Argentinosaurus - Knowledge

997: 1897: 968:, and had additional articular surfaces that extended downwards. This was confirmed by some later authors; Novas noted the hypantrum (a bony extension below the articular processes of the front face of a vertebra) extended sidewards and downwards, forming a much-broadened surface that connected with the equally enlarged hyposphene at the back face of the following vertebra. In 1996, Bonaparte stated these features would have made the spine more rigid and were possibly an adaptation to the giant size of the animal. Other authors argued most titanosaur genera lacked hyposphene-hypantrum articulations and that the articular structures seen in 868: 2014: 918:. Such camellate bone is, among sauropods, especially pronounced in the largest and longest-necked species. In both the dorsal and sacral vertebrae, very large cavities measuring 4 to 6 centimetres (1.6 to 2.4 in) were present. The dorsal ribs were tubular and cylindrical in shape, in contrast with other titanosaurs. Bonaparte and Coria, in their 1993 description, noted the ribs were hollow, unlike those of many other sauropods, but later authors argued this hollowing could also have been due to erosion after the death of the individual. 610: 6270: 126: 951:

was interpreted by the three studies as being part of the rear section of the dorsal vertebral column, as the fourth, or as the fifth, respectively. In 1993, two articulated (still connected) vertebrae were thought to be of the rear part of the dorsal column but are interpreted as the sixth and seventh vertebrae in the two later studies. The 2010 study mentioned another vertebra that was not mentioned by the 1993 and 2006 studies; it was presumed to belong to the rear part of the dorsal column.

696: 6281: 6288: 7682: 926: 495: 156: 1204: 8414: 9649: 922:, like many titanosaurs, probably had six sacral vertebrae (those in the hip region), although the last one is not preserved. The centra of the second to fifth sacral vertebrae were much reduced in size and considerably smaller than the centrum of the first sacral. The sacral ribs curved downwards. The second sacral rib was larger than the other preserved sacral ribs, though the size of the first is unknown due to its incompleteness. 9643: 7687: 9724: 7144: 9638: 7136: 9632: 8406: 6276: 7156: 7150: 8422: 9712: 5340: 583:(shin bone), although the Uruguayan palaeontologist Gerardo Mazzetta and colleagues reidentified this bone as a left fibula in 2004. In 1996, Bonaparte referred (assigned) a complete femur (thigh bone) from the same locality to the genus, which was put on exhibit at the Museo Carmen Funes. This bone was deformed by front-to-back crushing during 2004:

reached a functional limit. Much larger terrestrial vertebrates might be possible but would require different body shapes and possibly behavioural change to prevent joint collapse. The authors of the study cautioned the model is not fully realistic and too simplistic, and that it could be improved in

950:

in 2010. One vertebra was interpreted by these studies as the first, fifth or third; and another vertebra as the second, tenth or eleventh, or ninth, respectively. A reasonably complete vertebra was found to be the third by the 1993 and 2006 studies, but the fourth by the 2010 study. Another vertebra

624:

is among the largest known land animals, although its exact size is difficult to estimate because of the incompleteness of its remains. To counter this problem, palaeontologists can compare the known material with that of smaller related sauropods known from more complete remains. The more complete

452:

remains makes their interpretation difficult. Arguments revolve around the position of the recovered vertebrae within the vertebral column and the presence of accessory articulations between the vertebrae that would have strengthened the spine. A computer model of the skeleton and muscles estimated

712:

at 90 and 95 tonnes (99 and 105 short tons), but these estimates were questioned due to a very large error range and lack of precision. In 2016, using equations that estimate body mass based on the circumference of the humerus and femur of quadrupedal animals, Bernardo Gonzáles Riga and colleagues

665:

at less than 33 metres (108 ft). In 2013, William Sellers and colleagues arrived at a length estimate of 39.7 metres (130 ft) and a shoulder height of 7.3 metres (24 ft) by measuring the skeletal mount in Museo Carmen Funes. During the same year, Scott Hartman suggested that because

1987:

to study its speed and gait. Before computer simulations, the only way of estimating speeds of dinosaurs was through studying anatomy and trackways. The computer model was based on a laser scan of a mounted skeletal reconstruction on display at the Museo Carmen Funes. Muscles and their properties

1024:

measure 2.35 metres (7.7 ft) and 2.38 metres (7.8 ft), respectively. While the holotype specimen does not preserve a femur, it preserves a slender fibula (originally interpreted as a tibia) that is 1.55 metres (5.1 ft) in length. When it was identified as a tibia, it was thought to

1966: 707:

in 1994. In 2004, Mazzetta and colleagues provided a range of 60–88 tonnes (66–97 short tons) and considered 73 tonnes (80 short tons) to be the most likely mass, making it the heaviest sauropod known from good material. In 2013, Sellers and colleagues estimated a mass of 83.2 tonnes (91.7 short

1911:

and other sauropods was likely made possible by a combination of factors; these include fast and energy-efficient feeding allowed for by the long neck and lack of mastication, fast growth and fast population recovery due to their many small offspring. Advantages of giant sizes would likely have

591:

under the specimen number MLP-DP 46-VIII-21-3. Though not as strongly deformed as the complete femur, it preserves only the shaft and lacks its upper and lower ends. Both specimens belonged to individuals equivalent in size to the holotype individual. As of 2019, however, it was still uncertain

640:

in 1994 yielded a length estimate of 30–35 metres (98–115 ft). Later that year, estimates by Bonaparte and Coria suggesting a hind limb length of 4.5 metres (15 ft), a trunk length (hip to shoulder) of 7 metres (23 ft), and an overall body length of 30 metres (98 ft) were

890:

are up to 57 centimetres (22 in) in width. In 2019, Paul estimated the total length of the dorsal vertebral column at 447 centimetres (176 in) and the width of the pelvis at 0.6 times the combined length of the dorsal and sacral vertebral column. The dorsals were

1015:

to estimate its original length at 2.557 metres (8.39 ft), which is similar to the length of the other femur, and later in 2019 Paul gave a similar estimate of 2.575 metres (8.45 ft). By comparison, the complete femora preserved in the other giant titanosaurs

962:. Difficulties in interpretation arise from the fragmentary preservation of the vertebral column; these joints are hidden from view in the two connected vertebrae. In 1993, Bonaparte and Coria said the hyposphene-hypantrum articulations were enlarged, as in the related 1033:, a prominent extension at the upper front that anchored muscles for stretching the leg. However, as stated by Mazzetta and colleagues, this bone lacks both the proportions and anatomical details of a tibia, while being similar in shape to other sauropod fibulae. 4947:

de Jesus Faria, C.C.; Riga, B.G.; dos Anjos Candeiro, C.R.; da Silva Marinho, T.; David, L.O.; Simbras, F.M.; Castanho, R.B.; Muniz, F.P.; Gomes da Costa Pereira, P.V.L. (August 1, 2015). "Cretaceous sauropod diversity and taxonomic succession in South America".

