Apennine Mountains - Knowledge (XXG)

1872: 2197: 1252: 2931: 772: 1660: 1177: 690: 853: 1883: 2778: 3379: 958: 58: 2818:), an extensive survey of historical landslides in Italy undertaken by the government starting in 1997. On December 31, 2007, it had studied and mapped 482,272 landslides over 20,500 km (7,900 sq mi). Its major statistics are the Landslide Index (LI here), the ratio of the landslide area to the total area of a region, the Landslide Index in Mountainous-Hilly Areas (here LIMH) and the Density of Landslides, which is the number per 100 km (39 sq mi). 1893: 2911: 2921: 1601: 7249: 7095: 2901: 209: 7262: 6165: 1862: 7274: 4518: 618: 2543: 2322: 2477: 1480: 2615: 1103: 6154: 3351: 2507:. Prior to the explosion of data on the topic from about the year 2000, many authors took the approach that the Apennines had the same origin as the Alps. Even today, some authors use the term Alpine-Apennine system. They are not, however, the same system and did not have the same origin. The Alps were millions of years old before the Apennines rose from the sea. 1751: 943: 7286: 1341: 2606:) result in both longer episodes and shorter phases of general extension and compression acting both upon and inside mountain belts and tectonic arches (See e.g. for extensive reviews, bibliography and discussions on the literature: Van Dijk (1992), Van Dijk and Okkes (1991), Van Dijk & Scheepers (1995), and Van Dijk et al. (2000a)). 2845:(9.1) are significantly higher. The most unstable terrain in the Apennines when the landslide sites are plotted on the map are in order from most unstable the eastern flanks of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, the Central Apennines and the eastern flank of the southern Apennines. Instability there is comparable to the Alps bordering the 3365: 2598:. More recent work in geotectonics and geodynamics of the same school of geoscientists (Utrecht and Amsterdam University) by Vlaar, Wortel, and Cloetingh, and their disciples, extended these concepts even further into a temporal realm. They demonstrated that internal and external forces acting upon the mountain belt (e.g., 2558:

The Apennine orogeny is a type of mountain-building in which two simpler types are combined in an apparently paradoxical configuration. Sometimes this is referred to as "syn-orogenic extension", but the term implies that the two processes occur simultaneously during time. Some scientists imagine that

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biome; with Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, and Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub below it. The tree line in the Apennines can be found in the range 1,600 m (5,200 ft) to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). About 5% of the map area covered by the Apennines is at or above the tree

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Since 1856, a series of tunnels have been constructed to conduct "the Bologna-Florence rail line", which is neither a single line nor a single tunnel. The Porrettana Line went into service in 1864, the Direttissima in 1934 and the High Speed in 1996. A few dozen tunnels support the three of them, the

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The people of the Apennine culture were alpine cattle herdsmen grazing their animals over the meadows and groves of mountainous central Italy. They lived in small hamlets located in defensible places. On the move between summer pastures they built temporary camps or lived in caves and rock shelters.

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This phase is preceded by the Grotta Nuova facies (central Italy) and by the Protoapennine B facies (southern Italy) and succeeded by the Subapennine facies of 13th-century ("Bronzo Recente"). Apennine pottery is a burnished ware incised with spirals, meanders and geometrical zones, filled with dots

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is just as often used alone as a noun. The ancient Greeks and Romans typically but not always used "mountain" in the singular to mean one or a range; thus, "the Apennine mountain" refers to the entire chain and is translated "the Apennine mountains". The ending can vary also by gender depending on

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of the Apennine subduction zone forms a long, irregular arc with centers of curvature in the Tyrrhenian Sea following the hanging wall over which the mountains have been raised; i.e., the eastern wall of the mountains. It runs from near the base of the Ligurian Apennines in the Po Valley along the

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The main and only feasible overland route connecting the coastal plain of Liguria to the north Italian plain runs through Bocchetta di Altare. It has always been of strategic importance. Defenders of north Italy have had to control it since ancient times, as the various fortifications placed there

2727:, the last rift valley in that direction. It runs approximately across the direction of extension. In the fault-block system, the ridges are lower and are more steep-sided, since the walls are formed by faults. Geographically they are not considered part of the Apennines proper but are termed 1151:

The Apennine System forms an irregular arc with centers of curvature located in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The northern and southern segments comprise parallel chains that can be viewed as single overall mountain ridges, such as the Ligurian Mountains. The center, being thicker and more complex, is

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According to the older theories (originating from the 1930s to 1970s) of Dutch geologists, including Van Bemmelen, compression and extension can and should occur simultaneously at different depths in a mountain belt. In these theories, these different levels are called

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which could have been assigned during the Celtic domination of north Italy in the 4th century BC or before. The name originally applied to the north Apennines. However, historical linguists have never found a derivation with which they all agree. Wilhelm Deecke said:

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The railway running south from Sicignano to Lagonegro, ascending the valley of the Negro, is planned to extend to Cosenza, along the line followed by the ancient Via Popilia, which beyond Cosenza reached the west coast at Terina and thence followed it to Reggio. The

2514:, beginning in the late Mesozoic. The band of mountains created extends from Spain to Turkey in a roughly east–west direction and includes the Alps. The Apennines are much younger, extend from northwest to southeast, and are not a displacement of the Alpine chain. 1074:, which connects Italy and Switzerland, is longer. Automobile traffic is carried by the Autostrada del Sole, Route A1, which goes through numerous shorter tunnels, bypassing an old road, originally Roman, through Futa Pass. In December 2015, a new Route A1 called 2521:

in northern Italy. Compressional forces have been acting from north to south in the Alps and from south to north in the Apennines, but instead of being squeezed into mountains the valley has been subsiding at 1 to 4 mm (0.16 in) per year since about 25

1651:, Agri, Sinni on the east, which flow into the gulf of Taranto; to the south of the last-named river there are only unimportant streams flowing into the sea east and west, inasmuch as here the width of the peninsula diminishes to some 64 kilometres (40 mi). 1134:

in the Tuscan-Romagnol Apennine from northeast to southwest, projecting into the Tyrrhenian Sea at right angles to the shore. The upper Tiber, however, flows from northwest to southeast, gradually turning through one right angle clockwise. The northern

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is at about 3,200 m (10,500 ft), leaving the Apennines below it, except for the one remaining glacier. Snow may fall from October to May. Rainfall increases with latitude. The range's climates, depending on elevation and latitude, are the

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is shorter, but exploitation of it required the conquest of more rugged terrain, which was not feasible for the ancients. Railway lines were constructed over the mountains in the early 19th century but they were of low capacity and unimprovable.

1693:. At the narrowest point the plain of Sibari, through which the rivers Coscile and Crati flow to the sea, occurs on the east coast, extending halfway across the peninsula. Here the limestone Apennines proper cease and the granite mountains of 1070:

longest on the High-Speed Line being the Voglia Tunnel at 16.757 km (10.412 mi). The longest is on the Direttissima, the Great Apennine Tunnel, which at 18.5 kilometres (11.5 miles) is the longest entirely within Italy, although the

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van Dijk, J.P.; Bello, M.; Brancaleoni, G.P.; Cantarella, G.; Costa, V.; Frixa, A.; Golfetto, F.; Merlini, S.; Riva, M.; Toricelli, S.; Toscano, C.; Zerilli, A. (2000). "A new structural model for the northern sector of the Calabrian Arc".

2869:; that is, the zone where the Adriatic floor is being subducted under Italy. Slides with large translational or rotational surface movements are most common; e.g., a whole slope slumps into its valley, placing the population there at risk. 482:

are steep, while the western slopes form foothills on which most of peninsular Italy's cities are located. The mountains tend to be named from the province or provinces in which they are located; for example, the Ligurian Apennines are in

420:, the coastal city at the tip of the peninsula. Since 2000 the Environment Ministry of Italy, following the recommendations of the Apennines Park of Europe Project, has been defining the Apennines System to include the mountains of north 1078:

was opened after many years of construction consisting of major tunnels (the longest being the new 8.6-kilometre (5.3-mile) 'Tunel Base') and new overpasses, shortening the traveling time between Florence and Bologna by road. The

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Based on rock type and orogenic incidents, the northern segment of the arc is divided into the Outer Northern Apennines (ONA) and the Inner Northern Apennines (INA). The Central Apennines are divided into the Umbrian–Marchean

2645:, referred to as the "Adriatic lithosphere" or the "Adriatic plate," terms whose precise meaning is the subject of ongoing research, is dipping under the slab on which the Apennines have been folded by compressional forces. 4214:

van Dijk, J.P. (1992). "Late Neogene fore-arc basin evolution in the Calabrian Arc (Central Mediterranean). Tectonic sequence stratigraphy and dynamic geohistory. With special reference to the geology of Central Calabria".

