890:
1141:
1289:. The destruction or modification of forests has several effects on different species of antbirds. The fragmentation of forests into smaller patches affects species that are averse to crossing gaps as small as roads. If these species become locally extinct in a fragment, this reluctance to cross unforested barriers makes their re-establishment unlikely. Smaller forest fragments are unable to sustain mixed-species feeding flocks, leading to local extinctions. Another risk faced by antbirds in fragmented habitat is increased
765:
480:
1111:
55:
156:
578:, species are better distinguished by female plumage than by male. Many species of antbirds have a contrasting 'patch' of white (sometimes other colours) feathers on the back (known as interscapular patches), shoulder or underwing. This is usually concealed by the darker feathers on the back but when the bird is excited or alarmed these feathers can be raised to flash the white patch. dot-winged antwrens puff out white back patches, whereas in
31:
985:
2736:
658:
595:
1254:
1309:, in no small part due to increased levels of nest predation on the island. While the species lost from Barro Colorado are not globally threatened, they illustrate the vulnerability of species in fragmented habitats and help explain the declines of some species. The majority of threatened species have very small natural ranges. Some are also extremely poorly known; for example the
1031:
diet from swarms. With only three exceptions, these species never regularly forage away from ant swarms. A further four species regularly attend swarms but are as often seen away from them. Obligate ant-followers visit the nesting bivouacs of army ants in the morning to check for raiding activities; other species do not. These species tend to arrive at swarms first, and their
1131:
between two branches, are the more common style of nest. Supported nests rest upon branches, amongst vines, in hollows, and sometimes on mounds of vegetation on the ground. Each species nests at the level where it forages, so a midstory species would build its nest in the midstory. Closely related species nest in the same ways. For example, antvireos in the genus
1103:, to 1500 m (5000 ft) in diameter for the ocellated antbird. Ocellated antbirds have an unusual social system where the breeding pair forms the nucleus of a group or clan that includes their male offspring and their mates. These clans, which can number up to eight birds, work together to defend territories against rivals. Pair bonds are formed with
527:, which are more common than horizontal branches in the undergrowth, and thus the ability to grip them is an advantage for birds following swarms of army ants. The claws of these antbirds are longer than those of species that do not follow ants, and the soles of some species have projections that are tough and gripping when the foot is clenched.
644:
off with the other male and the female with her counterpart. Loudsong duets are also potentially related to the maintenance of pair bonds. The functions of softsongs are more complex, and possibly related to pair-bond maintenance. In addition to these two main calls a range of other sounds are made; these include scolding in
515:, which weighs 7 g (0.25 oz). In general terms, "antshrikes" are relatively large-bodied birds, "antvireos" are medium-sized and chunky, while "antwrens" include most smaller species; "antbird" genera can vary greatly in size. Members of this family have short rounded wings that provide good manoeuvrability when
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age, after 8–15 days, attending parents call their chicks. As each chick leaves the nest it is cared for exclusively from then on by the parent that was present then. After the first chick fledges and leaves with a parent the remaining parent may increase the supply of food to speed up the process of
1130:
are constructed by both parents, although the male undertakes more of the work in some species. Antbird nests are cups of vegetation such as twigs, dead leaves and plant fibre, and they follow two basic patterns: either suspended or supported. Suspended cups, which may hang from forks in branches, or
735:
Genetic comparison of the whole genomes of higher and lower-humidity antbirds have shown some differences in genes linked to water balance and temperature regulation. More significantly, antbirds differ in the regions of the genome that regulate gene activity, suggesting that differences for antbirds
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a more complicated system than the strict territoriality of most other birds. They generally (details vary among species) maintain breeding territories but travel outside those territories in order to feed at swarms. Several pairs of the same species may attend a swarm, with the dominant pair at the
643:
and are given when birds meet at the edges of their territories, or during the morning rounds of the territory. Pairs in neighbouring territories judge the proximity of rivals by the degradation of the song caused by interference by the environment. In bouts of territorial defence the male will face
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found that they made attempts at prey every 111.8 seconds away from ants, but at swarms they made attempts every 32.3 seconds. While many species of antbirds (and other families) may opportunistically feed at army ant swarms, 18 species of antbird are obligate ant-followers, obtaining most of their
1063:). At a swarm, the dominant species occupies positions above the central front of the swarm, which yields the largest amount of prey. Smaller, less dominant species locate themselves further away from the centre, or higher above the location of the dominant species, where prey is less plentiful.
871:
forages in areas of dense leaf-litter. It does not use its feet to scratch the leaf litter, as do some other birds; instead it uses its long bill to turn over leaves rapidly (never picking them up). The antbirds that forage arboreally show a number of techniques and specialisations. Some species
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Almost all antbirds lay two eggs. A few species of antshrike lay three eggs, and a smaller number of antbirds lay one egg, but this is unusual. Small clutch sizes are typical of tropical birds compared to more temperate species of the same size, possibly due to nest predation, although this is
1221:, with the ants benefiting by having the birds chase prey back down towards them. However, experiments where ant followers were excluded have shown that the foraging success of the army ants was 30% lower when the birds were present, suggesting that the birds' relationship was in fact
1107:, where the male presents food items to the female. In spotted antbirds males may actually feed females sufficiently for the female to cease feeding herself, although she will resume feeding once copulation has occurred. Mutual grooming also plays a role in courtship in some species.
