammašarra, "house of all given
1009:
to Annunitum. Texts from the same city contemporary with Old Babylonian sources from Mesopotamia mention priests in her service and preserve a number of theophoric names invoking her.
625:. No other sources refer to this event, but it is presumed that the account reflects historical reality. Nabonidus additionally asserts that Annunitum was subsequently transferred to
771:
Annunitum was worshiped in Ur in the Ur III period. Offerings made to her are well documented in the archive of Shulgi-simti. Festivals involving Annunitum documented in it include
756:) conveyed another message of Annunitum meant for him, according to which he should remain in Mari and avoid travel, as it will let the goddess continue to communicate with him.
582:
of a shrine within it, or a different house of worship. Bartelmus and Taylor suggest that the small number of references to it makes the first possibility the most plausible.
586:
worked with a cache of foundation deposits of both kings. The inscription of Shagarakti-Shuriash refers to him as "the shepherd, favorite of Šamaš and beloved of Annunītum" (
1027:
points out that the theonym Annu is largely absent from texts from Mari despite commonly appearing in theophoric names, and compares this phenomenon to the similar cases of
722:. She is listed after Dīrītum and before Ḫubur as a recipient of six sheep in a text documenting offerings made after Zimri-Lim's ascension, and between Mārat-iltim and
565:
Sippar-Amnanum was destroyed in a fire and remained uninhabited for around 200 years. The cult of Annunitum was most likely transferred to Sippar-Yahrurum as a result.
343:
from the Kassite period indicates that Annunitum was among the deities regarded as capable of inflicting oath-breakers with leprosy, a role shared with deities such as
2790:
Bartelmus, Alexa; Taylor, Jon (2014). "Collecting and Connecting History: Nabonidus and the Kassite Rebuilding of E(ul)maš of (Ištar)-Annunītu in Suppar-Annunītu".
282:
Annunitum was regarded as a warlike goddess. She could be addressed as the lady of battle. She originally exemplified the martial side of Ishtar. An inscription of
3705:
3483:
730:. One of the earliest year names of Zimri-Lim commemorates the construction of a statue of Annunitum in the city of Šeḫrum, located close to Mari and Der. In the
698:
Annunitum is first attested in Mari in the Ur III period, though her importance in the local pantheon only grew in the Old Babylonian period. During the reign of
787:. In one of his inscriptions presumed to commemorate this event he refers to her as his spouse. Two Ur III texts from Ur of uncertain dating mentions the staff (
482:
regions. Annunitum was adopted as a personal deity by Naram-Sin of Akkad, and apparently after his deification he was considered to be married to her.
554:. A street, a gate and a canal named after her existed in Sippar-Amnanum. The number of theophoric names invoking her increased after the reign of
3521:
Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen
978:
in the Neo-Assyrian period Annunitum might have been worshiped in the temple of Ishtar of Nineveh, without necessarily being identified with her.
432:
entered the temple of Annunitum, though it has been noted he was only occasionally associated with any deities belonging to the Mariote pantheon.
378:
simultaneously referring to Enlil and Sin as Annunitum's fathers is presumed to reflect the so-called "theology of the moon", an idea attested in
428:, possibly due to their shared connection with Ishtar. Additionally, a text from this city refers to a belief that after his annual resurrection
783:, the nature of which is uncertain. A temple dedicated to her is well attested in administrative texts, and might have been originally built by
414:
690:, which consisted of sheep, barley or dates. The E-ulmaš is still mentioned in an administrative text dated to the reign of the latter ruler.
3681:
3615:
3583:
3564:
3529:
3500:
3459:
3436:
3401:
3337:
3227:
3200:
3142:
3113:
3094:
3046:
3019:
2992:
2883:
2780:
2756:
405:
397:
When regarded as distinct from Ishtar, Annunitum could be regarded as a member of her entourage, as already attested in the Ur III period.
869:
festival of Ishtar, which focused on her various local manifestations (such as Urkayītu and Bēlet-Eanna of Udannu) and courtiers (such as
678:
indicate that Annunitum retained her position in offering lists established during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II. During the reigns of
546:
The worship of Annunitum in the Old Babylonian is well documented in the archive of Ur-Utu who served as her chief lamentation priest (
474:
temple list, which is known from only one exemplar and focused on houses of worship located in the north of Mesopotamia, including the
3177:
3067:
2767:
254:" designating multiple interconnected deities. For example, a collection of hymns from the Ur III period treats Inanna of Uruk,
3723:
550:). She is one of the only three goddesses attested as divine witnesses in legal texts from Sippar, the other two being Aya and
3247:
1106:
Additionally, in the Neo-Babylonian period it came to function as the proper name of a new deity distinct from both of them.
3187:
Lambert, Wilfed G. (1989). "A Babylonian Prayer to Anūna". In Behrens, Hermann; Loding, Darlene; Roth, Martha Tobi (eds.).