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above 250 km (160 mi) deep is broken into the "Northern Apennines Arc" and the "Calabrian Arc", with compressional forces acting in different directions radially toward the arcs' centers of curvature.

1430:) follows the Nera valley; while from Terni a line ascends to the plain of Rieti, and thence crosses the central chain to Aquila, whence it follows the valley of the Aterno to Sulmona. In ancient times the 848:

along the coast to the west and the Ligurian Apennines. A bronze plaque fixed to a stone marks the top of the pass. In the vicinity are fragments of the old road and three ruins of former fortifications.

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the noun modified. The Italian singular refers to one of the constituent chains rather than to a single mountain, and the Italian plural refers to multiple chains rather than to multiple mountains.

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Brigandage appears to have been prevalent in Roman times in the more remote parts of the Apennines, as it was until recently. An inscription found near the Furlo pass was set up in AD 246 by an

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Pedrotti, F.; Gafta, D. (2003). "The High Mountain Flora and Vegetation of the Apennines and the Italian Alps". In Nagy, László; Grabherr, G.; Körner, Ch.; Thompson, D.B.A. (eds.).

1218: 2582:"The paradox of how contraction and extension can occur simultaneously in convergent mountain belts remains a fundamental and largely unresolved problem in continental dynamics." 3501:

The Retreating-trench, extension and accretion (RETREAT) Project is a study conducted by a consortium of scientific organizations in different countries including in the US the

1724:. In both groups the rivers are quite unimportant. Finally, the Calabrian southern Apennine Mountains extend along the northern coast of Sicily (the Sicilian Apennines, Italian 1002:. Whether they are to be considered part of the Apennines is a matter of opinion; certainly, they are part of the Apennine System. Topographically only the valley of the River 4187:

Apennine thrusts move in from the south, and Southern Alps thrust in from the north, but instead of collisional compression there is subsidence and horizontal sedimentation.

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van Dijk, J.P.; Scheepers, P.J.J. (1995). "Neogene rotations in the Calabrian Arc. Implications for a Pliocene-Recent geodynamic scenario for the Central Mediterranean".

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van Dijk, J.P.; Okkes, F.W.M. (1991). "Neogene tectonostratigraphy and kinematics of Calabrian Basins. implications for the geodynamics of the Central Mediterranean".

5224: 2578:. This side is called the "Tyrrhenian Extensional Zone." The mountains of Italy are of paradoxical provenience, having to derive from both compression and extension: 1278:, contain the highest peaks and most rugged terrain of the Apennines. They are known in history as the territory of the Italic peoples first defeated by the city of 4385: 2656:, or overriding slab is thrust over an overridden slab, also called the subducting slab. In north Italy the dip of this interface is 30° to 40° at a depth of 80–90 6201: 4489:

Barchi, Massimiliano; Landuzzi, Alberto; Minelli, Giorgio; Pialli, Giampaolo (2001). "Inner Northern Apennines". In Martini, I. Peter; Vai, Gian Battista (eds.).

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geologically divided into an inner and an outer arc with regard to the centers of curvature. The geologic definition, however, is not the same as the geographic.

903:, the state railway system, highly developed on the coastal plain, now traverses the mountains routinely through a number of railway tunnels, such as the one at 5256: 7126: 6570: 5887: 5239: 7044: 4539: 2353: 1784: 1326: 66: 1712:

and Catanzaro Marina crosses the isthmus, and an ancient road may have run from Squillace to Monteleone. The second group extends to the south end of the

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Snow lies on the highest peaks of the Apennines for almost the whole year. The range produces no minerals, but there are a considerable number of good

5985: 6979: 5892: 4059: 1871: 4453: 2796:, including falls and slides of rocks and debris, flows of earth and mud, and sink holes. The Institute for Environmental Protection and Research ( 1708:). The forests which covered it in ancient times supplied the Greeks and Sicilians with timber for shipbuilding. The railway from South Eufemia to 1213: 6959: 5457: 2357: 2325: 2240:. xvi. 177); they have indeed been greatly reduced in comparatively modern times by indiscriminate timber-felling, and though serious attempts at 123: 1704:

formed by the gulfs of South Eufemia and Squillace; it is known as the Sila, and the highest point reached is 1,930 metres (6,330 ft) (the

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underwent a general NNE contraction .... This compression also created the Apennine orogeny of east-central Italy .... This area was brought

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and, within them, a high diversity of flora and fauna. These mountains are one of the last refuges of the big European predators such as the

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Sea. This side has been called the "Apennine-Adriatic Compressional Zone" or the "Apennines Convergence Zone." On the west side of Italy

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The Apennines conserve some intact ecosystems that have survived human intervention. In these are some of the best preserved forests and

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this is relatively rare but not unique in mountain building, whereas others imagine that this is fairly common in all mountain belts.

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in association with LHIIIA pottery, which associations date it to the Late Bronze Age as it is defined in Greece and the Aegean.

5161: 6945: 5708: 5620: 5467: 5462: 5293: 3397: 2337: 2329: 444: 1251: 5656: 5244: 4721: 3579: 2056: 599:, 'feather' (in the sense of the horn of the quill), have been connected to the name. This view has the word originating in 2180:. The reasons for this choice are related to the fact that the Italian wolf, which inhabits the Apennine Mountains and the 1503:, the highest point of which is the Monte Miletto 2,050 metres (6,725 ft). The chief rivers on the south-west are the 7054: 6778: 6187: 5907: 5738: 5625: 5156: 5151: 2349: 7290: 5303: 4479:

Martini, I. Peter; Vai, Gian Battista (2001). "Geomorphologic Setting". In Martini, I. Peter; Vai, Gian Battista (eds.).

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The RETREAT Project have this specific feature as one of their focus points In essence the east side of Italy features a

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is in the southern part of the Tuscan–Romagnol Apennines. The southern limit of the Tuscan–Romagnol Apennines is the

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It is now known to be not an erosional feature, but is a filled portion of the Adriatic Trench, called the Adriatic

1379:, both of which fall into the Tiber. On the east there is at first a succession of small rivers which flow into the 7004: 6065: 5693: 5513: 5420: 5393: 5328: 5202: 4736: 4662: 4137:

Determining the source for the magmas of Monte Amiata (Central Italy) using strontium, neodymium, and lead isotopes

3554: 2930: 2802:), a government agency founded in 2008 by combining three older agencies, published in that year a special report, 1037:, transportation over them has been used to achieve political and economic unity. Historically the Romans used the 832:

The upper Bormida can be reached by a number of roads proceeding inland at a right angle to the coast southwest of

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The terrain of the Apennines (as well as that of the Alps) is to a large degree unstable due to various types of

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2,233 metres (7,325 ft). The chief rivers are the Sele—joined by the Negro and Calore—on the west, and the

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inconsistently with the theory of the northern origin. None of these derivations are unquestionably accepted.

6608: 3944: 2290:(a member of a picked corps) on special police duty with a detachment of twenty men from the Ravenna fleet. 1010:, separates the Apuan Alps from the Apennines; geologically the rock is of a slightly different composition, 922:, which runs in the opposite direction to join the Po. The divide between the two upper river valleys is the 495:

The etymology most frequently repeated, because of its semantic appropriateness, is that it derives from the

6402: 5990: 5753: 5610: 5580: 5555: 5472: 5432: 5371: 5270: 5035: 5005: 4572:"Italian Cultural Landscapes: wood-pasture and wood-meadow in the Ligurian-Tuscan-Aemilian Apennines, Italy" 4391:. Rome: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA). pp. 15–16. Archived from 3489: 3412: 3402: 2263:, however, which were known in Roman times, have almost entirely disappeared. Nor are the wild goats called 2020: 1986: 1882: 109: 2777: 2703:

system, where the crust – extended by the lengthening mantle below – thinned, broke along roughly parallel

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Territorial strategies and environmental continuity in mountain systems: The case of the Apennines (Italy)

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margin of the mountains to the Adriatic, along the coastal deeps of the Adriatic shore, strikes inland at

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Italy; a popular account of the country, its people, and its institutions (including Malta and Sardinia)

2365: 2361: 2115: 2032: 1844: 1330: 4555: 2897:(counting only the top peak in each massif). Most of these peaks are located in the Central Apennines. 2510:

The northward movement of the African Plate and its collision with the European Plate then caused the

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and Avellino to Rocchetta Sant'Antonio, the junction for Foggia, Spinazzola (for Barletta, Bari, and

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and the Tuscan–Romagnol Apennines east of it, or just the Tuscan Apennines. They extend to the upper

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Design and construction of tunnels: analysis of controlled deformation in rocks and soils (ADECO-RS)

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Bury, J. B.; I E S Edwards; C. J. Gadd; John Boardman; N. G. L. Hammond (1975). P. Mack Crew (ed.).

