238:). The witches met actually outside the cave in the place of Berroskoberro. Some say that the goat talked to its worshippers from a hole in the stone outside the cave. Inside the cave, the widest part measures 120 metres. The river of "hell" crosses along the centre of the cave. It has been eroding the floor of the cave for centuries, the ceiling of the cave is already 12 metres high. A limestone oven from the eighteenth century remains inside the biggest cave. Farmers found it useful to take more harvest out of the limestone oven. We can access another cave from the biggest cave: the cave of the Akelarre. The name of the cave derives from the meadow at the entrance of the cave. Akelarre used to be celebrated there. Further the river follows a deep gorge called "the cave of the witches".
40:
520:
rise to notions of a sexual element in witch practices and/or the use of cauldrons to prepare magic potions and salves . It is possible that the ointment was applied to the vagina with a staff and this might explain the frequent depiction of witches as flying with a broomstick between their legs. Some species of toad are poisonous if they come in contact with human skin. The toad's skin is also a hallucinogen, and they also appear in popular beliefs. The same could happen with poisonous mushrooms, such as
205:
105:
165:. In this case, the first etymology would have been a manipulation of the Inquisition, the fact being that the Basques did not know during the 1609-1612 persecution period or later what the "akelarre" referred to by the inquisitors meant. The word "aquelarre" is first attested in 1609 in a Spanish-language inquisitorial briefing, as synonym to
1672:
575:
has explored how the suspects themselves brought a wide range of belief and experience to their descriptions of the akelarre, from folk magical practices, communal medicine-making and confraternal meetings to popular expressions of
Catholic religious ritual and theatre such as liturgical misrule and
519:
Hallucinogens were commonly used during the rite in order to achieve ecstasy. It was dangerous to calculate the right dose when the used quantities approached the lethal quantity, and that is why some substances started being applied as an ointment in the vagina or in the anus. This could have given
2006:
479:(Gipuzkoa). The inquisition heard they celebrated Akelarre near the church of Santa Barbara. Local sayings believe that there were Akelarres in the bridges of Mendelu, Santa Engrazi and Puntalea.
488:
From the point of view of anthropology, akelarres would be the remains of pagan rites that were celebrated in clandestinity due to its banning by religious authorities at that time.
1616:
1529:
169:, meaning 'diabolic assembly'. Basque terms, transcribed into Spanish texts often by monolingual Spanish-language copyists, were fraught with mistakes.
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1704:
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89:
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when women, naked and drunk, went up the mountain to celebrate parties without men, this identification is wrong, since they worshipped the God
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and villages around
Navarre that resulted in 300 people being accused of practising witchcraft. They took 40 of them to Logroño and
564:, being one of the most infamous between the European witch-hunts. It was possibly as a result of these major trials that the term
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1560:
925:
1785:
962:
893:
672:
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While previous study of the
Zugarramurdi trials has focused on the mechanics of persecution, more recent analysis by
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1624:
2037:
1960:
1656:
412:
33:
1986:
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1754:
1664:
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825:
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became synonymous with the word "witch's sabbath" and spread into common parlance in both Basque and
Spanish.
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709:
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12 supposed witches in
Zugarramurdi (5 of them symbolically, as they had been killed by torture earlier).
1877:
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means male goat in the Basque language. Witches' sabbaths were envisioned as presided over by a goat.
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321:: Pleasure orchard. This was the name by which witches themselves called the field of Matxarena in
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604:. Shepherds brought these beliefs on the way of their annual migration of sheep (
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Other expressive names used for sabbat meeting places in Basque culture include:
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Invoking the
Akelarre: Voices of the Accused in the Basque Witch-Craze 1609-14
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has had an important meaning in the legend and symbology of the
Akelarre.
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2007:
Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period
1673:
Treatise on the
Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
2016:
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of the 17th century. The word is most famous as the title of the
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mountain, origin of the storms that witches sent to the plain.
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148:. An alternative explanation could be that it originally was
96:, which depicts witches in the company of a huge male goat.
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accused people of worshipping a black goat, related to the
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explains that Basque witchcraft is known due to this
84:). It has been used in Castilian Spanish since the
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491:Although some say the first Akelarres were held in
502:Gossip about sorcerers' meetings spread in the
325:(Gipuzkoa), according to inquisitorial records.
69:(the place where witches hold their meetings).
1530:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
1617:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
826:
616:, the most famous of all being celebrated in
291:and another one in Ataun, (both in Gipuzkoa).
8:
765:. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2019.
1739:
1687:
856:
833:
819:
811:
355:: Beautiful Spring, in Tolosa (Gipuzkoa).
38:
734:
1936:List of people executed for witchcraft
678:List of Spanish words of Basque origin
184:and is found in a Roman-age slab as a
1905:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
584:Similar celebrations spread over the
7:
633:The mountains on top of the village
608:) from mountains to the flatlands.
172:Nevertheless, the black he-Goat or
2002:Left-hand path and right-hand path
1577:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
25:
787:, José Dueso, Orain S.A., 1996.
335:(the wild man of the woods), in
800:, José Dueso, ROGER Ed., 2000.