3596:
The Royal Inscriptions of Amēl-Marduk (561–560 BC), Neriglissar (559–556 BC), and Nabonidus (555–539 BC), Kings of Babylon
2749:
The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh: Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East
873:). However, her only possible attestation occurs in a broken passage, and the restoration of the name is uncertain.
835:
priest in her service. Paul-Alain Beaulieu suggests she might have been one of the minor goddesses worshiped in the
2769:
Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
737:
A temple dedicated to Annunitum existed in Mari; it was referred to simply as E-Anunnītim, "Annunitum's house". A
1058:, while possible to interpret as Nunu with a determinative designating this word as theonym, can also be read as
298:-like weapon. Another possible depiction of Annunitum on a cylinder seal shows her standing on the back of two
3394:
From the foundations to the crenellations: essays on temple building in the Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible
3195:. Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
3728:
633:, though in this context the term should be understood as a generic reference to barbarians or enemies of
375:
323:
315:
1073:(tablet IV, line 270), and with a further figure sharing this name equated in a late esoteric text with
702:
she was one of the nine deities who received the most offerings during festivals, next to the local god
499:
383:
106:
1044:
597:), which likely influenced Nabonidus' description of him as "the favorite of Shamash and Annunitum" (
73:
3134:
Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary
1087:
804:
574:
521:
379:
816:
648:
made offerings to Annunitum and other displaced deities in a structure located near or within the
135:, became standard. An Old Babylonian prayer (CBS 19842) additionally preserves the shortened form
3699:
3654:
3477:
3314:
3306:
2938:
2930:
2856:
2848:
897:
One of the year names of Shar-kali-sharri refers to the construction of temples of Annunitum and
250:
notes that it might be more accurate to refer to the names Ishtar and Inanna as "something of an
198:
182:
140:
840:
498:, though less commonly than Ishtar. She continued to be worshiped across Mesopotamia up to the
3687:
3677:
3646:
3611:
3579:
3560:
3535:
3525:
3506:
3496:
3465:
3455:
3432:
3407:
3397:
3376:
3343:
3333:
3298:
3263:
3223:
3196:
3173:
3138:
3119:
3109:
3090:
3073:
3063:
3042:
3015:
2988:
2922:
2889:
2879:
2840:
2807:
2776:
2752:
1002:
998:
927:
675:
649:
645:
617:
255:
131:, already known from a single Old Babylonian text and from a late Kassite inscription of king
448:(tablet V, line 185), though there this deity is assigned a similar role in association with
365:
310:
A constellation referred to with Annunitum's name corresponded to the eastern part of Pisces.
3638:
3603:
3552:
3424:
3368:
3288:
3255:
3215:
3165:
3034:
3007:
2980:
2914:
2832:
2799:
1028:
855:, and that members of this group were collectively referred to as "the ladies" (GAŠAN.MEŠ =
828:
760:
683:
535:
466:
330:
prayer dedicated to her in this role is known. However, she was usually not described as an
268:
264:
243:
190:
35:
3594:
1049:
3733:
860:
679:
526:
344:
143:
as Anūna. There is no certainty whether the original pronunciation is better reflected by
98:
401:
246:. Tonia Sharlach in her study of Annunitum and other goddesses worshiped in the court of
390:
while the moon was waxing. In this context, Enlil was redefined as a designation of the
907:
844:
703:
517:
487:
370:
166:
132:
124:
53:
3578:. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 133. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
3448:"Uruk in der Frühen Bronzezeit: Zu dessen Königen und Göttern und zur Lage von Kulaba"
3421:
If a Man Builds a Joyful House: Assyriological Studies in Honor of Erle Verdun Leichty
723:
3717:
3318:
2942:
2860:
425:
319:
291:
287:
251:
223:
207:
110:
3549:
An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur
235:
3576:
The Amorites: A Political History of Mesopotamia in the Early Second Millennium BCE
3259:
3161:
The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk
2803:
1082:
935:
916:
912:
land"), though the main deity of this temple was Bēlet-Bābili (Ishtar of Babylon).
641:
551:
475:
410:
391:
331:
260:
186:
144:
81:
49:
3277:"The god Itūr-Mēr in the middle Euphrates region during the Old Babylonian period"
987:
949:
discovered in Isin mentions the appointment of a certain Tarām-pala-migrīša as an
271:
3132:
2957:
3248:"A Study of Women's Theophoric Personal Names in Old Babylonian Texts from Mari"
1074:
946:
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622:
578:
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421:
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3469:
3428:
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155:
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852:
715:
699:
634:
555:
491:
290:
from Sippar assumed to depict her in the company of another goddess, likely
283:
94:
3329:
God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia
3033:. RIM. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. University of Toronto Press.
