882:
A; Blake, K; Cuggy, C; Dolan, R; Downes, E; Geary, E; Ghadge, A; Gorman, P; Jonson, M; Jumper, N; Kelly, S; Leddy, L; McMahon, M E; McNamee, C; Miller, P; Murphy, B; O'Halloran, L; O'Shea, K; Skeens, J; Staunton, S; Timon, F; Woods, J; Cortinovis, U; Sala, L; Zingarello, V; Jusoh, M H; Sadagatullah, A N; Georgieva, G; Pejkova, S; Nikolovska, B; Srbov, B; Hamid, H K S; Mustafa, M; Abdelrahman, M; Amin, S M M; Bhatti, D; Rahman, K M A; Jumabhoy, I; Kiely, J; Kieran, I; Lo, A C Q; Wong, K Y; Allan, A Y; Armes, H; Horwitz, M D; Ioannidi, L; Masterton, G; Chu, H; Talawadekar, G D; Tong, K S; Chan, M; Tredgett, M; Hardie, C; Powell-Smith, E; Gilham, N; Prokopenko, M; Ahmad, R; Davies, J; Zhen, S; Dargan, D; Pinder, R M; Koziara, M; Martin, R; Reay, E; Cochrane, E; Elbatawy, A; Green, F; Griffiths, T; Higginbotham, G; Louette, S; McCauley, G; Natalwala, I; Salt, E; Ahmed, R; Goon, P; Manton, R; Segaren, N; Cheung, G; Mahoney, R; Sen, S; Clarkson, D; Collins, M; Bolt, A; Lokanathan, P; Ng, A; Jones, G; Jones, J W M; Kabariti, R; Rhee, S J; Herron, J; Kay, A; Cheung, L K; Thomson, D; Jugdey, R S; Yoon, H; L, Z; Southgate, J; Brennan, C; Kiani, S; Zabaglo, M; Haider, Z A; Poulter, R; Sheik-Ali, A; Watts, A; Jemec, B; Redgrave, N; Dupley, L; Greenhalgh, M; Vella, J; Harris, H; Robinson, A V; Dupre, S; Teelucksingh, S; Gargan, A; Hettiaratchy, S; Jain, A; Kwasnicki, R; Lee, A; Thakkar, M; Berwick, D; Ismail, N; Mahdi, M; Rodrigues, J; Liew, C; Saadya, A; Clarkson, M; Brady, C; Harrison, R; Rayner, A; Nolan, G; Phillips, B; Madhusudan, N (9 November 2021).
279:
151:
286:
Antiseptics can be subdivided into about eight classes of materials. These classes can be subdivided according to their mechanism of action: small molecules that indiscriminately react with organic compounds and kill microorganisms (peroxides, iodine, phenols) and more complex molecules that disrupt
881:
Wade, Ryckie G; Bourke, Gráinne; Wormald, Justin C R; Totty, Joshua Philip; Stanley, Guy Henry Morton; Lewandowski, Andrew; Rakhra, Sandeep Singh; Gardiner, Matthew D; Bindra, R; Sher, M; Thomas, M; Morgan, S D J; Hwang, B; Santucci, W; Tran, P; Kopp, L; Kunc, V; Hamdi, A; Grieve, P P; Mukhaizeem, S
254:
was important to healing, which had led ancient and medieval surgeons to let pus remain in wounds. They advocated draining and cleaning the wound edges with wine, dressing the wound after suturing, if necessary and leaving the dressing on for ten days, soaking it in warm wine all the while, before
348:
solution. Some studies do not recommend disinfecting minor wounds with iodine because of concern that it may induce scar tissue formation and increase healing time. However, concentrations of 1% iodine or less have not been shown to increase healing time and are not otherwise distinguishable from
318:, a bacteriocidal antiseptic which (with an alcoholic solvent) is considered a safe and effective antiseptic for reducing the risk of infection after clean surgery, including tourniquet-controlled upper limb surgery. It is also used in mouthwashes to treat inflammation of the gums (
336:, is widely used because it is well tolerated; does not negatively affect wound healing; leaves a deposit of active iodine, thereby creating the so-called "remnant", or persistent effect; and has wide scope of antimicrobial activity. The traditional iodine antiseptic is an
326:(polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB) is an antimicrobial compound suitable for clinical use in critically colonized or infected acute and chronic wounds. The physicochemical action on the bacterial envelope prevents or impedes the development of resistant bacterial strains.
373:. Commonly, 3% solutions of hydrogen peroxide have been used in household first aid for scrapes, etc. However, the strong oxidization causes scar formation and increases healing time during fetal development.