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and after winding through the Alpine arc traverses the entire Apennine system, Sicily and Sardinia.

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that forms the major part of Italy. They are mostly verdant, although one side of the highest peak,

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Both the folded and the fault-block systems include parallel mountain chains. In the folded system

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coming from northern Europe and traversing the lengths of the northern and central Apennines. The

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were frequent, and still are found, the flocks being protected against them by large sheep-dogs;

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valley, the three parallel chains are broken up into smaller groups; among them may be named the

1075: 463: 417: 291: 104: 6783: 4454:"The subduction structure of the Northern Apennines: results for the RETREAT seismic deployment" 2503:) and continuing today. Geographically they are partially (or appear to be) continuous with the 2212:

took place mainly starting from the Abruzzi Apennines, moving both towards the Tuscan and Lazio

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species in the Apennines has been estimated at 5,599. Of these, 728 (23.6%) are in the treeline

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Their range was not necessarily confined to the hills; their pottery has been found on the

7172: 6893: 6532: 6324: 6309: 6294: 6035: 6025: 6020: 6015: 5912: 5836: 5698: 5217: 5115: 5000: 4900: 4807: 3125: 2716: 2704: 2677: 2653: 2649: 2603: 2221: 2177: 2169: 2060: 2006: 1982: 1840: 1729: 1623:), which runs from east to west, while south of the valleys of the Sele (on the west) and 1484: 1310: 794: 678: 666: 662: 617: 496: 6274: 1450:. The volcanic mountains of the province of Rome are separated from the Apennines by the 1114:, marked by a column with an eagle and wolves, part of the Apennine fauna and symbols of 7094: 4438:. Translated by Nesbitt, H A. London; New York: Macmillan Co.; S. Sonnenschein & Co. 4422: 4339: 4282: 4247: 4073: 3991: 3488:

Claims of being the longest or second-longest in the world have been soon outdated. See

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The Apennines include about 21 peaks over 1,900 m (6,200 ft), the approximate

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from the north-west and the Gizio from the south-east, is more important; and so is the

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The bronze age in Europe: an introduction to the prehistory of Europe, c. 2000–700 BC

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is deep and separates the Apennines on the left bank from a lesser range, the Tuscan

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and intra-plate stress field modulations due to large scale reorganisations of the

2433: 2405: 2256: 2209: 2184:, features prominently in Latin and Italian cultures, such as in the legend of the 2181: 2165: 2134: 2103: 2095: 2024: 1962: 1875: 1758: 1705: 1619:, marks the northern termination of the first range of the Lucanian Apennines (now 1541: 1455: 1435: 1380: 1368: 1334: 1236: 1136: 1038: 988: 946: 919: 782: 479: 467: 448: 429: 86: 62: 38: 4591: 1118:. The inscription reads: "Here the river sacred to the destinies of Rome is born." 30:

This article is about the Italian mountain range. For other uses of Apennine, see

4616: 2633:) and the folding of the mountains of eastern Italy have been investigated using 1676: 1560:, and from south-west to northeast by the railways from Caianello via Isernia to 1282:. Coincidentally they exist in three parallel folds or chains surviving from the 7164: 7150: 6813: 6643: 6588: 6507: 6502: 6417: 6407: 6392: 6060: 6000: 5970: 5323: 4954: 4503:. Ecological studies, 167. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag. pp. 73–84. 3099: 3079: 2969: 2724: 2700: 2547: 2542: 2068: 2064: 2048: 1682: 1585: 1459: 1431: 1360: 1356: 1123: 984: 888: 822: 818: 3866: 2321: 1627:(on the east)—which form the line followed by the railway from Battipaglia via 7219: 7199: 7194: 6653: 6497: 6442: 6387: 6382: 6239: 5318: 4927: 4154: 3346: 3220: 3166: 3031: 2934: 2638: 2523: 2496: 2476: 2310: 2306: 2083: 2040: 1717: 1663: 1620: 1561: 1548:. The district is traversed from north-west to south-east by the railway from 1508: 1479: 1255: 1232: 995: 961: 904: 900: 876: 548:

would be required, which is typologically not found in languages that feature

283: 3728:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Indo-European Roots

3693: 250: 237: 138: 125: 7228: 7224: 6377: 4543:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–163. 4424:

Geographical etymology, a dictionary of place-names giving their derivations

3139: 2894: 2846: 2822: 2626: 2614: 2599: 2587: 2551: 2518: 2409: 2280: 1835: 1826: 1819: 1709: 1632: 1573: 1553: 1372: 1240: 1102: 1026: 999: 980: 968: 923: 915: 826: 814: 802: 798: 775: 742: 538: 402: 1635:—the second range begins to run due north and south as far as the plain of 6914: 1750: 942: 533:: Beanach, Benmore, Benabuird, Benan, Bencruachan, etc. In one derivation 7190: 5975: 5960: 5955: 5856: 4890: 4885: 4166: 2882: 2866: 2842: 2766: 2712: 2567: 2531: 2461: 1694: 1616: 1581: 1580:

to Benevento, whence the older road went to Venosa and Taranto and so to

1557: 1538: 1512: 1488: 1415: 1295: 1050: 880: 42: 17: 4110: 1572:) and Potenza. Roman roads followed the same lines as the railways: the 7204: 6211: 6179: 4990: 4922: 4150: 3231: 3192: 3019: 2975: 2854: 2850: 2758: 2720: 2669: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2417: 2413: 2401: 2248: 2213: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1822: 1803: 1701: 1690: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1628: 1624: 1604: 1569: 1549: 1534: 1530: 1516: 1427: 1411: 1364: 1351:

Other features between the western and central ranges are the plain of

1344: 1340: 1322: 1283: 1267: 1058: 1054: 1030: 1019: 1003: 976: 872: 868: 864: 856: 730: 484: 475: 279: 70: 4299: 2821:

Italy as a whole has a LI of 6.8, a LIMH of 9.1 and a density of 160.

721:

A number of long hiking trails wind through the Apennines. Of note is

594: 7104: 6548: 5615: 4491:

Anatomy of an orogen: the Apennines and adjacent Mediterranean basins

4481:

Anatomy of an orogen: the Apennines and adjacent Mediterranean basins

4158: 3571: 3469: 3113: 2858: 2834: 2830: 2708: 2681: 2673: 2630: 2457: 2449: 2441: 2437: 1974: 1636: 1612: 1545: 1526: 1500: 1496: 1400: 1388: 1376: 1291: 1287: 1271: 1228: 1197: 1088: 1046: 1011: 837: 833: 790: 670: 658: 600: 421: 413: 94: 2574:

prevail, created by a spreading or extension of the crust under the

1333:; and the Regional Park of the Monti Simbruini. Gran Sasso contains 4139:, Carleton Geology Department: Geology Comps Papers, pp. 3–4, 3748:(illustrated ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. p. 165. 2517:

The key evidence of the difference is the geologic behavior of the

817:. The northwestern border follows the line of the Bormida River to 4895: 4678: 4523:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2929: 2919: 2909: 2899: 2862: 2776: 2762: 2613: 2541: 2475: 2425: 2320: 2247:

They also furnish considerable summer pastures, especially in the

2233: 2195: 2154: 1919: 1891: 1881: 1870: 1860: 1773: 1749: 1658: 1599: 1577: 1478: 1451: 1423: 1359:; while between the central and eastern ranges are the valleys of 1352: 1339: 1275: 1250: 1193: 1175: 1107: 1101: 1034: 956: 941: 931: 911: 851: 806: 770: 688: 642: 580: 405: 4647: 2939: 979:

regions. They are named the Tuscan–Emilian Apennines west of the

6221: 5403: 4880: 2504: 2480: 2453: 2421: 2225: 1978: 1504: 1463: 1443: 1419: 1407: 1279: 1127: 1115: 1092: 1042: 1007: 7108: 6918: 6552: 6183: 4651: 2255:. xi. 240) praises the cheese of the Apennines. In the forests 910:

The southeastern border of the Ligurian Apennines is the Fiume

3614: 3612: 2229: 1309:

The eastern chain consists mainly of the southern part of the

3463: 3447: 3441: 2590:

erode into the highest and longest massifs of the Apennines.

