Apocrypha - Knowledge (XXG)

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the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book (Tob. 4: 8–9). Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to be read in the daily, Sunday, and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer. There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary The position of the Church is best summarized in the words of Article Six of the Thirty-nine Articles: "In the name of Holy Scripture we do understand those canonical Books of the Old and New Testament, of whose authority there was never any doubt in the Church... And the other Books (as Hierome saith) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine.

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the Bishop's Bible (1568), and the King James Bible (1611) contained the Apocrypha. Soon after the publication of the KJV, however, the English Bibles began to drop the Apocrypha and eventually they disappeared entirely. The first English Bible to be printed in America (1782–83) lacked the Apocrypha. In 1826, the British and Foreign Bible Society decided to no longer print them. Today the trend is in the opposite direction, and English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again.

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the Bishop's Bible (1568), and the King James Bible (1611) contained the Apocrypha. Soon after the publication of the KJV, however, the English Bibles began to drop the Apocrypha and eventually they disappeared entirely. The first English Bible to be printed in America (1782–83) lacked the Apocrypha. In 1826 the British and Foreign Bible Society decided to no longer print them. Today the trend is in the opposite direction, and English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again.

770: 1662:. For Mu'tazilites, the basic argument for rejecting hadith is that "because of its nature as the transmission of individuals, cannot be a sure path to our understanding of the Prophet's teachings, unlike the Quran whose transmission has a general consensus among Muslims". Some Muslim critics of hadith have even gone so far as to completely reject them as fundamental texts of Islam and instead adhere to the movement known as 4322: 3716: 933:, employs verses from the Apocrypha, such as in the Eucharistic liturgy. The Protestant Apocrypha contains three books (1 Esdras, 2 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh) that are accepted by many Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches as canonical, but are regarded as non-canonical by the Catholic Church and are therefore not included in modern Catholic Bibles. 1233:

appointed to be read to catechumens for edification and instruction; these are the Wisdom of Solomon, the Wisdom of Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Esther, Judith, Tobias, the Didache, or Doctrine of the Apostles, and the Shepherd of Hermas. All others are apocrypha and the inventions of heretics (Festal Epistle for 367)".

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While these writings borrowed the characteristic poetic features of apocalyptic literature from Judaism, Gnostic sects largely insisted on allegorical interpretations based on a secret apostolic tradition. With them, these apocryphal books were highly esteemed. A well-known Gnostic apocryphal book is

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While a few scholars conclude that the Jewish canon was the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty, it is generally considered not to have been finalized until about 100 AD or somewhat later, at which time considerations of Greek language and beginnings of Christian acceptance of the Septuagint weighed

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The Protestants, in comparison, were diverse in their opinion of the deuterocanon early on. Some considered them divinely inspired, others rejected them. Lutherans and Anglicans retained the books as Christian intertestamental readings and a part of the Bible (in a section called "Apocrypha"), but no

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English Bibles were patterned after those of the Continental Reformers by having the Apocrypha set off from the rest of the OT. Coverdale (1535) called them "Apocrypha". All English Bibles prior to 1629 contained the Apocrypha. Matthew's Bible (1537), the Great Bible (1539), the Geneva Bible (1560),

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around 1054, but the formation of the canon that Trent would later officially definitively settle was largely complete by the fifth century, if not settled, six centuries before the separation. In the eastern part of the church, it took much of the fifth century also to come to agreement, but in the

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to refer to this traditional intertestamental collection as books of "the second canon". These books are often seen as helping to explain the theological and cultural transitions that took place between the Old and New Testaments. They are also sometimes called "intertestamental" by religious groups

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declared that all books outside the Hebrew canon were apocryphal. In practice, Jerome treated some books outside the Hebrew canon as if they were canonical, and the Western Church did not accept Jerome's definition of apocrypha, instead retaining the word's prior meaning. As a result, various church

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The adjective "apocryphal", meaning of doubtful authenticity, mythical, fictional, is recorded from the late 16th century, then taking on the popular meaning of "false," "spurious," "bad," or "heretical." It may be used for any book which might have scriptural claims but which does not appear in the

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Why 3 and 4 Esdraas (called 1 and 2 Esdras in the NRSV Apocrypha) are pushed to the front of the list is not clear, but the motive may have been to distinguish the Anglican Apocrypha from the Roman Catholic canon affirmed at the fourth session of the Council of trent in 1546, which included all of

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Protestantism therefore established a 66 book canon with the 39 books based on the ancient Hebrew canon, along with the traditional 27 books of the New Testament. Protestants also rejected the Catholic term "deuterocanonical" for these writings, preferring to apply the term "apocryphal", which was

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On the other hand, the Anglican Communion emphatically maintains that the Apocrypha is part of the Bible and is to be read with respect by her members. Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer, the Benedictus es and Benedicite, are taken from the Apocrypha. One of

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are texts written by Han scholars about the Zhou royal treasures, only they were not written to record history for its own sake, but for legitimizing the current imperial reign. These texts took the form of stories about texts and objects being conferred upon the Emperors by Heaven and comprising

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did not regularly publish the intertestamental section in its Bibles, citing the cost of printing the Apocrypha in addition to the Old Testament and New Testament as a major factor; this legacy came to characterize English-language Bibles in Great Britain and the Americas, unlike in Europe where

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many Jewish texts of Hellenistic origin existed within Judaism and were frequently used by Christians. Patristic authorities frequently recognized these books as important to the emergence of Christianity, but the inspired authority and value of the apocrypha remained widely disputed. Christians

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The East already differed from the West in not considering every question of canon yet settled, and it subsequently adopted a few more books into its Old Testament. It also allowed consideration of yet a few more to continue not fully decided, which led in some cases to adoption in one or more

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Within the Pali tradition, the apocryphal Jatakas of later composition (some dated even to the 19th century) are treated as a separate category of literature from the "official" Jataka stories that have been more-or-less formally canonized from at least the 5th century—as attested to in ample

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is generally considered to be a much later addition) and the local councils of Carthage and Hippo in north Africa (391 and 393 A.D). Athanasius called canonical all books of the Hebrew Bible including Baruch, while excluding Esther. He adds that "there are certain books which the Fathers had

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we find evidence of hesitation about the character of the deuterocanonicals. There is a current friendly to them, another one distinctly unfavourable to their authority and sacredness, while wavering between the two are a number of writers whose veneration for these books is tempered by some

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reconfirmed the canon of Augustine, dating to the second and third centuries, declaring "He is also to be anathema who does not receive these entire books, with all their parts, as they have been accustomed to be read in the Catholic Church, and are found in the ancient editions of the Latin

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already in use for other early and disputed writings. As today (but along with other reasons), various reformers argued that those books contained doctrinal or other errors and thus should not have been added to the canon for that reason. The differences between canons can be seen under

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in its ancient Christian usage originally meant a text read in private, rather than in public church settings. In English, it later came to have a sense of the esoteric, suspicious, or heretical, largely because of the Protestant interpretation of the usefulness of non-canonical texts.