570:– differences in plumage colour and pattern between males and females – is common in the family. Overall the pattern within the family is for the males to have combinations of grey, black or white plumage and the females having buff, rufous and brown colours. For example, the male
959:
antshrikes is in allowing the rest of the flock, which are typically gleaners, to act as beaters, flushing prey while foraging which the antshrikes can obtain by sallying. Similar roles are filled in other flocks by other antbird species or other bird families, for example the
631:("voiceboxes") than other songbirds. Nevertheless, their songs are distinctive and species-specific, allowing field identification by ear. Antbirds rely on their calls for communication, as is typical of birds in dark forests. Most species have at least two types of call, the
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fledging. After fledging, chicks spend the first few days well hidden as the parents bring them food. Chicks of some species may not become independent of the parents for as long as four months in some antwrens, but two months is more typical for the rest of the family.
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from a perch and snatch prey on the wing. In both cases birds will hop through the foliage or undergrowth and pause, scanning for prey, before pouncing or moving on. The time paused varies, although smaller species tend to be more active and pause for shorter times.
368:
The antbird family contains over 230 species, variously called antwrens, antvireos, antbirds and antshrikes. The names refer to the relative sizes of the birds (increasing in the order given, though with exceptions) rather than any particular resemblance to the true
951:, since many eyes are better for spotting predatory hawks and falcons. Comparisons between multi-species feeding flocks in different parts of the world found that instances of flocking were positively correlated with predation risk by raptors. For example, where
1341:
is being prepared. While not yet scientifically described, conservation efforts have already been necessary, as the site of discovery was set out to be flooded to form a reservoir. Consequently, 72 individuals were captured and transferred to another locality.
565:
of antbirds is soft and not brightly coloured, although it is occasionally striking. The colour palette of most species is blackish shades, whitish shades, rufous, chestnut and brown. Plumages can be uniform in colour or patterned with barring or spots.
1169:, although, as with incubation, only the female broods at night. In common with many songbirds, the parents take faecal sacs for disposal away from the nest. Both parents feed the chicks, often bringing large prey items. When the chicks reach
458:
ones. Several, which are difficult to assign, seem to form a third, hitherto unrecognised clade independently derived from ancestral antbirds. The results also confirmed suspicions of previous researchers that some species, most notably in
692:. Few species are found at higher elevations, with less than 10% of species having ranges above 2000 m (6500 ft) and almost none with ranges above 3000 m (10000 ft). The highest species diversity is found in the
1025:
range has shown that the ants act as beaters, flushing insects, other arthropods and small vertebrates into the waiting flocks of "ant followers". The improvement in foraging efficiency can be dramatic; a study of
648:
of predators. The calls of antbirds are also used interspecifically. Some species of antbirds and even other birds will actively seek out ant-swarms using the calls of some species of ant-followers as clues.
712:. The number of species drops dramatically towards the further reaches of the family's range; there are only seven species in Mexico, for example. Areas of lower thamnophilid diversity may contain localised
905:, forming a large percentage of the participating species within their range. Some of these are core or "nuclear species". These nuclear species share territories with other nuclear species but exclude
748:: they feed, breed and defend territories during the day. Many of the family are, however, reluctant to enter areas of direct sunlight where it breaks through the forest canopy. Antbirds will engage in
471:, need to be assigned to other genera. Still, due to the difficulties of sampling from such a large number of often poorly known species, the assignment of some genera is still awaiting confirmation.
1047:
swarm being the pair which holds the territory that the swarm is in. In addition to competition within species, competition among species exists, and larger species are dominant. In its range, the
326:. Formerly, that larger family was known as the "antbird family" and the Thamnophilinae were "typical antbirds". In this article, "antbird" and "antbird family" refer to the family Thamnophilidae.
3181:
365:. The sister group of the Thamnophilidae is thought to be the gnateaters. The ovenbirds, tapaculos, antthrushes and antpittas are thought to represent a different radiation of that early split.
976:
feed in flocks together, the dot-wings feed in the densest vines, the white-flank in less dense vegetation, and the checker-throats in the same density as the latter but in dead foliage only.
752:, a behaviour in which ants (or other arthropods) are rubbed on the feathers before being discarded or eaten. While this has conventionally been considered a way to remove and control feather
554:. Several genera of antshrike have a strongly hooked tip to the bill, and all antbirds have a notch or 'tooth' at the tip of the bill which helps in holding and crushing insect prey. The two
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is the largest of the obligate ant-following antbirds and is dominant over other members of the family, although it is subordinate to various species from other families (including certain
955:
antshrikes lead the group they give loud warning calls in the presence of predators. These calls are understood and reacted to by all the other species in the flock. The advantage to the
1122:
The nesting and breeding biology of antbirds have not been well studied. Even in relatively well-known species the breeding behaviour can be poorly known; for example the nest of the
1229:, including hiding of secured prey in the leaf litter and caching of food on trails. It has been suggested that the depressive effect of this parasitism slows the development of
1976:
607:
288:
Thirty-eight species are threatened with extinction as a result of human activities. Antbirds are not targeted by either hunters or the pet trade. The principal threat is
1456:
Irestedt, M.; Fjeldså, J.; Johansson, U. S.; Ericson, P. G. P. (2002). "Systematic relationships and biogeography of the tracheophone suboscines (Aves: Passeriformes)".