3006:. RIM. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. University of Toronto Press.
2979:. RIM. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. University of Toronto Press.
158:" or "the martial one". Etymological connections with phonetically similar
3607:
3556:
3293:
3276:
3038:
3011:
2984:
435:
A fragmentary omen list refers to Eturammi as the messenger of Annunitum (
749:
654:
471:
387:
299:
170:
3310:
263:
for the purpose of study of deities designated by the logogram IŠTAR in
3658:
2934:
2852:
1465:
1463:
1438:
1436:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1043:
A further possible variant of the name is Nunu. Antoine Cavigneaux and
975:
967:. The local ruler Takil-ilissu mentioned her alongside Ulmašītum, Anu,
964:
957:
902:
848:
820:
796:
792:
784:
630:
626:
348:
339:
306:
295:
159:
3626:
2902:
2820:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
919:, though it ceased to function in the third decade of Shulgi's reign.
3254:. 30 and 31. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 234–253.
3057:
2026:
2024:
1402:
1400:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
923:
887:
870:
824:
812:
744:
711:
540:
479:
449:
436:
429:
247:
227:
211:
115:
77:
3642:
3519:
3447:
3327:
3159:
2918:
2836:
2053:
2051:
386:
texts according to which Sin possessed the powers of Enlil, Anu and
3389:
3372:
3356:
1032:
915:
In the Ur III period a shrine dedicated to Annunitum existed near
898:
891:
865:
836:
727:
726:
in another similar source focused on sacrifices to the deities of
719:
352:
305:
197:
2175-2150 BCE), though it is possible a passage from the reign of
1975:
1973:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1006:
994:
939:
931:
743:
resided in it. One of the letters sent to Zimri-Lim by his wife
219:
1054:
suggest that it might be a variant of Annu, and point out that
863:, she might have been one of the deities celebrated during the
465:
In the Old Akkadian period Ishtar-Annunitum was considered the
3493:
From the Mari Archives: an Anthology of Old Babylonian Letters
990:
from the Ur III period, Annunitum is addressed as his mother.
162:
150:
It is presumed that Annunitum's name is derived from the root
963:
In the Old Babylonian period Annunitum was also worshiped in
558:, rising from 1% in early Old Babylonian sources to over 6%.
222:, and by the Old Babylonian period both of them had separate
215:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
409:
to a pair of twins. She also points out in the archive of
3419:
Reiner, Erica (2006). "If Mars Comes Close to Pegasus…".
3087:
The Moon God Sin in Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Times
2701:
2699:
2650:
2648:
2635:
2633:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1213:
1211:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
286:
describes her as armed with a bow and arrows. An earlier
76:
associated with warfare. She was initially an epithet of
934:
temple complex, as attested in a list from the reign of
3627:"The Old Akkadian Presence in Nineveh: Fact or Fiction"
3551:. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records. De Gruyter.
2145:
2143:
2082:
2080:
2078:
1315:
1313:
1283:
1281:
734:, she is said to assist the king during his campaigns.
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
65:
2876:
The Pantheon of Uruk During the Neo-Babylonian Period
2624:
2461:
1916:
1904:
1803:
1779:
1755:
1743:
1719:
1469:
1454:
1442:
1304:
1272:
1248:
1236:
1144:
1142:
859:), but stresses the evidence is inconclusive. In the
3452:
Uruk - altorientalische Metropole und Kulturzentrum
3059:
House Most High: the Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia
2766:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
2729:
2612:
2134:
2057:
2030:
1815:
1406:
811:, mentions the repair of statues representing her,
45:
21:
127:as well, in sources from the first millennium BCE
101:onward, Annunitum's name was typically written as
3637:. British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 7–18.
1090:and Old Babylonian texts from various locations.
420:Wolfgang Heimpel proposes that in Old Babylonian
2956:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
2831:. American Schools of Oriental Research: 85–96.
3281:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
2913:. American Schools of Oriental Research: 1–10.
2122:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1844:
1190:
3210:Lambert, Wilfred G.; Winters, Ryan D. (2023).
2557:
2533:
2221:
1683:
1671:
442:). This name is also attested in the god list
210:, she was worshiped separately from Ishtar in
3593:Weiershäuser, Frauke; Novotny, Jamie (2020).
3287:. Presses Universitaires de France: 129–136.
3193:-dub-ba-a. Studies in Honor of Åke W. Sjöberg
1481:
886:A mace head dedicated to Ishtar-Anunnitum by
8:
2365:
2353:
3704:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3672:Zadok, Ran (2018). "The Peoples of Elam".
3482:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3004:Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2234-2113 BC)
2413:
890:has been discovered during excavations in
34:
3367:(1). University of Chicago Press: 49–71.
3292:
123:remained the most common spelling in the
3574:Wasserman, Nathan; Bloch, Yigal (2023).