1231:, such as the Riserva Naturale Statale Gola del Furlo, where 1214:

parco naturale regionale della Gola della Rossa e di Frasassi

1162:) or Roman Apennines in the north and the Abruzzi Apennines ( 355: 3945:"Mammiferi d'Italia - Ministero della Transizione Ecologica" 3605:. Oxford; Medford: Clarendon Press; Perseus Digital Library. 2799:

Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale

2346:

Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park

2309:, Porretta, Telese), while others are cool (such as Nocera, 1564:

and Termoli, from Caserta to Benevento and Foggia, and from

1081:

Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park

4633:"10th Mountain Division – The Formative World War II Years" 4493:. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 215–254. 3853: 2641:

System." Along the Adriatic side of Italy the floor of the

2244:

have been made by the government, much remains to be done.

1286:. These extend in a northwest–southeast direction from the 331: 325: 3867:"Parks, Reserves and other Protected Areas in the Marches" 2464:. Among the lakes of glacial origin of the Alpine type is 3452:) has the form of an adjective, which would be segmented 2378:

Appennino Lucano - Val d'Agri - Lagonegrese National Park

1025:

As the Tuscan Apennines divide the peninsula between the

514:

is doubtful but some derive it from the Ligurian-Celtish

428:. The system forms an arc enclosing the east side of the 319: 4060:"Il lupo grigio degli appennini e l animale dell Italia" 2534:

after its function as a subduction zone was discovered.

2332:

in the Apennine Mountains and the second oldest in Italy

1383:, from which the highest points of the chain are some 20 697:

The Apennines are divided into three sectors: northern (

4483:. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 1–4. 4367: 4365: 4197: 4195: 529:: Penarrig, Penbrynn, Pencoid, Penmon, Pentir, etc. or 4452:

Margheriti, Lucia; et al. (August–October 2006).

3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 2877:

Glaciers no longer exist in the Apennines outside the

2396:

Important rivers originate from the Apennines are the

1537:, on the east, is completely isolated, and so are the 1515:, Sebeto, Sarno, on the north the Trigno, Biferno and 1406:

The central Apennines are crossed by the railway from

1223:, in which are the Gola della Rossa ("Red Gorge") and 1200:

River, the south border of the ONA. The highest peak,

163:

1,200 km (750 mi) northwest to southeast

4320: 4318: 3637: 3635: 1533:

hills on the west. On the converse the promontory of

891:. Nearby is the highest point of Ligurian Apennines, 844:, 436 m (1,430 ft), the border between the 343: 334: 328: 6764:

Monte Val de' Varri - Monte Faito - Monte San Nicola

4416:(3rd ed.). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2001. 1732:(6,493 feet (1,979 m)) being the highest peak. 1529:, are connected with the Apennine range, and so are 1458:, part of the Volscian chain, by the valleys of the 953:, is the highest mountain of the northern Apennines. 322: 171:

250 km (160 mi) southwest to northeast

6952: 6338: 6220: 5946: 5783: 5638: 5490: 5343: 5286: 5175: 5162:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