2237:
566:"Comparison of Antifungal Prophylaxis Drugs in Patients With Hematological Disease or Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis"
1209:
846:"The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis"
1950:
1042:
811:
501:
809:
Kutscher, Bernhard (2020). "Dermatologicals (D), 4. Antiseptics and
Disinfectants (D08), Anti‐Acne Preparations (D10), and Other Dermatological Preparations (D11)".
166:
478:
3559:
1706:
3113:
2230:
395:. The latter is used for skin disinfection and cleaning surgical instruments. It is also used within a number of household disinfectants and wound cleaners.
1202:
644:
1943:
2223:
611:
884:"Chlorhexidine versus povidone–iodine skin antisepsis before upper limb surgery (CIPHUR): an international multicentre prospective cohort study"
3894:
3881:
2495:
2251:
1195:
3166:
1650:
3683:
3141:
1936:
3886:
1388:
828:
3316:
3311:
1699:
493:
470:
3395:
2802:
2418:
1489:
2989:
1014:
171:
1015:"Comparison of PHMB-containing dressing and silver dressings in patients with critically colonised or locally infected wounds"
3730:
3328:
3047:
3025:
1179:
2396:
3698:
1442:
1103:
353:, which are considered to be the most difficult form of microorganisms to be inactivated by disinfectants and antiseptics.
3725:
3121:
2878:
2641:
2356:
1692:
3767:
3638:
3574:
3542:
3490:
2787:
2769:
1667:
1056:
Vermeulen, H.; Westerbos, S.J.; Ubbink, D.T. (2010). "Benefit and harm of iodine in wound care: a systematic review".
1125:
Wilgus TA, Bergdall VK, Dipietro LA, Oberyszyn TM (2005). "Hydrogen peroxide disrupts scarless fetal wound repair".
3323:
2736:
2476:
1998:
1795:
1636:
356:
3827:
3817:
3512:
3448:
3171:
3136:
2515:
2456:
262:
3645:
3507:
3382:
3236:
2351:
2341:
2050:
1775:
1474:
410:
844:
Wade, Ryckie G.; Burr, Nicholas E.; McCauley, Gordon; Bourke, Grainne; Efthimiou, Orestis (1 September 2020).
3832:
3750:
3616:
3146:
2944:
2820:
2651:
2589:
2423:
2391:
2035:
1655:
448:
315:
3419:
3204:
2954:
2827:
2433:
2290:
2280:
1601:
1508:
179:
3947:
3855:
3740:
3372:
3241:
2749:
2656:
2575:
1815:
1756:
1751:
1513:
1455:
1450:
402:
47:
2999:
565:
3942:
3822:
3715:
3661:
3589:
3579:
3271:
3126:
2939:
2916:
2606:
2030:
1769:
1567:
1518:
1484:
1468:
1398:
222:
186:) as a method of ensuring that any germs present were killed. Some of this work was anticipated by:
3909:
3899:
3865:
3470:
2921:
2908:
2890:
2744:
2555:
1765:
1606:
1464:
1244:
291:
247:
59:
3633:
3628:
3537:
3517:
3151:
2994:
2959:
2813:
2779:
2329:
1820:
1538:
1150:
958:
341:
1173:
3919:
3860:
3720:
3673:
3475:
2977:
2646:
2636:
2626:
2428:
2411:
2130:
2075:
2040:
1621:
1580:
1499:
1276:
1142:
1081:
1073:
1034:
995:
950:
913:
863:
824:
791:
750:
701:
603:
585:
546:
430:
366:
345:
81:
20:
978:"Clinical use of polihexanide on acute and chronic wounds for antisepsis and decontamination"
349:
treatment with saline. Iodine will kill all principal pathogens and, given enough time, even
3914:
3850:
3837:
3666:
3655:
3547:
3527:
3362:
3276:
3251:
2982:
2868:
2759:
2702:
2508:
2406:
2334:
2120:
2055:
2003:
1878:
1134:
1065:
1026:
985:
940:
903:
895:
853:
816:
781:
740:
732:
691:
593:
577:
564:
Wang, Jing; Zhou, Min; Xu, Jing-Yan; Zhou, Rong-Fu; Chen, Bing; Wan, Yuan (8 October 2020).
536:
528:
370:
232:
226:
2215:
638:
3782:
3777:
3621:
3569:
3377:
3354:
3199:
3176:
2560:
2525:
2401:
2346:
1993:
1830:
1810:
1393:
1315:
1249:
384:
333:
304:
256:
359:, currently increasingly used in continental Europe, often as a chlorhexidine substitute.