3104:Hunger, Hermann; Pingree, David (1999).
2485:
2389:
2377:
2341:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2233:
1827:
1611:
1599:
1427:
1355:
1343:
1217:
1133:
1005:indicates that he dedicated a temple in
318:Annunitum's name was used to refer to a
230:, respectively the E-ulmaš and E-edina.
3239:The Sippar pantheon: a diachronic study
3137:. Pennsylvania State University Press.
1731:
1623:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1517:
1493:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1260:
1202:
1119:
1099:
953:priestess at the request of Annunitum.
185:as the tutelary goddess of the city of
3697:
3524:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
3475:
2977:Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.)
2717:
2705:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2639:
2569:
2545:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2473:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2329:
2317:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2209:
2197:
2185:
1707:
1695:
1659:
1647:
1635:
686:she received offerings referred to as
424:Annunitum was closely associated with
400:Annunitum was closely associated with
154:, "warlike". It can be translated as "
18:
3495:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
2593:
2581:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2069:
2042:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1791:
1505:
1331:
1319:
1287:
1173:
1148:
413:they effectively form a quartet with
7:
2401:
1767:
326:, specifically the eastern fish. An
629:and that her cult was disturbed by
3625:Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (2004).
986:On the seal of Zardamu, a king of
640:During the Neo-Babylonian period,
14:
2625:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2462:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1917:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1905:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1804:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1780:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1756:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1744:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1720:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1470:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1455:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1443:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1305:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1273:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1249:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1237:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
109:it was prefaced with the "divine
922:Annunitum was also worshiped in
3602:. Penn State University Press.
3450:. In van Ess, Margarete (ed.).
3361:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2903:"Ištar of Nineveh Reconsidered"
2730:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
2613:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
2135:Weiershäuser & Novotny 2020
2058:Weiershäuser & Novotny 2020
2031:Weiershäuser & Novotny 2020
1816:Weiershäuser & Novotny 2020
1407:Weiershäuser & Novotny 2020
791:) of the temples of Annunitum,
415:Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban
359:Associations with other deities
3260:10.5356/orient1960.30and31.234
3106:Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia
2804:10.5615/jcunestud.66.2014.0113
1069:) who appears in the god list
930:she received offerings in the
1:
3446:Sallaberger, Walther (2021).
3357:"Hana and the Low Chronology"
2878:. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX.
2874:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003).
2819:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1995).
960:built a temple of Annunitum.
926:in the Ur III period. In the
202:
194:
3062:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
3031:Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC)
2962:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
2907:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
2825:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
2792:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
663:, who renovated her statue.
181:Annunitum was originally an
3423:. Brill. pp. 313–323.
3326:Peterson, Jeremiah (2009).
3212:An = Anum and Related Lists
2775:. Academic Press Fribourg.
2123:Bartelmus & Taylor 2014
2016:Bartelmus & Taylor 2014
2004:Bartelmus & Taylor 2014
1992:Bartelmus & Taylor 2014
1980:Bartelmus & Taylor 2014
1845:Bartelmus & Taylor 2014
1191:Bartelmus & Taylor 2014
827:. A text from the reign of
775:, held in fall, a banquet (
334:, in contrast with Ishtar.
147:with a single or double n.
3750:
3396:. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
3355:Podany, Amanda H. (2014).
3332:. Münster: Ugarit Verlag.
3131:Heimpel, Wolfgang (2003).
3056:George, Andrew R. (1993).
2747:Allen, Spencer L. (2015).
2558:Wasserman & Bloch 2023
2534:Wasserman & Bloch 2023
2222:Wasserman & Bloch 2023
1684:Lambert & Winters 2023
1672:Lambert & Winters 2023
3518:Schwemer, Daniel (2001).
3429:10.1163/9789047408239_027
3390:"Elamite Temple Building"
3388:Potts, Daniel T. (2010).
3220:10.1628/978-3-16-161383-8
3170:10.1163/9789004364943_004
1482:Hunger & Pingree 1999
882:Other Mesopotamian cities
322:corresponding to part of
278:Character and iconography
33:
26:
3547:Sharlach, Tonia (2017).
3491:Sasson, Jack M. (2015).
3454:(in German). Wiesbaden.
3029:Frayne, Douglas (1997).
3002:Frayne, Douglas (1993).
2975:Frayne, Douglas (1990).
616:Texts from the reign of
3275:Nakata, Ichiro (2011).
3246:Nakata, Ichiro (1995).
2821:"The Brewers of Nippur"
3724:Mesopotamian goddesses
3237:Myers, Jennie (2002).
3085:Hätinen, Aino (2021).
2901:Beckman, Gary (1998).