5068: 4977: 4858: 4795: 4714: 4698: 4689: 2078:The reptile fauna is mainly composed of suc as the 1186:The west border of the Umbria-Marche Apennines (or 681:in Rome as well as on the islands mentioned above. 316: 290: 271: 266: 227: 219: 200: 180: 175: 167: 159: 154: 115: 103: 93: 82: 77: 50: 3619:Gambino, Roberto; Romano, Bernardino (2000–2001). 2849:. The most stable terrain is on the western side: 1204:, at 2,478 m (8,130 ft), is part of the 914:, which projects into the Tyrrhenian Sea south of 4421:Blackie, Christina; Blackie, John Stuart (1887). 2374:Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park 1781:Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests 478:in the Apennines. The eastern slopes down to the 4099:. George Baker (trans.). Printed for A. Strahan. 2566:raised by compressional forces acting under the 829:, but the mountains bend away to the southeast. 693:Orographic and hydrographic map of the Apennines 394:consisting of parallel smaller chains extending 3817: 3774:The Cambridge Ancient History: c. 1800–1380 B.C 2806:, summarizing the results of the IFFI Project ( 2015:There are also numerous amphibians such as the 1495:In the southern Apennines, to the south of the 1298:. The coastal hills of the east extend between 998:, goes southwest, bordering the coast south of 579:is not explained by any rule. By some, English 7025:Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna 3680: 2707:lines, and the blocks alternatively sank into 1720:(1,960 metres (6,420 ft)) to the east of 1337:, the highest peak of the Apennines (2912 m). 525:A large number of place names seem to reflect 27:Mountain ranges stretching the length of Italy 7120: 6930: 6564: 6195: 4663: 3931: 3916: 3656: 2813: 2807: 2797: 2752: 2742: 2732: 1187: 1163: 1157: 758: 752: 746: 712: 704: 698: 184: 8: 4384:Trigila, Alessandro; Iadanza, Carla (2008). 4130: 4128: 3713:Webster's Third New International Dictionary 3592: 3590: 3588: 1014:. The Roman marble industry was centered at 6970:Appennino Lucano - Val d'Agri - Lagonegrese 3739: 3737: 3597:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). 3457: 2487:The Apennines were created in the Apennine 2354:Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park 2121:Notable Apennine freshwater fishes are the 1785:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub 1327:Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park 1325:Massif. Among them are two national parks: 657:or transverse dashes. It has been found on 369: 67:Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park 7127: 7113: 7105: 6937: 6923: 6915: 6571: 6557: 6549: 6202: 6188: 6180: 5789: 5644: 5496: 5349: 4695: 4670: 4656: 4648: 4386:"Landslides in Italy: Special Report 2008" 4371: 4201: 4013:Peter Uetz; Jakob Hallermann; Jiri Hosek. 3796: 1961:There are also numerous birds such as the 1810:predominate in the entire Apennine chain. 47: 4414:Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary 4298: 3767: 3765: 2815:Inventario dei Fenomeni Franosi in Italia 1243:and the Romans constructed tunnels here. 821:. There the river continues northeast to 4165:during a doming phase during the Middle 1615:, which runs into the Adriatic close to 741:The northern Apennines consist of three 616: 4635:. Dartmouth College Class of 1965. 2008 3841: 3829: 3744:Coles, John M.; Harding, A. F. (1979). 3517: 3429: 2757:). These mountains are found mainly in 2358:Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park 2326:Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park 1902:The mammal fauna is mainly composed of 1367:. The chief rivers on the west are the 3927: 3925: 3668: 3628:. World Commission on Protected Areas. 2680:, widely around the rest of Italy and 2342:Appennino Tosco-Emiliano National Park 2275:II. i. 5), which may have been either 1700:The first group extends as far as the 408:. In the northwest they join with the 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3652: 3650: 3408:List of highest paved roads in Europe 2699:The west side of Italy is given to a 2297:, some of which are thermal (such as 1834:line—or in the treeline ecotone. The 1771:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests 926:. Under it (in two tunnels) runs the 462:The mountains lend their name to the 385: 7: 7285: 6779:Parco regionale urbano Monte Orlando 5208:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 3904: 3641: 2812:), the Italian Landslide Inventory ( 2684:and across inland north Africa. The 1792:South Apennine mixed montane forests 949:(2,165 m or 7,103 ft), in 809:River valley. The range follows the 7000:Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni 4181:Ollier, Cliff; Pain, Colin (2000). 1355:, the valley of the Salto, and the 1210:Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini 1140: 6664:Cima del Redentore (monti Aurunci) 3992:"Quali sono gli anfibi autoctoni?" 2885:have been observed in Basilicata. 1767:Apennine deciduous montane forests 1755:Apennine deciduous montane forests 1592:(near Foggia) and thence to Bari. 1511:with its tributary the Sacco, the 1391:, Tordino, Vomano and others. The 1266:The Abruzzi Apennines, located in 781:The Ligurian Apennines border the 399: 1,200 km (750 mi) 377:– a singular with plural meaning; 25: 4574:. The ECL project. Archived from 4185:. London: Routledge. p. 77. 3526:"Topographic map of Corno Grande" 2336:The Apennines are home to twelve 1831:Montane grasslands and shrublands 1639:. The highest point is the Monte 991:at 2,165 m (7,103 ft). 895:at 1,800 m (5,900 ft). 7284: 7272: 7261: 7260: 7247: 7093: 6164: 6163: 6152: 4596:] deciduous montane forests" 4516: 4041:"What is Italy national animal?" 3456:, often used with nouns such as 3377: 3363: 3349: 1655:Calabrian and Sicilian Apennines 312: 207: 56: 5893:Orders, decorations, and medals 3398:List of national parks of Italy 2881:massif. However, post-Pliocene 2676:, out to sea again through the 1475:Samnite and Campanian Apennines 1049:. The montane distance between 416:. In the southwest they end at 277:Mesozoic for formation of rock, 2723:eastward to the valley of the 2625:The gradual subsidence of the 2057:Northern spectacled salamander 1418:and Sulmona: the railway from 1375:the Velino and Salto, and the 1143:(Sub-Apennines) on its right. 522:, which means mountain peak." 426:1,500 kilometres (930 mi) 1: 7045:Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga 6342:ot Liguria (belonging to the 6224:of Liguria (belonging to the 4501:Alpine biodiversity in Europe 4348:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00139-6 4039:Sheri Foster (January 2021). 3336:1,407 m (4,616 ft) 3308:1,525 m (5,003 ft) 3298:1,560 m (5,120 ft) 3288:1,640 m (5,380 ft) 3280:1,701 m (5,581 ft) 3270:1,760 m (5,770 ft) 3262:1,799 m (5,902 ft) 3252:1,853 m (6,079 ft) 3244:1,894 m (6,214 ft) 3236:1,898 m (6,227 ft) 3225:1,900 m (6,200 ft) 3215:1,904 m (6,247 ft) 3207:1,915 m (6,283 ft) 3199:1,928 m (6,325 ft) 3183:1,946 m (6,385 ft) 3173:1,955 m (6,414 ft) 3157:2,005 m (6,578 ft) 3146:2,015 m (6,611 ft) 3130:2,017 m (6,617 ft) 3120:2,050 m (6,730 ft) 3104:2,053 m (6,736 ft) 3094:2,061 m (6,762 ft) 3084:2,121 m (6,959 ft) 3074:2,156 m (7,073 ft) 3066:2,165 m (7,103 ft) 3056:2,173 m (7,129 ft) 3046:2,217 m (7,274 ft) 3036:2,241 m (7,352 ft) 3026:2,267 m (7,438 ft) 3010:2,419 m (7,936 ft) 3002:2,476 m (8,123 ft) 2992:2,486 m (8,156 ft) 2982:2,793 m (9,163 ft) 2964:2,912 m (9,554 ft) 2350:Monti Sibillini National Park 813:separating it from the upper 455:, now extinct in the rest of 395: 296:Apennine fold and thrust belt 4291:10.1016/0012-8252(95)00009-7 4256:10.1016/0040-1951(91)90288-4 3470: 2719:. This system prevails from 2554:sequence, Northern Apennines 2017:Apennine yellow-bellied toad 1887:Apennine yellow-bellied toad 1794:(also a Mediterranean biome) 1029:and the plains and hills of 443:in Europe, now protected by 99:2,912 m (9,554 ft) 5933:Water supply and sanitation 5357:Italian geographical region 5225:Monarchy and the World Wars 5167:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 5053:War of the Sicilian Vespers 4706:Timeline of Italian history 4617:"The Great Apennine Tunnel" 3503:National Science Foundation 1196:. They extend south to the 1189:Appennino umbro-marchigiano 1159:Appennino umbro-marchigiano 885:Aveto Natural Regional Park 661:island in association with 213:Relief map of the Apennines 7346: 6980:Arcipelago di la Maddalena 5852:Inventions and discoveries 5262:Fall of the Fascist regime 5245:Fourth War of Independence 5203:Expedition of the Thousand 5193:Second War of Independence 4615:Irlam, Michael J. (2009). 4058:James Hansen (June 2018). 3681:Blackie & Blackie 1887 3555:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 3464: 3448: 3442: 2648:Subduction occurs along a 2637:analysis of the "Apennine 2216:and above all towards the 1854: 757:), and Umbrian Apennines ( 621:Western Europe during the 610: 567:, deriving also the Greek 544:, 'head', but an original 470:, is partially covered by 424:, for a total distance of 356: 36: 29: 7256: 7245: 7142: 7091: 6960:Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise 6584: 6148: 5792: 5647: 5626:Security and intelligence 5499: 5352: 5213:Third War of Independence 5188:First War of Independence 3932:Pedrotti & Gafta 2003 3917:Pedrotti & Gafta 2003 3657:Pedrotti & Gafta 2003 2080:Italian Aesculapian snake 1991:European green woodpecker 723:European walking route E1 205: 55: 32:Apennine (disambiguation) 7318:Mountain ranges of Italy 6975:Appennino Tosco-Emiliano 6398:Monte Castello (Liguria) 5304:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 5299:Institutional referendum 4619:. Mike's Railway History 4443:Lunardi, Pietro (2008). 