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were classed in 80 book Protestant Bibles as an intertestamental section called the Apocrypha, which straddles the Old Testament and New Testament. Prior to 1629, all English-language Protestant Bibles included the Old Testament, Apocrypha, and New Testament; examples include the

453:, a 14th-century Christian Humanist, had declared in his biblical translation that "whatever book is in the Old Testament besides these twenty-five shall be set among the apocrypha, that is, without authority or belief." Nevertheless, his translation of the Bible included the 1236:

Nevertheless, none of these constituted indisputable definitions, and significant scholarly doubts and disagreements about the nature of the Apocrypha continued for centuries and even into Trent, which provided the first infallible definition of the Catholic canon in 1546.

89:" is applied to a particular set of books which, when they appear in a Bible, are sometimes placed between the Old and New Testaments in a section called "Apocrypha." The canonicity of such books took longer to determine. Various of these books are accepted by the 265:(206 BC – AD 220). Most of these texts have been destroyed as Emperors, particularly during the Han dynasty, collected these legitimizing objects and proscribed, forbade and burnt nearly all of them to prevent them from falling into the hands of political rivals. 1317:

are included in some copies of the Septuagint, some of which are accepted as canonical by Eastern Orthodox and some other churches. Protestants accept none of these additional books as canon, but see them having roughly the same status as the other Apocrypha.

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among religious scholars, while many others survive only in the form of quotations from them in other writings; for some, no more than the title is known. Artists and theologians have drawn upon the New Testament apocrypha for such matters as the names of

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The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary: Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms, Including Biographical, Geographical, Historical, Archæological and Doctrinal Themes, Superbly Illustrated with Over 600 Maps and

338:"Concerning these scriptures, which are called apocryphal, for the reason that many things are found in them corrupt and against the true faith handed down by the elders, it has pleased them that they not be given a place nor be admitted to authority." 499:

editions (like the Westminster), readers were warned that these books were not "to be any otherwise approved or made use of than other human writings". A milder distinction was expressed elsewhere, such as in the "argument" introducing them in the

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is commonly used in modern English to refer to any text or story considered to be of dubious veracity or authority, although it may contain some moral truth. In this broader metaphorical sense, the word suggests a claim that is in the nature of

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Generally, Anabaptists and magisterial Protestants recognize the fourteen books of the Apocrypha as being non-canonical, but useful for reading "for example of life and instruction of manners": a view that continues today throughout the

1643:. The main points of internal Islamic criticism of hadith literature are based on questions regarding its authenticity. However, Muslim criticism of hadith is also based on arguments and criticisms of Islamic theology and philosophy. 1716:. These were a class of nobles who were not part of the state administration; they were considered specialists or occultists, for example diviners, astrologers, alchemists or healers. It is from this class of nobles that the first 1413:(Apocalypse). None of those accepted books can be considered Apocryphal now, since all Christendom accepts them as canonical. Of the uncanonized ones, the Early Church considered some heretical but viewed others quite positively. 409:, and in the prefaces and letters of Jerome. A third view was that the books were not as valuable as the canonical scriptures of the Hebrew collection, but were of value for moral uses, as introductory texts for new converts from 2804:

3 and 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh. These three texts were designated at Trent as Apocrypha and later included in an appendix to the Clementine Vulgate, first published in 1592 (and the standard Vulgate text until Vatican

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The wider Christian canon accepted by Augustine became the more established canon in the western Church after being promulgated for use in the Easter Letter of Athanasius (circa 372 A.D.), the Synod of Rome (382 A.D., but its

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The status of the deuterocanonicals remains unchanged in Catholic and Orthodox Christianity, though there is a difference in number of these books between these two branches of Christianity. Some authorities began using term

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It is because of this politicized recording of their history that it is difficult to retrace the exact origins of these objects. What is known is that these texts were most likely produced by a class of literati called the

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officially ("infallibly") declared these books (called "deuterocanonical" by Catholics) to be part of the canon in April, 1546 A.D. While the Protestant Reformers rejected the parts of the canon that were not part of the

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Some Christians, in an extension of the meaning, might also consider the non-heretical books to be "apocryphal" along the manner of Martin Luther: not canon, but useful to read. This category includes books such as the

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and his disciples sometimes used phrases also featured in some of the Apocryphal books, the Book of Enoch was never referenced by Jesus. The genuineness and inspiration of Enoch were believed in by the writer of the

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began to take on extra or altered connotations: not just of dubious authenticity, but having spurious or false content, Protestants, being diverse in theological views, were not unanimous in adopting those meanings.

2348: 63:(ἀπόκρυφος) was first applied to writings that were to be read privately rather than in the public context of church services. Apocrypha were edifying Christian works that were not always initially included as 1972:

Even though they were not placed on the same level as the canonical books , still they were useful for instruction . ... These–and others that total fourteen or fifteen altogether-are the books known as the

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The earliest extant manuscripts of the Septuagint are from the fourth century, and suffer greatly from a lack of uniformity as regards containing apocryphal books, and some also contain books classed as

30: 254:. Examples of these include talismans, charts, writs, tallies, and registers. The first examples were stones, jade pieces, bronze vessels and weapons, but came to include talismans and magic diagrams. 1164:, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures originally compiled around 280 BC, originally included the apocryphal writings in dispute, with little distinction made between them and the rest of the 2550: 2281: 1484:

The List of Sixty, dating to around the 7th century, lists the sixty books of the Bible. The unknown author also lists many apocryphal books that are not included amongst the sixty. These books are:

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The author also promotes an ideology of marriage, revealed mainly in the prayer of 8:5–7 (which is an optional Old Testament reading in Catholic, Anglican, and United Methodist marriage services).

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canons. The deuterocanonical or intertestamental books of the Catholic Church include Tobit, Judith, Baruch, Sirach, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, Wisdom and additions to Esther, Daniel, and Baruch.