3812:
3745:
3688:
3460:
3349:
3341:
3219:
3214:
3161:
2885:
2666:
2661:
2621:
2570:
2535:
2373:
2309:
2145:
2140:
2025:
1959:
1785:
1746:
1661:
1557:
1422:
908:
883:
786:
769:
745:
720:
598:
581:
424:
38:
1187:
3936:
3693:
3650:
3609:
3502:
3485:
3443:
3156:
2707:
2676:
2520:
2297:
2164:
2154:
2085:
1840:
1780:
1369:
1340:
1281:
1138:
633:
541:
516:
392:
243:
175:
154:
111:
77:
1928:
3904:
3842:
3604:
3584:
3532:
3480:
3431:
3231:
3181:
2792:
2565:
2363:
2125:
2110:
2045:
1963:
1917:
1719:
1631:
1427:
1335:
1320:
1296:
1226:
1222:
1154:
388:
323:
104:
93:
962:
858:
845:
3797:
3599:
3522:
3497:
3246:
3226:
3131:
3091:
2929:
2386:
2302:
2285:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2115:
2095:
2080:
2060:
1975:
1868:
1853:
1790:
1761:
1736:
1528:
1460:
1417:
1286:
299:
205:
131:
115:
1099:
1069:
1030:
3735:
3710:
3678:
3436:
3426:
3414:
3261:
2873:
2845:
2671:
2631:
2503:
2204:
2090:
2070:
1886:
1858:
1848:
1805:
1800:
1616:
1575:
1533:
1432:
1360:
1345:
1291:
899:
319:
282:
Structure of povidone-iodine complex, the most common antiseptic in use today.
278:
127:
123:
98:
27:
1077:
820:
589:
219:
clay tablets dating from 2150 BC that advocate the use of similar techniques.
102:
by the latter's ability to safely destroy bacteria within the body, and from
3807:
3286:
2611:
2319:
2314:
2247:
2180:
2100:
2013:
1983:
1901:
1896:
1684:
1523:
1479:
1408:
1350:
1330:
1264:
1254:
443:
420:
414:
406:
398:
380:
350:
311:
135:
89:
1146:
1085:
1038:
999:
954:
917:
867:
754:
705:
696:
679:
607:
150:
550:
308:. They are used to disinfect the skin before injections, among other uses.
114:
include antiseptics that have the proven ability to act against bacteria.
3790:
3705:
3281:
3266:
3256:
3209:
2754:
2550:
2530:
2324:
2267:
2159:
2105:
1863:
1741:
1611:
1235:
795:
736:
532:
362:
119:
3594:
3465:
2718:
2275:
2185:
2065:
1988:
1891:
1585:
1268:
1172:
648:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 146.
376:
337:
295:
161:
139:
990:
977:
945:
932:
3802:
3367:
3020:
2616:
1972:
1825:
1715:
1548:
1379:
1325:
1306:
329:
190:
183:
85:
3031:
2543:
1626:
1100:"Antiseptics on Wounds: An Area of Controversy: Hydrogen Peroxide"
637:
216:
194:
149:
680:"Inflammation in wound repair: molecular and cellular mechanisms"
517:"Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance"
3015:
2484:
2381:
2219:
1932:
1688:
1191:
1013:
Eberlein T, Haemmerle G, Signer M, et al. (January 2012).
255:
changing it. Their theories were bitterly opposed by
Galenist
251:
239:
in 1861, summarizing experiments and observations since 1847
182:. In this paper, Lister advocated the use of carbolic acid (
108:, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects.
19:"Germicide" redirects here. For the album by the Germs, see
659:
Bashford, Henry (April 1951). "The Coming of
Antisepsis".
515:
McDonnell, Gerald; Russell, A. Denver (January 1999).
721:"Ignaz Semmelweis and the birth of infection control"
225:, who contributed substantially to the report of the
164:
methods was initiated by the publishing of the paper
770:"Theodoric of Cervia, a medieval antiseptic surgeon"
379:
such as phenol itself (as introduced by Lister) and
237:
3874:
3766:
3558:
3407:
3394:
3299:
3190:
3112:
3084:
3070:
3056:
3040:
3008:
2970:
2899:
2861:
2854:
2836:
2768:
2735:
2728:
2692:
2685:
2597:
2588:
2475:
2372:
2266:
2259:
2173:
2139:
2012:
1971:
1910:
1877:
1839:
1727:
1594:
1566:
1547:
1498:
1441:
1407:
1378:
1359:
1305:
1263:
1234:
933:"Polihexanide: a safe and highly effective biocide"
451:, introduced antiseptic obstetrics to North America
71:
52:
423:such as hydroxyquinolone, dequalium chloride, or
80:substance or compound that is applied to living
167:Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery
96:. Antiseptics are generally distinguished from
812:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
259:and others trained in the classical tradition.