1013:Uncertain attestations
997:king Atta-hušu of the
993:An inscription of the
839:complex, similarly to
779:) held in summer, and
316:Mesopotamian astronomy
311:
294:, shows her holding a
3608:10.1515/9781646021178
3557:10.1515/9781501505263
3294:10.3917/assy.105.0129
3039:10.3138/9781442657069
3012:10.3138/9781442658578
2985:10.3138/9781442678033
592:-ke ki-áĝ an-nu-ni-tu
511:Old Babylonian period
500:Neo-Babylonian period
337:A curse formula on a
309:
173:have been ruled out.
107:Old Babylonian period
3158:Krul, Julia (2018).
105:. Starting with the
74:Mesopotamian goddess
68:; also romanized as
16:Mesopotamian goddess
2536:, pp. 258–259.
2464:, pp. 105–106.
2308:, pp. 252–253.
2260:, pp. 285–286.
2200:, pp. 235–236.
2137:, pp. 139–140.
2006:, pp. 118–119.
1943:, pp. 104–105.
1662:, pp. 316–317.
1561:, pp. 313–314.
1358:, pp. 269–270.
1205:, pp. 324–325.
982:Outside Mesopotamia
807:ruler, most likely
575:Shagarakti-Shuriash
561:After the reign of
522:Paul-Alain Beaulieu
267:texts, such as the
99:Old Akkadian period
3676:. Abingdon, Oxon.
945:An inscription of
877:Other attestations
573:The Kassite kings
404:, another martial
351:, Ishtar, Anu and
312:
141:Wilfred G. Lambert
3683:978-1-315-65803-2
3674:The Elamite world
3617:978-1-64602-117-8
3585:978-90-04-54731-5
3566:978-1-5015-0526-3
3531:978-3-447-04456-1
3502:978-1-57506-830-5
3461:978-3-447-11368-7
3438:978-90-474-0823-9
3403:978-3-86835-031-9
3339:978-3-86835-019-7
3229:978-3-16-161383-8
3202:978-0-934718-98-1
3144:978-1-57506-080-4
3115:978-90-04-29413-4
3108:. Leiden: Brill.
3096:978-3-96327-140-3
3048:978-1-4426-5706-9
3021:978-1-4426-5857-8
2994:978-1-4426-7803-3
2885:978-90-04-13024-1
2782:978-3-7278-1738-0
2758:978-1-61451-236-3
2404:, pp. 68–69.
1859:, pp. 33–34.
1710:, pp. 40–41.
1064:maškim-edin-na-ke
1045:Manfred Krebernik
999:Sukkalmah dynasty
928:Isin-Larsa period
732:Epic of Zimri-Lim
710:, Belet Ekallim,
676:Achaemenid period
674:Sources from the
646:Nebuchadnezzar II
618:Tiglath-pileser I
612:Late attestations
256:Inanna of Zabalam
183:epithet of Ishtar
59:
58:
46:Major cult center
3741:
3709:
3703:
3695:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3621:
3601:
3589:
3570:
3543:
3514:
3487:
3481:
3473:
3442:
3415:
3384:
3351:
3322:
3296:
3271:
3242:
3233:
3214:. Mohr Siebeck.
3206:
3183:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3127:
3100:
3081:
3052:
3025:
2998:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2897:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2815:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2643:
2637:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2366:Sallaberger 2021
2363:
2357:
2354:Sallaberger 2021
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1425:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1291:
1285:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1221:
1215:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1177:
1171:
1152:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1107:
1104:
1053:
956:Itur-Shamash of
829:Nabu-apla-iddina
761:kingdom of Khana
759:Later on in the
658:
536:Sargonic dynasty
467:tutelary goddess
374:
204:
196:
191:Shar-Kali-Sharri
67:
38:
19:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3696:
3684:
3671:
3663:
3661:
3643:10.2307/4200552
3624:
3618:
3599:
3592:
3586:
3573:
3567:
3546:
3532:
3517:
3503:
3490:
3474:
3462:
3445:
3439:
3418:
3404:
3387:
3354:
3340:
3325:
3274:
3245:
3236:
3230:
3209:
3203:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3157:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3130:
3116:
3103:
3097:
3084:
3070:
3055:
3049:
3028:
3022:
3001:
2995:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2955:
2947:
2945:
2919:10.2307/1360026
2900:
2886:
2873:
2865:
2863:
2837:10.2307/1359817
2818:
2789:
2783:
2772:
2765:
2759:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2414:Westenholz 2004
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1413:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1224:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1180:
1172:
1155:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1067:
1047:
1041:
1020:
1015:
984:
884:
879:
861:Seleucid period
803:Mār-Ištar to a
769:
714:, Shamash, Ea,
696:
652:
614:
606:
595:
571:
513:
508:
463:
458:
368:
361:
280:
179:
139:, romanized by
97:texts from the
93:As attested in
91:
41:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3747:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3682:
3669:
3622:
3616:
3590:
3584:
3571:
3565:
3544:
3530:
3515:
3501:
3488:
3460:
3443:
3437:
3416:
3402:
3385:
3373:10.1086/674706
3352:
3338:
3323:
3272:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3207:
3201:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3155:
3143:
3128:
3114:
3101:
3095:
3082:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3026:
3020:
2999:
2993:
2972:
2953:
2898:
2884:
2871:
2816:
2798:(1): 113–128.