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De scripturis his, quae appellantur apocriphae, pro eo quod multa in iis corrupta et contra fidem veram inveniuntur a maioribus tradita non placuit iis dari locum nec admitti ad auctoritatem.

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these ancient sage-king's (this is how the Zhou emperors were referred to by this time, about 500 years after their peak) royal regalia. The desired effect was to confirm the Han emperor's

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end it was accomplished. The canonical books thus established by the undivided church became the predominant canon for what was later to become Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox alike.

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Before the fifth century, the Christian writings that were then under discussion for inclusion in the canon but had not yet been accepted were classified in a group known as the ancient

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jurisdictions, but not all. Thus, there are today a few remaining differences of canon among Orthodox, and all Orthodox accept a few more books than appear in the Catholic canon. The

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of 1646), which has been well established for centuries, with many today supporting the use of the Apocrypha and others contending against the Apocrypha using various arguments.

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but almost universally rejected by Catholics, Orthodox and Protestants—include several gospels and lives of apostles. Some were written by early Jewish Christians (see the

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uses this term to refer to a class of books that were added to its canon later than the other books in its Old Testament canon, considering them all of equal authority.

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has been an issue of disagreement that preceded the Reformation. Many believe that the pre-Christian-era Jewish translation (into Greek) of holy scriptures known as the

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from known or accepted origins, subsequently being followed by official affirmation of what had become largely established through the study and debate of the writings.

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defined the word as meaning simply "obscurity of origin", implying that any book of unknown authorship or questionable authenticity would be considered apocryphal.

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In all places where a reading from the deuterocanonical books (The Apocrypha) is listed, an alternate reading from the canonical Scriptures has also been provided.

3728: 721:), making most of the presently accepted canon, both Jewish and Christian, apocryphal in their eyes. Others believe that it is often mistakenly asserted that the 276:

was also applied to writings that were hidden not because of their divinity but because of their questionable value to the church. The early Christian theologian

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who preferred the Hebrew canon, whereas Augustine and others preferred the wider (Greek) canon, with both having followers in the generations that followed. The

484:, quoted "them with the same authority and nearly the same frequency as books of the Hebrew Bible" and the texts regarding the martyrdoms under Antiochus IV in 4358: 508:, where it is said that "the other books the church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners," though not to establish doctrine. Among some 5290: 5172: 3737: 1266: 1073: 1240:

In the 16th century, the Protestant reformers challenged the canonicity of the books and partial-books found in the surviving Septuagint but not in the

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are biblical or related writings not forming part of the accepted canon of scripture, some of which might be of doubtful authorship or authenticity. In

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Paper and printing were expensive and early publishers were able to hold down costs by eliminating the Apocrypha once it was deemed secondary material.

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in his Old Testament, terming them "Apocrypha, that are books which are not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures, but are useful and good to read."

3282: 1362:. Many texts believed lost for centuries were unearthed in the 19th and 20th centuries, producing lively speculation about their importance in early 5249: 3231:. Roland Deines; introd. by Robert Hanhart; transl. by Mark E. (North American paperback ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. pp. 57–59. 861: 834: 812: 554: 300:

is here practically equivalent to "excluded from the public use of the church" and prepares the way for an even less favourable use of the word.

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perplexity as to their exact standing, and among those we note St. Thomas Aquinas. Few are found to unequivocally acknowledge their canonicity.

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S. T. Kimbrough (2005). Orthodox And Wesleyan Scriptural Understanding And Practice. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0881413014.

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church in the interpretation of how it was done. Those differences (in matters of jurisdictional authority) were contributing factors in the

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have rejected Hadith. There are some who even oppose the writing of Hadith for fear that it will compete with or even replace the Quran.

105:. Some Protestant traditions reject them outright; others regard the Apocrypha as non-canonical books that are useful for instruction. 4964: 4213: 4082: 3987: 3162: 1504: 1203:, spoke against the canonicity of much or all of the apocrypha, but the most weighty opposition was the fourth century Catholic scholar 1051: 876:(1545–63); all of the books of the Protestant Apocrypha are considered canonical by the Eastern Orthodox Church and are referred to as 468:(1534) the apocrypha are published in a separate section from the other books, although the Lutheran and Anglican lists are different. 5285: 4959: 4820: 3666: 3265: 3211: 3156: 3123: 2616:. Howard, Jeremy Royal., Blum, Edwin., Stabnow, David K., Holman Bible Staff. (NKJV ed.). Nashville, TN: Holman Bible Pub. 2013. 2291: 2878: 2396: 4927: 4069: 4009: 3693: 2862: 2834: 2792: 2763: 2734: 2534: 2497: 2432: 2045: 1916: 937: 912:

accepts the Protestant Apocrypha "for instruction in life and manners, but not for the establishment of doctrine (Article VI in the

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include the deuterocanonical books as an intertestamental section between the Old Testament and New Testament; they are termed the "

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wedding ceremonies include "the retelling of the marriage of Tobias and Sarah in the Apocrypha". The fathers of Anabaptism, such as

1253:, they included the four New Testament books Luther considered of doubtful canonicity along with the Apocrypha in his non-binding 713:, seem to have maintained an earlier and smaller number of texts as canonical, preferring to hold to only what was written in the 5045: 4922: 4773: 4351: 3683: 1694:(476–221 BC), ancient Chinese scholars saw the centralized rule of the Zhou as an ideal model for the new Han empire to emulate. 1621: 2192:

Lutherans and Anglicans used it only for ethical / devotional matters but did not consider it authoritative in matters of faith.

