Antinous - Knowledge (XXG)

1602: 334: 1521: 972: 1555: 432: 981: 1567: 755:, 80 years after the event, although it was subsequently repeated in many later sources. In the 2nd-century Roman Empire, a belief that the death of one could rejuvenate the health of another was widespread, and Hadrian had been ill for many years; in this scenario, Antinous could have sacrificed himself in the belief that Hadrian would have recovered. If this last situation were true, Hadrian might not have revealed the cause of Antinous's death because he did not wish to appear either physically or politically weak. Conversely, opposing this possibility is the fact that Hadrian disliked human sacrifice and had strengthened laws against it in the Empire. 1500: 1540: 1341: 1480: 672: 5099:" (1963), the youthful character Murugan is likened to Antinous because of his relationship with dictatorial leader, Colonel Dipa. While on a trip to Rendang to pick up his mother, Murugan also secretly saw Dipa but did not want the island people of Pala to know because "they think he's awful." After Murugan called Dipa a "remarkable man," Huxley wrote that "Murugan's sulky face lit up with enthusiasm and there, suddenly, was Antinous in all the fascinating beauty of ambiguous adolescence," and later, "Will felt quite sure, he hadn't been mistaken when he thought of 1464: 1395: 779: 1433: 1326: 1373: 1353: 1448: 1411: 40: 1590: 1105: 1288:

130 and that of Hadrian in 138, on the questionable grounds that no-one else would be interested in commissioning them. The assumption is that official models were sent out to provincial workshops all over the empire to be copied, with local variations permitted. It has been asserted that many of these sculptures "share distinctive features – a broad, swelling chest, a head of tousled curls, a downcast gaze – that allow them to be instantly recognized".

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survive. Forty-four have been found in Italy, half of which were at Hadrian's Villa Adriana, while 12 have been found in Greece and Asia Minor, and 6 in Egypt. Over 31 cities in the Empire, the majority in Greece and Asia Minor, issued coins depicting Antinous, chiefly between the years 134–35. Many were designed to be used as medallions rather than currency, some of them deliberately made with a hole so that they could be hung from the neck and used as

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representations. If the statues look young, it may only be how the artist envisioned him. Most of the artists never saw Antinous and based their works on sketches and examples. If the statues have no pubic hair, it is just as likely that the artist thought clumps of hair were unattractive and either left them off or painted them in lightly after the sculpting was done as almost all Roman statues were painted.

531:. From 127 to 129, the Emperor was then afflicted with an illness that doctors were unable to explain. In April 128, he laid the foundation stone for a temple of Venus and Rome in the city of Rome, during a ritual where he may well have been accompanied by Antinous. From there, Hadrian went on a tour of North Africa, during which he was accompanied by Antinous. In late 128, Hadrian and Antinous landed in 1311:. Although these may well be idealised images, they demonstrate what all contemporary writers described as Antinous's extraordinary beauty. Although many of the sculptures are instantly recognizable, some offer significant variation in terms of the suppleness and sensuality of the pose and features versus the rigidity and typical masculinity. In 1998, monumental remains were discovered at 621:, where they had heard of a Marousian lion causing problems for local people. They hunted down the lion, and although the exact events are unclear, it is apparent that Hadrian saved Antinous's life during their confrontation with it, before the beast itself was killed. Hadrian widely publicised the event, casting bronze medallions of it, getting historians to write about it, commissioning 876:, an attempt to nurture consciousness of Greek identity, to erode the feuding endemic to the Greek city-states, and to promote the worship of the ancient gods; being Greek himself, Antinous as a god assisted Hadrian's cause in this, presenting a symbol of pan-Hellenic unity. In Athens, Hadrian also established a festival to be held in honour of Antinous in October, the Antinoeia. 305:. Hadrian also founded games in commemoration of Antinous to take place in both Antinoöpolis and Athens, with Antinous becoming a symbol of Hadrian's dreams of pan-Hellenism. The worship of Antinous proved to be one of the most enduring and popular of cults of deified humans in the Roman empire, and events continued to be founded in his honour long after Hadrian's death. 923:. Hadrian also had political motives for the creation of Antinoöpolis, which was to be the first Hellenic city in the Middle Nile region, thus serving as a bastion of Greek culture within the Egyptian area. To encourage Egyptians to integrate with this imported Greek culture, he permitted Greeks and Egyptians in the city to marry and allowed the main deity of Hir-we, 1065:

Egypt, Athens, Macedonia, and Italy, children would be named after the deity. Part of the appeal was that Antinous had once been an ordinary person himself, and thus was more relatable than many other deities. It is also possible, however, that his cult borrowed power from parallels between Antinous and beautiful young male immortals in the Greco-Roman pantheon like

836:. The deification of human beings was not uncommon in the Classical world. However, the public and formal divinisation of humans was reserved for the Emperor and members of the imperial family. Thus, Hadrian's decision to declare Antinous a god and create a formal cult devoted to him was highly unusual, and he did so without the permission of the 1554: 423:

background, although Lambert believed it most likely that his family would have been peasant farmers or small business owners, thereby being socially undistinguished yet not from the poorest sectors of society. Lambert also considered it likely that Antinous would have had a basic education as a child, having been taught how to read and write.

721:– that Antinous fell into the river and died, probably from drowning. Hadrian publicly announced his death, with gossip soon spreading throughout the Empire that Antinous had been intentionally killed. The nature of Antinous's death remains a mystery to this day; however, various speculations have been put forward: 971: 647:, he writes "But as far as the central issues go – the history of Antinous, his relationship with Hadrian and the death – we have precious little more information than the earliest writers." Many of these early writers were biased towards Hadrian especially in regard to his relationship with Antinous. 1315:

that archaeologists claimed were from the tomb of Antinous, or a temple to him, though this has been challenged both because of the inconclusive nature of the archaeological remains and the overlooking of patristic sources (Epiphanius, Clement of Alexandria) indicating that Antinous was buried at his

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to the deity at these altars; there is evidence that he was given gifts of food and drink in Egypt, with libations and sacrifices probably being common in Greece. Priests devoted to Antinous would have overseen this worship, with the names of some of these individuals having survived in inscriptions.

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Although the adoption of the Antinous cult was in some cases done to please Hadrian, the evidence makes it clear that the cult was also genuinely popular among the different societal classes in the Empire. Archaeological finds point that Antinous was worshipped in both public and private settings. In

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noted that "Hardly anything is known of Antinous's life, and the fact that our sources get more detailed the later they are does not inspire confidence." Antinous's biographer Royston Lambert echoed this view, commenting that information on him was "tainted always by distance, sometimes by prejudice

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The surviving statues show a well-proportioned body, with downcast eyes and thick, curly hair nestling at the nape of the neck. It is a very classical and, unsurprisingly, a very Greek image. And it is one which remains very familiar as the archetype of perfect beauty. Antinous was not just the last

1137:. Most production of Antinous-based artefacts ceased following the 130s, although such items continued to be used by the cult's followers for several centuries. Later survivals of his cult largely rested in the Eastern Roman Empire, where his acceptance into the pantheon of gods was better received. 957:

An excavation of the city in the early twentieth century revealed a relatively realistic funeral tondo painted on wood. Although the men in the portrait are traditionally identified as brothers, there is speculation that they were lovers, the reason for this being that behind the beardless figure is

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Hadrian proclaimed that games would be held at the city in Spring 131 in commemoration of Antinous. Known as the Antinoeia, they would be held annually for several centuries, being noted as the most important in Egypt. Events included athletic competitions, chariot and equestrian races, and artistic

887:. Inscriptions indicate that Antinous was seen primarily as a benevolent deity, who could be turned to aid his worshipers and cure them of ailments. He was also seen as a conqueror of death, with his name and image often being included in coffins. In the west, Antinous was associated with the Celtic 454:

The Emperor Hadrian spent much time during his reign touring his empire, and arrived in Claudiopolis in June 123, which was probably when he first encountered Antinous. Given Hadrian's personality, Lambert thought it unlikely that they had become lovers at this point, instead suggesting it probable

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About a hundred statues of Antinous have been preserved for modernity, a remarkable fact considering that his cult was the target of intense hostility by Christian apologists, many of whom vandalized and destroyed artefacts and temples built in honour of the youth. By 2005, classicist Caroline Vout

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It is known that Hadrian believed Antinous to be intelligent and wise, and that they had a shared love of hunting, which was seen as a particularly manly pursuit in Roman culture. Although none survive, it is known that Hadrian wrote both an autobiography and erotic poetry about his boy favourites;

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as "Antinous." In this story, Suetonius is a witness to the events before and after Antinous's death by suicide, but learns that he himself was used as an instrument to trick Antinous into killing himself willingly to fulfil a pact made by Hadrian with Egyptian priests to give Hadrian more time to

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to perpetuate the melancholy beauty, diffident manner, and lithe and sensuous frame of his boyfriend Antinous," creating in the process what has been described as "the last independent creation of Greco-Roman art". It is traditionally assumed that they were all produced between Antinous's death in

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Games held in honour of Antinous were held in at least 9 cities and included both athletic and artistic components. The games at Bythynion, Antinoöpolis, and Mantineia were still active by the early 3rd century, while those at Athens and Eleusis were still operating in 266–67. Rumours spread