2787:
2781:
2763:
2757:
2751:. De Gruyter.
2743:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:, p. 619.
2722:
2720:, p. 252.
2710:
2708:, p. 237.
2695:
2693:, p. 247.
2683:
2681:, p. 238.
2671:
2669:, p. 244.
2659:
2657:, p. 251.
2644:
2642:, p. 235.
2629:
2627:, p. 273.
2617:
2615:, p. 620.
2598:
2596:, p. 154.
2586:
2584:, p. 484.
2574:
2572:, p. 453.
2562:
2560:, p. 259.
2550:
2548:, p. 674.
2538:
2526:
2524:, p. 163.
2514:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2476:, p. 151.
2466:
2454:
2452:, p. 124.
2442:
2440:, p. 139.
2430:
2428:, p. 139.
2418:
2406:
2394:
2392:, p. 179.
2382:
2380:, p. 198.
2370:
2368:, p. 362.
2358:
2356:, p. 368.
2346:
2344:, p. 409.
2334:
2332:, p. 331.
2322:
2320:, p. 330.
2310:
2298:
2296:, p. 252.
2286:
2284:, p. 248.
2274:
2262:
2250:
2248:, p. 261.
2238:
2236:, p. 318.
2226:
2224:, p. 373.
2214:
2212:, p. 251.
2202:
2190:
2188:, p. 130.
2178:
2176:, p. 357.
2166:
2164:, p. 367.
2154:
2152:, p. 356.
2139:
2127:
2125:, p. 118.
2115:
2113:, p. 337.
2103:
2101:, p. 323.
2091:
2089:, p. 194.
2074:
2072:, p. 300.
2062:
2047:
2045:, p. 189.
2035:
2033:, p. 138.
2020:
2018:, p. 119.
2008:
1996:
1994:, p. 113.
1984:
1982:, p. 125.
1969:
1957:
1955:, p. 105.
1945:
1933:
1931:, p. 103.
1921:
1919:, p. 262.
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1847:, p. 124.
1832:
1820:
1808:
1806:, p. 255.
1796:
1794:, p. 254.
1784:
1772:
1760:
1758:, p. 286.
1748:
1746:, p. 251.
1736:
1734:, p. 324.
1724:
1712:
1700:
1698:, p. 161.
1688:
1686:, p. 194.
1676:
1674:, p. 630.
1664:
1652:
1650:, p. 236.
1640:
1638:, p. 237.
1628:
1626:, p. 260.
1616:
1614:, p. 261.
1604:
1602:, p. 273.
1587:
1585:, p. 137.
1575:
1573:, p. 136.
1563:
1551:
1549:, p. 314.
1539:
1537:, p. 313.
1522:
1520:, p. 256.
1510:
1498:
1496:, p. 182.
1486:
1484:, p. 271.
1474:
1472:, p. 269.
1459:
1457:, p. 260.
1447:
1445:, p. 261.
1432:
1430:, p. 272.
1411:
1409:, p. 150.
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1346:, p. 269.
1336:
1324:
1322:, p. 176.
1309:
1307:, p. 264.
1292:
1290:, p. 192.
1277:
1265:
1263:, p. 325.
1253:
1251:, p. 133.
1241:
1222:
1220:, p. 271.
1207:
1195:
1193:, p. 115.
1178:
1176:, p. 193.
1153:
1138:
1136:, p. 311.
1118:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1065:
1040:
1037:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
983:
980:
883:
880:
878:
875:
768:
765:
695:
692:
613:
610:
604:
593:
570:
569:Kassite period
567:
518:Sippar-Amnanum
512:
509:
507:
504:
480:Transtigridian
462:
459:
457:
454:
384:Neo-Babylonian
360:
357:
279:
276:
178:
175:
125:Kassite period
90:
87:
57:
56:
54:Sippar-Amnanum
47:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
28:Goddess of war
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3746:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:War goddesses
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3707:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
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3609:
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3508:
3504:
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3413:
3409:
3405:
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3366:
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3349:
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3331:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3185:
3181:
3179:9789004364936
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3069:0-931464-80-3
3065:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2940:
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2928:
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2912:
2908:
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2822:
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2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
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2778:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2512:, p. 40.
2511:
2506:
2503:
2500:, p. 38.
2499:
2494:
2491:
2488:, p. 52.
2487:
2486:Peterson 2009
2482:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2416:, p. 11.