4076:. EBN Italia. 1 May 2015 3418:Lunar Apennine mountains 2386:Aspromonte National Park 1387:km distant, such as the 1300:San Benedetto del Tronto 938:Tuscan–Emilian Apennines 754:Appennino tosco-emiliano 700:Appennino settentrionale 641:in central and southern 571:from the same root, but 502:, 'mountain', 'summit': 37:Not to be confused with 7328:Physiographic provinces 7323:Mountains of San Marino 6946:National parks of Italy 6403:Monte Caucaso (Liguria) 5827:Emigration and diaspora 5036:Guelphs and Ghibellines 5021:the Sardinian Judicates 4540:Encyclopædia Britannica 4183:The origin of mountains 4135:James, Kristen (2004), 4074:"Italian House Sparrow" 3950:(in Italian). p. 7 3560:www.merriam-webster.com 3490:List of longest tunnels 3413:List of mountain passes 3403:List of longest tunnels 2526:, before the Apennines 2491:beginning in the early 2021:Italian cave salamander 1987:White-backed woodpecker 1294:, which drain into the 1212:. Further north is the 1172:Umbria-Marche Apennines 1018:, and is now active in 994:A separate branch, the 987:. The highest point is 110:List of mountain ranges 5709:Science and technology 5657:Italian regions by GDP 5458:Marine protected areas 5130:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4600:Terrestrial Ecoregions 4529:Lake, Philip (1911). " 4217:Geologica Ultraiectina 3797:Martini & Vai 2001 3462:("mountain") or Greek 3458: 2937: 2927: 2917: 2907: 2814: 2808: 2798: 2789: 2753: 2743: 2733: 2622: 2584: 2555: 2484: 2370:Vesuvius National Park 2338:Italian national parks 2333: 2269:Marcus Terentius Varro 2218:Tavoliere delle Puglie 2205: 2176:of the country is the 1899: 1889: 1879: 1868: 1761: 1666: 1608: 1492: 1348: 1263: 1188: 1183: 1164: 1158: 1119: 964: 954: 860: 797:River valley to about 778: 759: 753: 747: 713: 705: 699: 694: 630: 382: 370: 365: 185: 6473:Monte Penna (Liguria) 6463:Monte delle Tre Croci 5908:Public administration 5016:the Holy Roman Empire 4602:. World Wildlife Fund 4467:(4/5). Archived from 4271:Earth-Science Reviews 4015:"Distribution: italy" 3970:"Appennini - Uccelli" 3869:. Parks.it. 1995–2010 2933: 2923: 2913: 2903: 2785:, Emilian Apennines, 2780: 2617: 2580: 2572:fault-block mountains 2545: 2479: 2366:Pollino National Park 2362:Maiella National Park 2330:Italian national park 2324: 2199: 2116:European green lizard 2033:Spectacled salamander 1895: 1885: 1874: 1864: 1845:Mediterranean climate 1779:north through south: 1753: 1716:, culminating in the 1662: 1603: 1482: 1395:, which receives the 1343: 1331:Majella National Park 1254: 1239:is located. Both the 1179: 1105: 960: 945: 928:Autostrada della Cisa 879:, tributaries of the 855: 774: 714:Appennino meridionale 692: 620: 387:[appenˈniːni] 139:42.46917°N 13.56583°E 6844:Monti delle Mainarde 6714:Monte Lauro in Gaeta 6265:Monte Carmo di Loano 6136:World Heritage Sites 5591:Council of Ministers 5329:Coronavirus pandemic 4727:Currency and coinage 4578:on 17 September 2007 4461:Annals of Geophysics 4019:The Reptile Database 3818:Merriam-Webster 2001 3698:MacBain's Dictionary 3090:Montagne del Morrone 2783:Pietra di Bismantova 2773:Stability of terrain 2564:fold and thrust belt 2261:Marsican brown bears 2224:mentions especially 2204:, Campanian Apennine 2200:Sheep-track near to 2172:of Italy, while the 2073:Italian crested newt 1948:European fallow deer 1944:Marsican brown bears 1208:, incorporated into 401:along the length of 223:Italy and San Marino 7147:Atmospheric science 6614:Maschio delle Faete 6609:Maschio dell'Ariano 6513:Rocche del Reopasso 5667:Automotive industry 5606:Metropolitan cities 5152:Early Modern period 5125:Kingdom of Sardinia 5076:Italian city-states 4592:"Appenine [ 4558:. Summit Post. 2006 4556:"Ligurian Apennine" 4447:. Berlin: Springer. 4340:2000Tectp.324..267V 4283:1995ESRv...39..207V 4248:1991Tectp.196...23V 4097:The history of Rome 3844:, pp. 425–437. 3832:, pp. 413–414. 2879:Gran Sasso d'Italia 2804:Landslides in Italy 2629:(including that of 2108:Italian wall lizard 2053:Balearic green toad 2045:Italian edible frog 2029:Italian stream frog 1866:Marsican brown bear 1765:north and central: 1319:Gran Sasso d'Italia 1181:Sibillini Mountains 1165:Appennino abruzzese 1085:Bocca Serriola Pass 930:between Spezia and 840:, sometimes called 751:), Tuscan-Emilian ( 727:Grand Italian Trail 453:Marsican brown bear 360:or Ἀπέννινον ὄρος; 251:43.2817°N 12.5817°E 247: / 135: / 7313:Apennine Mountains 7239:Quaternary science 7136:Physical geography 7020:Dolomiti Bellunesi 6985:Arcipelago Toscano 6619:Maschio di Lariano 6579:Mountains of Lazio 6438:Monte Groppo Rosso 5729:Telecommunications 5096:Maritime republics 4432:Deecke, W (1904). 4157:the region around 3854:Barchi et al. 2001 3683:, pp. 21, 154 3603:A Latin Dictionary 3393:Geography of Italy 3188:Monte Botte Donato 2938: 2928: 2918: 2908: 2790: 2711:or were raised by 2623: 2618:Boundaries of the 2610:Compressional zone 2556: 2485: 2382:Sila National Park 2334: 2206: 2031:(endemic) and the 2011:Eurasian eagle-owl 2009:(endemic) and the 1936:European snow vole 1900: 1890: 1880: 1869: 1762: 1722:Reggio di Calabria 1681:, a branch of the 1667: 1611:The valley of the 1609: 1493: 1470:Southern Apennines 1349: 1264: 1184: 1120: 1076:Variante di Valico 965: 955: 861: 805:) below the upper 779: 767:Ligurian Apennines 737:Northern Apennines 706:Appennino centrale 695: 639:technology complex 631: 464:Apennine peninsula 441:montane grasslands 418:Reggio di Calabria 308:Apennine Mountains 144:42.46917; 13.56583 78:Highest point 51:Apennine Mountains 7300: 7299: 7234:Landscape ecology 7178:Coastal geography 7102: 7101: 6912: 6911: 6839:Monti della Tolfa 6546: 6545: 6528:Monte Santa Croce 6448:Monte Maggiorasca 6423:Monte delle Figne 6373:Bric delle Camere 6344:Ligurian Apennine 6305:Monte Peso Grande 6300:Rocca delle Penne 6177: 6176: 6144: 6143: 5779: 5778: 5714:Southern question 5634: 5633: 5566:Political parties 5514:Foreign relations 5486: 5485: 5339: 5338: 5060:Kingdom of Naples 5048:Kingdom of Sicily 4427:. London: Murray. 3783:978-0-521-08691-2 3755:978-0-416-70650-5 3340: 3339: 3258:Monte Maggiorasca 3167:Aspromonte massif 2958:Gran Sasso massif 2143:Scardola scardafa 2092:Aesculapian snake 2037:Italian tree frog 2003:European nightjar 1932:Crested porcupine 1714:Italian Peninsula 1523:Daunian mountains 1302:in the north and 1274:and southeastern 1247:Abruzzi Apennines 1147:Central Apennines 1097:Città di Castello 893:Monte Maggiorasca 842:Colle di Cadibona 647:Middle Bronze Age 645:from the Italian 623:Middle Bronze Age 472:Calderone glacier 300: 299: 229:Range coordinates 16:(Redirected from 7335: 7288: 7287: 7276: 7264: 7263: 7251: 7169:Paleoclimatology 7129: 7122: 7115: 7106: 7097: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6916: 6869:Monti Prenestini 6849:Monti della Meta 6834:Monti della Laga 6809:Monte Terminillo 6749:Monte Semprevisa 6709:Monte Guadagnolo 6573: 6566: 6559: 6550: 6478:Piani di Praglia 6433:Cima Fontanaccia 6320:Monte Saccarello 6260:Carmo di Brocchi 6214: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6181: 6167: 6166: 6159:Italy portal 6156: 6155: 6096:National symbols 5790: 5645: 5497: 5350: 5230:Kingdom of Italy 5157:Napoleonic Italy 4696: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4544: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4504: 4494: 4484: 4475: 4473: 4458: 4448: 4439: 4428: 4417: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4390: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4302: 4277:(3–4): 207–246. 4266: 4260: 4259: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4132: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3949: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3769: 3760: 3759: 3741: 3732: 3731: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3645: 3639: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3594: 3583: 3569: 3563: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3522: 3506: 3499: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3434: 3387: 3385:Mountains portal 3382: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3371:Geography portal 3368: 3367: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3325: 3321: 3314:Monte San Vicino 3267:Monte Giovarello 3204:Corno alle Scale 3042:Monte Terminillo 3015:Serra Dolcedorme 2940: 2817: 2811: 2809:Il Progetto IFFI 2801: 2756: 2746: 2736: 2693:Extensional zone 2659: 2652:, along which a 2538:Apennine orogeny 2529: 2288:evocatus Augusti 2283:, to be found. 