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Some scholars suggest that Antinous may have been killed by Hadrian himself, either in an attempt by the latter to regain his health, or during an argument between the two. Elizabeth Speller, one of Hadrian's biographers, notes that the second idea aligns with the emperor's well-documented fits of

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and that he was established in his home in Bithynia when he met Hadrian. Many scholars believe, with the circumstantial evidence, that the relationship of Hadrian and Antinous lasted approximately three years: from 127 CE to October 130 CE, when Antinous drowned in the Nile. The conclusion is that

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Antinous remained a figure of cultural significance for centuries to come; as Vout noted, he was "arguably the most notorious pretty boy from the annals of classical history." Sculptures of Antinous began to be reproduced from the 16th century; it remains likely that some of these modern examples

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and was also smaller than the official imperial cult of Hadrian himself. However, it spread rapidly throughout the Empire, with traces of the cult having been found in at least 70 cities. The cult was most popular in Egypt, Greece, Asia Minor, and the North African coast, but a large community of

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dated 136 AD; the year is uncertain, but Antinous must have been about 18 when he drowned, the exact date of which place is itself not clear: certainly a few days before 5 October 1 AD when Hadrian founded the city of Antinoöpolis, possibly on the 13th (the Nile festival) or more likely the 24th

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At least 28 temples were constructed for the worship of Antinous throughout the Empire, although most were fairly modest in design; those at Tarsos, Philadelphia, and Lanuvium consisted of a four-column portico. It is likely, however, that those which Hadrian was directly involved in, such as at

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Antinoöpolis continued to grow into the Byzantine era, being Christianised with the conversion of the Empire. However, it retained an association with magic for centuries to come. Over the centuries, stone from the Hadrianic city was removed for the construction of homes and mosques. By the 18th

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One possibility is that he was murdered by a conspiracy at court. However, Lambert asserted that this was unlikely because it lacked any supporting historical evidence, and because Antinous himself seemingly exerted little influence over Hadrian, thus meaning that an assassination served little

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Sculptures of Antinous became widespread, with Hadrian probably having approved a basic model of Antinous's likeness for other sculptors to follow. These sculptures were produced in large quantities between 130 and 138, with estimates being in the region of around 2,000, of which at least 115

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onward asserted that Antinous had been a slave, only one of around fifty early sources claims that. This possibility remains unlikely, as it would have proven heavily controversial to deify a former slave in Roman society. There is no surviving reliable evidence attesting to Antinous's family

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of eighteen or nineteen would be depicted with full pubic hair, whereas the statues of Antinous depict him as prepubescent "without pubic hair and with carefully represented soft groin tissue". As for the statues of Antinous portraying his real age, one must remember the statues are artistic

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Antinous by identifying him with Osiris due to the manner of his death. In keeping with Egyptian custom, Antinous's body was probably embalmed and mummified by priests, a lengthy process which might explain why Hadrian remained in Egypt until spring 131. While there, in October 130, Hadrian

1228:. Viewing the religion as a blasphemous rival to Christianity, they insisted that Antinous had simply been a mortal human and condemned his sexual activities with Hadrian as immoral. Associating his cult with malevolent magic, they argued that Hadrian had imposed his worship through fear. 5039:, Des Grieux makes a passing reference to Antinous as he describes how he felt during a musical performance: "I now began to understand things hitherto so strange, the love the mighty monarch felt for his fair Grecian slave, Antinous, who – like unto Christ – died for his master's sake." 1141:

throughout the Empire that at Antinous's cultic centre in Antinoöpolis, there were "sacred nights" characterised by drunken revelries, perhaps including sexual orgies. The cult of Antinous endured far beyond Hadrian's reign. Local coins depicting his effigy were still being struck during

1601: 5019:" (1894). In "The Young King", a reference is made to the king kissing a statue of 'the Bithynian slave of Hadrian' in a passage describing the young king's aesthetic sensibilities and his "...strange passion for beauty...". Images of other classical paragons of male beauty, 1211:

also criticised it for what he perceived as the debauched nature of its Egyptian devotees, arguing that it led people into immoral behaviour, in this way comparing it to Christianity. Surviving examples of Christian condemnation of the Antinous cults come from figures like

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It is unclear whether Hadrian genuinely believed that Antinous had become a god. He would have also had political motives for creating the organised cult, for it enshrined political and personal loyalties specifically to him. In October 131, Hadrian proceeded to

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It is unknown exactly where Antinous's body was buried. It has been argued that either his body or some relics associated with him would have been interred at a shrine in Antinoöpolis, although this has yet to be identified archaeologically. However, a surviving

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The way that Hadrian took the boy on his travels, kept close to him at moments of spiritual, moral or physical exaltation, and, after his death, surrounded himself with his images, shows an obsessive craving for his presence, a mystical-religious need for his

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Hadrian was keen to disseminate the cult of Antinous throughout the Roman Empire. He focused on its spread within the Greek lands, and in Summer 131 travelled these areas promoting it by presenting Antinous in a syncretised form with the more familiar deity

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Antinoöpolis, Bithynion, and Mantineia, were often grander, while in the majority of cases, shrines or altars to Antinous would have been erected in or near the pre-existing temples of the imperial cult, or Dionysus or Hermes. Worshippers would have given

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depicting Antinous were issued, based upon the designs of those issued in the 130s. Many sculptures of Antinous were destroyed by Christians, as well as by invading barbarian tribes, although in some instances were then re-erected; the Antinous statue at

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is likened to Antinous. "A charming young man who was capable of being a terror. He was angelically good-looking, an untamed Antinous." Hugo also remarks that Enjolras was "seeming not to be aware of the existence on earth of a creature called woman."

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The controversy surrounding the relationship between Hadrian and Antinous is due to a lack of extant evidence for where Antinous was during the years from 123–130 CE. The first mention of Antinous is from Pancrates and his Lion Hunt poem from 130 CE.

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in 131, he proclaimed the foundation of a temple devoted to Hermes, where the deity was probably venerated as Hermes-Antinous. Although Hadrian preferred to associate Antinous with Hermes, he was far more widely syncretised with the god

954:. However, in the 19th century, Antinoöpolis was almost completely destroyed by local industrial production, as the chalk and limestone were burned for powder while stone was used in the construction of a nearby dam and sugar factory. 5194:

noted that most of the texts dealing with Antinous's biography only dealt with him briefly and were post-Hadrianic in date, thus commenting that "reconstructing a detailed biography is impossible." The historian Thorsten Opper of the

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Lambert believed that the sculptures of Antinous "remain without doubt one of the most elevated and ideal monuments to pederastic love of the whole ancient world", also describing them as "the final great creation of classical art".

848:, it remained separate and distinct. Hadrian also identified a star in the sky between the Eagle and the Zodiac to be Antinous, and came to associate the rosy lotus that grew on the banks of the Nile as being the flower of Antinous. 1244:

had been toppled and had its forearms broken off, before being re-erected in a chapel elsewhere. Many of the images of Antinous remained in public places until the official prohibition of pagan religions under the reign of Emperor

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for a higher education. He had become the favourite of Hadrian by 128, when he was taken on a tour of the Roman Empire as part of Hadrian's personal retinue. Antinous accompanied Hadrian during his attendance of the annual

927:, to continue to be worshipped in Antinoöpolis alongside the new primary deity, Osiris-Antinous. He encouraged Greeks from elsewhere to settle in the new city, using various incentives to do so. The city was designed on a 5361:(Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, 2010), 75–83; Bendlin, Andreas: "Associations, Funerals, Sociality, and Roman Law: The Collegium of Diana and Antinous in Lanuvium (CIL 14.2112) Reconsidered", in M. Öhler (ed.), 639:

it was clear that Antinous was no longer a youth, having become more muscular and hairier, perceptibly more able to resist his master; and thus, it is likely that his relationship with Hadrian was changing as a result.

614:. Although welcomed with public praise and ceremony, some of Hadrian's appointments and actions angered the city's Hellenic social elite, who began to gossip about his sexual activities, including those with Antinous. 489:

was unhappy, and there is no reliable evidence that he ever expressed a sexual attraction for women, in contrast to much reliable early evidence that he was sexually attracted to boys and young men. For centuries,

1566: 5033:, the artist Basil Hallward describes the appearance of Dorian Gray as an event as important to his art as "the face of Antinous was to late Greek sculpture." Furthermore, in a novel attributed to Oscar Wilde, 333: 543:; the Caesernii brothers, frequent companions of the Emperor; and Pedanius Fuscus the Younger (a great-nephew of Hadrian). It was in Athens in September 128 that they attended the annual celebrations of the 467:. It was at some point over the following three years that Antinous became his personal favourite, for by the time he left for Greece three years later, he brought Antinous with him in his personal retinue: 598:. From there, Hadrian became increasingly critical of Jewish culture, which he feared opposed Romanisation, and so introduced policies banning circumcision and building a Temple of Zeus-Jupiter on the 8272: 1296:

and Hadrian. She also asserted that the Classical study of these Antinous images was particularly important because of his "rare mix" of "biographical mystery and overwhelming physical presence".