409:. Although the systematics of the Thamnophilidae is based on studies from the mid-19th century, when fewer than half the present species were known, comparison of the
277:. They usually lay two eggs in a nest that is either suspended from branches or supported on a branch, stump, or mound on the ground. Both parents share the tasks of
1245:. Bird droppings are usually an unpredictable resource in a rainforest, but the regular behaviour of ant followers makes the exploitation of this resource possible.
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329:
Thamnophilidae was removed from
Formicariidae, leaving behind the antthrushes and antpittas, due to recognition of differences in the structure of the breastbone (
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1274:
1266:
917:
are important attributes of nuclear species as they promote cohesion in the flock. The composition of these flocks varies geographically; in
Amazonia species of
3099:
1934:
3191:
673:, with the vast majority of the species being found in the tropics. A few species reach southern Mexico and northern Argentina. Some species, such as the
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swarms and in turn benefits other ant species which are preyed upon by army ants. The ant-following antbirds are themselves followed by three species of
541:(sitting and leaning forward to snatch insects from the branch), whereas shorter tarsi typically occur in those that catch prey on the wing, such as the
1935:"Localization of army-ant swarms by ant-following birds of the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica: following the vocalization of antbirds to find the swarms"
1406:
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1540:
1157:, although only the female incubates at night. The length of time taken for chicks to hatch is 14–16 days in most species, although some, such as the
608:
231:
in pattern and colouring. Some species communicate warnings to rivals by exposing white feather patches on their backs or shoulders. Most have heavy
3047:
417:
189:, known variously as antshrikes, antwrens, antvireos, fire-eyes, bare-eyes and bushbirds. They are related to the antthrushes and antpittas (family
2281:
Thiollay, J. (1999). "Frequency of mixed species flocking in tropical forest birds and correlates of predation risk: an intertropical comparison".
3086:
999:
are an important resource used by some species of antbird, and the one from which the family's common name is derived. Many species of tropical
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728:) in Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia. Some species are predominantly associated with microhabitats within a greater ecosystem; for example, the
2890:
338:
1616:
2385:
1285:. Antbirds are neither targeted by the pet trade nor large enough to be hunted; the principal cause of the decline in antbird species is
1202:; the latter is the bat's preferred prey. Nests, including incubating adults, chicks and eggs, are vulnerable to predators, particularly
1021:
and surface-raiding. It was once thought that attending birds were actually eating the ants, but numerous studies in various parts of
889:
836:
as well, but generally these do not form an important part of the diet of this family. Other food items may also be eaten, including
2850:
1969:
1750:
1392:
606:
2188:
1091:, divorces between pairs are common, but, as far as known, this species is exceptional. In most species the pair defends a classic
991:
regularly attend army ant swarms in order to feed, but they are not obligate ant-followers; they also forage away from the swarms.
1118:
has an unusual social system of shared breeding territories. One dominant pair may share a territory with up to six other birds.
2546:
Roper, J. J.; Goldstein, R. R. (1997). "A test of the Skutch hypothesis: does activity at nests increase nest predation risk?".
909:(members of the same species) and are found in almost all flocks; these are joined by "attendant species". Loud and distinctive
928:
3091:
2058:
1140:
2663:
Wrege, P. H.; Wikelski, M.; Mandel, J. T.; Rassweiler, T.; Couzin, I. D. (2005). "Antbirds parasitize foraging army ants".
1213:
It was once suggested that the relationship between the obligate and regular ant-followers and the army ants, particularly
623:
of antbirds are generally composed of repeated simple uncomplicated notes. The family is one of the suboscines (suborder
54:
1007:
or raid underground. While birds visit these swarms when they occur, the species most commonly attended by birds is the
902:
756:, it has been suggested that for antbirds it may simply be a way to deal with the distasteful substances in prey items.
251:
242:
form the most important part of their diet, although small vertebrates are occasionally taken. Most species feed in the
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Antbirds are common components of the avifauna of some parts of the
Neotropics and are thought to be important in some
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1060:
220:
Antbirds are generally small birds with rounded wings and strong legs. They have mostly sombre grey, white, brown and
1949:
824:. They swallow smaller prey items quickly, whereas they often beat larger items against branches in order to remove
2344:"Bivouac checking, a novel behavior distinguishing obligate from opportunistic species of army-ant-following birds"
1994:
1668:
1638:
1038:
Because army ants are unpredictable in their movements, it is impractical for obligate ant-followers to maintain a
3104:
2690:
Ray, T.; Andrews, C. C. (1980). "Antbutterflies: butterflies that follow army ants to feed on antbird droppings".
2431:
2237:
1768:
342:
1496:"Phylogenetic relationships of typical antbirds (Thamnophilidae) and test of incongruence based on Bayes factors"
678:
2408:
2362:
2020:
1889:
1698:
2628:
Loiselle, B. A.; Hoppes, W. G. (1983). "Nest predation in insular and mainland lowland rainforest in Panama".