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This article is about the general concept of apocryphal literature. For the section found in some Bibles called Apocrypha, see

3450: 5364: 4133: 3838: 3534: 3236: 1168:. Others argue that the Septuagint of the first century did not contain these books but they were added later by Christians. 397:

and others cited some apocryphal books as "scripture", "divine scripture", "inspired", and the like. Teachers connected with

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as unworthy to be properly called scripture, but included most of them in a separate section. Luther did not include the

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comprise the Protestant Apocrypha, first published as such in Luther's Bible (1534). Many of these texts are considered

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The first ecclesiastical decree on the Catholic Church's canonical books of the Sacred Scriptures is attributed to the

4768: 4344: 2679: 1380: 1086:) precisely meant also saw development. The canonical process took place with believers recognizing writings as being 698: 3630:"Hadith and the Corruption of the great religion of Islam | Submission.org - Your best source for Submission (Islam)" 1397:. These were all candidates for the New Testament and included several books that were eventually accepted, such as: 978:

Slightly varying collections of apocryphal, deuterocanonical or intertestamental books of the Bible form part of the

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knowledge considered too profound or too sacred to be disclosed to anyone other than the initiated. For example, the

2595: 1328:, referring to them as a class of books with less authority than other books of the Old Testament. In contrast, the 1005:

alludes to a story in the book of Enoch, and some believe the use of this book also appears in the four gospels and

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canon accepted by the author. A related term for non-canonical apocryphal texts whose authorship seems incorrect is

4942: 4225: 4145: 3997: 3992: 3822: 2645: 1398: 952:, in use by most mainline Protestants including Methodists and Moravians, lists readings from the Apocrypha in the 24: 1257:(although most were separately included in his Bible, as they were in some editions of the KJV bible until 1947). 944:

In the present-day, "English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again", usually being printed as

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are taken from the Apocrypha", with these lessons being "read in the same ways as those from the Old Testament".

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Protestant Bibles are printed with 80 books in three sections: the Old Testament, Apocrypha, and New Testament.

357:(generally held now as being the work of an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553) refers to religious works by 4969: 4937: 4932: 4668: 4240: 4074: 4042: 3800: 3795: 1793: 1631:) created in the 8th and 9th centuries AD, and falsely attributed to Muhammad. Historically, some sects of the 1554: 987: 793:, listing "The Books of the Old Testament", "The Books called Apocrypha", and "The Books of the New Testament". 541: 292:

writing not found in the common and published books on one hand actually found in the secret ones on the other

3027: 1549: 608:, such as those belonging to the Paññāsajātaka collection, have been adapted to fit local culture in certain 242:

refers to texts and even items produced by ancient Chinese sages as apocryphal and studied their uses during

5295: 5275: 5147: 5004: 4865: 4605: 4165: 3964: 3919: 3058: 1867: 1833: 1599: 1594: 1544: 1387: 1341: 983: 945: 802: 671: 94: 1589: 405:) excluded from the canon all of the Old Testament not found there. This view is reflected in the canon of 5131: 5014: 4999: 4989: 4581: 3013: 2855:

In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible and How It Changed a Nation, a Language, and a Culture

1426: 1325: 1176:, from which texts were cited by some early writers in the second and later centuries as being scripture. 1150: 1114: 558: 348: 247: 1324:

uses a different definition than the Roman Catholic Church does for the books of its canon that it calls

5080: 5019: 5009: 4917: 1754: 1691: 1027: 394: 369: 287:γραφὴ μὴ φερομένη μέν ἒν τοῖς κοινοῖς καὶ δεδημοσιευμένοις βιβλίοις εἰκὸς δ' ὅτι ἒν ἀποκρύφοις φερομένη 1559: 5369: 5280: 5200: 4912: 4825: 4735: 4501: 4388: 4325: 4306: 4123: 3868: 1534: 1514: 1306: 1087: 913: 908:

wedding ceremonies include "the retelling of the marriage of Tobias and Sarah in the Apocrypha". The

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to legitimize as well as curb imperial power. They deal with treasure objects that were part of the

1244:. In response to this challenge, after the death of Martin Luther (February 8, 1546) the ecumenical 5222: 5187: 4984: 4663: 4446: 4416: 3949: 1639:

rejected the hadiths as the basis for Islamic law, while at the same time accepting the Sunnah and

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The prevailing attitude of Western medieval authors is substantially that of the Greek Fathers.

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A chronological list of early Christian books and letters, both complete and incomplete works;

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countries and have been retold with amendments to the plots to better reflect Buddhist morals.

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authorities labeled different books as apocrypha, treating them with varying levels of regard.

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followers also reject hadith as the basis for Islamic law, while simultaneously accepting the

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Church accepts four other books into its canon than what are contained in the Catholic canon:

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as it is the only one of these collections that works within a Jewish theological framework.

5300: 5195: 5177: 5109: 5097: 5055: 4994: 4979: 4870: 4758: 4551: 4496: 4476: 4456: 4220: 4180: 4118: 3780:- Full text from Saint Takla Haymanot Church Website (also presents the full text in Arabic) 3766: 3383: 2784: 2570: 1509: 1442: 1281: 1273: 1245: 1192: 1121: 1043: 1035: 966: 957: 873: 855: 790: 742: 629: 530: 425: 406: 3816: 3319:"Correspondence of Augustine and Jerome concerning the Latin Translation of the Scriptures" 5092: 5070: 5024: 4571: 4531: 4506: 4436: 4411: 4396: 4230: 3588: 2885: 2683: 2665: 2557: 2400: 2391: 1737: 1453:, a Gnostic gospel, also received much media attention when it was reconstructed in 2006. 1450: 1329: 1094: 1002: 979: 869: 823: 639: 522: 354: 90: 2501: 1636: 393:

stated that "the canonical books, as the Hebrews have handed them down, are twenty-two".

284:, distinguishes between writings that were read by the churches and apocryphal writings: 3229:

The Septuagint as Christian Scripture : its prehistory and the problem of its canon

200:) was first applied to writings that were kept secret because they were the vehicles of 5328: 5310: 5244: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4853: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4629: 4624: 4600: 4561: 4511: 4491: 4461: 4441: 4426: 4421: 4401: 4367: 4280: 4268: 4064: 4059: 3914: 3850: 3805: 3652:

Aisha Y. Musa, The Qur’anists, Florida International University, accessed May 22, 2013.

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Blocher, Henri (2004). "Helpful or Harmful? The "Apocrypha" and Evangelical Theology".

2133: 1651: 1628: 1376: 1277: 1262: 1241: 1173: 1106: 1078: 865: 609: 414: 358: 230: 205: 155: 124: 114: 75: 64: 1985: 433:, as sacred and canonical." The whole of the books in question, with the exception of 5353: 5075: 4884: 4753: 4619: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4516: 4486: 4384: 3732: 3722: 3629: 2952:

in academic writing, although not all apocryphal books are properly deuterocanonical.

1724:

points out, however, that the scarcity of sources relating to the formation of early

1494: 1489: 1473: 1457: 1347: 1165: 1098: 994: 682: 667: 605: 450: 317: 243: 45: 492:

are held in high esteem by the Anabaptists, who faced persecution in their history.