392:, one of Antinous's biographers, asserted that it was probably on 27 November. Given the location of his birth and his physical appearance, it is likely that part of his ancestry was not Greek. 1499: 294:, Antinous died amid mysterious circumstances. Various suggestions have been put forward for how he died, ranging from an accidental drowning to an intentional human sacrifice or suicide. 1664: 1629:

suggests that the statues of Antinous are concerned with depicting the real age of Antinous at the age of his death, and that this is more likely to be "around thirteen to fourteen". An

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During the struggles between Christians and pagan worshippers in Rome during the 4th century, Antinous was championed by members of the latter. As a result of this, the Christian poet

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it is therefore likely that he wrote about Antinous. During their relationship, there is no evidence that Antinous ever used his influence over Hadrian for personal or political gain.

5004:, began offering cast statues of Antinous for £3 10s. At the time, Antinous's fame was increased by the work of fiction and writers and scholars, many of whom were not homosexuals. 8621: 431: 4943: 508:(the "beloved," aged between 12 and 18) and taking a key role in his (the latter's) education. There is no historical evidence available to support at what age Antinous became a 744:

A fourth possibility is that the death was accidental, perhaps because Antinous was intoxicated. According to his now-lost memoirs, Hadrian himself believed this to be the case.

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for the persistence of Antinous's cult and Christian reactions to it. Freely available. The relationship of P. Oxy. 63.4352 with Diocletian's accession is not entirely clear.

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across the Empire. The cult also spread through Egypt, and within a few years of its foundation, altars and temples to the god had been erected in Hermopolis, Alexandria,

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groups have re-sacralized Antinous. Because of his same-sex relationship with Hadrian, Antinous's modern cult mainly appeals to members of the LGBT community, especially

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Antinous was understood differently by his various worshippers, in part due to regional and cultural variation. In some inscriptions he is identified as a divine

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Following his death, Hadrian deified Antinous and founded an organised cult devoted to his worship that spread throughout the Empire. Hadrian founded the city of

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There are also statues in many archaeological museums in Greece including the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, the archaeological museums of Patras,

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worshippers also existed in Italy, Spain, and northwestern Europe. Artefacts in honour of Antinous have been found in an area that spans from Britain to the

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Lambert described Antinous as "the one person who seems to have connected most profoundly with Hadrian" throughout the latter's life. Hadrian's marriage to

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not only in Egypt, but in Rome and Greece; the Obelisk of Antinous in Rome describes the honour and, "Osirantinous" as "the Reborn" and "the Everlasting."

1372: 658:. On the west side of the relief is a mutilated phrase which states "he grew up to be a beautiful youth". This would suggest that Antinous was already an 512:

of Hadrian. Such a societal institution of pederasty was not indigenous to Roman culture, although the practice was somewhat common among the patricians.

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as part of an attempt to retain his youth and thus his sexual appeal to Hadrian. However, this is improbable because Hadrian deemed both castration and

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anger and violence. However, most scholars reject the notion that Hadrian murdered his own lover, judging by his overwhelming grief at Antinous's death.

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Hadrian was devastated by the death of Antinous, with contemporaries attesting that he "wept like a woman." In Egypt, the local priesthood immediately

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identified Antinous as being "at the forefront of the homosexual imagination" in late 19th-century Europe. In this, Antinous replaced the figure of

4272: 980: 840:. The Emperor was criticised for his immense grief at Antinous's death, especially considering that he had delayed the apotheosis of his own sister 705:. The retinue included officials, the Prefect, army and naval commanders, as well as literary and scholarly figures. Possibly also joining them was 8631: 1650: 1447: 1432: 1352: 919:

The city of Antinoöpolis was erected on the site of Hir-we. All previous buildings were razed and replaced, with the exception of the Temple of

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D.R. Cartlidge, D.L. Dungan, Documents for the Study of the Gospels, 195; R. Lambert, Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous, 60.

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The story of Antinous' death was dramatized in the radio play "The Glass Ball Game", Episode Two of the second series of the BBC radio drama

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There are various potential origins for the name "Antinous"; it is possible that he was named after the character of Antinous, who is one of

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proclaimed Antinous to be a deity and announced that a city should be built on the site of his death in commemoration of him, to be called

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that was typical of Hellenic cities, and embellished with columns and many statues of Antinous, as well as a temple devoted to the deity.

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A.R. Birley, Hadrian: The Restless Emperor, 241; T. Opper, Hadrian: Empire and Conflict (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008), 173.

8728: 8471: 5035: 1589: 414:. Another possibility is that he was given the male equivalent of "Antinoë", the name of a woman who was one of the founding figures of 643:

Throughout history there has been much controversy concerning the relationship between Hadrian and Antinous. In Royston Lambert's book

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Antinous has attracted attention from the homosexual subculture since the 18th century, the most illustrious examples for this being

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could note that more images have been identified of Antinous than of any other figure in classical antiquity with the exceptions of

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to be abominations and, as Antinous was aged between 18 and 20 at the time of death, any such operation would have been ineffective.

709:, a young aristocrat whom Antinous might have deemed a rival to Hadrian's affections. On their journey up the Nile, they stopped at 8251: 5418: 8713: 4010: 1612: 222:. Following his premature death before his 20th birthday, Antinous was deified on Hadrian's orders, being worshipped in both the 5285:

Hadrian's "Hellenic" emotionalism finds a culturally sympathetic echo in the Homeric Achilles' mourning for his friend Patroclus

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a representation of Antinous-Osiris, the only pictorial representation that has survived of a statue of the deified young man.

7976: 7858: 4662: 368:, in what is now north-west Turkey. He was born in the territory to the east of the city called Mantineion, a rural locality: 8708: 8600: 8384: 8325: 8287: 8120: 8079: 4818: 2008: 7630:

Mari, Zaccaria and Sgalambro, Sergio: "The Antinoeion of Hadrian's Villa: Interpretation and Architectural Reconstruction",

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celebrated Antinous in an 1865 pamphlet that he wrote under the pseudonym of "Numa Numantius." In 1893, homophile newspaper

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Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.

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This was important later for the cult character expressed in his statues: he was a figure of the country, a woodland boy.

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AD, during the reign of Hadrian. The reverse depicts a bust of Antinoos with inscription ΑΝΤΙΝΟΟϹ ΗΡΩϹ (“Antinoos hero”)

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century, the ruins of Antinoöpolis were still visible, being recorded by such European travellers as Jesuit missionary

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that Antinous had been selected to be sent to Italy, where he was probably schooled at the imperial paedagogium at the

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2nd-century funeral portrait depicting two men of the cult of Antinous. Tempera painting on wooden panel, now at the

459:. Hadrian meanwhile had continued to tour the empire, only returning to Italy in September 125, when he settled into 5029: 4046: 1794: 1424: 698: 100: 8753: 3713: 1966: 223: 20: 384:

The year of Antinous's birth is not recorded, although it is estimated that it was probably between 110 and 112

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118 Fox, T. E. (2014). The Cult of Antinous and the Response of the Greek East to Hadrian's Creation of a God .

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contains an inscription strongly suggesting that Antinous's body was interred at Hadrian's country estate, the

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Birley, A. R. (2000). "Hadrian to the Antonines". In Alan K. Bowman; Peter Garnsey; Dominic Rathbone (eds.).

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of Prussia. Vout noted that Antinous came to be identified as "a gay icon." Novelist and independent scholar

290:, an event highly publicised by the Emperor. In October 130, as they were part of a flotilla going along the 8336: 4252: 2865: 1284: 944: 883:, in others as a god, and in others as both a divine hero and a god. In Egypt, he was often understood as a 283: 262: 6140:

Fox, T. E. (2014). The Cult of Antinous and the Response of the Greek East to Hadrian's Creation of a God .

778: 8733: 8635: 8575: 8552: 8535: 7400: 5149: 5064:, Hadrian scolds the gods for Antinous's deification. "Lament for Antinoüs", translation by Stephen Cohn. 4977: 4286: 3241: 1546: 1192: 1098: 595: 587: 342: 4809: 8703: 8192: 5096: 5075:, but he only published it in 1918, close to the end of World War I, in a slim volume of English verse. 4997: 2436: 1625:

The common image of Antinous is of an ephebic teenager which would be of the age of 18 or 19 years old.

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and musical festivals, with prizes including citizenship, money, tokens, and free lifetime maintenance.

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In late September or early October 130, Hadrian and his entourage, among them Antinous, assembled at

550: 544: 317: 279: 7783: 4812:) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in 388:. Early sources record that his birthday was in November, and although the exact date is not known, 8668: 5224: 5219: 4981: 4538: 3790: 2417: 1506: 1359: 1104: 845: 807: 803: 726:

purpose. However, a faction looking to replace Hadrian's attention or affection can't be ruled out.

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and by the alarming and bizarre ways in which the principal sources have been transmitted to us."

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It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.