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The antbird family
Thamnophilidae used to be considered a subfamily, Thamnophilinae, within a larger family
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1965:
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Buehler, D. M.; Castillo, A. I.; Brawn, J. D. (2004). "First nest description for the ocellated antbird (
1603:
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collected in 1982, although there have been unconfirmed reports since 1994 and it is currently listed as
349:), one of two infraorders in the suborder Tyranni. The Thamnophilidae are now thought to occupy a fairly
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length in antbirds is related to foraging strategy. Longer tarsi typically occur in genera such as the
185:, found across subtropical and tropical Central and South America, from Mexico to Argentina. There are
3143:
897:
is a relatively sluggish species usually found singly or in pairs. Here a male feeds on a caterpillar.
639:. The functions of many calls have been deduced from their context; for example some loudsongs have a
3034:
2985:
2699:
1195:
1088:
720:, for example, is restricted to the stunted woodlands that grow in areas of nutrient-poor white-sand
682:
598:
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353:
position within the infraorder, i. e. with regard to their relatives the antthrushes and antpittas,
2976:
1382:
1314:
1286:
1218:
1072:
868:
852:
479:
289:
270:
2800:"Nest predation and differential insular extinction among selected forest birds of central Panama"
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2645:
2610:
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2563:
2528:
2497:
2458:
2412:
2366:
2298:
2260:
2211:
2169:
2122:
1912:
1830:
1791:
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1190:, and their tendency to join flocks is thought to provide protection against such predation. The
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1039:
988:
924:
769:
640:
571:
274:
49:
3130:
2918:
1330:
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is primarily blackish, whereas the female has rust-coloured underparts. In some genera, such as
487:
antbirds are stable and adapted to gripping vertical stems and branches. The leg muscles of the
254:, and a few species are core members. To various degrees, around eighteen species specialise in
2343:
1110:
519:
in dense undergrowth. The legs are large and strong, particularly in species that are obligate
3112:
3021:
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2114:
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1123:
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876:, perching on a branch watching for prey and snatching it by reaching forward, where others
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Most species live in forests, although a few are found in other habitats. Insects and other
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147:
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30:
2110:
1980:
1544:
1378:
1278:
1027:
984:
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is distributed from Mexico to
Argentina. It has the hooked bill typical of the antshrikes.
500:
455:
247:
2703:
2219:
2165:
2094:
1210:. Nesting success is low for many species, particularly in areas of fragmented habitat.
443:, versus the classical antwrens and other more slender, longer-billed species – and the
2990:
1500:
1374:
1326:
1199:
906:
793:
2925:
1523:
1495:
1469:
657:
594:
3170:
2126:
1738:
1639:"Foraging behaviour, ecomorphology and systematic of some antshrikes (Formicariidae:
1334:
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chicks are born naked and blind. Both parents brood the young until they are able to
1158:
1080:
797:
512:
439:
323:
319:
315:
190:
16:
Passerine bird family found across subtropical and tropical
Central and South America
2614:
2532:
2416:
2370:
2215:
1834:
1611:. Vol. 8: Broadbills to Tapaculos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 448–531.
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The family uses a number of techniques to obtain prey. The majority of antbirds are
2501:
1302:
1207:
1187:
1100:
1004:
936:
864:
693:
533:
520:
484:
461:
424:
406:
263:
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140:
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2238:"Nesting of the wing-banded antbird and the thrush-like antpitta in French Guiana"
2207:
1338:
3026:
1301:
that became an isolated island during the flooding caused by the creation of the
3060:
2970:
1133:
1095:, although the nesting territories of ant followers are slightly different (see
1052:
932:
923:
antshrike are the leading nuclear species; elsewhere other species, such as the
919:
825:
781:
543:
516:
205:. Despite some species' common names, this family is not closely related to the
1253:
2598:
2071:
1282:
1222:
1018:
944:
856:
753:
745:
689:
386:
243:
116:
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1225:. This has resulted in a number of behaviours by the ants in order to reduce
266:
flushed by the ants, and many others may feed in this way opportunistically.
2043:
1870:
1849:
1721:
1290:
1238:
1234:
1162:
1127:
1076:
1043:
948:
931:, fill this role. Other species of antwren and antbird join them along with
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467:
444:
410:
394:
358:
239:
198:
174:
106:
66:
2719:
1532:
1513:
1477:
345:. The Thamnophilidae antbirds are members of the infraorder Tyrannides (or
3000:
1826:
2955:
1494:
Irestedt, M.; Fjeldså, J.; Nylander, J. A. A.; Ericson, P. G. P. (2004).
1261:
of Brazil is threatened by the loss of deciduous forest and is listed as
996:
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are a result less of the genes themselves than of how they are deployed.