5333: 5233: 5162: 5064: 4526: 4521: 4481: 4451: 4431: 4379: 4190: 4170: 3954: 3939: 3929: 3789: 3582:

Orthodox Answer To a Question About Apocrypha, Canon, Deuterocanonical – Answer #39

2751: 2204: 2104:

Seidel, Anna. "Imperial treasures and Taoist sacraments". In Strickmann, M. (ed.).

1721: 1687: 1579: 1394: 1363: 1250: 1181: 1110: 1031: 901: 847: 774: 714: 690: 686: 655: 601: 583: 501: 481: 473: 465: 464:

Martin Luther did not class apocryphal books as being scripture, but in the German

261:

era China (1066–256 BC), these items came to be surpassed in value by texts by the

258: 102: 56: 3409: 2452: 3113: 2524: 1728:

make the exact link between the apocryphal texts and the Taoist beliefs unclear.

1706:

through the continuity offered by his possession of these same sacred talismans.

1456:

Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestants all agree on the canon of the

752:, for instance, seem to have retained a spread of canonical texts similar to the 5216: 4812: 4730: 4725: 4639: 4634: 4466: 4295: 3891: 3811: 3318: 2723:

A General Introduction to the Bible: From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations

2421:

A General Introduction to the Bible: From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations

2344: 1909:

A General Introduction to the Bible: From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations

1761: 1679: 1446: 1298: 1294: 1276:

Church's canon is made difficult because of differences of perspective with the

1216: 1133: 897: 843: 830: 749: 734: 489: 485: 469: 262: 239: 3115:

The Journey from Texts to Translations: The Origin and Development of the Bible

5205: 4208: 4175: 4108: 3971: 3854: 3601: 3557: 2151: 1647: 1632: 1434: 1359: 1355: 1188: 1161: 1023: 891: 726: 710: 694: 663: 617: 365: 3337: 2631: 2283:

Forgotten Scriptures: The Selection and Rejection of Early Religious Writings

2022: 1180:

against some of the texts. Some were not accepted by the Jews as part of the

4720: 4113: 4014: 3944: 3741:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–183. 3581: 3257: 2726: 2424: 2226: 2118: 1314: 1125: 924: 722: 706: 702: 534: 222: 67: 35: 2676: 177:

has undergone a major change in meaning throughout the centuries. The word

2108:. Bruxelles: Institut belge des hautes etudes chinoises. pp. 291–371. 833:, the canonical validity of the intertestamental books was challenged and 5227: 4797: 4784: 4763: 4710: 4705: 4155: 3055:

The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books

1946:

by Protestants. Three of these are recognized by Roman Catholics also as

1663: 1624: 1620:, the supposed reports of the words, actions, and silent approval of the 1137: 1019: 575: 438: 434: 410: 361: 236: 226: 212: 201: 3846: 748:

Other traditions maintained different customs regarding canonicity. The

616:

epigraphic and archaeological evidence, such as extant illustrations in

5239: 5104: 4185: 4103: 4098: 1712: 1422: 1402: 1039: 1006: 887: 579: 430: 209: 3831: 1856: 1822: 312:

came to mean "of doubtful authenticity". This meaning also appears in

41:

Notes et extraits pour servir à l'histoire des croisades au XVe siècle

5210: 5087: 4471: 4336: 4290: 3774:

Claims to be the largest collection of New Testament apocrypha online

1747: 1725: 1717: 1683: 1655: 1617: 1406: 1372: 1368: 1204: 1196: 1102: 730: 390: 377: 313: 277: 165: 159: 146: 134: 2350:

The Sunday Service of the Methodists; With Other Occasional Services

1690:(1066–256 BC) royal treasures. Emerging from the instability of the 1445:, the only complete text of which was found in the Egyptian town of 1184:

canon and the Apocrypha is not part of the historical Jewish canon.

5050: 4371: 4160: 4150: 3815: 3721:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2821:

Puzzles and Essays from "The Exchange": Tricky Reference Questions

1010: 905: 784: 738: 718: 477: 321: 29: 250:

were used as symbols legitimizing and guaranteeing the Emperor's

4300: 3661:

Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge,

1659: 1640: 781:" in Christian Churches having their origins in the Reformation. 647: 4340: 3864: 2286:. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 11–33. 1109:

canon for the Old Testament, excluding apocryphal books in the

557:, 66 of these form the Protestant canon (such as listed in the 3860: 3786:– Definition & LDS POV, including brief book descriptions. 2366:

Introducing the Apocrypha: Message, Context, and Significance

2250:

Introducing the Apocrypha: Message, Context, and Significance

413:, and to be read in congregations. They were referred to as " 295: 285: 216: 195: 140: 128: 2781:

Fourth Ezra and Second Baruch: Reconstruction after the Fall

2178:

Roman Catholics and Evangelicals: Agreements and Differences

868:

Old Testament books by the Catholic Church, affirmed by the

2916:

Orthodox And Wesleyan Scriptural Understanding And Practice

2312: 2310: 225:. The term in general enjoyed high consideration among the 48:. Series 4: 1453–1476, Paris; Bucarest, 1915, pages 126–127 3529:. Norcross, GA: Trinity Press International. p. 148. 3151:. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Pub. pp. 62, 382–283. 3028:"Decree of Council of Rome (AD 382) on the Biblical Canon" 2779:

Henze, Matthias; Boccaccini, Gabriele (20 November 2013).

646:"the external books"), are books written in large part by 975:

as belonging with either Jewish or Christian testaments.

3753: 3685:

Major Issues in Islam: The Challenges Within and Without

3254:

Rethinking Biblical Scholarship: Changing Perspectives 4

3206:(. ed.). Chicago, IL: Moody Press. pp. 75–86. 2106:

Tantric and Taoist Studies in Honor of Rolf A. Stein, II

2038:

A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume I (Part I: A -- Cyrus)

3801:

New Testament Allusions to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1148:

The status of the books that the Catholic Church terms

1046:, which is part of the Ethiopian canon, as well as the 785: 1346:

New Testament apocrypha—books similar to those in the

826:, calling them the "apocrypha" or the "hidden books". 3447:

Cajetan Responds: A Reader in Reformation Controversy

1627:, are accused by some Muslims of being fabrications ( 822:

included several of these books in the canons of the

3603:

The Confession of Dositheus (Eastern Orthodox, 1672)

2884:. Consultation on Common Texts. 1992. Archived from 2758:(3rd ed.). Church Publishing, Inc. p. 56. 2529:. Ohio University Center for International Studies. 1896:(2 ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans. 1892:

Bromley, Geoffrey William, ed. (2009). "Apocrypha".