2415:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:Beaulieu 2003
2386:
2383:
2379:
2378:Beaulieu 2003
2374:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:Schwemer 2001
2338:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2306:Sharlach 2017
2302:
2299:
2295:
2294:Sharlach 2017
2290:
2287:
2283:
2282:Sharlach 2017
2278:
2275:
2272:, p. 69.
2271:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2234:Schwemer 2001
2230:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2060:, p. 64.
2059:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1967:, p. 42.
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1907:, p. 93.
1906:
1901:
1898:
1895:, p. 39.
1894:
1889:
1886:
1883:, p. 93.
1882:
1877:
1874:
1871:, p. 34.
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:, p. 90.
1829:
1828:Beaulieu 1995
1824:
1821:
1818:, p. 10.
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1782:, p. 74.
1781:
1776:
1773:
1770:, p. 69.
1769:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1722:, p. 20.
1721:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1612:Sharlach 2017
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:Sharlach 2017
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1508:, p. 96.
1507:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:Sharlach 2017
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:Sharlach 2017
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:Sharlach 2017
1340:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1275:, p. 71.
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1239:, p. 62.
1238:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:Sharlach 2017
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1151:, p. 33.
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:Beaulieu 2003
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1103:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
981:
979:
977:
972:
970:
966:
961:
959:
954:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
913:
910:
909:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
881:
876:
874:
872:
868:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
766:
764:
762:
757:
755:
751:
746:
742:
741:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
693:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
664:
662:
656:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
611:
609:
607:
600:
596:
589:
583:
580:
576:
568:
566:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
537:
531:
528:
523:
519:
510:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
483:
481:
477:
473:
468:
460:
455:
453:
451:
447:
446:
441:
438:
433:
431:
427:
426:Belet Ekallim
423:
418:
416:
412:
407:
403:
398:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
367:
358:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:constellation
317:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:cylinder seal
285:
277:
275:
273:
270:
266:
262:
257:
253:
252:umbrella term
249:
245:
241:
237:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:Ur III period
200:
192:
188:
184:
176:
174:
172:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:
112:
111:determinative
108:
104:
100:
96:
88:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
63:
55:
51:
48:
44:
37:
32:
25:
20:
3673:
3662:. Retrieved
3634:
3630:
3595:
3575:
3548:
3520:
3492:
3451:
3420:
3393:
3364:
3360:
3328:
3284:
3280:
3251:
3238:
3211:
3188:
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3133:
3105:
3086:
3058:
3030:
3003:
2976:
2966:, retrieved
2961:
2946:. Retrieved
2910:
2906:
2875:
2864:. Retrieved
2828:
2824:
2795:
2791:
2768:
2748:
2740:Bibliography
2725:
2713:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2620:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2065:
2038:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1732:Lambert 1989
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1624:Heimpel 2003
1619:
1607:
1583:Hätinen 2021
1578:
1571:Hätinen 2021
1566:
1559:Hätinen 2021
1554:
1547:Hätinen 2021
1542:
1535:Hätinen 2021
1518:Hätinen 2021
1513:
1501:
1494:Hätinen 2021
1489:
1477:
1450:
1394:, p. 5.
1392:Beckman 1998
1387:
1382:, p. 4.
1380:Beckman 1998
1375:
1370:, p. 3.
1368:Beckman 1998
1363:
1351:
1339:
1334:, p. 9.
1327:
1268:
1261:Lambert 1989
1256:
1244:
1203:Lambert 1989
1198:
1102:
1088:Old Assyrian
1079:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1042:
1025:
1021:
992:
985:
973:
962:
955:
950:
944:
936:Damiq-ilishu
921:
914:
906:
896:
885:
864:
856:
845:Bēlet-balāṭi
832:
805:Neo-Assyrian
801:
788:
780:
776:
772:
770:
758:
753:
738:
736:
731:
697:
687:
673:
668:
665:
642:Nabopolassar
639:
615:
603:u a-nu-ni-tu
602:
598:
591:
587:
584:
572:
560:
547:
545:
532:
514:
484:
464:
443:
439:
434:
419:
411:Shulgi-simti
399:
396:
392:gibbous moon
380:Neo-Assyrian
362:
338:
336:
332:astral deity
327:
313:
281:
261:Gary Beckman
232:
180:
151:
149:
145:romanization
136:
128:
121:an-nu-ni-tum
120:
114:
103:an-nu-ni-tum
102:
92:
69:
61:
60:
2964:(in German)
2718:Nakata 1995
2706:Nakata 1995
2691:Nakata 1995
2679:Nakata 1995
2667:Nakata 1995
2655:Nakata 1995
2640:Nakata 1995
2570:Frayne 1997
2546:Frayne 1990
2522:George 1993
2510:Frayne 1990
2498:Frayne 1990
2474:George 1993
2450:George 1993
2438:George 1993
2426:Frayne 1993
2330:Frayne 1997
2318:Frayne 1997
2270:Podany 2014
2258:Sasson 2015
2246:Sasson 2015
2210:Sasson 2015
2198:Sasson 2015
2186:Nakata 2011
1708:George 1993
1696:George 1993
1660:Reiner 2006
1648:Sasson 2015
1636:Sasson 2015
1075:Lugaldukuga
1048: [
1001:written in
947:Ishme-Dagan
831:mentions a
817:Uṣur-amāssu
767:Ur and Uruk
661:Neriglissar
653: [
623:Sennacherib
579:Kurigalzu I
563:Ammi-Saduqa
440:a-nu-ni-tum
369: [
133:Meli-Shipak
129:a-nu-ni-tum
3718:Categories
3692:1022561448
3664:2022-04-10
3470:1255365039
3150:2022-04-10
3089:. Zaphon.