2231:
1944:
1700:
1203:
8:
65:
3404:
2858:
2732:
2689:
2594:
2263:
2238:
2224:
2216:
1951:
1937:
1929:
1707:
1693:
1685:
1210:
1196:
1188:
227:Royal Commission on the Health of the Army
160:The widespread introduction of antiseptic
989:
944:
907:
857:
852:. Publish Ahead of Print (6): e481–e488.
785:
744:
695:
597:
540:
118:which destroy virus particles are called
277:
3312:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
2485:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
678:Eming SA, Krieg T, Davidson JM (2007).
461:
417:. These surfactants disrupt cell walls.
250:were opponents of Galen's opinion that
3895:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
3787:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
815:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–22.
492:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert.
469:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert.
229:(1856–1857), based on her earlier work
614:from the original on 18 February 2023
504:from the original on 10 October 2012.
481:from the original on 10 October 2012.
267:The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever
246:, Theoderic of Servia, and his pupil
7:
3142:Compartmental models in epidemiology
409:(trade name Bactine among others),
16:Antimicrobial substance or compound
1389:Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether
1045:from the original on 18 June 2013.
582:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17652
14:
1106:from the original on 19 July 2013
3891:Economics of Infectious Diseases
1490:Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
1139:10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.00072.x
774:Proceedings of the Royal Society
287:the cell walls of the bacteria.
76:, 'putrefactive') is an
1581:Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)
976:Eberlein T, Assadian O (2010).
3900:Infectious disease informatics
3731:Transmission-based precautions
1632:Chloramine-T (tosylchloramide)
1180:New International Encyclopedia
1:
3317:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
3092:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
2453:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
1443:Quaternary ammonium compounds
1058:Journal of Hospital Infection
521:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
500:. Perseus perseus.tufts.edu.
477:. Perseus perseus.tufts.edu.
302:are sometimes referred to as
209:
198:
84:to reduce the possibility of
2879:Aerosol-generating procedure
2657:Silent/Subclinical infection
2357:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
859:10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076
719:Best M, Neuhauser D (2004).
332:, especially in the form of
3543:Vaccine-preventable disease
3491:Monoclonal antibody therapy
180:germ theory of putrefaction
72:
53:
3964:
3684:Respiratory source control
1999:Sodium monofluorophosphate
1637:Octenidine dihydrochloride
1070:10.1016/j.jhin.2010.04.026
1031:10.12968/jowc.2012.21.1.12
357:Octenidine dihydrochloride
138:used to treat and prevent
25:
18:
3828:Global Health Initiatives
3818:Evolutionary epidemiology
3513:Post-exposure prophylaxis
3449:Antimicrobial stewardship
3172:Multiplicity of infection
3137:Basic reproduction number
2913:Percutaneous inoculation
2397:Host–pathogen interaction
1645:
1576:Propanol (propyl alcohol)
263:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
235:, who published his work
66:
42:
3646:Protective sequestration
3508:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
2799:Generational difference
2352:Horizontal gene transfer
2342:Antimicrobial resistance
2051:Cetylpyridinium chloride
821:10.1002/14356007.w08_w03
411:cetylpyridinium chloride
174:, which was inspired by
26:Not to be confused with
3833:Microbial phylogenetics
3751:Wastewater surveillance
3272:Geographic distribution
3147:Critical community size
2945:Surgical site infection
2793:Iatrogenic/Medical care
2712:Microbial translocation
2708:Endogenous reactivation
2703:Normal flora overgrowth
2652:Opportunistic infection
2424:Opportunistic infection
1586:Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
900:10.1093/bjsopen/zrab117
645:Encyclopædia Britannica
498:A Greek-English Lexicon
475:A Greek-English Lexicon
449:Henry Jacques Garrigues
316:chlorhexidine gluconate
274:Some common antiseptics
3905:Microbial bioterrorism
3528:efficacy/effectiveness
2936:Surgical intervention
2828:Breakthrough infection
2450:Genetic predisposition
2434:Susceptible individual
2281:Germ theory of disease
1796:Dichlorobenzyl alcohol
1737:Acriflavinium chloride
1602:Potassium permanganate
1509:Mercuric amidochloride
1025:(1): 12, 14–6, 18–20.
982:Skin Pharmacol Physiol
937:Skin Pharmacol Physiol
697:10.1038/sj.jid.5700701
283:
157:
64:'against' and
3741:Universal precautions
2699:Endogenous overgrowth
2551:Poultry and livestock
1816:Myristyl-benzalkonium
1514:Phenylmercuric borate
1456:Benzethonium chloride
403:benzalkonium chloride
281:
153:
134:, are pharmaceutical
3843:Genomic reassortment
3823:Genetic epidemiology
3662:Health communication
3590:Flattening the curve
3580:Disease surveillance
3363:Systemic/Generalized
3127:Animal disease model
2607:Asymptomatic carrier
2186:Acetylsalicylic acid
2031:Benzoxonium chloride
1485:Benzoxonium chloride
1399:Diiodohydroxypropane
737:10.1136/qhc.13.3.233
725:Qual Saf Health Care
533:10.1128/CMR.12.1.147
223:Florence Nightingale
142:(fungal infection).