881:

likely possessed 10 dorsal vertebrae, like other titanosaurs. The vertebrae were enormous even for sauropods; one dorsal vertebra has a reconstructed height of 159 centimetres (63 in) and a width of 129 centimetres (51 in), and the

721:

at more than 50 tonnes (55 short tons). In 2019, Paul moderated his 2016 estimate and gave a mass estimate of 65–75 tonnes (72–83 short tons) based on his skeletal reconstructions (diagrams illustrating the bones and shape of an animal) of

389:, the dominant group of sauropods during the Cretaceous. It is widely regarded by many paleontologists as the biggest dinosaur ever, and perhaps lengthwise the longest animal ever, though both claims have no concrete evidence yet. 5128:

Cerroni, M.A.; Motta, M.J.; Agnolín, F.L.; Aranciaga Rolando, A.M.; Brissón Egliab, F.; Novas, F.E. (2020). "A new abelisaurid from the Huincul Formation (Cenomanian-Turonian; Upper Cretaceous) of Río Negro province, Argentina".

1971: 1967: 1968: 4820:

Motta, M.J.; Brissón Egli, F.; Aranciaga Rolando, A.M.; Rozadilla, S.; Gentil, A. R.; Lio, G.; Cerroni, M.; Garcia Marsà, J.; Agnolín, F. L.; D'Angelo, J. S.; Álvarez-Herrera, G. P.; Alsina, C.H.; Novas, F.E. (2019).

937:

Because of their incomplete preservation, the original position of the known dorsal vertebrae within the vertebral column is disputed. Dissenting configurations were suggested by Bonaparte and Coria in 1993;

5215:

Matías J. Motta; Federico L. Agnolín; Federico Brissón Egli; Fernando E. Novas (2020). "New theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia sheds light on the paravian radiation in Gondwana".

2000:(forelimb and hind limb on the same side of the body move simultaneously). The model reached a top speed of just over 2 m/s (7.2 km/h, 5 mph). The authors concluded with its giant size, 1970: 3764:

Sanz, J.L.; Powell, J.E.; Le Loeuff, J.; Martínez, R.; Pereda Suberbiola, X. (1999). "Sauropod remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Laño (northcentral Spain). Titanosaur phylogenetic relationships".

4089:

Lacovara, K.J.; Ibiricu, L.M.; Lamanna, M.C.; Poole, J.C.; Schroeter, E.R.; Ullmann, P.V.; Voegele, K.K.; Boles, Z.M.; Egerton, V.M.; Harris, J.D.; Martínez, R.D.; Novas, F.E. (September 4, 2014).

3254:

Lacovara, K.J.; Ibiricu, L.M.; Lamanna, M.C.; Poole, J.C.; Schroeter, E.R.; Ullmann, P.V.; Voegele, K.K.; Boles, Z.M.; Egerton, V.M.; Harris, J.D.; Martínez, R.D.; Novas, F.E. (September 4, 2014).

2005:

many areas. For further studies, more data from living animals is needed to improve the soft tissue reconstruction, and the model needs to be confirmed based on more complete sauropod specimens.

1041:

Relationships within Titanosauria are amongst the least understood of all groups of dinosaurs. Traditionally, the majority of sauropod fossils from the Cretaceous had been referred to a single

911:(excavations on the sides of the centra) were proportionally small and positioned in the front half of the centrum. The vertebrae were internally lightened by a complex pattern of numerous 4603: 2127:(flowering plants), in addition to several pollen grains of unknown affinities. The Huincul Formation is among the richest Patagonian vertebrate associations, preserving fish including 4887:

Bellardini, F.; Filippi, L.S. (2018). "New evidence of saurischian dinosaurs from the upper member of the Huincul Formation (Cenomanian) of Neuquén Province, Patagonia, Argentina".

5172:

Baiano, M.A.; Coria, R.A.; Cau, A. (2020). "A new abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Huincul Formation (lower Upper Cretaceous, Neuquén Basin) of Patagonia, Argentina".

579:. The generic name means "Argentine lizard", while the specific name refers to the town Plaza Huincul. Bonaparte and Coria described the limb bone discovered in 1987 as an eroded 5067:

Canale, J.I.; Scanferla, C.A.; Agnolin, F.L.; Novas, F.E. (2009). "New carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of NW Patagonia and the evolution of abelisaurid theropods".

4628:

Leanza, H.A; Apesteguı́a, S.; Novas, F.E; de la Fuente, M.S. (February 1, 2004). "Cretaceous terrestrial beds from the Neuquén Basin (Argentina) and their tetrapod assemblages".

1053:, Bonaparte and Coria noted it differed from typical titanosaurids in having hyposphene-hypantrum articulations. As these articulations were also present in the titanosaurids 9861: 730:

and Larramendi proposed that the holotype would have weighed between 75–80 metric tons (83–88 short tons) at maximum. They further suggested that the enigmatic, fragmentary

1912:

included the ability to keep food inside the digestive tract for lengthy periods to extract a maximum of energy, and increased protection against predators. Sauropods were

2352:

Bonaparte, J.; Coria, R. (1993). "Un nuevo y gigantesco sauropodo titanosaurio de la Formacion Rio Limay (Albiano-Cenomaniano) de la Provincia del Neuquen, Argentina".

3898: 4290: 548:

Separating fossils from the very hard rock in which the bones were encased required the use of pneumatic hammers. The additional material recovered included seven

1011:

is 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) long. The femoral shaft has a circumference of about 1.18 metres (3.9 ft) at its narrowest part. Mazzetta and colleagues used

2778: 2484: 872: 1106:. A 2003 study by Jeffrey Wilson and Paul Upchurch found both Titanosauridae and Andesauridae to be invalid; the Titanosauridae because it was based on the 9866: 4862: 1969: 1147:("primitive") titanosaurian. The basal position within Titanosauria was confirmed by a number of subsequent studies. In 2007, Calvo and colleagues named 564:

and some sacral ribs, and a part of a dorsal rib (rib from the flank). These finds were also incorporated into the collection of the Museo Carmen Funes.