8480: 8433: 8425: 7931: 7829: 5084: 5061: 3445: 3437: 1511: 1439: 1113: 994: 748: 270: 8493: 8069: 8048: 5352: 4961: 1312: 1157: 460: 338: 115: 8596: 8499: 8452: 8380: 8359: 8321: 8302: 8283: 8257: 8236: 8217: 8198: 8177: 8156: 8137: 8116: 8075: 8054: 8033: 7864: 7809: 7671: 6814: 6586: 5176: 5044: 5016: 4924: 4902: 4883: 1204: 1069:, Dionysus, and Silvanus as well as mortal youths beloved by gods in classical mythology like 559:. It is generally agreed, although not proven, that Antinous was also initiated at that time. 8131: 8094: 7805: 7799: 519:

In March 127, Hadrian – probably accompanied by Antinous – travelled through the

418:, a city which probably had close relations with Bithynia. Although many historians from the 8698: 8643: 8417: 8110: 7507: 5357:, Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 55 (2010) , 159–198; Jones, Christopher P., 5234: 5214: 5159: 4814: 4279: 1486: 1200: 1125: 1048:, or even as large as those of cults which were growing in popularity at that time, such as 928: 815: 811: 710: 663:

there is little documentation for or about the actual relationship of Hadrian and Antinous.

443: 308:

Antinous became a symbol of male homosexuality in Western culture, appearing in the work of

151: 48: 7833: 654:

Hard evidence regarding Antinous's life is available in the form of the Pincian obelisk on

562: 247: 8625: 8027: 7943: 5154: 5142: 5137: 5117: 5068: 4526:

dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships

3804: 3749: 3721: 2428: 2186: 1959: 1401: 1332: 913: 880: 447: 439: 389: 313: 241: 4510: lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned 903: 833: 298: 769: 229: 5196: 5012: 4966: 4916: 3454: 2407: 2152: 1626: 1577: 717:. It was shortly after this, in October 130 – around the time of the festival of 591: 435: 377: 361: 187: 8657: 8639: 8586: 8437: 8403: 8089: 7654: 5191: 5129: 5092: 4864:"De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families" 4501: 3783: 2656: 1787: 1386: 1382: 1270:

pagan god; he was the inspiration of the last glorious fluorescence of classical art.

1032:

The cult of Antinous was never as large as those of well-established deities such as

940: 857: 706: 679: 603: 119: 8374: 301:

close to Antinous's place of death, which became a cultic centre for the worship of

8466: 5121: 4992:, who had been the primary homoerotic representation in the visual arts during the 4985: 4444: 3764: 2688: 1246: 1188: 873: 837: 738: 655: 599: 540: 486: 456: 76: 7368: 617:

Soon after, and probably in September 130, Hadrian and Antinous travelled west to

8590: 8171: 4973:

have subsequently been sold as Classical artefacts and are still viewed as such.

8544: 8531: 7795: 6855: 5537: 5008: 4993: 4454: 1417: 1236: 1018: 888: 844:

when she died. Although the cult of Antinous therefore had connections with the

752: 626: 618: 567: 556: 500:(the "lover," aged between 20 and 40) undertaking a sexual relationship with an 419: 309: 287: 274: 104: 8469:(1995). ""The Most Famous Fairy in History": Antinous and Homosexual Fantasy". 8421: 6437: 8492:

Wilson, R. J. A (1998). "Roman art and architecture". In John Boardman (ed.).

7511: 5188: 1232: 1213: 1146: 828: 734: 702: 607: 579: 385: 7958: 7408: 261:

Little is known of Antinous's life, although it is known that he was born in

7344:"Antinoos, The New God: Origen on Miracle and Belief in Third Century Egypt" 5125: 4628: 1608: 1253: 1142: 1129:

There is evidence of oracles being present at a number of Antinoan temples.

1109: 1045: 1022: 920: 622: 509: 415: 215: 68: 6811:

Roman Homosexuality : Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity

7909:

Reflections on the Composition of Memoirs of Hadrian in Memoirs of Hadrian

1203:, who were all sceptical about the apotheosis of Antinous, as well as the 5264: 5263:

The day and month of his birth come from an inscription on a tablet from

5049: 4018: 1293: 1134: 1037: 1014: 528: 503: 401: 365: 211: 72: 8429: 8104:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 130. 8484: 7977:"Apple Podcasts Preview 340. Hadrian and Antinous: The Rest Is History" 5133: 5108: 5100: 4061: 4037: 2817: 2697: 2618: 2208: 1631: 1304: 1257: 1053: 1041: 1009: 891: 853: 751:. The earliest surviving suggestion of this comes from the writings of 683: 659: 583: 570:

at left depicting Hadrian's lion hunt, accompanied by Antinous, on the

532: 524: 410: 219: 133: 7670:

Antinous: boy made god Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, 2018.

908: 273:. He was probably introduced to Hadrian in 123, before being taken to 5363:

Aposteldekret und antikes Vereinswesen: Gemeinschaft und ihre Ordnung

5269: 5020: 2168: 1581: 1527: 1420: 1364: 1308: 1241: 1221: 1217: 1208: 1207:, who were critical of Hadrian more generally. The pagan philosopher 1196: 1162: 1145:'s reign, and he was invoked in a poem to celebrate the accession of 1117: 1094: 1066: 1058: 1005: 869: 819: 791: 718: 548: 536: 520: 501: 495: 302: 8648: 8318:

Following Hadrian: A Second-Century Journey through the Roman Empire

8173:

The Emperor Hadrian: A Picture of the Graeco-Roman World in His Time

8029:

Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II

1277:

Following Hadrian: A Second-Century Journey through the Roman Empire

6169: 6167: 5165:

In June 2023, Hadrian and Antinous were the subject of the podcast

5027:, are also mentioned in the same context. Additionally, in Wilde's 7293: 7144: 7142: 4960: 1987: 1942: 1184: 1156: 1103: 1086: 1074: 1026: 907: 861: 714: 670: 561: 464: 430: 405: 350: 332: 123: 5720: 5718: 4882:. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta. 4863: 1560:

Egyptianizing statue of Antinoos as Osiris at the Vatican Museums

1316:

temple in Antinoöpolis, the Egyptian city founded in his honour.

1183:

The cult of Antinous was criticised by various individuals, both

1049: 1033: 733:

Another suggestion is that Antinous had died during a voluntary

357: 346: 291: 266: 96: 8093: 7384: 7382: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 924: 8616: 6495: 6493: 6453: 6451: 6058: 6056: 191: 6196: 6194: 6148: 6146: 539:, where they remained until May 129, accompanied by Empress 8050:

The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192

7689:

Color of the Gods: Painted Sculpture in Classical Antiquity

6408: 6406: 5601: 5599: 1191:. Critics included followers of other pagan cults, such as 494:

among Greece's leisured and citizen classes, with an older

253: 235: 172: 7469: 7467: 7251: 7249: 7212: 7210: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7093: 7091: 7042: 7040: 6991: 6989: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6724: 6722: 6685: 6683: 794:

from 130–138 CE depicting Antinous, either as Dionysos or

7751: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7575: 7573: 7498:

White, Ethan Doyle (2016). "The New Cultus of Antinous".

6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6468: 6466: 6317: 6315: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5385: 5383: 4522: bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties 1149:, who reigned more than a century after Antinous' death. 175: 166: 154: 7891: 6085: 6083: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5864: 5862: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5628: 5626: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5492: 5490: 4880:

Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins

586:

in June 129, where they were based for a year, visiting

286:, and was with him when he killed the Marousian lion in 7430: 7428: 6510: 6508: 5458: 5456: 5454: 8233:

Antinoo. "Un dio malinconico" nella storia e nell'arte

7590: 7588: 6278: 6276: 8416:. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 80–96. 8273:"Egypt under Roman rule: the legacy of Ancient Egypt" 4944:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

701:

to set sail upstream as part of a flotilla along the

610:

in August 130, there they visited the sarcophagus of

356:

Antinous was born to a Greek family near the city of

178: 169: 157: 8301:. Ancient Cultures (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. 4516: grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants 163: 8595:. University of California: Henry Moore Institute. 5419:"Mark Golden on Caroline Vout, Power and Eroticism" 4921:

Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age

4700:

Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.