3910:Pandemic prevention
3866:Viral phylodynamics
3847:Re-emerging disease
3736:Travel restrictions
2940:Postoperative wound
2909:Blood-borne disease
2891:Respiratory droplet
2803:Vertical/Congenital
2788:Nosocomial/Hospital
2745:Spillover infection
1607:Sodium hypochlorite
1245:Ethacridine lactate
984:. 23 Suppl: 45–51.
684:J. Invest. Dermatol
639:"Antiseptics"
248:Henri de Mondeville
3856:Selection pressure
3152:Force of infection
2780:Contagious disease
2715:Endogenous seeding
2612:Chain of infection
2536:Injection drug use
2447:Vaccination status
2330:Case fatality rate
2248:infectious disease
1672:Never to phase III
1174:"Antiseptic"
1127:Wound Repair Regen
939:. 23 Suppl: 7–16.
768:Edwards H (1976).
342:tincture of iodine
284:
242:Medieval surgeons
158:
3930:
3929:
3920:Tropical medicine
3861:Synthetic biology
3762:
3761:
3721:Social distancing
3674:Outbreak response
3295:
3294:
3122:Agent-based model
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
2647:Natural reservoir
2637:Infectious period
2627:Incubation period
2584:
2583:
2540:Natural disaster
2509:Tropical diseases
2492:Biodiversity loss
2429:Risk of infection
2419:Microbiome health
2412:Immunosuppression
2213:
2212:
2131:Tibezonium iodide
2076:Hydrogen peroxide
2041:Chlortetracycline
2004:Stannous fluoride
1926:
1925:
1879:Local anesthetics
1682:
1681:
1622:Hydrogen peroxide
1519:Mercuric chloride
1277:Dibrompropamidine
991:10.1159/000318267
946:10.1159/000318237
850:Annals of Surgery
570:JAMA Network Open
431:4-Hexylresorcinol
367:hydrogen peroxide
340:solution (called
63:
51:
21:Germicide (album)
3955:
3915:Tropical disease
3851:Reverse zoonosis
3838:One Health Model
3667:Health education
3656:Community health
3575:Cordon sanitaire
3548:Ring vaccination
3518:Repurposed drugs
3405:
3324:Gastrointestinal
3167:Machine learning
2971:Gastrointestinal
2922:Intravenous line
2859:
2773:/Cross-infection
2760:Reverse zoonosis
2733:
2690:
2595:
2576:War and conflict
2444:Nutrition status
2407:Immunodeficiency
2264:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2217:
2121:Sodium perborate
2056:Domiphen bromide
1953:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1159:
1158:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1102:. Medscape.com.
1096:
1090:
1089:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1010:
1004:
1003:
993:
973:
967:
966:
948:
931:Kaehn K (2010).
928:
922:
921:
911:
878:
872:
871:
861:
841:
835:
834:
806:
800:
799:
789:
765:
759:
758:
748:
716:
710:
709:
699:
675:
669:
668:
656:
650:
649:
641:
630:
624:
623:
621:
619:
601:
576:(10): e2017652.