725:
713:
701:
354:
259:
194:
86:
696:, with up to 45 species being found in single locations in sites across
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2777:
2649:
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2264:
2173:
1916:
1795:
1183:
914:
705:
624:
562:
346:
330:
224:
3065:
2751:"Use of Amazonian forest fragments by understory insectivorous birds"
2515:
Greeney, H. F. (2004). "Breeding behavior of the bicolored antvireo (
1407:"Further evidence for paraphyly of the Formicariidae (Passeriformes)"
1321:. Additionally, new species are discovered at regular intervals; the
1298:
1170:
1056:
833:
813:
697:
437:– most antshrikes and other larger, strong-billed species as well as
413:
378:
282:
221:
214:
76:
3052:
2932:
2818:
2769:
2676:
2641:
2559:
2454:
2294:
2256:
1908:
1850:"Duets defend mates in a suboscine passerine, the warbling antbird (
1809:
Morton R; Derrickson, K (1996). "Song ranging by the dusky antbird,
1787:
2493:
2093:
Bravo, Gustavo A.; Schmitt, C. Jonathan; Edwards, Scott V. (2021).
1995:"Behavior and vocalizations of the Caura and the Yapacana Antbirds"
1427:
677:, have a continental distribution that spans most of the South and
3138:
1252:
1242:
1203:
1139:
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983:
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888:
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801:
763:
656:
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593:
555:
508:
478:
451:
434:
374:
210:
2581:
Martuscelli, P. (1995). "Avian predation by the round-eared bat (
1305:. Numerous species of antbird formerly resident in the area were
1099:
above). Territories vary in size from as small as 0.5 ha for the
972:; where dot-winged antwrens, checker-throated stipplethroats and
1293:
predation. An unplanned experiment in fragmentation occurred on
845:
829:
809:
721:
709:
551:
524:
523:. These species are well adapted to gripping vertical stems and
504:
370:
232:
206:
96:
2936:
2320:
1890:"Cooperative roles in mixed flocks of antwrens (Formicariidae)"
947:. The benefits of the mixed flock are thought to be related to
2432:"Ecology and nesting behavior of the chestnut-backed antbird (
1000:
841:
503:, which measures 45 cm (18 in) and weighs 150
3039:
1769:"Multi-species territoriality in Neotropical foraging flocks"
1734:
Rice, N. H. and Hutson, A. M. (2003) "Antbirds". pp. 446–449
2386:"Territory switching and floating in white-bellied antbird (
2409:
10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0486:TSAFIW]2.0.CO;2
2363:
10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0629:BCANBD]2.0.CO;2
1042:
that always contains swarms to feed around. Antbirds have
2189:"Predation on vertebrates by Neotropical passerine birds"
2737:
2007 IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species: Thamnophilidae
2095:"What have we learned from the first 500 avian genomes?"
450:
2869:
Nova espécie para o Brasil: bicudinho-do-brejo-paulista
1607:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.).
246:
and midstory of the forest, although a few feed in the
2585:, Phyllostomidae) in the Brazilian Atlantic forest".
2187:
Lopes, L. E; Fernandes, A. M.; Marini, A. M. (2005).
2152:
Willis, E.; Oniki, Y. (1978). "Birds and army ants".
2384:
Fedy, Bradley C.; Stutchbury, Bridget J. M. (2004).
2099:
Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
1003:
form large raiding swarms, but the swarms are often
3182:
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the
Neotropics
2945:
2891:"Nova espécie de pássaro é descoberta em São Paulo"
2025:, the bamboo antshrike, from southwestern Amazonia"
1273:As of April 2008, 38 species are considered by the
1035:are used by other species to locate swarming ants.
296:and increased nest predation in habitat fragments.
1602:
1333:in 2007, and the description of a relative of the
776:The main component of the diet of all antbirds is
495:The antbirds are a group of small to medium-sized
281:and of brooding and feeding the nestlings. After
1079:that last the life of the pair. Studies of the
828:and spines. Larger species can kill and consume
681:distribution of the family; others, such as the
550:Most antbirds have proportionately large, heavy
2749:Stouffer, P. C; Bierregaard, R. O. Jr. (1995).
1883:
1881:
1673:, a new species of antbird from western Brazil"
1489:
1487:
285:, each parent cares exclusively for one chick.
235:, which in many species are hooked at the tip.
558:of bushbirds have upturned chisel-like bills.
433:has largely confirmed it. There are two major
1632:
1630:
1628:
669:The distribution of the antbirds is entirely
8:
2390:), a resident tropical passerine in Panama"
2276:
2274:
1667:Lanyon, S.; Stotz, D.; Willard, D. (1990).
1194:preys on some antbird species, such as the
859:, many in the middle story and some in the
688:Antbirds are mostly birds of humid lowland
491:make up 13 % of the total body weight.
2933:
2314:
2312:
1604:"Family Thamnophilidae (Typical Antbirds)"
1387:. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
732:is predominantly found in bamboo patches.
154:
29:
20:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2070:
2059:"Learning about birds from their genomes"
2019:Pierpont, N.; Fitzpatrick, J. W. (1983).
1869:
1699:"Sexual roles in the dot-winged antwren (
1522:
1512:
2154:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1928:
1926:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1367:
1337:discovered in 2005 in the outskirts of
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1153:disputed. Both parents participate in
780:. These are mostly insects, including
2111:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012121-085928
1767:Munn, C. A.; Terborgh, J. W. (1979).
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1458:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1384:Phylogeny and classification of birds
7:
3144:880F1003-A270-FF98-FF23-38A6FB3EF8AD
1697:Greenberg, R.; Gradwohl, J. (1983).