1235:denounced his worship in 384, while a set of seven 747:Another possibility is that Antinous represented a 631:depicting it created which was later placed on the 547:, where Hadrian was initiated into the position of 245: 227: 160: 129: 111: 83: 56: 30: 8214:Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous 8194:New heroes in antiquity: from Achilles to Antinoos 6173: 6136: 6134: 5656: 5359:New Heroes in Antiquity: From Achilles to Antinoos 4899:Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous 4652:Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161. 479:Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous 7375:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 8 September 2023. 6585:, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 2007. 4598:Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161. 4830:Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. 4568:Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7. 993:Antinous" was found at Hadrian's Villa in 1769 ( 606:. From there, they headed to Egypt. Arriving in 7148: 7070: 6526: 6101: 5772: 5724: 5590: 5317: 4772:Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10. 4620: 4618: 4616: 1267: 469: 370: 7687:Brinkmann, Vinzenz, and Raimund Wünsche, eds. 5508:R.R.R. Smith :Antinous: boy made god, 2018 p15 4781:Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163. 7294:"Antinous: From the Pederastic to the Divine" 6267: 5544:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 15 June 2023. 1658: 1097:. Like the latter, Antinous was treated as a 8: 8523:Biography of Hadrian in the Historia Augusta 8026:Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry (2000). 6444:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 6 July 2023. 4687:Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and 8109:Danziger, Danny; Purcell, Nicholas (2006). 7419: 6740: 6333: 6224: 5426:The Ancient History Bulletin Online Reviews 4691:; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc. 8553:Greek Text and Translation by Earnest Cary 8406:(2005). "Antinous, Archaeology, History". 8344:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 8071:Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire 7926:. Penguin Books Limited. 20 February 2020. 6908: 6200: 5343:Hadrian and the Oracles of Antinous (SHA, 4840: 4838: 4836: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4585: 4583: 1665: 1651: 1643: 27: 8479:(2). University of Texas Press: 194–230. 8451:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8282:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7959:"HADRIAN Synopsis and Librettist's Notes" 6412: 5347:14.7); with an appendix on the so-called 5103:and Antinous" while speaking to Murugan. 4639: 4637: 4606: 4604: 8617:The Temple of Antinous, Ecclesia Antinoi 8396:Roman Art: Early Republic to Late Empire 7216: 6980: 5389: 5145:may grow up to become the next Emperor. 4627:contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), 7618: 7606: 7485: 7473: 7458: 7446: 7388: 7330: 7318: 7306: 7279: 7267: 7255: 7240: 7228: 7201: 7184: 7172: 7109: 7097: 7058: 7046: 7031: 7019: 7007: 6995: 6968: 6956: 6944: 6932: 6920: 6896: 6884: 6872: 6842: 6830: 6797: 6785: 6764: 6752: 6728: 6713: 6701: 6689: 6674: 6662: 6650: 6638: 6626: 6614: 6602: 6569: 6557: 6538: 6499: 6484: 6472: 6457: 6424: 6397: 6385: 6373: 6361: 6345: 6321: 6306: 6294: 6248: 6236: 6212: 6185: 6125: 6113: 6089: 6062: 6047: 6035: 6023: 6011: 5999: 5972: 5960: 5948: 5921: 5909: 5897: 5880: 5868: 5853: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5784: 5760: 5748: 5736: 5709: 5692: 5680: 5668: 5632: 5617: 5605: 5578: 5566: 5524: 5496: 5481: 5374: 5329: 5298: 5273: 5256: 4561: 1318: 1161:Bronze medallion minted by the city of 625:to write a poem about it, and having a 7939: 7929: 7767: 7755: 7736: 7579: 7524: 6514: 5305: 1492:National Archaeological Museum, Naples 8649:Virtual Museum: Portraits of Antinous 8495:The Oxford History of the Roman World 8394:Vermeule, Cornelius Clarkson (1979). 8009: 7957:MacIvor, Daniel (20 September 2018). 7911:. English Edition. 2005. p. 326, 329. 7804:. London: Penguin Classics. pp. 7691:. Munich: Stiftung Archäologie, 2007. 7434: 7082: 6074: 5841: 5644: 5554: 5462: 5412: 5410: 5401: 4452: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4285: 4278: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4073: 4060: 4052: 4050: 4045: 4036: 4016: 4014: 4009: 4002: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3896: 3830: 3803: 3796: 3794: 3789: 3782: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3748: 3739: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3520: 3489: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3452: 3443: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3420: 3413: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3265: 3240: 3233: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3102: 3090: 3077: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2995: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2839: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2712: 2695: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2624: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2587: 2585: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2441: 2435: 2426: 2416: 2406: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2308: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2207: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2184: 2166: 2164: 2159: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2014: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1972: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1940: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1682: 1595:Bust of Antinous-Osiris at the Louvre 341:, dating from 130–138 AD, now at the 7: 8448:Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome 8299:Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture 8216:. George Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 8153:The Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire 8068:Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro (2000). 7997: 7896:, at the Portuguese National Library 7780:Teleny, or the Reverse of the Medals 7724: 7712: 7700: 7594: 7564: 7552: 7548: 7536: 7355: 7160: 7133: 7121: 6583:Power and eroticism in Imperial Rome 6349: 6282: 5365:(WUNT 280; Tübingen, 2011), 207–296. 5148:On 13 October 2018, in Toronto, the 1532:Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst 760:Deification and the cult of Antinous 269:, Turkey), in the Roman province of 8472:Journal of the History of Sexuality 5036:Teleny, or The Reverse of the Medal 872:, where from 131/32 he founded the 7860:Neue Gedichte – Rainer Maria Rilke 14: 8592:Antinous: The Face of the Antique 8176:. Harvard University: Macmillan. 8136:. Random House Publishing Group. 8115:. Hodder & Stoughton Canada. 7863:. Northwestern University Press. 6813:. Oxford University Press: 1999, 1275:Excerpt from Elizabeth Speller's 8578:, "Antinous", in J. A. Symonds, 7636:, Vol. 111, No. 1, January 2007, 1613:Archaeological Museum of Eleusis 1600: 1588: 1565: 1553: 1538: 1519: 1498: 1478: 1462: 1446: 1431: 1409: 1393: 1371: 1351: 1339: 1324: 979: 970: 777: 768: 713:, the primary shrine to the god 150: 38: 8749:Lovers of ancient Roman royalty 8170:Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1898). 8133:Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome 7633:American Journal of Archaeology 6862:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 5355:and Rome's Monte Pincio Obelisk 5058:Der neuen Gedichte anderer Teil 4808:The epitomator of Cassius Dio ( 4500: Reddish-purple indicates 4461: 4025: 3771: 3728: 3461: 2703: 2175: 1994: 1949: 688: 477:Excerpt from Royston Lambert's 218:and lover of the Roman emperor 8379:. Cambridge University Press. 8280:The Cambridge History of Egypt 8074:. Princeton University Press. 8053:. Cambridge University Press. 6174:Aldrich & Wotherspoon 2000 5657:Aldrich & Wotherspoon 2000 16:Lover of Roman emperor Hadrian 1: 8580:Sketches and Studies in Italy 8398:. Boston Museum of Fine Arts. 5268:(anniversary of the death of 5240:Antinous-Dionysus (Hermitage) 5011:referenced Antinous in both " 4504:of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty 4273:C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus 1173: 1166: 948: 204: 197: 87: 60: 8409:The Journal of Roman Studies 8256:. Harvard University Press. 8253:Hadrian: Empire and Conflict 8197:. Harvard University Press. 7857:Rilke, Rainer Maria (1998). 6935:, pp. 199–200, 205–206. 5276:, p. 19, and elsewhere. 1574:National Museum of Fine Arts 1469:Antinous as a priest of the 802:Bust of Antinous as the god 549: 502: 496: 254: 240:) and sometimes merely as a 236: 8498:. Oxford University Press. 8358:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 8320:. Oxford University Press. 8316:Speller, Elizabeth (2003). 8278:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). 8231:Mambella, Raffaele (2008). 8191:Jones, Christopher (2010). 7149:Danziger & Purcell 2006 7071:Danziger & Purcell 2006 6527:Danziger & Purcell 2006 6102:Danziger & Purcell 2006 5773:Danziger & Purcell 2006 5725:Danziger & Purcell 2006 5591:Danziger & Purcell 2006 5318:Danziger & Purcell 2006 5230:Statue of Antinous (Delphi) 5071:wrote a long poem entitled 4923:. Oxford University Press. 2016:Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus 1545:Head (the bust is modern), 1331:Antinous as Bacchus at the 682:, made during the reign of 676:Statue of Antinous (Delphi) 360:, which was located in the 8770: 8729:Ancient Greek LGBTQ people 8422:10.3815/000000005784016342 8271:Ritner, Robert K. (1998). 5030:The Picture of Dorian Gray 1673:Nerva–Antonine family tree 1640:Nerva–Antonine family tree 1425:Palazzo Massimo alle Terme 901: 578:From there they headed to 545:Great Mysteries of Eleusis 446:(right), both part of the 337:Head of Antinous found at 246: 228: 192: 18: 8694:Deified ancient Roman men 8373:Vassilika, Eleni (1998). 8297:Skinner, Marilyn (2013). 8235:. Rome: Editore Colombo. 8212:Lambert, Royston (1984). 8130:Everitt, Anthony (2010). 8032:(1 ed.). Routledge. 7661:. Accessed 25 March 2022. 7512:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.32 4897:Lambert, Royston (1984). 4878:Giacosa, Giorgio (1977). 