2277:Pyrenean chamois 2273:Rerum rusticarum 2186:founding of Rome 2127:Lombardy lamprey 2112:Podarcis muralis 2088:Green whip snake 1999:Egyptian vulture 1971:Eurasian goshawk 1956:Pyrenean chamois 1952:European mouflon 1808:Hemicryptophytes 1741:Vegetative zones 1726:Appennino siculo 1680: 1566:Nocera Inferiore 1454:valley, and the 1386: 1315:Monti della Laga 1304:Torino di Sangro 1260:Campo Imperatore 1222: 1192:)) runs through 1191: 1167: 1161: 918:, and the Fiume 793:below the upper 762: 756: 750: 748:Appennino ligure 745:: the Ligurian ( 718: 716: 708: 702: 652: 635:Apennine culture 627:Apennine culture 613:Apennine culture 569:Pindus Mountains 537:is cognate with 513: 508: 427: 400: 397: 389: 376: 373: 359: 358: 346: 341: 340: 337: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 262: 261: 259: 258: 257: 256:43.2817; 12.5817 252: 248: 245: 244: 243: 240: 211: 196: 188: 150: 149: 147: 146: 145: 140: 136: 133: 132: 131: 128: 60: 48: 21: 7345: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7252: 7243: 7173:Palaeogeography 7138: 7133: 7103: 7098: 7089: 7055:Monti Sibillini 6948: 6943: 6913: 6908: 6899:Monti Tiburtini 6894:Monti Simbruini 6864:Monti Lucretili 6769:Monte di Cambio 6649:Monte Carbonaro 6634:Monte Artemisio 6624:Meta (mountain) 6580: 6577: 6547: 6542: 6533:Monte Sciguello 6334: 6325:Monte Settepani 6310:Ronco di Maglio 6295:Monte Grammondo 6216: 6212: 6208: 6178: 6173: 6153: 6140: 6111:Public holidays 5942: 5888:Life expectancy 5775: 5630: 5546:Law enforcement 5482: 5335: 5282: 5271:Social Republic 5235:Colonial Empire 5218:Capture of Rome 5171: 5064: 4973: 4866:Ancient peoples 4854: 4791: 4752:Historic states 4710: 4685: 4676: 4638: 4636: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4614: 4605: 4603: 4590: 4581: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4559: 4554: 4551: 4528: 4517: 4515: 4498: 4488: 4478: 4471: 4456: 4451: 4442: 4431: 4420: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4395: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4374:, p. 1124. 4372:Margheriti 2006 4370: 4363: 4324: 4323: 4316: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4204:, p. 1120. 4202:Margheriti 2006 4200: 4193: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4163:above sea level 4134: 4133: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3771: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3743: 3742: 3735: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3618: 3617: 3610: 3596: 3595: 3586: 3570: 3566: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3532: 3530:opentopomap.org 3524: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3487: 3483: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3323: 3319: 3189: 3163: 3140:Simbruini range 3136: 3126:Alpe di Succiso 3110: 3016: 2972: 2954: 2891: 2875: 2775: 2695: 2678:Gulf of Taranto 2657: 2612: 2604:tectonic plates 2540: 2527: 2474: 2394: 2319: 2295:mineral springs 2267:, spoken of by 2194: 2178:Italian sparrow 2170:national animal 2110:(endemic), the 2082:(endemic), the 2061:Fire salamander 2059:(endemic), the 2047:(endemic), the 2039:(endemic), the 2035:(endemic), the 2027:(endemic), the 2023:(endemic), the 2019:(endemic), the 2007:Italian sparrow 1983:European roller 1967:Bonelli's eagle 1946:(endemic), the 1940:Apennine shrews 1859: 1853: 1841:Oceanic climate 1816: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1730:Pizzo Carbonara 1689:to the ancient 1674: 1657: 1598: 1596:Lucan Apennines 1485:Monti Picentini 1477: 1472: 1426:(and thence to 1384: 1321:Massif and the 1311:Monti Sibillini 1249: 1216: 1206:Monti Sibillini 1174: 1149: 940: 769: 760:Appennino umbro 739: 710: 687: 679:Capitoline Hill 669:pottery and on 650: 615: 609: 512:" its etymology 511: 503: 493: 425: 398: 374: 344: 315: 311: 278: 255: 253: 249: 246: 241: 238: 236: 234: 233: 215: 214: 190: 186:Monti Appennini 143: 141: 137: 134: 129: 126: 124: 122: 121: 73: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7305: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7282: 7270: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7184: 7175: 7162: 7160:Phytogeography 7153: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7109: 7100: 7099: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6956: 6954: 6953:National parks 6950: 6949: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6919: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6884:Monti Sabatini 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6789:Monte Petrella 6786: 6781: 6776: 6774:Monte le Pezze 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6754:Monte Sorgenze 6751: 6746: 6741: 6739:Monte Cervello 6736: 6731: 6726: 6724:Le Rave Fosche 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6523:Monte Roncalla 6520: 6518:Monte Ramaceto 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6488:Monte Pracaban 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6468:Monte Orditano 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6413:Bric del Dente 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6368:Bric del Terma 6365: 6360: 6355: 6353:Monte Alpesisa 6349: 6347: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6330:Monte Spinarda 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6270:Monte Colombin 6267: 6262: 6257: 6255:Monte Camulera 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6235:Bric Agnellino 6231: 6229: 6218: 6217: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6161: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5719:Stock exchange 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5621:Municipalities 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5581:Prime Minister 5578: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5468:Regional parks 5465: 5463:National parks 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5372:Climate change 5364: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5237: 5232: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5137: 5135:Duchy of Savoy 5132: 5127: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5045: 5043:Lombard League 5040: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4965:Western Empire 4957: 4952: 4950:Roman conquest 4947: 4942: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4871:Italic peoples 4862: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4629: 4612: 4588: 4568: 4550: 4549:External links 4547: 4546: 4545: 4535:Chisholm, Hugh 4512: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4496: 4486: 4476: 4474:on 2010-06-19. 4449: 4440: 4429: 4418: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4398:on 2011-07-17. 4376: 4361: 4334:(4): 267–320. 4328:Tectonophysics 4314: 4261: 4242:(1–2): 23–60. 4236:Tectonophysics 4226: 4206: 4191: 4173: 4124: 4102: 4087: 4065: 4050: 4031: 4005: 3983: 3961: 3936: 3921: 3909: 3907:, p. 162. 3880: 3858: 3856:, p. 216. 3846: 3834: 3822: 3801: 3789: 3782: 3761: 3754: 3733: 3718: 3703: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3646: 3644:, p. 161. 3631: 3608: 3584: 3564: 3541: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3494: 3481: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3374: 3360: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3332:Monte Fumaiolo 3328: 3327: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3179:Monte Pisanino 3175: 3174: 3171: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3020:Pollino massif 3012: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2976:Majella massif 2966: 2965: 2962: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2890: 2887: 2874: 2871: 2827:Emilia-Romagna 2825:(LI of 13.9), 2787:Emilia-Romagna 2774: 2771: 2739:Anti-Apennines 2694: 2691: 2620:Adriatic Plate 2611: 2608: 2576:Tyrrhenian Sea 2539: 2536: 2512:Alpine Orogeny 2473: 2470: 2466:Lago di Pilato 2446:Aterno-Pescara 2393: 2390: 2318: 2317:National parks 2315: 2299:Bagni di Lucca 2257:Italian wolves 2193: 2190: 2147:European perch 2100:Vipera ursinii 1928:Etruscan shrew 1904:Italian wolves 1897:European perch 1857:Fauna of Italy 1852: 1849: 1815: 1812: 1800:vascular plant 1798:The number of 1796: 1795: 1788: 1777: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1687:Aequum Tuticum 1656: 1653: 1597: 1594: 1588:ran nearly to 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1448:Adriatic coast 1306:in the south. 1248: 1245: 1225:Frasassi Caves 1173: 1170: 1148: 1145: 1141:Anti-Apennines 1132:Monte Fumaiolo 1112:Mount Fumaiolo 1106:Source of the 1091:, which links 1072:Simplon Tunnel 1063:Emilia-Romagna 973:Emilia-Romagna 951:Emilia Romagna 939: 936: 768: 765: 738: 735: 686: 683: 611:Main article: 608: 605: 560:reconstructed 492: 489: 457:Central Europe 445:national parks 392:mountain range 371:Apenninus Mons 298: 297: 294: 288: 287: 275: 269: 268: 264: 263: 231: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 212: 206: 203: 202: 198: 197: 182: 178: 177: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 152: 151: 119: 113: 112: 107: 101: 100: 97: 91: 90: 84: 80: 79: 75: 74: 61: 53: 52: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7341: 7340: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7293: 7292: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7250: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215:Geostatistics 7213: 7211: 7210:Geomorphology 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7125: 7123: 7118: 7116: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7096: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7040:Gran Paradiso 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6935: 6933: 6928: 6926: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6905: 6904:Monti Volsini 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6874:Monti Reatini 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6819:Monti Aurunci 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6804:Monte Soratte 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6794:Monte Pizzuto 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6704:Monte Gorzano 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6694:Mont Fogliano 6692: 6690: 6689:Monte