4493:

Sander, P.M.; Christian, A.; Clauss, M.; Fechner, R.; Gee, C.T.; Griebeler, E.M.; Gunga, Hanns-Christian; Hummel, J.; Mallison, H.; Perry, S.F. (2011).

4315:

Sallam, H.M.; Gorscak, E.; O'Connor, P.M.; El-Dawoudi, I.M.; El-Sayed, S.; Saber, S.; Kora, M.A.; Sertich, J.J.W.; Seiffer, E.R.; Lamanna, M.C. (2018).

1958:

is known from at least seven individuals found together, raising the possibility that this theropod hunted in packs to bring down large prey including

708:

tons) by calculating the volume of the aforementioned Museo Carmen Funes skeleton. In 2014 and 2018, Roger Benson and colleagues estimated the mass of

5372: 4265: 988:, which he termed hyposphenal bars, are indeed thickened laminae that could have been derived from the original hyposphene and had the same function. 688:

at 30 m (98 ft), but later estimated a greater length of 35 metres (115 ft) or longer in 2019, restoring the unknown neck and tail of

9891: 9800: 3617:

Wedel, M.J. (2005). "Postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropods and its implications for mass estimates". In Rogers, C.C.; Wilson, J.A. (eds.).

2091:

Fossilised pollen indicates a wide variety of plants were present in the Huincul Formation. A study of the El Zampal section of the formation found

5030:"Lower Cretaceous rebbachisaurid sauropods from Cerro Aguada del León (Lohan Cura Formation), Neuquén Province, northwestern Patagonia, Argentina" 2934: 9886: 2960: 726:

in dorsal and lateral view. In 2020, Campione and Evans also yielded a body mass estimate of approximately 75 tonnes (83 short tons). In 2023,

629:. Mass can be estimated from known relationships between certain bone measurements and body mass, or through determining the volume of models. 4595: 4902:

Simón, E.; Salgado, L.; Calvo, J.O. (2017). "A new titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Neuquén Province, Argentina".

3809: 3672: 3601: 2970: 2515: 2409: 1192:(another group generally included in Titanosauria) to be outside Titanosauria. Another 2019 study by González Riga and colleagues also found 530: 4001:

from the mid-Cretaceous (Albian–early Cenomanian) Río Limay Formation, Neuquén Province, Argentina: implications for titanosaur systematics"

2550:"Determining the largest known land animal: A critical comparison of differing methods for restoring the volume and mass of extinct animals" 1940:

animals. Hallett and Wedel argued size increases in the evolution of sauropods were commonly followed by size increases of their predators,

9896: 4064: 1932:

was no longer than 1 metre (3.3 ft) and not heavier than 5 kilograms (11 lb). The largest sauropods increased their size by five

1124:(newly evolved features that distinguish the group from related groups). A 2011 study by Philip Mannion and Calvo found Andesauridae to be 2599:

Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D.; Otero, A.; Cerda, I.A.; Salgado, L.; Garrido, A.C.; Ramezani, J.; Cúneo, N.R.; Krause, J.M. (August 16, 2017).

1180:

based on two data sets. They did not recover it as a lognkosaurian but as either a basal titanosaur or a sister taxon of the more derived

4444:"An overview of the appendicular skeletal anatomy of South American titanosaurian sauropods, with definition of a newly recognized clade" 4363: 9906: 9901: 9916: 9911: 4677: 4554: 1988:

were based on comparisons with living animals; the final model had a mass of 83 tonnes (91 short tons). Using computer simulation and

1901: 1208: 713:

estimated a mass of 96.4 tonnes (106.3 short tons) based on an isolated femur; it is uncertain whether this femur actually belongs to

385:, perhaps the largest, measuring 30–35 m (98–115 ft) long and weighing 65–80 t (72–88 short tons). It was a member of 3634: 1173:. In 2018, González Riga and colleagues also found it to belong in Lognkosauria, which in turn was found to belong to Lithostrotia. 955: 498:

Skeletal reconstruction, holotype material in white, referred femoral shaft in green, referred femur in blue, unknown bones in grey

3694:

gen. et sp. nov. , a new sauropod dinosaur (Titanosauria: Lithostrotia) from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina"

6280: 6269: 4732:

Rainoldi, A.L.; Franchini, Marta; Beaufort, D.; Mozley, P.; Giusiano, A.; Nora, C.; Patrier, P.; Impiccini, A.; Pons, J. (2015).

2154:, and a wide variety of dinosaurs. Vertebrates are most commonly found in the lower, and therefore older, part of the formation. 1896: 1196:

to belong to Lognkosauria; they found this group to form a larger clade with Rinconsauria within Titanosauria, which they named

6287: 3800:

Apesteguía, S. (2005). "Evolution of the hyposphene-hypantrum complex within Sauropoda". In Tidwell, V.; Carpenter, K. (eds.).

2996:"Rates of dinosaur body mass evolution indicate 170 million years of sustained ecological innovation on the avian stem lineage" 2081: 7681: 3924: 3855: 2790:

Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin

155: 9876: 9871: 5365: 2274:

Salgado, L.; Powell, J.E. (2010). "Reassessment of the vertebral laminae in some South American titanosaurian sauropods".

996: 4783:"Middle cretaceous microflora from the Huincul Formation ("Dinosaurian Beds") in the Neuquén Basin, Patagonia, Argentina" 4253: 2374: 655:

as a guide and estimated a length of 30 metres (98 ft). In 2008, Jorge Calvo and colleagues used the proportions of

2749: 2692: 1027: 978: 905: 893: 884: 807: 799: 791: 558: 8413: 779:

by some studies, although others have found them to be notably smaller. In 2017, Carballido and colleagues considered

510:(calf bone), was discovered in 1987 by Guillermo Heredia on his farm "Las Overas" about 8 km (5 mi) east of 382: 2036:. It was originally reported from the Huincul Group of the Río Limay Formation, which have since become known as the 522:, whose staff members excavated the bone and stored it in the museum's exhibition room. In early 1989, the Argentine 4676:

Motta, M.J.; Aranciaga Rolando, A.M.; Rozadilla, S.; Agnolín, F.E.; Chimento, N.R.; Egli, F.B.; Novas, F.E. (2016).