4472: 4470: 4450: 4448: 4445:Furia Sabina Tranquillina 4381: 4377: 4375: 4365: 4295: 4293: 4283: 4249: 4242: 4240:L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2) 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4190: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4136: 4134: 4118: 4116: 4096: 4083: 4067: 4058: 4043: 4034: 4032: 4007: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3924: 3904: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3816: 3810: 3801: 3787: 3780: 3746: 3737: 3735: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3668: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3576: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3500: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3450: 3434: 3418: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3357: 3355: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3271: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3238: 3224: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3205: 3168: 3166: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3075: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2937: 2935: 2923: 2921: 2909: 2905: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2862: 2844: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2757: 2755: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2710: 2693: 2662: 2660: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2626:L. Julius Ursus Servianus 2622: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2433: 2424: 2422: 2414: 2412: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2386: 2378: 2376: 2364: 2362: 2350: 2348: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2284: 2282: 2270: 2268: 2254: 2222: 2205: 2191: 2182: 2157: 2133: 2131: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2103: 2101: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2043: 2041: 2012: 1970: 1956: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1922: 1920: 1912: 1910: 1898: 1896: 1884: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1829: 1827: 1818: 1809: 1807: 1798: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1572:Bust (130–138 AD) in the 749:voluntary human sacrifice 224:Greek East and Latin West 210:) was a Greek youth from 45:Bust of Antinous-Dionysus 37: 21:Antinous (disambiguation) 8674:2nd-century Greek people 8514:Ancient literary sources 8250:Opper, Thorsten (1996). 7461:, pp. 6–7, 196–197. 6767:, p. 181–182. 6716:, pp. 148, 163–164. 5933:Cassius Dio pp. 444-445 5442:Cassius Dio pp. 444–445 5210:Antinous (constellation) 5056:In "Klage um Antinous", 4532:= posthumously deified ( 3422:Calvisia Domitia Lucilla 1788:Q. Marcius Barea Soranus 1514:, from the Villa Adriana 1400:Bust of Antinous in the 1153:Condemnation and decline 707:Lucius Ceionius Commodus 8714:Life-death-rebirth gods 8445:Vout, Caroline (2007). 8101:Encyclopædia Britannica 7907:Yourcenar, Marguerite. 7342:see Trevor W. Thompson 4054:Ti. Claudius Pompeianus 3180:L. Caesennius Antoninus 1112:from the collection of 806:from the collection of 8739:Male lovers of royalty 8724:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 8636:Lady Lever Art Gallery 8576:John Addington Symonds 8151:Gómez, Carlos (2019). 7963:Canadian Opera Company 7292:Wong, Desmond (2013). 5975:, pp. xxiii–xxiv. 5158:, the second opera by 5150:Canadian Opera Company 4978:Prince Eugene of Savoy 4969: 4844:Levick (2014), p. 117. 4799:Giacosa (1977), p. 10. 4763:Levick (2014), p. 164. 4741:Levick (2014), p. 162. 4716:Levick (2014), p. 163. 4589:Levick (2014), p. 161. 4287:Junius Licinius Balbus 4081:Junius Licinius Balbus 4075:M. Plautius Quintillus 4047:M. Annius Verus Caesar 3006:C. Fuscus Salinator II 2818:Julia Serviana Paulina 1547:Antikensammlung Berlin 1320:Depictions of Antinous 1281: 1180: 1120: 961: 916: 694: 575: 483: 451: 382: 353: 343:Museo Nazionale Romano 226:, sometimes as a god ( 8709:LGBT history in Italy 8632:Sculpture of Antinous 8582:(1879), p. 47–90 8354:Syme, Ronald (1991). 8337:"Journeys of Hadrian" 8335:Syme, Ronald (1988). 7645:Renberg, pp. 181–191. 7405:Description of Greece 4998:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs 4964: 4862:contributors (2000). 4643:Giacosa (1977), p. 9. 4610:Giacosa (1977), p. 7. 4577:Giacosa (1977), p. 8. 2812:C. Fuscus Salinator I 1795:Q. Marcius Barea Sura 1160: 1107: 911: 674: 565: 434: 336: 8689:Deified Greek people 8537:Epitome of Book LXIX 6923:, pp. 149, 205. 6541:, pp. 146, 149. 6188:, pp. 121, 126. 5417:Mark Golden (2011). 5080:Marguerite Yourcenar 4901:. New York: Viking. 4819:"Marcus Aurelius" 24 3053:L. Caesennius Paetus 2996:L. Ceionius Commodus 2866:Cn. Arrius Antoninus 2161:C. Salonius Matidius 1099:dying-and-rising god 945:Edme-François Jomard 798:, harvesting grapes 318:Marguerite Yourcenar 280:Eleusinian Mysteries 19:For other uses, see 8555:at Internet Archive 8520:Aelius Spartianus. 8376:Greek and Roman art 7488:, pp. 195–196. 7449:, pp. 193–194. 7391:, pp. 192–193. 7333:, pp. 186–187. 7231:, pp. 189–190. 7187:, pp. 184–185. 7175:, pp. 185–186. 7112:, pp. 177–178. 7061:, pp. 190–191. 6983:, pp. 146–147. 6899:, pp. 200–202. 6833:, pp. 148–150. 6809:Craig A. Williams, 6755:, pp. 178–179. 6743:, pp. 307–308. 6677:, pp. 158–160. 6617:, pp. 150–151. 6572:, pp. 146–147. 6502:, pp. 144–145. 6460:, pp. 130–141. 6388:, pp. 291–292. 6297:, pp. 127–128. 6065:, pp. 118–121. 6038:, pp. 115–117. 6026:, pp. 115–116. 6014:, pp. 110–114. 6002:, pp. 279–280. 5984:Cassius Dio p. 447 5963:, pp. 101–106. 5924:, pp. 100–106. 5811:, pp. 280–281. 5775:, pp. 216–217. 5225:Capitoline Antinous 5220:Antinous Mondragone 5168:The Rest is History 4982:Frederick the Great 4965:Antinous II, 2005, 4957:Cultural references 4260:Plautius Quintillus 4253:L. Antistius Burrus 4235:Petronius Antoninus 3798:Q. Servilius Pudens 3791:Plautius Quintillus 3242:C. Avidius Nigrinus 2418:Libo Rupilius Frugi 2195:P. Acilius Attianus 1836:P. Aelius Hadrianus 1507:Capitoline Antinous 1360:Antinous Mondragone 1283:Hadrian "turned to 846:Roman imperial cult 808:Catherine the Great 633:Arch of Constantine 612:Alexander the Great 572:Arch of Constantine 329:Birth and childhood 8719:Love and lust gods 8684:Deaths by drowning 8679:2nd-century Romans 8628:. Lisbon: Monteiro 7835:Der Neuen Gedichte 7830:Rainer Maria Rilke 7136:, p. 100–106. 5095:'s utopian novel " 5085:Mémoires d'Hadrien 5062:Rainer Maria Rilke 4970: 4663:"Julius Servianus" 3750:C. Avidius Cassius 3079:T. Aurelius Fulvus 1512:Capitoline Museums 1457:type at the Louvre 1440:Capitoline Museums 1264:In Roman sculpture 1252:Some contemporary 1199:, and the Emperor 1181: 1121: 1114:Cardinal Richelieu 995:Fitzwilliam Museum 917: 695: 576: 452: 408:'s epic poem, the 354: 271:Bithynia et Pontus 8624:: a 1918 poem by 8568:L'Osiris Antinoos 8365:978-0-19-814494-6 8308:978-1-4443-4986-3 8242:978-88-6263-012-2 8162:978-1-78274-761-1 7979:. apple.com. 2023 7815:978-0-14-044430-8 7715:, pp. 83–84. 7676:978-1-910807-27-9 7567:, pp. 77–78. 6819:978-0-19-511300-6 6268:Aelius Spartianus 6128:, pp. 60–61. 6116:, pp. 55–57. 5912:, pp. 71–72. 5883:, pp. 73–74. 5787:, pp. 90–93. 5695:, pp. 61–62. 5620:, pp. 21–22. 5608:, pp. 20–21. 5341:Renberg, Gil H.: 5177:Dominic Sandbrook 4954: 4953: 4930:978-0-19-537941-9 4549: 4548: 4476: 4475: 4011:M. Petronius Sura 2437:L. Vibius Sabinus 1816:M. Cocceius Nerva 1205:Sibylline Oracles 1165:sometime between 962:The cult's spread 492:pederasty existed 427:Life with Hadrian 139: 138: 8761: 8754:Royal favourites 8606: 8541: 8540:(VIII ed.). 8527: 8509: 8488: 8462: 8441: 8399: 8390: 8369: 8351: 8341: 8331: 8312: 8293: 8277: 8267: 8246: 8227: 8208: 8187: 8166: 8147: 8126: 8112:Hadrian's Empire 8105: 8097: 8095:"Antinoüs" 8085: 8064: 8043: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7941: 7937: 7935: 7927: 7918: 7912: 7905: 7899: 7897: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7792: 7786: 7777: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7685: 7679: 7668: 7662: 7652: 7646: 7643: 7637: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7583: 7577: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7423: 7420:Gregorovius 1898 7417: 7411: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7377: 7376: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7205: 7199: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6741:Gregorovius 1898 6738: 6732: 6726: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6581:Vout, Caroline, 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6503: 6497: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6461: 6455: 6446: 6445: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6343: 6337: 6334:Gregorovius 1898 6331: 6325: 6319: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6271: 6265: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6225:Gregorovius 1898 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6162: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6141: 6138: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5713: 5707: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5683:, p. xxiii. 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5509: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5485: 5479: 5466: 5460: 5449: 5448: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5423: 5414: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5286: 5283: 5277: 5261: 5235:Townley Antinous 5215:Antinous Farnese 5160:Rufus Wainwright 5048:, the character 4948: 4934: 4912: 4893: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4845: 4842: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4742: 4739: 4726: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4632: 4622: 4611: 4608: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4531: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4499: 4493:(3) = 3rd spouse 4490:(2) = 2nd spouse 4487:(1) = 1st spouse 4482: 4481: 4465: 4463: 4457: 4280:Antonia Gordiana 4265:Plautia Servilla 4086:Servilia Ceionia 4029: 4027: 4021: 4004:Cornificia Minor 3775: 3773: 3767: 3744: 3732: 3730: 3724: 3476:L. Aelius Caesar 3465: 3463: 3457: 3448: 2860:Boionia Procilla 2847:Rupilia Faustina 2717: 2707: 2705: 2700: 2691: 2431: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2171: 2155: 2146: 1998: 1996: 1990: 1977: 1953: 1951: 1945: 1821:Sergia Plautilla 1801:Antonia Furnilla 1680: 1679: 1667: 1660: 1653: 1644: 1604: 1592: 1569: 1557: 1542: 1523: 1502: 1487:Antinous Farnese 1482: 1466: 1455:Antinous Braschi 1450: 1435: 1416:Antinous with a 1413: 1397: 1375: 1355: 1343: 1328: 1279: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1126:votive offerings 1008:. On a visit to 983: 974: 953: 950: 929:Hippodamian grid 816:Saint Petersburg 812:Hermitage Museum 781: 772: 711:Hermopolis Magna 692: 690: 554: 535:, proceeding to 507: 499: 481: 380: 257: 251: 250: 239: 233: 232: 209: 206: 202: 199: 195: 194: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 168: 165: 162: 159: 156: 92: 89: 65: 62: 49:Hermitage Museum 42: 28: 8769: 8768: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8654: 8653: 8626:Fernando Pessoa 8613: 8603: 8585: 8570:(2008) (online) 8562: 8560:Further reading 8530: 8519: 8516: 8506: 8491: 8465: 8459: 8444: 8402: 8393: 8387: 8372: 8366: 8356:Roman Papers VI 8353: 8339: 8334: 8328: 8315: 8309: 8296: 8290: 8275: 8270: 8264: 8249: 8243: 8230: 8224: 8211: 8205: 8190: 8184: 8169: 8163: 8155:. Amber Books. 