561:
555:
554:
544:
512:
506:
505:
489:
483:
482:
466:
371:benzoyl peroxide
265:, who published
233:Ignaz Semmelweis
214:
211:
203:
200:
130:, also known as
75:
69:
68:
58:
56:
46:
44:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3870:
3783:Antigenic shift
3778:Antigenic drift
3769:
3758:
3622:Barrier nursing
3570:Contact tracing
3561:
3554:
3399:
3397:
3390:
3301:
3291:
3192:
3186:
3177:Serial interval
3096:
3080:
3071:Cervico-vaginal
3066:
3057:Trans-placental
3052:
3036:
3004:
2966:
2902:Vascular system
2901:
2895:
2850:
2838:
2832:
2772:
2764:
2724:
2681:
2599:
2580:
2471:
2402:Immune response
2368:
2347:Drug resistance
2291:Infectious dose
2255:
2244:
2214:
2209:
2169:
2146:Glucocorticoids
2143:
2141:Corticosteroids
2135:
2008:
1994:Sodium fluoride
1967:
1957:
1927:
1922:
1906:
1873:
1835:
1831:Povidone-iodine
1811:Hexylresorcinol
1776:Cetylpyridinium
1723:
1713:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1662:Clinical trials
1641:
1590:
1562:
1543:
1539:Mercuric iodide
1494:
1475:Cetylpyridinium
1437:
1403:
1394:Povidone-iodine
1374:
1355:
1316:Hexachlorophene
1309:and derivatives
1301:
1259:
1250:9-Aminoacridine
1230:
1216:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1012:
1011:
1007:
975:
974:
970:
930:
929:
925:
880:
879:
875:
843:
842:
838:
831:
808:
807:
803:
767:
766:
762:
718:
717:
713:
677:
676:
672:
658:
657:
653:
632:
631:
627:
617:
615:
563:
562:
558:
514:
513:
509:
491:
490:
486:
468:
467:
463:
458:
440:
385:hexachlorophene
334:povidone-iodine
305:surgical spirit
298:and 2-propanol/
276:
257:Guy de Chauliac
212:
201:
148:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3961:
3959:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3813:Emergent virus
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3746:Vector control
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:N95 respirator
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3562:pharmaceutical
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3411:
3409:
3408:Pharmaceutical
3402:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3359:Cardiovascular
3357:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3338:Nervous system
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:Infection rate
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2917:Injection site
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2886:Dental aerosol
2883:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:Human-to-human
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Super-spreader
2664:
2662:Superinfection
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2571:Vector control
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2500:Climate zones
2498:
2496:Climate change
2493:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2310:Quorum sensing
2307:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2160:Hydrocortisone
2157:
2151:
2149:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2026:Amphotericin B
2022:
2020:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1962:preparations (
1960:Stomatological
1958:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1786:Chlorquinaldol
1783:
1778:
1773:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Amylmetacresol
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1718:preparations (
1714:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1558:Silver nitrate
1554:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:Chlorquinaldol
1420:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1167:
1166:External links
1164:
1161:
1160:
1117:
1091:
1064:(3): 191–199.
1048:
1005:
968:
923:
894:(6): zrab117.
873:
836:
830:978-3527306732
829:
801:
760:
711:
670:
651:
636:, ed. (1911).
634:Chisholm, Hugh
625:
556:
507:
484:
460:
459:
457:
454:
453:
452:
446:
439:
436:
435:
434:
428:
425:chlorquinaldol
418:
396:
374:
360:
354:
346:Lugol's iodine
327:
309:
275:
272:
271:
270:
260:
240:
230:
220:
202: 130–200
147:
144:
112:Antibacterials
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3960:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3726:Sterilization
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:Surgical mask
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:Public health
3649:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:Phage therapy
3501:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3486:Immunotherapy
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3444:Antimicrobial
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:Genitourinary
3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:in population
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Herd immunity
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:Genitourinary
3039:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2983:Contamination
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:Vector-borne
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2737:Cross-species
2734:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2677:Window period
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Latent period
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Deforestation
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2466:Stress levels
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:Pathogenicity
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2165:Triamcinolone
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:Dexamethasone
2153:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Metronidazole
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:Chlorhexidine
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Chlorhexidine
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1370:Nitrofurazone
1368:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Chloroxylenol
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Chlorhexidine
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1223:disinfectants
1220:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1006:
1001:
997:
992:
987:
983:
979:
972:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
942:
938:
934:
927:
924:
919:
915:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
877:
874:
869:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
840:
837:
832:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:
805:
802:
797:
793:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
761:
756:
752:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:
712:
707:
703:
698:
693:
690:(3): 514–25.
689:
685:
681:
674:
671:
666:
662:
661:History Today
655:
652:
647:
646:
640:
635:
629:
626:
613:
609:
605:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
560:
557:
552:
548:
543:
538:
534:
530:
527:(1): 147–79.
526:
522:
518:
511:
508:
503:
499:
495:
488:
485:
480:
476:
472:
465:
462:
455:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
432:
429:
426:
422:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:
394:
393:chloroxylenol
390:
386:
382:
378:
375:
372:
368:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
307:
306:
301:
297:
293:
290:
289:
288:
280:
273:
268:
264:
261:
258:
253:
249:
245:
244:Hugh of Lucca
241:
238:
234:
231:
228:
224:
221:
218:
215:) as well as
213: 400 BC
207:
196:
192:
191:Ancient Greek
189:
188:
187:
185:
181:
177:
176:Louis Pasteur
173:
172:Joseph Lister
169:
168:
163:
156:
155:Joseph Lister
152:
145:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
107:
106:
105:disinfectants
101:
100:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:antimicrobial
74:
61:
55:
49:
40:
36:
29:
22:
3948:Bactericides
3634:Notification
3605:Hand washing
3600:Food hygiene
3585:Disinfection
3481:Immunization
3455:
3432:Anthelmintic
3420:prophylactic
3308:Respiratory
3232:Hyperendemic
3182:WAIFW matrix
2837:Environment-
2590:Transmission
2566:Urbanization
2364:Host tropism
2260:Determinants
2246:Concepts in
2126:Tetracycline
2111:Oxyquinoline
2046:Clotrimazole
2017:
1918:Flurbiprofen
1821:Oxyquinoline
1757:Benzethonium
1752:Benzalkonium
1728:
1451:Benzalkonium
1428:Oxyquinoline
1336:Triclocarban
1321:Policresulen
1297:Polihexanide
1218:
1178:
1133:(5): 513–9.