1358:

authors or members of other groups later defined as

894:

of the Lutheran Churches and the Anglican Churches.

662:. Some of these books are considered sacred by some 118: 5268: 5186: 5140: 5038: 4883: 4846: 4811: 4782: 4744: 4689: 4596: 4580: 4378: 4256: 4199: 4091: 4035: 4028: 3980: 3898: 3792:, an apocryphal view on life and reality around us. 3283:"THE COUNCIL OF JAMNIA AND THE OLD TESTAMENT CANON" 2989:"New Release: Comprehensive Bible Cross References" 2942:

Style Manual for the Society of Biblical Literature

3014:"References to the Apocrypha in the New Testament" 2818: 2498:"The Old Testament Canon and the Apocrypha Part 3" 1855: 1821: 2857:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 298. 2710:. Forward Movement Publications. 1981. p. 5. 1942:Fourteen books and parts of books are considered 16:Works of unknown authorship or of doubtful origin 3434:. St Louis: B. Herder Book Co. pp. 270–271. 2176:Geisler, Norman L.; MacKenzie, Ralph E. (1995). 829:In the sixteenth century, during the Protestant 1213: 1072:The establishment of a largely settled uniform 670:. The Jewish apocrypha is distinctive from the 546: 326: 1940:. Pentecostal Publishing Company. p. 41. 1282:separation of the Roman Catholics and Orthodox 1154:(second canon) and Protestantism refers to as 1097:(382), and is correspondent to that of Trent. 1076:was a process of centuries, and what the term 654:, not accepted as sacred manuscripts when the 553:Though Protestant Bibles historically include 529:, among many other denominations, such as the 4352: 3876: 3754:Alin Suciu's blog on various Coptic apocrypha 2339: 2337: 2335: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 1894:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 1437:was a prolific source of apocryphal gospels. 904:, which contains the intertestamental books; 476:, which contains the intertestamental books; 8: 3498:. London: Burns & Oates. pp. 16–17. 2919:. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 23. 666:, and are included in their versions of the 39: 2987:Accordance Bible Software (December 2011). 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 1970:. Friends United Press. 1970. p. 141. 1267:Development of the Christian biblical canon 1054:, which are included in no biblical canon. 741:were said to have a secret literature (see 701:, to be authoritative. Some argue that the 328: 4593: 4359: 4345: 4337: 4032: 3977: 3883: 3869: 3861: 3857:. Many with links to English translations. 3677: 3675: 3510:Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent 2077: 3796:Christian Cyclopedia article on Apocrypha 3107: 3105: 3103: 2800:the books in the Anglican Apocrypha list 2220: 2218: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1429:, which are sometimes referred to as the 997:is included in the biblical canon of the 3763:is in the religion section at the e.Lib. 3451:The Catholic University Press of America 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 789:The contents page in a complete 80 book 768: 401:and familiar with the Hebrew canon (the 215:boasted that they possessed the secret ( 3558:"The Old Testament Canon and Apocrypha" 3189:The Old Testament in Early Christianity 2393:The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments 2180:. Baker Publishing Group. p. 171. 2081: 2040:. The Minerva Group, Inc. p. 116. 1813: 1773: 890:from the Apocrypha are included in the 813:List of books of the King James Version 3618:Development of the New Testament canon 3252:Davies, Philip R. (1 September 2013). 3204:A survey of Old Testament introduction 2637: 2248:deSilva, David A. (20 February 2018). 1887: 1885: 1720:priests are believed to have emerged. 1570:Itinerary and Teaching of the Apostles 1001:churches of Ethiopia and Eritrea. The 807:Development of the Old Testament canon 158:and is formed from the combination of 2853:McGrath, Alister (10 December 2008). 2453:"THE WESTMINSTER CONFESSION OF FAITH" 1215:In the Latin Church, all through the 916:)", and many "lectionary readings in 872:(AD 382) and later reaffirmed by the 862:Fourteen out of eighty biblical books 634:Development of the Hebrew Bible canon 316:'s prologue to his commentary on the 7: 3606:, Question 3, CRI / Voice, Institute 3523:Hiers, Richard H. (1 October 2001). 3483:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3432:Papal Legate At The Council Of Trent 3365:The Bible, the Church, and Authority 2571:"APOCRYPHA - JewishEncyclopedia.com" 1876:participating institution membership 1842:participating institution membership 1379:. The first explicit mention of the 1354:). Others of these were produced by 930:The Sunday Service of the Methodists 445:, were declared canonical at Trent. 123:(secret, or non-canonical) from the 5291:Other books referenced in the Bible 5250:New Testament manuscript categories 1211:states as regards the Middle Ages, 1052:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 956:, although alternate Old Testament 4821:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs 3072:Willett, Herbert Lockwood (1910). 504:, and in the Sixth Article of the 449:doctrine should be based on them. 14: 3191:. Ada, MI: Baker. pp. 34–35. 2962:Clontz, T.E.; Clontz, J. (2008). 1646:Traditionally, some sects of the 1635:also rejected the hadiths, while 938:British and Foreign Bible Society 4321: 4320: 3784:LDS Bible Dictionary - Apocrypha 3714: 3468:. New York: Oxford. p. 180. 3466:An Introduction to the Apocrypha 2677:Ethiopian Orthodox Old Testament 2225:Wesner, Erik J. (8 April 2015). 34:The apocryphal letter of Sultan 5306:Biblical and Quranic narratives 3727:Charles, Robert Henry (1911). " 3299:from the original on 2022-10-09 3168:from the original on 2022-10-09 2964:The Comprehensive New Testament 2944:recommends the use of the term 2879:"The Revised Common Lectionary" 1464:have in the past also included 1352:Gospel according to the Hebrews 689:of the current 24 books in the 638:The Jewish apocrypha, known in 3839:New International Encyclopedia 3526:The Trinity Guide to the Bible 3479:Catholic Encyclopedia (1908). 3227:Biddle, Martin Hengel (2004). 3145:The Canon of the Old Testament 3118:. Baker Academic. p. 14. 3053:Coogan, Michael David (2007). 2526:The Tale of Prince Samuttakote 2368:. Baker Academic. p. 76. 2364:DeSilva, David Arthur (2002). 1938:The Story of the English Bible 1042:also show influences from the 269:Writings of questionable value 1: 2817:Anderson, Charles R. (2003). 2280:McDonald, Lee Martin (2009). 