8150: 8144: 8129: 8123: 8108: 8088: 8082: 8067: 8061: 8046: 8040: 8025: 8022: 8017: 8016: 8008: 8004: 7996: 7992: 7982: 7980: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7938: 7928: 7920: 7919: 7915: 7906: 7902: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7841: 7839: 7838:. Gutenberg.org 7828: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7794: 7793: 7789: 7778: 7774: 7766: 7762: 7754: 7743: 7735: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7711: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7686: 7682: 7669: 7665: 7659:Merriam-Webster 7653: 7649: 7644: 7640: 7629: 7625: 7617: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7593: 7586: 7578: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7547: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7523: 7519: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7484: 7480: 7472: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7433: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7409:8.9.7 and 8.9.8 7399: 7395: 7387: 7380: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7266: 7262: 7254: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7208: 7200: 7191: 7183: 7179: 7171: 7167: 7159: 7155: 7147: 7140: 7132: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7096: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7069: 7065: 7057: 7053: 7045: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6967: 6963: 6955: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6909:Boatwright 2000 6907: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6545: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6513: 6506: 6498: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6471: 6464: 6456: 6449: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6348:, p. 142; 6344: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6320: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6274: 6266: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6201:Boatwright 2000 6199: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6151: 6144: 6139: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6112: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6088: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5723: 5716: 5708: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5604: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5495: 5488: 5480: 5469: 5461: 5452: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5421: 5416: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5353:Hadrian's Villa 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5206: 5185: 5143:Marcus Aurelius 5138:Andrew Garfield 5118:Jeremy Mortimer 5069:Fernando Pessoa 4959: 4937: 4931: 4917:Levick, Barbara 4915: 4909: 4896: 4890: 4877: 4868: 4866: 4858: 4848: 4843: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4745: 4740: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4686: 4682: 4673: 4669: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4635: 4623: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4505: 4497: 4460: 4458: 4453: 4024: 4022: 4017: 3805:Ceionia Plautia 3770: 3768: 3763: 3758:Aurelia Fadilla 3740: 3727: 3725: 3722:Marcus Aurelius 3720: 3460: 3458: 3453: 3444: 3415:M. Annius Verus 2841:M. Annius Verus 2713: 2702: 2696: 2687: 2429:Salonia Matidia 2427: 2185: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2151: 2144: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1973: 1960:Marcia Furnilla 1948: 1946: 1941: 1674: 1671: 1642: 1623: 1616: 1605: 1596: 1593: 1584: 1570: 1561: 1558: 1549: 1543: 1534: 1524: 1515: 1503: 1494: 1483: 1474: 1467: 1458: 1451: 1442: 1436: 1427: 1414: 1405: 1402:Palazzo Altemps 1398: 1389: 1379:Antinous Ecouen 1376: 1367: 1356: 1347: 1344: 1335: 1333:Vatican Museums 1329: 1313:Hadrian's Villa 1285:Greek sculptors 1280: 1274: 1266: 1176: 1169: 1155: 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 986: 985: 984: 976: 975: 964: 951: 914:Egyptian Museum 906: 900: 825: 824: 823: 822: 784: 783: 782: 774: 773: 762: 687: 669: 645:Beloved and God 523:area of Italy, 482: 476: 448:Townley Marbles 429: 398: 390:Royston Lambert 381: 376: 339:Hadrian's Villa 331: 326: 314:Fernando Pessoa 303:Osiris-Antinous 207: 200: 153: 149: 116:Hadrian's Villa 107: 94: 90: 79: 66: 63: 52: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8767: 8765: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8656: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8629: 8619: 8612: 8611:External links 8609: 8608: 8607: 8601: 8587:Vout, Caroline 8583: 8573: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8542: 8528: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8504: 8489: 8463: 8457: 8442: 8404:Vout, Caroline 8400: 8391: 8385: 8370: 8364: 8332: 8326: 8313: 8307: 8294: 8288: 8268: 8262: 8247: 8241: 8228: 8223:978-0297780458 8222: 8209: 8204:978-0674035867 8203: 8188: 8182: 8167: 8161: 8148: 8142: 8127: 8121: 8106: 8092:, ed. (1911). 8090:Chisholm, Hugh 8086: 8080: 8065: 8059: 8044: 8039:978-0415159821 8038: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8012:, p. 170. 8002: 7990: 7968: 7949: 7940:|website= 7913: 7900: 7883: 7869: 7849: 7821: 7814: 7801:Les Misérables 7787: 7772: 7770:, p. 196. 7760: 7758:, p. 195. 7741: 7739:, p. 194. 7729: 7717: 7705: 7693: 7680: 7663: 7647: 7638: 7623: 7621:, p. 209. 7611: 7599: 7584: 7582:, p. 198. 7569: 7557: 7551:, p. 83; 7541: 7529: 7527:, p. 440. 7517: 7490: 7478: 7476:, p. 196. 7463: 7451: 7439: 7424: 7422:, p. 312. 7412: 7393: 7378: 7360: 7348: 7335: 7323: 7321:, p. 195. 7311: 7309:, p. 187. 7299: 7284: 7282:, p. 194. 7272: 7270:, p. 189. 7260: 7258:, p. 161. 7245: 7243:, p. 188. 7233: 7221: 7206: 7204:, p. 186. 7189: 7177: 7165: 7163:, p. 111. 7153: 7151:, p. 260. 7138: 7126: 7114: 7102: 7100:, p. 192. 7087: 7075: 7073:, p. 261. 7063: 7051: 7049:, p. 184. 7036: 7034:, p. 277. 7024: 7022:, p. 180. 7012: 7010:, p. 162. 7000: 6998:, p. 152. 6985: 6973: 6971:, p. 207. 6961: 6959:, p. 198. 6949: 6947:, p. 206. 6937: 6925: 6913: 6911:, p. 193. 6901: 6889: 6887:, p. 163. 6877: 6875:, p. 199. 6865: 6856:"Antinoöpolis" 6847: 6845:, p. 150. 6835: 6823: 6802: 6800:, p. 181. 6790: 6788:, p. 334. 6769: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6731:, p. 165. 6718: 6706: 6704:, p. 148. 6694: 6692:, p. 149. 6679: 6667: 6665:, p. 155. 6655: 6653:, p. 299. 6643: 6641:, p. 162. 6631: 6629:, p. 153. 6619: 6607: 6605:, p. 177. 6595: 6574: 6562: 6560:, p. 160. 6543: 6531: 6529:, p. 258. 6519: 6504: 6489: 6487:, p. 148. 6477: 6475:, p. 159. 6462: 6447: 6429: 6427:, p. 183. 6417: 6415:, p. 114. 6413:Vassilika 1998 6402: 6400:, p. 130. 6390: 6378: 6376:, p. 129. 6366: 6364:, p. 289. 6354: 6338: 6336:, p. 131. 6326: 6324:, p. 287. 6311: 6309:, p. 128. 6299: 6287: 6285:, p. 164. 6272: 6253: 6251:, p. 292. 6241: 6239:, p. 146. 6229: 6227:, p. 132. 6217: 6215:, p. 126. 6205: 6203:, p. 190. 6190: 6178: 6163: 6154: 6142: 6130: 6118: 6106: 6104:, p. 185. 6094: 6079: 6077:, p. 173. 6067: 6052: 6050:, p. 122. 6040: 6028: 6016: 6004: 5992: 5977: 5965: 5953: 5951:, p. 168. 5941: 5926: 5914: 5902: 5885: 5873: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5825: 5813: 5801: 5789: 5777: 5765: 5753: 5741: 5729: 5727:, p. 204. 5714: 5697: 5685: 5673: 5661: 5659:, p. 195. 5649: 5647:, p. 227. 5637: 5622: 5610: 5595: 5593:, p. 218. 5583: 5581:, p. 238. 5571: 5559: 5547: 5529: 5510: 5501: 5486: 5484:, p. 447. 5467: 5465:, p. 230. 5450: 5435: 5406: 5394: 5392:, p. 286. 5379: 5377:, p. 279. 5367: 5334: 5332:, p. 282. 5322: 5320:, p. 215. 5310: 5308:, p. 144. 5297: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5278: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5205: 5202: 5197:British Museum 5184: 5183:Historiography 5181: 5116:, directed by 5045:Les Misérables 5015:" (1891) and " 5013:The Young King 4967:Olga Tobreluts 4958: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4941:, ed. (1870). 4939:Smith, William 4935: 4929: 4913: 4907: 4894: 4888: 4875: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4832: 4823: 4801: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4743: 4727: 4718: 4702: 4693: 4680: 4678:, pp. 319–322. 4674:Smith (1870), 4667: 4661:Smith (1870), 4654: 4645: 4633: 4612: 4600: 4591: 4579: 4570: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4464: 238–244 4451: 4449: 4447: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4246:Aurelia Sabina 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4051: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4028: 177–192 4015: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3774: 161–169 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3742:Faustina Minor 3738: 3736: 3734: 3731: 161–180 3718: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3464: 138–161 3455:Antoninus Pius 3451: 3449: 3442: 3440: 3438:M. Annius Libo 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3066:Arria Antonina 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2706: 117–138 2694: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2408:Lucius Mindius 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2202:P. Aelius Afer 2199: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2183: 2181: 2165: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1975:Trajanus Pater 1971: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1662: 1655: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1627:R. R. R. Smith 1622: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1606: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1587: 1585: 1578:Rio de Janeiro 1571: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1552: 1550: 1544: 1537: 1535: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1484: 1477: 1475: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1452: 1445: 1443: 1437: 1430: 1428: 1415: 1408: 1406: 1404:museum in Rome 1399: 1392: 1390: 1377: 1370: 1368: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1338: 1336: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1272: 1265: 1262: 1154: 1151: 988: 987: 978: 977: 969: 968: 967: 966: 965: 963: 960: 902:Main article: 899: 896: 786: 785: 776: 775: 767: 766: 765: 764: 763: 761: 758: 757: 756: 745: 742: 731: 727: 691: 117–138 668: 665: 582:, settling in 474: 472:companionship. 