1130:
1126:
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1094:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1022:
1019:J Wound Care
1018:
1008:
981:
971:
936:
926:
891:
887:
876:
849:
839:
810:
804:
780:(3): 553–5.
777:
773:
763:
731:(3): 233–4.
728:
724:
714:
687:
683:
673:
664:
660:
654:
643:
628:
616:. Retrieved
573:
569:
559:
524:
520:
510:
497:
487:
474:
464:
389:chlorocresol
324:Polyhexanide
303:
294:, including
285:
266:
236:
165:
159:
132:antimycotics
116:Microbicides
110:
103:
97:
94:putrefaction
34:
32:
3943:Antiseptics
3887:Eradication
3798:Biosecurity
3523:Vaccination
3498:Inoculation
3476:Drug safety
3471:Combination
3398:and Control
3346:Soft tissue
3300:Anatomical
3267:Seasonality
3247:Mesoendemic
3227:Holoendemic
3220:Farr's laws
3132:Attack rate
2930:Animal bite
2926:Insect bite
2862:Respiratory
2489:Air quality
2477:Environment
2387:Comorbidity
2303:Attack rate
2286:Infectivity
2201:Epinephrine
2196:Benzydamine
2191:Becaplermin
2116:Polynoxylin
2096:Minocycline
2081:Mepartricin
2061:Doxycycline
2018:antiseptics
1976:prophylaxis
1869:Tyrothricin
1854:Fusafungine
1841:Antibiotics
1791:Dequalinium
1762:Cetrimonium
1729:Antiseptics
1658:from market
1529:Nitromersol
1461:Cetrimonium
1418:Dequalinium
1411:derivatives
1363:derivatives
1287:Propamidine
1238:derivatives
1219:Antiseptics
667:(4): 37–41.
618:18 February
433:, or S.T.37
300:isopropanol
206:Hippocrates
193:physicians
170:in 1867 by
128:Antifungals
99:antibiotics
3937:Categories
3770:infections
3711:Sanitation
3679:Quarantine
3538:resistance
3456:Antiseptic
3437:Ascaricide
3427:Antifungal
3415:Antibiotic
3396:Prevention
3329:Intestinal
3262:Prevalence
3242:Inequality
3191:Occurrence
2990:Breastmilk
2874:Bioaerosol
2846:Sapronosis
2821:Horizontal
2693:Endogenous
2672:Viral load
2632:Index case
2205:Adrenalone
2091:Miconazole
2071:Hexetidine
1887:Benzocaine
1859:Gramicidin
1849:Bacitracin
1806:Hexetidine
1801:Hexamidine
1617:Monalazone
1534:Thiomersal
1433:Clioquinol
1361:Nitrofuran
1346:Biphenylol
1292:Hexamidine
1265:Biguanides
494:"σηπτικός"
456:References
421:Quinolines
399:Quat salts
365:, such as
320:gingivitis
314:including
312:Diguanides
136:fungicides
124:antivirals
35:antiseptic
28:Antibiotic
3882:Discovery
3808:Disease X
3768:Emerging
3716:Screening
3617:Isolation
3461:Antiviral
3287:Twindemic
3237:Incidence
3114:Modelling
3077:Perinatal
3009:Cutaneous
2900:Linked to
2810:Perinatal
2729:Exogenous
2721:formation
2463:Pregnancy
2320:Endotoxin
2315:Virulence
2181:Amlexanox
2101:Natamycin
2014:Infection
1984:Dectaflur
1902:Lidocaine
1897:Dyclonine
1668:Phase III
1656:Withdrawn
1551:compounds
1524:Merbromin
1500:Mercurial
1480:Cetrimide
1409:Quinoline
1351:Fenticlor
1331:Triclosan
1255:Euflavine
1078:0195-6701
590:2574-3805
444:Actinonin
415:cetrimide
407:Lidocaine
381:triclosan
363:Peroxides
120:viricides
90:infection
48:romanized
3791:EARS-Net
3706:Safe sex
3658:services
3629:Lockdown
3400:measures
3302:location
3282:Syndemic
3277:Sporadic
3257:Pandemic
3252:Outbreak
3210:Epidemic
3063:Prenatal
2955:Mosquito
2839:to-human
2814:Neonatal
2807:Prenatal
2755:Zoonosis
2600:concepts
2531:Humidity
2516:Commerce
2392:Diabetes
2325:Exotoxin
2106:Neomycin
1864:Neomycin
1770:chloride
1742:Ambazone
1612:Halazone
1568:Alcohols
1502:products
1469:chloride
1382:products
1269:amidines
1236:Acridine
1147:16176460
1104:Archived
1086:20619933
1043:Archived
1039:22240928
1000:20829662
955:20829657
918:34915557
888:BJS Open
868:32773627
755:15175497
706:17299434
612:Archived
608:33030550
502:Archived
479:Archived
438:See also
401:such as
344:) or as
292:Alcohols
217:Sumerian
162:surgical
73:sēptikos
67:σηπτικός
3595:Hygiene
3533:booster
3466:Asepsis
3205:Endemic
3200:Cluster
2784:Source
2719:Biofilm
2556:Poverty
2526:Ecology
2504:El Niño
2457:Smoking
2335:factors
2276:Biofilm
2252:Outline
2066:Eugenol
1989:Olaflur
1892:Cocaine
1766:bromide
1465:bromide
1183:. 1905.