855:, with most of those feeding in the
586:the white patch is on the shoulder.
381:. In addition, members of the genus
3192:Taxa named by William John Swainson
2166:10.1146/annurev.es.09.110178.001331
1815:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1161:, can take as long as 20 days. The
250:and a few on the ground. Many join
2321:"The Behavior of Spotted Antbirds"
2236:Tostain, O.; Dujardin, J. (1988).
1813:: ranging without song learning".
1609:Handbook of the Birds of the World
1601:Zimmer, K.J.; Isler, M.L. (2003).
1281:or worse and therefore at risk of
1096:
1087:did not find "infidelity". In the
812:. In addition antbirds often take
499:that range in size from the large
14:
2897:(in Portuguese). Assine o Estadão
2430:Willis, E. O.; Oniki, Y. (1972).
2021:"Specific status and behavior of
2057:Holmes, Bob (10 February 2022).
537:antshrikes that forage by perch-
511:), to the tiny 8-cm (3 in)
148:Some 63 genera, over 230 species
53:
2921:on the Internet Bird Collection
1743:Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds.
1703:), a Tropical Forest Passerine"
1538:Supplementary information (PDF)
929:checker-throated stipplethroats
2739:. Downloaded on 23 April 2008.
1075:, in almost all cases forming
447:of most genera was confirmed.
1:
2712:10.1126/science.210.4474.1147
2208:10.35699/2675-5327.2005.22028
1848:Seddon, N; Tobias, J (2006).
1470:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00034-9
1126:was first described in 2004.
772:gleaning insects from foliage
1948:(3): 289–294. Archived from
1313:is known only from a single
1137:are all suspension nesters.
964:. Within the feeding flocks
903:mixed-species feeding flocks
901:Many species participate in
885:Mixed-species feeding flocks
863:. A few species feed in the
685:, have a tiny distribution.
273:, mate for life, and defend
252:mixed-species feeding flocks
2587:Journal of Tropical Ecology
1637:Schulenberg, T. S. (1983).
1325:was described in 2000, the
1061:rufous-vented ground cuckoo
3208:
1933:Chaves-Campos, J. (2003).
1186:. They are preyed upon by
303:
2919:Antbird videos and photos
2857:Accessed on 26 April 2008
2599:10.1017/S0266467400008944
2325:Ornithological Monographs
2072:10.1146/knowable-021022-1
2023:Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae
724:(the so-called Amazonian
162:
153:
146:
139:
50:Scientific classification
48:
37:
28:
23:
2873:Atulidades Ornitológieas
2853:Myrmotherula fluminensis
2548:Journal of Avian Biology
2521:Ornithologia Neotropical
2517:Dysithamnus occidentalis
2478:Phaenostictus mcleannani
2283:Journal of Avian Biology
1983:Accessed on 3 April 2008
1671:Clytoctantes atrogularis
653:Distribution and habitat
163:Global range (in green)
1942:Ornitología Neotropical
1357:List of antbird species
1249:Status and conservation
1192:greater round-eared bat
970:microniche partitioning
580:bluish-slate antshrikes
347:tracheophone suboscines
310:List of antbird species
2895:ciencia.estadao.com.br
2847:BirdLife International
2342:Swartz, M. B. (2001).
1966:BirdLife International
1701:Microrhopias quixensis
1514:10.1186/1471-2148-4-23
1352:List of antbird genera
1311:Rio de Janeiro antwren
1270:
1149:
1119:
992:
974:white-flanked antwrens
898:
895:black-hooded antshrike
773:
666:
616:
602:
584:white-flanked antwrens
492:
454:and numerous small or
306:List of antbird genera
3126:Paleobiology Database
2319:Willis E. O. (1972).
2044:10.1093/auk/100.3.645
1972:Herpsilochmus parkeri
1888:Wiley, R. H. (1971).
1871:10.1093/beheco/ari096
1827:10.1007/s002650050281
1722:10.1093/auk/100.4.920
1319:critically endangered
1295:Barro Colorado Island
1256:
1143:
1113:
1085:white-bellied antbird
987:
892:
767:
660:
627:) which have simpler
611:
597:
483:The legs and feet of
482:
343:DNA–DNA hybridization
339:Sibley and Ahlquist's
294:habitat fragmentation
187:more than 230 species
42:Gymnopithys leucaspis
2798:Sieving, K. (1992).
1811:Cercomacra tyrannina
1405:Rice, N. H. (2005).
1241:which feed on their
1196:white-bibbed antbird
1184:ecological processes
1089:white-plumed antbird
683:ash-throated antwren
599:Ochre-rumped antbird
2851:Species factsheet:
2704:1980Sci...210.1147R
2698:(4474): 1147–1148.
1993:Zimmer, K. (1999).
1970:Species factsheet:
1852:Hypocnemis cantator
1297:, a former hill in
1148:constructing a nest
1023:Eciton burchellii's
989:Immaculate antbirds
925:dot-winged antwrens
869:wing-banded antbird
867:; for example, the
641:territorial purpose
2388:Myrmeciza longipes
1979:2009-01-03 at the
1858:Behavioral Ecology
1741:(editor). (2003).