9881: 9702: 5344: 3786:

Revision of South American Titanosaurid Dinosaurs: Palaeobiological, Palaeobiogeographical and Phylogenetic Aspects

2797: 1121: 9648: 9642: 4823:"New vertebrate remains from the Huincul Formation (Cenomanian–Turonian;Upper Cretaceous) in Río Negro, Argentina" 3655:

Upchurch, P.; Barret, P.M.; Dodson, P. (2004). "Sauropoda". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.).

2435: 5007:

sp. nov. a new Sauropoda from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina; new evidence on the origin of the Diplodocidae"

3209:

and other fragmentary sauropod remains suggest the largest land animals were about as big as the greatest whales"

929:

Dorsal vertebra cast in front view at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, with the palaeontologist

5045: 2994:

Benson, R.B.J.; Campione, N.S.E.; Carrano, M.T.; Mannion, P.D.; Sullivan, C.; Upchurch, P.; Evans, D.C. (2014).

867: 9685: 7686: 5460: 5358: 4822: 2660: 4701:"First fission-track age for the dinosaur-bearing Neuquén Group (Upper Cretaceous), Neuquén Basin, Argentina" 3512:"Mechanics, hydrodynamics and energetics of blue whale lunge feeding: efficiency dependence on krill density" 859:, however, which can be greater than 150 tonnes (170 short tons), still exceeds that of all known sauropods. 4734:"Mineral reactions associated with hydrocarbon paleomigration in the Huincul High, Neuquén Basin, Argentina" 3471:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny" 1136: 533:, yielding a number of additional elements from the same individual. The individual, which later became the 7143: 2506:

Salgado, L.; Bonaparte, J.F. (2007). "Sauropodomorpha". In Gasparini, Z.; Salgado, L.; Coria, R.A. (eds.).

518:, Argentina. Heredia, initially believing he had discovered petrified logs, informed the local museum, the 9740: 7155: 7135: 2458: 4700: 4442:

González Riga, B.J.; Lamanna, M.C.; Otero, A.; Ortiz David, L.D.; Kellner, A.W.A.; Ibiricu, L.M. (2019).

743:

was definitely a massive animal, there is disagreement over whether it was the largest known titanosaur.

9826: 9675: 9637: 9366: 5648: 1917: 1144: 915: 9631: 8405: 7149: 4678:"New theropod fauna from the upper cretaceous (Huincul Formation) of Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina" 4091:"A Gigantic, Exceptionally Complete Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from Southern Patagonia, Argentina" 3416:"A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" 3256:"A gigantic, exceptionally complete titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from Southern Patagonia, Argentina" 2041: 2013: 457:, a gait where the fore and hind limb of the same side of the body move simultaneously. The fossils of 125: 8421: 6275: 4213:"A new Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystem from Gondwana with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur" 2926: 9856: 9787: 9778: 5289: 5224: 5181: 5138: 5076: 4957: 4794: 4745: 4637: 4331: 4159: 4102: 3874: 3267: 3220: 3159: 3058: 2879: 2725: 2450: 2283: 526: 313: 2463: 6351: 2188: 1012: 959: 587:. In their 2004 study, Mazzetta and colleagues mentioned an additional femur that is housed in the 568: 515: 3784: 1176:

Another 2018 study by Hesham Sallam and colleagues found two different phylogenetic positions for

9406: 6478: 5278:"An unusual new theropod with a didactyl manus from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina" 5258: 5197: 5154: 5110: 5049: 4929: 4854: 4421: 4355: 4056: 3925:"Evolution of titanosaurid sauropods I.: Phylogenetic analysis based on the postcranial evidence" 3890: 3541: 3335: 3236: 3128: 2572: 2476: 2309: 1933: 1084: 542: 519: 150: 134: 9831: 3664: 3626: 9813: 9542: 9083: 7830: 7471: 7200: 6388: 5317: 5250: 5102: 4983: 4653: 4550: 4524: 4475: 4413: 4347: 4316: 4234: 4193: 4175: 4128: 3977: 3805: 3723: 3668: 3630: 3597: 3533: 3447: 3396: 3378: 3293: 3185: 3120: 3112: 3027: 2976: 2966: 2907: 2741: 2630: 2511: 2405: 2037: 2018: 732: 717:. In the same year, Paul moderated his earlier estimate from 1994 and listed the body mass of 642: 571:. The formal description was published in 1993 by Bonaparte and the Argentine palaeontologist 462: 415:—fused vertebrae between the back and tail vertebrae. Additional specimens include a complete 404: 9818: 9728: 9716: 9413: 9258: 9198: 8840: 8732: 8638: 8529: 8331: 8311: 8250: 7369: 7222: 7069: 6786: 6740: 6720: 6664: 5967: 5744: 5724: 5307: 5297: 5240: 5232: 5189: 5146: 5092: 5084: 5041: 4973: 4965: 4919: 4911: 4844: 4834: 4802: 4761: 4753: 4712: 4645: 4514: 4506: 4465: 4455: 4405: 4339: 4317:"New Egyptian sauropod reveals Late Cretaceous dinosaur dispersal between Europe and Africa" 4282: 4274: 4224: 4183: 4167: 4118: 4110: 4048: 4033: 4012: 3967: 3959: 3882: 3860:

Lydekker (Dinosauria - Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a 'Gondwanan' distribution"

3713: 3705: 3656: 3618: 3523: 3507: 3437: 3427: 3386: 3370: 3327: 3312: 3283: 3275: 3228: 3175: 3167: 3102: 3066: 3017: 3007: 2897: 2887: 2733: 2620: 2612: 2564: 2468: 2299: 2291: 2053: 2045: 1989: 1741: 1445: 1042: 943: 657: 549: 370: 4034:"A new titanosaur sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous ofNorth Patagonia, Argentina" 9680: 9550: 9283: 8872: 8852: 8833: 8791: 8718: 8704: 8587: 8338: 8258: 7905: 7441: 7432: 7293: 7285: 7212: 6972: 6850: 6671: 6527: 6358: 6087: 6080: 6072: 6059: 5976: 5522: 5509: 5472: 5445: 5420: 5381: 4574:"A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina" 2108: 1001: 827: 727: 637: 588: 523: 401: 367: 229: 30: 3146:

González Riga, B.J.; Lamanna, M.C.; Ortiz David, L.D.; Calvo, J. O.; Coria, J.P. (2016).