2205:"John Wycliffe's Translation" 1187:Early church fathers such as 754:Ethiopian Orthodox Christians 186:Esoteric writings and objects 3688:. Rowman & Littlefield. 3338:"Canon of the Old Testament" 3202:Archer, Jr, Gleason (2007). 2966:. Cornerstone Publications. 2825:. Psychology Press. p. 2721:Ewert, David (11 May 2010). 2549:Sengpan Pannyawamsa (2007). 2479:European Journal of Theology 2419:Ewert, David (11 May 2010). 1907:Ewert, David (11 May 2010). 1604:Gospel According to Barnabas 166: 160: 147: 135: 3367:. Collegeville, Minnesota: 3344:. The Catholic Encyclopedia 2946:deuterocanonical literature 2708:Readings from the Apocrypha 2003:Webb, Diana Barton (2010). 1674:Prophetic texts called the 1607:Gospel According to Matthew 1381:perpetual virginity of Mary 620:from ancient temple walls. 85:In Christianity, the name " 5386: 5286:English Bible translations 4674:Song of the Three Children 4226:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 3847:EarlyChristianWritings.com 3682:Sindima, Harvey J (2017). 3494:Tavard, George H. (1959). 3481:Canon of the Old Testament 3079:. Howard-Severance Company 3057:. Oxford, United Kingdom: 2682:December 31, 2007, at the 2575:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 2353:. J. Kershaw. p. 136. 2318:"The Thirty-Nine Articles" 1936:Wells, Preston B. (1911). 1911:. Zondervan. p. 104. 1399:The Epistle to the Hebrews 1339: 1061: 810: 796: 627: 593: 346: 296: 286: 246:China (AD 220–589). These 217: 196: 141: 139:, (private) from the verb 129: 25:Apocrypha (disambiguation) 18: 5324: 4316: 4236:Massacre of the Innocents 4004:Lectio difficilior potior 3410:"Athanasius on the Canon" 3384:"THE DECRETUM GELASIANUM" 3087:– via Google Books. 2993:Accordance Bible Software 2664:December 6, 2007, at the 2134:"apocryphal - Definition" 1863:Oxford English Dictionary 1829:Oxford English Dictionary 1068:Christian biblical canons 950:Revised Common Lectionary 918:The Book of Common Prayer 697:, which they believe was 693:, they also consider the 685:believe in the exclusive 459:Epistle of the Laodiceans 308:In general use, the word 113:The word's origin is the 3496:Holy Writ or Holy Church 3112:Wegner, Paul D. (2004). 2913:Kimbrough, S.T. (2005). 2756:Introduction to Theology 2036:Hastings, James (2014). 1986:"Apocrypha - Definition" 1794:Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew 650:, especially during the 542:Orthodox Anglican Church 233:, pp. 10, 27, 44). 5148:Intertestamental period 3965:Comparative linguistics 3823:The American Cyclopædia 3767:Noncanonical Literature 3738:Encyclopædia Britannica 3600:Dennis Bratcher (ed.), 3464:Metzger, Bruce (1957). 3059:Oxford University Press 2659:The Old Testament Canon 2399:August 9, 2007, at the 2120:Commentaries on Matthew 1868:Oxford University Press 1834:Oxford University Press 1550:Apocalypse of Zechariah 1545:Apocalypse of Zephaniah 1388:Infancy Gospel of James 1342:New Testament apocrypha 1336:New Testament apocrypha 1030:and many others of the 803:Intertestamental period 672:New Testament apocrypha 282:Commentaries on Matthew 5132:Apocalyptic literature 4769:Paralipomena of Baruch 3988:Contextual credibility 3806:Canon Comparison Chart 3778:Deuterocanonical books 3669:, Chapter 7, pp. 85-89 3430:Jedin, Hubert (1947). 3408:bible-researcher.com. 2644:: CS1 maint: others ( 2600:jewishencyclopedia.com 2523:Hudak, Thomas (1993). 2005:Forgotten women of God 1968:Quaker Life, Volume 11 1600:Didascalia of Polycarp 1595:Didascalia of Ignatius 1427:The Shepherd of Hermas 1375:and details about the 1222: 1115:deuterocanonical books 946:intertestamental books 886:(1672). To this date, 794: 782: 765:Intertestamental books 699:handed down from Moses 559:Westminster Confession 551: 535:Quaker Yearly Meetings 424:In 1546, the Catholic 349:Deuterocanonical books 340: 329: 324:translation survives: 119: 49: 40: 23:. For other uses, see 5365:Christian terminology 5296:Additional Scriptures 5260:New Testament uncials 4214:Sources and parallels 3790:Aldenicum The Trilogy 3772:Complete NT Apocrypha 3729:Apocryphal Literature 3587:14 March 2012 at the 3445:Wicks, Jared (1978). 3290:Gordon Faculty Online 3187:Ellis, E. E. (1992). 2695:Encyclopaedia Judaica 2152:"Origen on the Canon" 1755:Shakespeare apocrypha 1692:Warring States period 1590:Didascalia of Clement 1209:Catholic Encyclopedia 1028:Clement of Alexandria 971:who do not recognize 811:Further information: 788: 772: 370:Clement of Alexandria 78:, a term that means " 33: 5281:Bible version debate 5255:New Testament papyri 5201:Samaritan Pentateuch 4826:Testament of Abraham 4764:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan 4307:Vaticinium ex eventu 4048:Acts of the Apostles 4010:Multiple attestation 3323:bible-researcher.com 2007:. Bonneville Books. 1535:Apocalypse of Elijah 914:Thirty-Nine Articles 652:Second Temple period 642:as הספרים החיצונים ( 320:, of which only the 257:From their roots in 5223:Muratorian fragment 5158:New Testament canon 5153:Old Testament canon 5046:Chapters and verses 4664:Additions to Daniel 4630:Additions to Esther 3950:Cognitive philology 3142:(1 November 2008). 2504:on 13 December 2015 2457:BibleResearcher.com 2156:BibleResearcher.com 2140:. 20 February 2024. 2138:merriam-webster.com 1990:merriam-webster.com 1866:(Online ed.). 1832:(Online ed.). 1575:Epistle of Barnabas 1565:Apocalypse of Peter 1540:Ascension of Isaiah 1525:Assumption of Moses 1419:Epistle of Barnabas 1303:Epistle of Jeremiah 1230:Decretum Gelasianum 1048:Assumption of Moses 1016:Epistle of Barnabas 973:Hellenistic Judaism 954:liturgical calendar 644:Sefarim Hachizonim: 170:(hide or conceal). 4836:Testament of Jacob 4831:Testament of Isaac 4716:Prayer of Manasseh 4679:Bel and the Dragon 4659:Letter of Jeremiah 4276:Hadith terminology 3911:Biblical criticism 3369:Fordham University 3363:Lienhard, Joseph. 3292:. Gordon College. 3281:Newman, Robert C. 3140:Beckwith, Roger T. 2614:Holman study bible 2556:2018-10-04 at the 2496:Webster, William. 