192:("to the god Aherbelts") (see:
1700:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy
1561:Summis desiderantes affectibus
180:to be an attribute of goddess
1:
673:Aquelarre (role-playing game)
1705:accusations against children
1601:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
76:The word has been loaned to
499:and they were not witches.
311:: Witches' hole, a cave in
156:being a local name for the
27:Basque for Witches' Sabbath
2064:
1625:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
208:Witches around the caldron
31:
1657:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
785:Brujería en el País Vasco
743:Brujería en el País Vasco
263:: Dancing place, between
140:"buck, billy goat"). The
124:proposed is that meaning
80:(which uses the spelling
34:Akelarre (disambiguation)
1987:Christian views on magic
1665:The Discovery of Witches
1537:Directorium Inquisitorum
558:The World of the Witches
249:: Partridges' field, in
1593:De praestigiis daemonum
1545:De maleficis mulieribus
798:Guía del Akelarre Vasco
612:"Ajunt de Bruixes", in
528:Zugarramurdi witch-hunt
453:mountain: Witches from
1649:Compendium Maleficarum
1641:Magical Investigations
1532:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
281:: in Ataun (Gipuzkoa).
209:
200:Places called Akelarre
117:
53:
1272:Cloak of invisibility
1028:Solitary practitioner
941:Witch-cult hypothesis
361:: Witches' house, in
345:: Witches' creek, in
207:
107:
42:
1992:Magical organization
1507:Witches of Benevento
695:, French witchhunter
580:Similar celebrations
371:: Goat's meadow, in
297:: Sinful meadow, in
287:: Witches' hole, in
32:For other uses, see
2048:Witchcraft in Spain
1609:Newes from Scotland
1569:Malleus Maleficarum
946:Anglo-Saxon England
714:Spanish Inquisition
710:Tomás de Torquemada
705:Spanish Inquisition
688:European witchcraft
683:Basque witch trials
658:Salamanca cave, in
534:Spanish Inquisition
194:Aquitanian language
142:Spanish Inquisition
90:witchcraft painting
1961:Witches in fiction
1949:In popular culture
1523:historic treatises
586:Pyrenees mountains
550:burnt at the stake
542:a large witch-hunt
230:: a large cave of
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162:Dactylis hispanica
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1982:Witch (archetype)
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1219:Sympathetic magic
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554:Julio Caro Baroja
513:Atropa belladonna
78:Castilian Spanish
16:(Redirected from
2055:
2038:Basque mythology
1956:Magic in fiction
1786:Northern Moravia
1740:
1720:Papua New Guinea
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1472:Nine sorceresses
1224:Witches' Sabbath
1073:Ceremonial magic
1063:Apotropaic magic
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712:, leader of the
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693:Pierre de Lancre
576:cursing masses.
522:amanita muscaria
493:Classical Greece
373:Gautegiz Arteaga
178:Basque mythology
146:worship of Satan
120:The most common
67:Witches' Sabbath
45:Witches' Sabbath
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1078:Magical formula
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926:Greece and Rome
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624:Turbon mountain
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508:medicinal herbs
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425:: in Etxaguen (
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167:junta diabólica
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94:Museo del Prado
92:by Goya in the
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50:Francisco Goya
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1502:Three Witches
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1307:Kitchen witch
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882:Witch smeller
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761:Wilby, Emma.
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532:In 1610, the
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475:mountain: in
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216:: a field of
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190:Aherbelts Deo
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65:term meaning
64:
60:
59:
51:
47:
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41:
35:
30:
19:
1977:Witch (word)
1926:Witch's mark
1735:Early Modern
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1633:Daemonologie
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1585:Laienspiegel
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1467:Muma Pădurii
1398:Folklore and
1369:Sator Square
1322:Magic circle
1317:Magic carpet
1277:Crystal ball
1214:Spiritualism
1038:Witch doctor
921:Cunning folk
910:
797:
784:
762:
757:
742:
737:
606:transhumance
583:
570:
565:
557:
556:in his book
546:Zugarramurdi
536:tribunal of
531:
518:
511:
501:
490:
487:
441:Mairubaratza
440:
436:
432:
422:
408:
398:
388:
378:
368:
358:
352:
343:Sorginerreka
342:
328:
319:Atsegin Soro
318:
308:
295:Bekatu-larre
294:
284:
278:
260:
246:
241:
232:Zugarramurdi
227:
213:
189:
188:dedication:
176:is known in
173:
171:
166:
160:
153:
149:
137:
129:
119:
108:
86:witch trials
81:
75:
70:
57:
56:
55:
43:
29:
1684:Persecution
1553:Formicarius
1497:Spearfinger
1437:Elbow witch
1337:Magic sword
1302:Julleuchter
1287:Goofer dust
1229:White magic
1142:Incantation
1068:Black magic
1023:Renaissance
991:Chaos magic
963:Middle East
894:Philippines
510:. The herb
504:Middle Ages
477:Hondarribia
469:) gathered.
457:(Navarre),
447:(Gipuzkoa).
423:Abadelaueta
365:(Gipuzkoa).