Fammera 6687: 6685: 6684:Monte Faggeto 6682: 6680: 6679:Monte Dragone 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6604:Monte Appiolo 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6574: 6569: 6567: 6562: 6560: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6539: 6538:Monte Taccone 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458:Monte Penello 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6428:Monte Figogna 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6285:Cima Garlenda 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6250:Monte Bignone 6248: 6246: 6245:Rocca Barbena 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226:Ligurian Alps 6223: 6219: 6215: 6210:Mountains of 6205: 6200: 6198: 6193: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6170: 6162: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5314:Years of Lead 5312: 5310: 5309:Economic Boom 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5252:Fascist Italy 5250: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5198:Niçard exodus 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4918:Magna Graecia 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4666: 4661: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4634: 4630: 4618: 4613: 4601: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4525:public domain 4514: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4412:"Apennines". 4410: 4409: 4405: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4153:and into the 4152: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4098: 4095:Livy (1797). 4091: 4088: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4032: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4006: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3934:, p. 73. 3933: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3919:, p. 79. 3918: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3820:, p. 59. 3819: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3719: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3558:, on-line on 3557: 3556: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3460: 3455: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3375: 3372: 3361: 3358: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3294:Monte Pennino 3292: 3291: 3287: 3285:Monte Gottero 3284: 3283: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3135:Monte Cotento 3134: 3133: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3114:Matese massif 3109:Monte Miletto 3108: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3053: 3052:Monte Sibilla 3050: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3007:Pizzo di Sevo 3006: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2998:Monte Vettore 2996: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2925:Monte Vettore 2922: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2839:Valle d'Aosta 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2749:Pre-Apennines 2745: 2744:Antiappennini 2740: 2735: 2730: 2729:Sub-Apennines 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670:Monte Gargano 2666: 2661: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2505:Alpine system 2502: 2499:, the middle 2498: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2328:, the oldest 2327: 2323: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2242:reforestation 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2208:In Italy the 2203: 2202:Ariano Irpino 2198: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174:national bird 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2159:Northern pike 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139:Eurasian carp 2136: 2132: 2131:Italian bleak 2128: 2124: 2123:Brook lamprey 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1995:Alpine chough 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908:Corsican hare 1905: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1535:Mount Gargano 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442:all ran from 1441: 1440:Via Tiburtina 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1290:to the River 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1261: 1258:mountain and 1257: 1253: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:Monte Vettore 1199: 1195: 1190: 1182: 1178: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1153: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 963: 959: 952: 948: 944: 937: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 858: 854: 850: 847: 846:Ligurian Alps 843: 839: 835: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 811:Gulf of Genoa 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 789:, from about 788: 787:Gulf of Genoa 784: 777: 773: 766: 764: 761: 755: 749: 744: 736: 734: 732: 728: 724: 719: 715: 707: 701: 691: 684: 682: 680: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 654: 648: 644: 640: 636: 628: 624: 619: 614: 606: 604: 602: 598: 597: 592: 588: 585:, as well as 584: 583: 578: 574: 570: 566: 563: 562:Indo-European 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 517: 506: 501: 498: 490: 488: 486: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 423: 419: 415: 411: 410:Ligurian Alps 407: 404: 393: 388: 384: 380: 372: 367: 363: 353: 349: 348: 339: 309: 305: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 276: 274: 270: 265: 260: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 210: 204: 199: 194: 187: 183: 179: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 148: 120: 118: 114: 111: 108: 106: 102: 98: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 76: 72: 68: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 40: 33: 19: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7187:Soil science 7182:Oceanography 7156:Biogeography 7010:Cinque Vette 7005:Cinque Terre 6889:Monti Sabini 6859:Monti Lepini 6854:Monti Ernici 6829:Monti Cimini 6824:Monti Ausoni 6799:Monte Ruazzo 6744:Monte Revole 6729:Monte Livata 6674:Monte Crispi 6659:Monte Cefalo 6639:Monte Autore 6599:Monte Altino 6483:Monte Porale 6453:Punta Martin 6363:Monte Beigua 6358:Monte Antola 6315:Monte Monega 6290:Bric Gettina 6280:Monte Galero 6275:Monte Frontè 5996:Architecture 5966:Quattrocento 5923:Social class 5903:Prostitution 5817:Demographics 5739:Trade unions 5682:Central Bank 5524:Human rights 5504:Constitution 5408: 5287:Contemporary 5257:World War II 5145:Italian Wars 5069:Early modern 5011:Papal States 4989:Italy under 4935:Ancient Rome 4637:. Retrieved 4621:. Retrieved 4604:. Retrieved 4599: 4593: 4580:. Retrieved 4576:the original 4560:. Retrieved 4538: 4500: 4490: 4480: 4469:the original 4464: 4460: 4444: 4434: 4423: 4413: 4406:Bibliography 4393:the original 4379: 4331: 4327: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4148: 4136: 4115:. Retrieved 4113:(in Italian) 4105: 4096: 4090: 4078:. Retrieved 4068: 4053: 4045:Yourtrip.com 4044: 4034: 4022:. Retrieved 4018: 4008: 3996:. Retrieved 3994:(in Italian) 3986: 3974:. Retrieved 3972:(in Italian) 3964: 3952:. Retrieved 3939: 3912: 3871:. Retrieved 3861: 3849: 3842:Lunardi 2008 3837: 3830:Lunardi 2008 3825: 3799:, p. 3. 3792: 3773: 3745: 3727: 3721: 3712: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3676: 3671:, p. 23 3664: 3659:, p. 75 3621: 3602: 3575: 3567: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3533:. Retrieved 3529: 3520: 3497: 3484: 3475: 3453: 3437: 3432: 3357:Italy portal 3304:Monte Nerone 3276:Monte Catria 3249:Monte Maggio 3193:Sila plateau 3191: 3165: 3138: 3112: 3071:Monte Viglio 3062:Monte Cimone 3018: 2988:Monte Velino 2974: 2956: 2952:Corno Grande 2915:Monte Velino 2905:Corno Grande 2892: 2876: 2820: 2803: 2791: 2754:Preappennini 2748: 2738: 2734:Subappennini 2728: 2698: 2696: 2686:upper mantle 2672:cutting off 2662: 2654:hanging wall 2647: 2643:Adriatic Sea 2635:seismic wave 2624: 2595: 2592: 2585: 2581: 2561: 2557: 2516: 2509: 2486: 2395: 2335: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2272: 2264: 2252: 2246: 2237: 2210:transhumance 2207: 2192:Transhumance 2182:Western Alps 2166:Italian wolf 2163: 2151:Chubius Chub 2135:Horse barbel 2120: 2104:Vipera aspis 2096:Smooth snake 2077: 2025:Italian newt 2014: 1963:golden eagle 1960: 1901: 1876:Italian wolf 1817: 1797: 1759:Mount Cimone 1725: 1706:Botte Donato 1699: 1672:Via Herculia 1668: 1610: 1584:, while the 1542:volcanic arc 1521: 1494: 1456:Monti Lepini 1436:Via Caecilia 1405: 1350: 1335:Corno Grande 1308: 1288:River Tronto 1265: 1237:Via Flaminia 1185: 1154: 1150: 1137:Tiber Valley 1121: 1087:in northern 1068: 1039:Via Flaminia 1024: 993: 989:Monte Cimone 967:Starting at 966: 947:Monte Cimone 909: 897: 862: 831: 803:La Cisa pass 783:Ligurian Sea 780: 776:La Cisa pass 740: 720: 703:), central ( 696: 675: 655: 632: 595: 590: 586: 581: 576: 572: 564: 550:labio-velars 545: 541: 534: 530: 526: 524: 519: 515: 504: 499: 494: 480:Adriatic Sea 468:Corno Grande 461: 449:Italian wolf 438: 357:Ἀπέννινα ὄρη 307: 303: 301: 292:Type of rock 89:(Great Horn) 87:Corno Grande 63:Corno Grande 39:Pennine Alps 7165:Climatology 7151:Meteorology 7060:Pantelleria 7035:Gennargentu 6965:Alta Murgia 6879:Monti Ruffi 6814:Monte Zappi 6759:Monte Trina 6734:Monte Caira 6719:Monte Lauzo 6699:Monte Fusco 6644:Monte Cairo 6594:Monte Abate 6589:Alban Hills 6508:Monte Reixa 6503:Monte Reale 6493:Monte Prelà 6418:Monte Fasce 6408:Monte Colma 6393:Monte 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