2320:. Anglicans Online 1782:Gospel of Barnabas 1682:(206 BC – AD 220) 1585:Apocalypse of Paul 1520:Testament of Moses 1470:Shepherd of Hermas 1466:I & II Clement 1462:Ethiopian Orthodox 1411:Revelation of John 1311:Prayer of Manasseh 1201:Cyril of Jerusalem 1130:Prayer of Manasseh 1064:Biblical apocrypha 936:In the 1800s, the 910:Anglican Communion 888:scripture readings 884:Synod of Jerusalem 799:Biblical apocrypha 795: 783: 725:only accepted the 676:biblical apocrypha 596:Buddhist apocrypha 565:Metaphorical usage 531:Methodist Churches 527:Anglican Communion 443:Prayer of Manasseh 294:). The meaning of 99:Church of the East 50: 21:Biblical apocrypha 5347: 5346: 5316:Textual criticism 4879: 4878: 4803:Psalms of Solomon 4746:Orthodox Tewahedo 4334: 4333: 4286:Religious studies 4252: 4251: 4241:Geography of the 4104:Bardiya / Smerdis 4024: 4023: 3960:Textual criticism 3935:Demythologization 3853:, apocryphal and 3833:"Apocrypha" 3817:"Apocrypha" 2973:978-0-9778737-1-5 2926:978-0-88141-301-4 2750:Thomas, Owen C.; 2623:978-1-4336-0509-3 2375:978-0-8010-2319-4 2259:978-1-4934-1307-2 2187:978-0-8010-3875-4 2122:, X. 18, XIII. 57 2014:978-1-59955-384-9 1874:(Subscription or 1840:(Subscription or 1530:Psalms of Solomon 1505:Twelve Patriarchs 1435:Gnostic tradition 1431:Apostolic Fathers 1385:pseudepigraphical 1322:Eastern Orthodoxy 1291:Psalms of Solomon 1151:Deuterocanonicals 999:Oriental Orthodox 988:Oriental Orthodox 958:scripture lessons 927:liturgical book, 733:in Judea and the 540:According to the 506:Church of England 383:Prologus Galeatus 304:Spurious writings 95:Orthodox Churches 80:false attribution 5377: 5196:Dead Sea Scrolls 5178:Dating the Bible 5056:Historical books 4693:Eastern Orthodox 4606:Eastern Orthodox 4594: 4587: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4338: 4324: 4323: 4301:Myth § Mythology 4221:Founding of Rome 4114:Caligula's horse 4033: 3978: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3862: 3843: 3835: 3827: 3819: 3742: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3700: 3699: 3679: 3670: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3591: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3298: 3287: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3167: 3150: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3109: 3098: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3034:. 19 August 2008 3024: 3018: 3017: 3016:. 7 August 2017. 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2959: 2953: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2824: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2752:Wondra, Ellen K. 2747: 2741: 2740: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2697:, Vol 6, p 1147. 2692: 2686: 2674: 2668: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2643: 2635: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2567: 2561: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2500:. 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C. 3381: 3380: 3376: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3336:Knight, Kevin. 3335: 3334: 3330: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3260:. p. 225. 3251: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3148: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3111: 3110: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3032:Taylor Marshall 3026: 3025: 3021: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2795: 2787:. p. 383. 2778: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2754:(1 July 2002). 2749: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2729:. p. 104. 2720: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2684:Wayback Machine 2675: 2671: 2666:Wayback Machine 2657: 2653: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2558:Wayback Machine 2548: 2544: 2537: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2435: 2427:. p. 104. 2418: 2417: 2406: 2401:Wayback Machine 2390: 2386: 2376: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2343: 2342: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2279: 2278: 2267: 2260: 2252:. Baker Books. 2247: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2229:. Amish America 2224: 2223: 2216: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2102: 2087: 2080: 2055: 2048: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2015: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1966: 1965: 1956: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1919: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1873: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1738:List of Gospels 1734: 1672: 1622:Islamic prophet 1615: 1610: 1515:Eldad and Modad 1482: 1451:Gospel of Judas 1344: 1338: 1330:Catholic Church 1272:Explaining the 1146: 1095:Council of Rome 1088:inspired by God 1070: 1062:Main articles: 1060: 1003:Epistle of Jude 879:anagignoskomena 870:Council of Rome 840:Matthew's Bible 815: 809: 767: 762: 636: 628:Main articles: 626: 610:Southeast Asian 598: 592: 567: 523:Lutheran Church 355:Gelasian Decree 351: 345: 335: 306: 271: 188: 111: 91:Catholic Church 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5383: 5381: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5352: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5311:Synod of Hippo 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5245:Masoretic Text 5242: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5192: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5081:Minor prophets 5078: 5076:Major prophets 5068: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4854:Pseudepigrapha 4850: 4848: 4847:Classification 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4817: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4793:Psalms 152–155 4789: 4787: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4661: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4447:1–2 Chronicles 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4393: 4391: 4376: 4375: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4281:Historiography 4278: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4269:Pseudepigrapha 4260: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4205: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4072: 4070:Book of Mormon 4067: 4065:Book of Joshua 4062: 4060:Book of Esther 4057: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4039: 4037: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3915:Hadith studies 3908: 3906:Bayes' theorem 3902: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3844: 3828: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3764: 3756: 3749: 3748:External links 3746: 3744: 3743: 3733:Chisholm, Hugh 3710: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3694: 3671: 3667:978-0878402243 3654: 3645: 3634:submission.org 3621: 3609: 3592: 3574: 3549: 3535: 3515: 3501: 3486: 3471: 3456: 3449:. 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4818: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4774:Broader canon 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4487:Song of Songs 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4394: 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