1992:, which found a combination of movements that minimised energy requirements, the digital 5293: 5228: 5185: 5142: 5080: 4961: 4798: 4749: 4641: 4335: 4252:

Gonzalez Riga, B.J.; Mannion, P.D.; Poropat, S.F.; Ortiz David, L.; Coria, J.P. (2018).

4163: 4146:

González Riga, B.J.; Lamanna, M.C.; Ortiz David, L.D.; Calvo, J.O.; Coria, J.P. (2016).

4106: 3878: 3492: 3271: 3224: 3163: 3062: 2883: 2729: 2454: 2287: 9557: 9472: 9354: 9299: 9249: 9061: 9054: 9000: 8972: 8927: 8900: 8775: 8740: 8682: 8609: 8522: 8286: 8165: 8137: 8116: 8101: 8023: 7996: 7814: 7798: 7764: 7607: 7406: 7278: 7104: 6843: 6822: 6771: 6763: 6615: 6608: 6515: 6414: 6402: 6210: 6182: 6019: 5990: 5983: 5929: 5843: 5829: 5813: 5788: 5618: 5312: 5277: 4519: 4494: 4211:

Calvo, Jorge O.; Porfiri, Juan D.; González-Riga, Bernardo J.; Kellner, A.W.A. (2007).

4188: 4147: 4123: 4090: 3972: 3947: 3834:

Actas de las III Jornadas Sobre Dinosaurios y Su Entorno. Burgos: Salas de los Infantes

3442: 3415: 3391: 3354: 3288: 3255: 3180: 3147: 3022: 2995: 2902: 2867: 2625: 2600: 2200: 2172: 2104: 2049: 1046: 964: 939: 832: 765: 2866:

Sellers, W.I.; Margetts, L.; Coria, R. A.B.; Manning, P.L. (2013). Carrier, D. (ed.).

2650:"Dinosaur models: the good, the bad, and using them to estimate the mass of dinosaurs" 9850: 9600: 9585: 9564: 9480: 9440: 9428: 9398: 9347: 9319: 9292: 9213: 9190: 9138: 9069: 8993: 8959: 8948: 8886: 8805: 8768: 8747: 8697: 8675: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8594: 8559: 8536: 8478: 8345: 8324: 8192: 8183: 8172: 8151: 8130: 8108: 8051: 7928: 7865: 7749: 7572: 7548: 7514: 7485: 7478: 7457: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7343: 7334: 7271: 7263: 7256: 7186: 7173: 7090: 7014: 6957: 6936: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6814: 6793: 6712: 6689: 6536: 6493: 6395: 6372: 6344: 6175: 6168: 6116: 6012: 5949: 5940: 5822: 5696: 5664: 5632: 5593: 5575: 5554: 5262: 5201: 5158: 5053: 5029: 5002: 4933: 4858: 4782: 4733: 4573: 4510: 4425: 4389: 4017: 3996: 3689: 3657: 3619: 3466: 3240: 3132: 2826: 2576: 2436:"Giants and bizarres: Body size of some southern South American Cretaceous dinosaurs" 2222: 2177: 2085: 1983:

In 2013, Sellers and colleagues used a computer model of the skeleton and muscles of

1717: 1681: 1640: 1414: 1271: 1197: 1153: 1102: 885: 753: 584: 572: 559: 556:(fused vertebrae between the dorsal and tail vertebrae) including the first to fifth 511: 474: 424: 397: 317: 138: 76: 5114: 4229: 4212: 4148:"A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot" 4060: 3894: 3829: 3545: 3339: 3148:"A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot" 2601:"A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs" 2480: 2313: 925: 835:, may have been larger, although these are only known from very scant remains. Some 9608: 9578: 9571: 9508: 9449: 9375: 9307: 9265: 9234: 9220: 9205: 9183: 9167: 9101: 9090: 9041: 9022: 9015: 8893: 8879: 8865: 8819: 8812: 8783: 8754: 8690: 8631: 8573: 8566: 8515: 8508: 8471: 8453: 8440: 8368: 8352: 8293: 8279: 8243: 8236: 8222: 8200: 8094: 8086: 8079: 8058: 8030: 7978: 7964: 7950: 7935: 7886: 7807: 7779: 7772: 7591: 7580: 7557: 7539: 7464: 7450: 7357: 7314: 7307: 7249: 7242: 7005: 6920: 6728: 6678: 6650: 6643: 6622: 6594: 6580: 6500: 6444: 6423: 6109: 5997: 5901: 5857: 5850: 5802: 5774: 5735: 5561: 4359: 3353:

Bates, K.T.; Falkingham, P.L.; Macaulay, S.; Brassey, C.; Maidment, S.C.R. (2015).

3313:"The first giant titanosaurian sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of North America" 2249: 2212: 2167: 1823: 1789: 1703: 1664: 1650: 1512: 1495: 1462: 1400: 1387: 1247: 1233: 1189: 1166: 1158: 1132: 1125: 1112: 1107: 1068: 1064: 947: 894: 676: 386: 326: 293: 277: 5193: 4649: 4460: 4443: 2737: 2068:. These deposits were laid down during the Upper Cretaceous, either in the middle 1028: 695: 609: 5302: 5150: 4969: 4915: 4839: 3012: 2892: 2472: 2295: 1928:

were probably only 1 litre (0.26 US gal) in volume, and that a hatched

1128:(excluding some of the group's descendants) and likewise recommended its disuse. 1088:

and an indeterminate titanosaur. In 2002, Davide Pisani and colleagues recovered

808: 792: 9772: 9593: 9501: 9487: 9383: 9272: 9227: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9076: 9008: 8986: 8907: 8798: 8493: 8300: 8265: 8158: 8123: 8065: 8044: 8037: 8009: 7942: 7914: 7879: 7872: 7858: 7757: 7742: 7643: 7565: 7528: 7399: 7350: 7111: 6987: 6950: 6943: 6912: 6896: 6836: 6800: 6778: 6698: 6657: 6601: 6573: 6559: 6507: 6460: 6380: 6365: 6337: 6203: 6161: 6147: 6127: 6101: 6047: 6040: 5956: 5922: 5908: 5751: 5689: 5625: 5602: 5568: 5540: 4394:(Dinosauria; Sauropoda): a Late Cretaceous titanosaur from Minas Gerais, Brazil" 4278: 2354: 2232: 2195: 2183: 2151: 1806: 1536: 1363: 1312: 1295: 906: 841: 800: 785: 771: 759: 651: 494: 51: 5236: 3204: 2402:

Giants of the Lost World: Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Monsters of South America

9494: 9421: 9390: 9152: 8979: 8826: 8761: 8725: 8711: 8646: 8617: 8580: 8543: 8486: 8072: 8016: 7971: 7921: 7893: 7851: 7787: 7735: 7717: 7704: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7600: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7413: 7325: 7300: 7030: 6980: 6964: 6928: 6829: 6705: 6629: 6543: 6486: 6437: 6189: 6005: 5894: 5758: 5717: 5682: 5411: 5088: 4409: 4343: 3886: 3741:

Novas, F.E.; Ezcurra, M. (2006). "Reinterpretation of the dorsal vertebrae of

3709: 2238: 2206: 2148: 2144: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2069: 2033: 1997: 1950: 1921: 1203: 1117: 1055: 930: 900: 856: 847: 836: 821:

in 2019, due to the latter's dorsal column being considerably longer. Even if

671: 482: 466: 454: 261: 213: 96: 61: 34: 9763: 4987: 4657: 4179: 3688:

Coria, R.A.; Filippi, L.S.; Chiappe, L.M.; García, R.; Arcucci, A.B. (2013).

3382: 3116: 3045:

Benson, R. B. J.; Hunt, G.; Carrano, M.T.; Campione, N.; Mannion, P. (2018).

2980: 2710: 2681: 2659:. Dinofest International. The Academy of Natural Sciences. pp. 129–154. 9457: 9339: 9145: 8624: 8602: 8551: 8272: 8229: 8215: 7957: 7650: 7636: 7521: 7235: 7083: 7076: 6807: 6756: 6319: 6306: 6221: 6196: 6154: 6033: 5873: 5640: 5582: 4388:

Silva Junior, J.C.G.; Marinho, T.S.; Martinelli, A.G.; Langer, M.C. (2019).

2510:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 188–228. 2217: 2162: 2096: 2077: 2061: 2057: 1913: 979: 736:

possibly weighed more, between 110 and 130 tonnes (120 and 140 short tons).

529:

initiated a larger excavation of the site involving palaeontologists of the

374: 245: 167: 142: 101: 45: 5321: 5254: 5106: 4528: 4479: 4417: 4351: 4286: 4238: 4197: 4132: 3981: 3963: 3727: 3537: 3451: 3400: 3374: 3297: 3189: 3124: 3091:"The accuracy and precision of body mass estimation in non-avian dinosaurs" 3031: 2911: 2745: 2634: 2616: 2549: 1063:, Bonaparte and Coria proposed a separate family for the three genera, the 5339: 4717: 4052: 3331: 9757: 9465: 9131: 8941: 8144: 7985: 7844: 7097: 6587: 6430: 6140: 5915: 5887: 5795: 5710: 5703: 5610: 5547: 5429: 5405: 5276:

Apesteguía, S.; Smith, N.D.; Juárez Valieri, R.; Makovicky, P.J. (2016).

3952:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences

2568: 2244: 2140: 2092: 2073: 1996:

learned to walk. The optimal gait found by the algorithms was close to a

1941: 680:, which he estimated to be about 27 metres (89 ft) long, indicating 534: 478: 470: 408: 363: 360: 200: 187: 91: 86: 71: 66: 56: 38: 5245: 4849: 4470: 3232: 3047:"Cope's rule and the adaptive landscape of dinosaur body size evolution" 9805: 8501: 6905: 6749: 6636: 6094: 5097: 4978: 4924: 4766: 3718: 3528: 3511: 3071: 3046: 2868:"March of the titans: The locomotor capabilities of sauropod dinosaurs" 2304: 2227: 2128: 2120: 1937: 1049:, which has been in use since 1893. In their 1993 first description of 984:(ridges). Sebastián Apesteguía, in 2005, argued the structures seen in 912: 567:

Bonaparte presented the new find in 1989 at a scientific conference in

428: 106: 81: 4171: 4114: 3432: 3279: 3171: 3107: 3090: 1188:

to belong to Lognkosauria once again; they recovered Lognkosauria and

1092:

as a member of Titanosauria, and again found it to be in a clade with

958:, accessory joints between vertebrae that were located below the main 9030: 8208: 6026: 5399: 4757: 2136: 553: 507: 412: 396:

bone was discovered in 1987 by a farmer on his farm near the city of

177: 9734: 4806: 703:

Paul estimated a body mass of 80–100 tonnes (88–110 short tons) for

4889:

Reunión de Comunicaciones de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina

3663:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 2779:"Biggest of the big: A critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod 2649: 855:

in length despite being considerably less massive. The mass of the

5350: 2012: 1964: 1895: 1202: 1097: 1079: 995: 924: 866: 694: 608: 580: 493: 416: 356: 4827:

Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina

4596:"Scientists digitally reconstruct giant steps taken by dinosaurs" 9792: 9332: 5836: 4254:"Osteology of the Late Cretaceous Argentinean sauropod dinosaur 2165:

of the Huincul Formation are represented by another titanosaur,

2100: 2065: 9738: 9664: 8438: 7702: 7171: 6304: 5507: 5392: 5354: 4495:"Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism" 1979:

walking as estimated by computer simulations from a 2013 study

1131:

In 2004, Upchurch and colleagues introduced a new group called

477:

ago) and contains a diverse dinosaur fauna including the giant

6994: 4699:

Corbella, H.; Novas, F.E.; Apesteguía, S.; Leanza, H. (2004).

2132: 2060:. The Huincul Formation is composed of yellowish and greenish 3562:

Bonaparte, J.F. (1996). "Cretaceous tetrapods of Argentina".

2965:(2nd ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 3946:

Pisani, D.; Yates, A.M.; Langer, M.C.; Benson, M.J. (2002).

3506:

Goldbogen, J. A.; Calambokidis, J.; Oleson, E.; Potvin, J.;

1214: 1067:. Both families were united into a new, higher group called 825:

was the largest-known titanosaur, other sauropods including

684:

was slightly smaller. In 2016, Paul estimated the length of

5046:

10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0903:lcrsfc]2.0.co;2

5028:

Salgado, L.; Garrido, A.; Cocca, S.E.; Cocca, J.R. (2004).