1543:2016-04-11 at the
1271:
1150:
1146:variable antshrike
1120:
993:
899:
774:
770:variable antshrike
667:
617:
603:
572:dot-winged antwren
493:
489:bicoloured antbird
420:intron 11 and the
229:sexually dimorphic
38:Bicolored antbird
3164:
3163:
3113:Open Tree of Life
2939:Taxon identifiers
2063:Knowable Magazine
1618:978-84-87334-50-4
1445:on March 4, 2009.
1215:Eciton burchellii
1208:nocturnal mammals
1124:ocellated antbird
1116:ocellated antbird
1105:courtship feeding
1049:ocellated antbird
1014:Eciton burchellii
609:
568:Sexual dimorphism
262:to eat the small
167:
166:
135:
3199:
3157:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3042:
3030:
3029:
3017:
3016:
3004:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2934:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2864:
2858:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2829:. Archived from
2813:(6): 2310–2328.
2804:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2780:. Archived from
2764:(8): 2429–2445.
2755:
2746:
2740:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2440:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2394:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2348:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2242:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2218:. Archived from
2193:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2149:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2029:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1773:
1764:
1753:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1707:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1634:
1623:
1622:
1606:
1598:
1547:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1438:. Archived from
1411:
1402:
1396:
1372:
1323:Caatinga antwren
1259:pectoral antwren
1227:kleptoparasitism
1028:spotted antbirds
1017:, which is both
941:foliage-gleaners
913:and conspicuous
794:praying mantises
730:bamboo antshrike
718:Yapacana antbird
675:barred antshrike
663:barred antshrike
614:barred antshrike
610:
158:
130:
58:
57:
33:
21:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3025:
3020:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2941:
2915:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2819:10.2307/1941477
2802:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2770:10.2307/2265818
2753:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2731:
2727:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2677:10.1890/04-1133
2662:
2661:
2657:
2642:10.2307/1367897
2627:
2626:
2622:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2560:10.2307/3677304
2545:
2544:
2540:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2482:Wilson Bulletin
2475:
2474:
2470:
2455:10.2307/1366453
2438:
2434:Myrmeciza exsul
2429:
2428:
2424:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2295:10.2307/3677354
2280:
2279:
2272:
2257:10.2307/1368454
2240:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2002:Wilson Bulletin
1997:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1981:Wayback Machine
1964:
1960:
1952:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1909:10.2307/4083845
1892:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1788:10.2307/1366956
1771:
1766:
1765:
1756:
1745:Firefly Books.
1733:
1729:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1680:Wilson Bulletin
1675:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1650:Wilson Bulletin
1645:
1636:
1635:
1626:
1619:
1600:
1599:
1550:
1545:Wayback Machine
1501:BMC Evol. Biol.
1493:
1492:
1485:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1379:Ahlquist, J. E.
1373:
1369:
1365:
1348:
1331:sincorá antwren
1279:near threatened
1251:
1180:
1069:
982:
962:shrike-tanagers
887:
762:
742:
716:, however. The
679:Middle American
655:
621:songs and calls
605:
592:
501:giant antshrike
477:
361:, and also the
341:examination of
312:
302:
292:, which causes
129:
52:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3177:Thamnophilidae
3169:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3135:
3122:
3109:
3096:
3083:
3070:
3057:
3044:
3031:
3018:
3005:
2995:
2991:Thamnophilidae
2982:
2977:Thamnophilidae
2967:
2951:
2949:
2947:Thamnophilidae
2943:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2926:Antbird sounds
2922:
2914:
2913:External links
2911:
2909:
2908:
2882:
2867:"Brief notes:
2859:
2839:
2836:on 2011-07-16.
2790:
2787:on 2010-07-17.
2741:
2725:
2682:
2671:(3): 555–559.
2655:
2620:
2593:(3): 461–464.
2583:Tonatia bidens
2573:
2554:(2): 111–116.
2538:
2507:
2494:10.1676/04-006
2488:(3): 277–279.
2468:
2422:
2403:(2): 486–496.
2376:
2357:(3): 629–633.
2334:
2308:
2289:(3): 282–294.
2270:
2251:(1): 236–239.
2228:
2225:on 2010-05-09.
2179:
2139:
2105:(1): 611–639.
2085:
2049:
2038:(3): 645–652.
2011:
1985:
1958:
1955:on 2011-07-22.
1922:
1903:(4): 881–892.
1877:
1840:
1821:(3): 195–201.
1801:
1782:(4): 338–347.
1754:
1727:
1716:(4): 920–925.
1689:
1659:
1624:
1617:
1548:
1483:
1464:(3): 499–512.
1448:
1428:10.1650/7696.1
1422:(4): 910–915.
1397:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1335:Paraná antwren
1327:acre antshrike
1250:
1247:
1237:in the family
1200:scaled antbird
1179:
1176:
1167:thermoregulate
1068:
1065:
981:
978:
968:is reduced by
886:
883:
761:
758:
741:
738:
654:
651:
591:
588:
476:
473:
318:that included
301:
298:
183:Thamnophilidae
165:
164:
160:
159:
151:
150:
144:
143:
137:
136:
127:Thamnophilidae
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3204:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2449:(1): 87–98).