353:Edar Iturri
349:(Gipuzkoa).
315:(Gipuzkoa).
309:Sorgintxulo
48:(1798), by
2032:Categories
1997:Maleficium
1921:Witch-hunt
1725:Witch camp
1384:Witch ball
1327:Magic ring
1312:Love charm
1167:Necromancy
1162:Moon magic
1157:Mediumship
1152:Love magic
1137:Gray magic
1117:Divination
916:Benandanti
846:witchcraft
741:J. Dueso,
730:References
724:Witchcraft
719:Witch-hunt
573:Emma Wilby
562:witch-hunt
540:initiated
413:Urizaharra
399:Petralanda
389:Garaigorta
359:Sorginetxe
339:(Navarre).
331:: Site of
323:Errenteria
285:Sorginzulo
279:Mandabiita
261:Dantzaleku
1898:Classical
1417:Baba Yaga
1400:mythology
1209:Spiritism
1199:Sex magic
1177:Shamanism
1172:Occultism
1127:Evocation
1122:Entheogen
1100:Damnation
1051:Practices
660:Salamanca
614:Catalonia
602:Occitania
598:Catalonia
473:Jaizkibel
429:, Alava).
405:(Biscay).
395:(Biscay).
385:(Biscay).
375:(Biscay).
369:Akerlanda
269:Idiazabal
247:Eperlanda
174:Akerbeltz
150:alkelarre
134:male goat
132:) of the
122:etymology
100:Etymology
82:Aquelarre
18:Aquelarre
1931:Pricking
1842:Scotland
1765:Virginia
1755:New York
1750:Maryland
1743:Americas
1492:Sorginak
1482:Pasiphaë
1374:Talisman
1344:Mojo bag
1292:Grimoire
1187:Regional
1132:Familiar
1095:Anathema
1011:Neopagan
1006:Medieval
911:Akelarre
699:Sorginak
667:See also
649:Tenerife
566:akelarre
497:Dionysus
445:Oiartzun
427:Zigoitia
333:Basajaun
273:Gipuzkoa
214:Akelarre
110:Akelarre
58:Akelarre
1970:Related
1914:Related
1832:Iceland
1827:Finland
1822:England
1817:Denmark
1781:Hungary
1477:Obayifo
1407:Agamede
1364:Potions
1297:Incense
1238:Objects
1058:Animism
1033:Warlock
968:Oceania
951:Britain
779:Sources
618:Canigou
588:in the
538:Logroño
484:History
467:Lapurdi
463:Azkaine
437:Puilegi
433:Irantzi
409:Urkitza
383:Durango
313:Hernani
303:Navarre
299:Ziordia
236:Navarre
218:Mañaria
61:is the
1883:Basque
1868:Geneva
1863:France
1847:Sweden
1837:Norway
1812:Baltic
1796:Russia
1791:Poland
1692:Modern
1676:(1751)
1668:(1647)
1660:(1627)
1652:(1608)
1644:(1599)
1636:(1597)
1628:(1595)
1620:(1593)
1612:(1591)
1604:(1584)
1596:(1563)
1588:(1509)
1580:(1489)
1572:(1487)
1564:(1484)
1556:(1475)
1548:(1440)
1540:(1376)
1487:Sebile
1442:Hecate
1412:Aradia
1359:Poppet
1354:Nkondi
1267:Censer
1250:Athame
1245:Amulet
1204:Sigils
1192:Yellow
1001:Hoodoo
996:Goetia
973:Mākutu
901:Europe
872:Azande
867:Africa
860:Region
804:
791:
769:
749:
639:Girona
628:Huesca
594:Aragon
451:Larrun
393:Orozko
379:Anboto
347:Tolosa
337:Auritz
289:Zegama
255:Biscay
251:Muxika
222:Biscay
186:votive
126:meadow
71:Akerra
63:Basque
2017:Adept
1878:Spain
1873:Italy
1760:Salem
1715:Nepal
1710:India
1521:Major
1457:Medea
1452:Kalku
1432:Drude
1427:Dayan
1422:Circe
1349:Nkisi
1260:besom
1255:Broom
1182:Black
1112:Demon
1090:Curse
1085:Coven
1016:Wicca
936:Völva
931:Seiðr
906:Italy
877:Ghana
853:Types
842:Magic
637:, in
626:, in
443:: in
417:Alava
411:: in
401:: in
391:: in
381:: in
265:Ataun
130:larre
113:, by
1447:Huld
1379:Wand
1147:Jinn
1105:Jinx
984:Form
889:Asia
844:and
802:ISBN
789:ISBN
767:ISBN
747:ISBN
635:Pals
600:and
461:and
459:Sara
455:Bera
403:Dima
267:and
196:)..
182:Mari
158:herb
154:alka
138:aker
647:in
544:in
363:Aia
253:, (
234:, (
2034::
651:,
596:,
592:,
524:.
439:,
435:,
419:).
305:).
275:).
257:).
224:).
152:,
834:e
827:t
820:v
662:.
655:.
641:.
630:.
465:(
415:(
301:(
271:(
220:(
136:(
128:(
52:.
36:.
20:)
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