3596:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 204–205. 453:

this dinosaur had a maximum speed of 7 km/h (5 mph) with a

400:. A scientific excavation of the site led by the Argentine 3804:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1633:

Topology according to González Riga and colleagues, 2019.

4682:

New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin

3997:"Anatomy of the basal titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) 3084: 3082: 2825:

Calvo, J.O.; Juárez Valieri, R.D.; Porfiri, J.D. (2008).

423:

was named by Bonaparte and the Argentine palaeontologist

2839:

Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología de Vertebrados

2777:

Carpenter, K. (2006). Foster, J.R.; Lucas, S.G. (eds.).

2655:. In Wolberg, D.L.; Stump, E.; Rosenberg, G.D. (eds.). 2605:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2434:

Mazzetta, G.V.; Christiansen, P.; Fariña, R.A. (2004).

1219:

Topology according to Carballido and colleagues, 2017.

775:

have all been considered to be comparable in size with

692:

after those of other large South American titanosaurs.

674:, it would have a shorter tail and narrower chest than 625:

taxon can then be scaled up to match the dimensions of

2827:"Re-sizing giants: estimation of body lenght [ 1161:. A 2017 study by Carballido and colleagues recovered 813:

of its anterior dorsal vertebrae. However, Paul found

789:, since the latter had a greater area enclosed by the 613:

Size comparison of selected giant sauropod dinosaurs,

377:. Although it is only known from fragmentary remains, 9700: 3625:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1143:

was classified outside this group and thus as a more

4437: 4435: 3203:

Paul, Gregory S.; Larramendi, Asier (June 9, 2023).

2375:"A 30 años del hallazgo del dino gigante de Huincul" 1184:. In 2019, Julian Silva Junior and colleagues found 333: 145:. The original vertebrae are seen on the lower left 9747: 9534: 9439: 9365: 9318: 9282: 9248: 9166: 9100: 9040: 8958: 8925: 8851: 8451: 8367: 8310: 8182: 7995: 7904: 7828: 7797: 7715: 7590: 7547: 7538: 7440: 7431: 7368: 7333: 7324: 7221: 7210: 7184: 7061: 7029: 7013: 7004: 6895: 6739: 6688: 6557: 6526: 6458: 6413: 6317: 6220: 6126: 6058: 5966: 5939: 5871: 5812: 5772: 5734: 5662: 5592: 5520: 5471: 5444: 4032:Filippi, L.S.; García, R.A.; Garrido, A.C. (2011). 3830:"An overview of titanosaur evolution and phylogeny" 2835:

and implications for giant titanosaurian sauropods"