2968:2024-05-01
2948:2022-04-10
2866:2022-04-10
2594:Zadok 2018
2582:Potts 2010
2174:Myers 2002
2162:Myers 2002
2150:Myers 2002
2111:Myers 2002
2099:Myers 2002
2087:Allen 2015
2070:Myers 2002
2043:Myers 2002
1965:Myers 2002
1953:Myers 2002
1941:Myers 2002
1929:Myers 2002
1893:Myers 2002
1881:Myers 2002
1869:Myers 2002
1857:Myers 2002
1792:Myers 2002
1506:Myers 2002
1332:Allen 2015
1320:Allen 2015
1288:Allen 2015
1174:Allen 2015
1149:Myers 2002
1114:References
841:Aḫlamayītu
809:Esarhaddon
724:Bēlet-biri
588:sipa še-ga
527:theophoric
496:Zarpanitum
478:basin and
406:hypostasis
156:skirmisher
3700:cite book
3651:0021-0889
3511:907931488
3478:cite book
3412:618338811
3381:0022-2968
3348:460044951
3319:194094468
3303:0373-6032
3268:1884-1392
3164:. Brill.
3124:944920350
2943:163362140
2927:0022-0256
2861:163774149
2845:0022-0256
2812:0022-0256
2402:Krul 2018
1768:Krul 2018
1071:An = Anum
969:Ninshubur
853:Kanisurra
849:Kurunnītu
821:Kurunnītu
789:gìr-sè-ga
716:Ninhursag
700:Zimri-Lim
635:Babylonia
556:Hammurabi
492:Ninsianna
452:instead.
445:An = Anum
402:Ulmašītum
284:Nabonidus
199:Naram-Sin
119:). While
95:cuneiform
62:Annunitum
22:Annunitum
3540:48145544
3311:42580244
3078:27813103
2894:51944564
1060:an-nu-nu
1003:Akkadian
951:amalūtum
777:kaš-dé-a
754:muḫḫûtum
750:ecstatic
704:Itūr-Mēr
650:E-babbar
599:mi-gi-ir
548:kalamāḫu
472:Khorsbad
376:cylinder
300:addorsed
244:Arbilītu
240:Urkayītu
160:theonyms
72:) was a
66:𒀭𒉡𒉌𒌈
3659:4200552
2935:1360026
2853:1359817
995:Elamite
988:Karaḫar
976:Nineveh
965:Malgium
958:Kisurra
903:Babylon
797:Allatum
793:Shuwala
785:Shu-Sin
773:nabrium
740:qadištu
688:maḫḫuru
669:lubuštu
631:Gutians
627:Arrapḫa
456:Worship
366:Eḫulḫul
349:Shamash
340:kudurru
296:trident
269:Hurrian
265:Hittite
224:temples
137:a-nu-na
70:Anunītu
3734:Inanna
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684:Darius
541:Sabium
506:Sippar
476:Diyala
450:Birtum
437:SUKKAL
430:Dumuzi
328:ikribu
324:Pisces
272:Šauška
248:Shulgi
236:Dīrītu
228:Sippar
212:Nippur
177:Origin
171:Anunna
116:dingir
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3655:JSTOR
3600:(PDF)
3315:S2CID
3307:JSTOR
2939:S2CID
2931:JSTOR
2857:S2CID
2849:JSTOR
2773:(PDF)
1094:Notes
1056:nu-nu
1052:]
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899:Ilaba
892:Assur
866:akītu
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833:šangû
728:Terqa
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525:as a
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353:Enlil
187:Akkad
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3706:link
3688:OCLC
3678:ISBN
3647:ISSN
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3612:ISBN
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3561:ISBN
3536:OCLC
3526:ISBN
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3497:ISBN
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3466:OCLC
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3398:ISBN
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720:Addu
718:and
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3604:doi
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3425:doi
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3256:doi
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3035:doi
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