2448:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
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1287:habitat loss
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1121:
1101:Manu antbird
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1053:woodcreepers
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900:
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687:
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576:Myrmotherula
575:
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173:are a large
170:
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3061:iNaturalist
2971:Wikispecies
2879:: 14. 2005.
2527:: 349–356.
2160:: 243–263.
2132:11 February
2078:11 February
1739:Perrins, C.
1641:Thamnomanes
1219:mutualistic
1134:Dysithamnus
1009:Neotropical
966:competition
957:Thamnomanes
953:Thamnomanes
920:Thamnomanes
874:perch-glean
865:leaf litter
806:butterflies
790:cockroaches
690:rainforests
671:Neotropical
544:Thamnomanes
425:cytochrome
320:antthrushes
300:Systematics
275:territories
227:, which is
113:Parvorder:
3171:Categories
1656:: 505–521.
1363:References
1307:extirpated
1283:extinction
1263:vulnerable
1239:Ithomiinae
1155:incubation
1077:pair bonds
1073:monogamous
995:Swarms of
857:understory
822:centipedes
778:arthropods
497:passerines
475:Morphology
399:Neoctantes
383:Phlegopsis
359:gnateaters
304:See also:
279:incubation
271:monogamous
258:swarms of
244:understory
240:arthropods
199:gnateaters
117:Furnariida
2127:239655248
2119:1543-592X
1339:São Paulo
1243:droppings
1235:butterfly
1223:parasitic
1206:but also
1163:altricial
1144:A female
1093:territory
1040:territory
1005:nocturnal
997:army ants
949:predation
945:greenlets
818:scorpions
754:parasites
740:Behaviour
468:Myrmeciza
456:monotypic
445:monophyly
411:myoglobin
407:bushbirds
395:fire-eyes
391:Pyriglena
387:bare-eyes
363:ovenbirds
355:tapaculos
324:antpittas
260:army ants
256:following
203:ovenbirds
195:tapaculos
175:passerine
141:Diversity
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
24:Antbirds
2998:BioLib:
2956:Wikidata
2735:(2007).
2720:17831470
2615:84264073
2533:88924184
2417:52254835
2371:31594473
2216:54726436
2196:Lundiana
1977:Archived
1835:40252276
1541:Archived
1533:15283860
1478:12099801
1436:84135098
1346:See also
1315:specimen
1198:and the
1171:fledging
1083:and the
1067:Breeding
1059:and the
1011:species
853:arboreal
800:and the
786:crickets
726:caatinga
714:endemics
702:Colombia
637:softsong
635:and the
633:loudsong
629:syrinxes
539:gleaning
525:saplings
283:fledging
201:and the
171:antbirds
132:Swainson
123:Family:
87:Chordata
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
3187:Tyranni
2962:Q427512
2901:11 July
2849:(2007)
2827:1941477
2807:Ecology
2778:2265818
2758:Ecology
2700:Bibcode
2692:Science
2665:Ecology
2650:1367897
2607:2560229
2568:3677304
2502:7030014
2463:1366453
2303:3677354
2265:1368454
2174:2096750
1968:(2007)
1917:4083845
1796:1366956
1381:(1990)
1265:by the
1178:Ecology
1097:feeding
1057:motmots
1044:evolved
1019:diurnal
915:plumage
834:lizards
814:spiders
760:Feeding
746:diurnal
706:Bolivia
646:mobbing
625:Tyranni
601:calling
563:plumage
379:shrikes
331:sternum
225:plumage
215:shrikes
193:), the
103:Order:
93:Class:
3151:uBio:
3131:415935
3118:799152
3092:557368
3079:101626
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1391:
1299:Panama
1277:to be
1217:, was
1204:snakes
861:canopy
802:larvae
750:anting
698:Brazil
556:genera
529:Tarsus
517:flying
452:genera
435:clades
414:intron
375:vireos
337:, and
335:syrinx
333:) and
248:canopy
222:rufous
211:vireos
197:, the
179:family
134:, 1824
3154:21605
3139:Plazi
3105:81887
3074:IRMNG
3066:15726
3014:71417
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2823:JSTOR
2803:(PDF)
2785:(PDF)
2774:JSTOR
2754:(PDF)
2646:JSTOR
2611:S2CID
2603:JSTOR
2564:JSTOR
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2498:S2CID
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2123:S2CID
2028:(PDF)
1998:(PDF)
1953:(PDF)
1938:(PDF)
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1772:(PDF)
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1432:S2CID
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1128:Nests
1033:calls
911:calls
878:sally
846:slugs
838:fruit
830:frogs
826:wings
810:moths
590:Voice
552:bills
422:mtDNA
418:GAPDH
371:wrens
351:basal
233:bills
207:wrens
177:bird
3100:NCBI
3087:ITIS
3053:5286
3048:GBIF
3040:1606
3009:BOLD
2903:2017
2733:IUCN
2716:PMID
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2134:2022
2115:ISSN
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1377:and
1291:nest
1275:IUCN
1267:IUCN
1257:The
1114:The
943:and
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893:The
844:and
842:eggs
832:and
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