1155:1028923
1110:4 March
909:8677347
787:1864551
746:1743827
599:7545296
551:9880479
377:Phenols
338:alcohol
296:ethanol
269:in 1843
146:Surgery
140:mycosis
62:
50::
3803:CRISPR
3755:Zoning
3610:Gloves
3021:Fomite
2855:Routes
2750:Vector
2617:Fomite
2598:Basic
2561:Travel
2441:Gender
1973:Caries
1826:Phenol
1716:Throat
1651:WHO-EM
1549:Silver
1380:Iodine
1326:Phenol
1307:Phenol
1153:
1145:
1084:
1076:
1037:
998:
963:684665
961:
953:
916:
906:
866:
827:
796:790395
794:
784:
753:
743:
704:
606:
596:
588:
549:
539:
471:"ἀντί"
391:, and
351:spores
330:Iodine
204:) and
184:phenol
86:sepsis
82:tissue
3875:Other
3383:Fetus
3378:Mouth
3373:Tooth
3368:Blood
3355:Joint
3215:Curve
3085:Other
3032:wound
3030:Open
3000:Feces
2995:Water
2686:Modes
2544:Flood
2268:Agent
2174:Other
1911:Other
1627:Eosin
1595:Other
1151:S2CID
959:S2CID
542:88911
413:, or
195:Galen
39:Greek
3639:list
3560:Non-
3350:Bone
3342:Skin
3026:Soil
3016:Burn
2978:Food
2960:Tick
2622:Host
2382:Burn
2374:Host
2016:and
1267:and
1221:and
1143:PMID
1112:2014
1082:PMID
1074:ISSN
1035:PMID
996:PMID
951:PMID
914:PMID
864:PMID
825:ISBN
792:PMID
751:PMID
702:PMID
620:2023
604:PMID
586:ISSN
547:PMID
369:and
322:).
60:lit.
54:anti
43:ἀντί
3699:PPE
3387:Eye
3048:Sex
2869:Air
2438:Age
1964:A01
1720:R02
1227:D08
1135:doi
1066:doi
1027:doi
986:doi
941:doi
904:PMC
896:doi
854:doi
817:doi
782:PMC
741:PMC
733:doi
692:doi
688:127
594:PMC
578:doi
537:PMC
529:doi
252:pus
178:'s
122:or
92:or
33:An
3939::
1664::
1177:.
1149:.
1141:.
1131:13
1129:.
1080:.
1072:.
1062:76
1060:.
1041:.
1033:.
1023:21
1021:.
1017:.
994:.
980:.
957:.
949:.
935:.
912:.
902:.
890:.
886:.
862:.
848:.
823:.
790:.
778:69
776:.
772:.
749:.
739:.
729:13
727:.
723:.
700:.
686:.
682:.
663:.
642:.
610:.
602:.
592:.
584:.
572:.
568:.
545:.
535:.
525:12
523:.
519:.
496:.
473:.
387:,
383:,
210:c.
199:c.
126:.
88:,
70:,
57:,
45:,
41::
2254:)
2250:(
2239:e
2232:t
2225:v
2203:/
2148:)
2144:(
1966:)
1952:e
1945:t
1938:v
1772:)
1768:/
1764:(
1722:)
1708:e
1701:t
1694:v
1471:)
1467:/
1463:(
1229:)
1225:(
1211:e
1204:t
1197:v
1157:.
1137::
1114:.
1088:.
1068::
1029::
1002:.
988::
965:.
943::
920:.
898::
892:5
870:.
856::
833:.
819::
798:.
757:.
735::
708:.
694::
665:1
622:.
580::
574:3
553:.
531::
427:.
405:/
208:(
197:(
37:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