436:British Museum 428: 425: 404:'s suitors in 397: 394: 378:R. R. R. Smith 374: 362:Roman province 330: 327: 325: 322: 144:, also called 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 113: 109: 108: 95: 85: 81: 80: 67: 58: 54: 53: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8766: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8734:Greek gay men 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8640:Port Sunlight 8637: 8633: 8630: 8627: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8554: 8550: 8549:Roman History 8546: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8533: 8529: 8526:(I ed.). 8525: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8507: 8505:9780192802033 8501: 8497: 8496: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8467:Waters, Sarah 8464: 8460: 8458:9780521867399 8454: 8450: 8449: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8378: 8377: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8357: 8352:Reprinted in 8349: 8345: 8338: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8319: 8314: 8310: 8304: 8300: 8295: 8291: 8285: 8281: 8274: 8269: 8265: 8263:9780674030954 8259: 8255: 8254: 8248: 8244: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8196: 8195: 8189: 8185: 8183:9780790552286 8179: 8175: 8174: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8143:9781588368966 8139: 8135: 8134: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8066: 8062: 8060:9780521263351 8056: 8052: 8051: 8045: 8041: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8011: 8006: 8003: 8000:, p. 54. 7999: 7994: 7991: 7978: 7972: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7953: 7950: 7945: 7933: 7925: 7924: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7904: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7887: 7884: 7872: 7870:9780810116498 7866: 7862: 7861: 7853: 7850: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7825: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7781: 7776: 7773: 7769: 7764: 7761: 7757: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7733: 7730: 7727:, p. 53. 7726: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7709: 7706: 7703:, p. 52. 7702: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7651: 7648: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7612: 7609:, p. 80. 7608: 7603: 7600: 7597:, p. 82. 7596: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7558: 7555:, p. 87. 7554: 7550: 7545: 7542: 7539:, p. 72. 7538: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7440: 7437:, p. 78. 7436: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7361: 7358:, p. 89. 7357: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7300: 7295: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7225: 7222: 7219:, p. 95. 7218: 7217:Vermeule 1979 7213: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7127: 7124:, p. 83. 7123: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7103: 7099: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7085:, p. 81. 7084: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7025: 7021: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6981:Mambella 2008 6977: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6599: 6596: 6593:, pp. 52–135. 6592: 6591:0-521-86739-8 6588: 6584: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6563: 6559: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6520: 6517:, p. 13. 6516: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6355: 6352:, p. 57. 6351: 6347: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6270:, p. 44. 6269: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6179: 6176:, p. 26. 6175: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6095: 6092:, p. 24. 6091: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5993: 5988: 5987:Roman History 5981: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5942: 5937: 5936:Roman History 5930: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5906: 5903: 5900:, p. 71. 5899: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5874: 5871:, p. 48. 5870: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5856:, p. 65. 5855: 5850: 5847: 5844:, p. 82. 5843: 5838: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5823:, p. 59. 5822: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5802: 5799:, p. 78. 5798: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5766: 5763:, p. 39. 5762: 5757: 5754: 5751:, p. 30. 5750: 5745: 5742: 5739:, p. 97. 5738: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5712:, p. 63. 5711: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5674: 5671:, p. 60. 5670: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5635:, p. 22. 5634: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5572: 5569:, p. 20. 5568: 5563: 5560: 5557:, p. 75. 5556: 5551: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5527:, p. 19. 5526: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5499:, p. 15. 5498: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5445:Roman History 5439: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5404:, p. 90. 5403: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5390:Chisholm 1911 5386: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5299: 5292: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5193: 5192:Caroline Vout 5190: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5141:live so that 5139: 5135: 5131: 5130:Jonathan Hyde 5127: 5123: 5120:and starring 5119: 5115: 5112:, written by 5111: 5110: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5093:Aldous Huxley 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4996:. Gay author 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4908:0-670-15708-2 4904: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4889:0-8390-0193-2 4885: 4881: 4876: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4528: 4525: 4503: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4469: 4456: 4446: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4254: 4247: 4229: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4172: 4146: 4144: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4063: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4039: 4020: 4012: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3970: 3968: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3946: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3850: 3848: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3785: 3784:Ceionia Fabia 3778: 3766: 3751: 3743: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3684: 3682: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3644: 3642: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3602: 3600: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3512: 3510: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3477: 3456: 3447: 3439: 3423: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3401: 3393: 3391: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3333: 3327: 3325: 3307: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3246: 3243: 3236: 3229: 3209: 3203: 3201: 3181: 3159: 3156: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3106: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3080: 3071:Arria Fadilla 3041: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3020: 3012: 3010: 3009: 2987: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2928: 2925: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2867: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2819: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2744: 2738: 2716: 2699: 2690: 2658: 2657:Matidia Minor 2650: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2630: 2627: 2620: 2619:Paulina Minor 2581: 2569: 2567: 2538: 2535: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2477: 2475: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2430: 2419: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2328: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209:Paulina Major 2203: 2196: 2188: 2178: 98–117 2170: 2162: 2154: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2083: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2061: 2053: 2051: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2010: 1989: 1976: 1968: 1961: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1796: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1714: 1712: 1694: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1620: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1563: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1476: 1473:at the Louvre 1472: 1471:imperial cult 1465: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1383:Villa Adriana 1380: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1354: 1349: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1278: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1164: 1159: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1119: 1116:, now at the 1115: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 996: 992: 982: 973: 959: 955: 947:the surveyor 946: 942: 941:Claude Sicard 936: 932: 930: 926: 922: 915: 910: 905: 897: 895: 893: 890: 886: 882: 877: 875: 871: 865: 863: 859: 858:Villa Adriana 855: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 830: 821: 817: 813: 810:, now at the 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 780: 771: 759: 754: 750: 746: 743: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 685: 681: 680:Parian marble 678:, polychrome 677: 673: 666: 664: 661: 657: 652: 648: 646: 641: 638: 634: 630: 629: 624: 620: 615: 613: 609: 605: 604:Jewish Temple 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 573: 569: 564: 560: 558: 553: 552: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 513: 511: 506: 505: 498: 493: 488: 480: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 426: 424: 421: 417: 413: 412: 407: 403: 395: 393: 391: 387: 379: 373: 369: 367: 363: 359: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 328: 323: 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