4258:: implications for basal titanosaur relationships" 3465:Lovelace, D.M.; Hartman, S.A.; Wahl, W.R. (2007). 3414:Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O.V.; Benson, R.B.J. (2015). 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 4882: 4880: 4705:Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 4547:The Sauropod Dinosaurs: Life in the Age of Giants 3766:Estudios del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 445:refers to its place of discovery, Plaza Huincul. 3557: 3555: 2772: 2770: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2187:, and some unnamed species. Theropods including 441:means "Argentine lizard", and the specific name 3650: 3648: 3646: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 1207:Skeletal reconstruction in dorsal view, at the 1116:and the Andesauridae because it was defined on 4540: 4538: 3923:Salgado, L.; Coria, R.A.; Calvo, J.O. (1997). 3089:Campione, Nicolás E.; Evans, David C. (2020). 2682:"Big sauropods – really, really big sauropods" 2044:, the latter of which is a subdivision of the 2017:Size comparison of several dinosaurs from the 1954:, which is among the largest theropods known. 871:Dorsal vertebra cast in left side view at the 575:, with the naming of a new genus and species, 552:(vertebrae of the back), the underside of the 5366: 4623: 4621: 4567: 4565: 4549:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 3849: 3847: 3823: 3821: 3802:Thunder-Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs 2501: 2499: 2497: 2269: 2267: 2265: 954:Another contentious issue is the presence of 407:was conducted in 1989, yielding several back 16:Late Cretaceous giant sauropod dinosaur genus 8: 4671: 4669: 4667: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3493:"The life of the blue whale, Record breaker" 2820: 2818: 2711:"Argentine dinos vie for heavyweight titles" 2032:was discovered in the Argentine Province of 873:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 3948:"A genus-level supertree of the Dinosauria" 2954: 2952: 2675: 2673: 2252:are also present in the Huincul Formation. 2064:of fine-to-medium grain, some of which are 9862:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America 9735: 9661: 9531: 9324: 9279: 9046: 8964: 8933: 8857: 8463: 8459: 8448: 8435: 8316: 8001: 7836: 7727: 7723: 7712: 7699: 7544: 7437: 7330: 7227: 7218: 7192: 7181: 7168: 7058: 7010: 6565: 6470: 6466: 6329: 6325: 6314: 6301: 6132: 6064: 5879: 5809: 5780: 5674: 5670: 5532: 5528: 5517: 5504: 5450: 5441: 5389: 5373: 5359: 5351: 3564:Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 3311:Fowler, D.W.; Sullivan, Robert M. (2011). 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 1078:to belong to Titanosauridae in an unnamed 541:, is catalogued under the specimen number 124: 20: 5311: 5301: 5244: 5096: 4977: 4923: 4848: 4838: 4765: 4716: 4518: 4469: 4459: 4228: 4187: 4122: 4016: 4005:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3971: 3717: 3621:The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology 3527: 3441: 3431: 3390: 3287: 3179: 3106: 3070: 3021: 3011: 2901: 2891: 2624: 2462: 2303: 2248:have also been discovered there. Several 5131:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 4950:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 4448:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 4217:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 3789:. Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery. 1007:The complete femur that was assigned to 592:whether any of these femora belonged to 9707: 2261: 1936:after hatching, more than in any other 419:(thigh bone) and the shaft of another. 4865:from the original on December 14, 2019 4606:from the original on December 29, 2019 2962:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 1074:In 1997, Salgado and colleagues found 383:largest known land animals of all time 3594:The Age of Dinosaurs in South America 3510:; Schorr, G.; Shadwick, R.E. (2011). 2937:from the original on November 5, 2018 2490:from the original on August 19, 2018. 2076:stages or the early Turonian to late 1900:Reconstructed skeleton in side view, 1151:; they found it to form a clade with 531:Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 427:in 1993; the genus contains a single 7: 4369:from the original on August 28, 2019 1165:as a member of Lognkosauria and the 1120:(primitive features) rather than on 4296:from the original on April 28, 2019 4070:from the original on April 17, 2018 3995:Mannion, P.D.; Calvo, J.O. (2011). 3867:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3854:Wilson, J.A.; Upchurch, P. (2003). 3355:"Downsizing a giant: re-evaluating 2755:from the original on April 14, 2019 2698:from the original on March 6, 2012. 2666:from the original on March 4, 2016. 1781: 1757: 1733: 1709: 1656: 1646: 1636: 1528: 1487: 1437: 1430: 1406: 1379: 1355: 1287: 1263: 1239: 1229: 1222: 1139:(evolved) members of Titanosauria. 1000:Assigned femur (upper thigh bone), 506:bone, which is now thought to be a 9867:Cenomanian genus first appearances 5034:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4572:Coria, R.A.; Currie, P.J. (2006). 2657:DinoFest International Proceedings 2373:Montanaro, P. (February 3, 2019). 2276:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1902:Fernbank Museum of Natural History 1209:Fernbank Museum of Natural History 956:hyposphene-hypantrum articulations 899:(concave at the rear) as in other 14: 9666:Topics in sauropodomorph research 5001:Calvo, J.O.; Salgado, L. (1995). 3904:from the original on May 14, 2016 9722: 9710: 9647: 9641: 9636: 9630: 8420: 8412: 8404: 7685: 7680: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7134: 6286: 6279: 6274: 6268: 5338: 4511:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00137.x 4018:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00699.x 942:and Martín Ezcurra in 2006; and 154: 4545:Hallett, M.; Wedel, M. (2016), 4230:10.1590/S0001-37652007000300013 3516:Journal of Experimental Biology 2959:Paul, G.S. (October 25, 2016). 670:was then thought to be a basal 617:in red and second from the left 4390:"Osteology and systematics of 4324:Nature Ecology & Evolution 4266:Journal of the Linnean Society 3745:(Sauropoda, Titanosauridae)". 2236:, and other theropods such as 1: 9887:Fossil taxa described in 1993 5194:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104408 4650:10.1016/j.cretres.2003.10.005 4461:10.1590/0001-3765201920180374 4041:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3467:"Morphology of a specimen of 3320:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2738:10.1126/science.266.5192.1805 2557:Annals of the Carnegie Museum 2080:. The deposits represent the 1948:might have been preyed on by 699:Hypothetical life restoration 465:, which was deposited in the 9892:Taxa named by José Bonaparte 5303:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793 5151:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102445 4970:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.11.008 4916:10.5710/AMGH.01.08.2017.3051 4840:10.5710/PEAPA.15.04.2019.295 4600:The University of Manchester 3743:Argentinosaurus huinculensis 3013:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853 2893:10.1371/journal.pone.0078733 2508:Patagonian Mesozoic Reptiles 2473:10.1080/08912960410001715132 2296:10.1080/02724634.2010.520783 577:Argentinosaurus huinculensis 539:Argentinosaurus huinculensis 338:Argentinosaurus huinculensis 135:Museo Municipal Carmen Funes 9897:Taxa named by Rodolfo Coria 2404:. Smithsonian Institution. 1990:machine learning techniques 1025:have a comparatively short 343:Bonaparte & Coria, 1993 9933: 9907:Sauropods of South America 9902:Turonian genus extinctions 5237:10.1007/s00114-020-01682-1 3475:Arquivos do Museu Nacional 766:"Antarctosaurus" giganteus 661:to estimate the length of 448:The fragmentary nature of 9917:Monotypic sauropod genera 9912:Late Cretaceous sauropods 9671: 9660: 9628: 9530: 9327: 9049: 8967: 8936: 8860: 8466: 8462: 8447: 8434: 8401: 8319: 8004: 7839: 7730: 7726: 7711: 7698: 7678: 7230: 7195: 7180: 7167: 7131: 7057: 6568: 6473: 6469: 6332: 6328: 6313: 6300: 6266: 6135: 6067: 5882: 5783: 5677: 5673: 5535: 5531: 5516: 5503: 5453: 5440: 5388: 5089:10.1007/s00114-008-0487-4 4410:10.11646/zootaxa.4577.3.1 4344:10.1038/s41559-017-0455-5 4279:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx103 3887:10.1017/S1477201903001044 3710:10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.2 2796:: 131–138. Archived from 1820: 1803: 1786: 1779: 1762: 1755: 1738: 1731: 1714: 1707: 1678: 1661: 1654: 1644: 1550: 1533: 1526: 1509: 1492: 1485: 1459: 1442: 1435: 1428: 1411: 1404: 1384: 1377: 1360: 1353: 1309: 1292: 1285: 1268: 1261: 1244: 1237: 1227: 332: 325: 151:Scientific classification 149: 132: 123: 23: 9686:List of sauropod species 5223:(3): Article number 24. 2927:"The biggest of the big" 2781:Amphicoelias fragillimus 2709:Appenzeller, T. (1994). 1924:stated that the eggs of 1018:Antarctosaurus giganteus 976:are thickened vertebral 649:using the more complete 461:were recovered from the 133:Reconstructed skeleton, 5005:Rebbachisaurus tessonei 4256:Mendozasaurus neguyelap 3692:Overosaurus paradasorum 3205:"Body mass estimate of 2400:Prothero, D.R. (2016). 1916:(egg-laying). In 2016, 1135:that included the more 4454:(suppl 2): e20180374. 3964:10.1098/rspb.2001.1942 3375:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0215 2833:Futalognkosaurus dukei 2617:10.1098/rspb.2017.1219 2026: 1980: 1904: 1211: 1004: 934: 875: 700: 618: 499: 366:that lived during the 9827:Paleobiology Database 9676:Sauropod neck posture 9367:Opisthocoelicaudiinae 5217:The Science of Nature 4718:10.22179/REVMACN.6.84 4392:Uberabatitan ribeiroi 4053:10.4202/app.2010.0019 3828:Wilson, J.A. (2006). 3783:Powell, J.E. (2003). 3332:10.4202/app.2010.0105 2016: 1974: 1899: 1206: 999: 928: 870: 698: 612: 497: 473:ages (about 96 to 92 9877:Fossils of Argentina 9872:Cretaceous Argentina 5347:at Wikimedia Commons 4781:Vallati, P. (2001). 4744:(11–12): 1711–1729. 4602:. October 30, 2013. 3592:Novas, F.E. (2009). 2925:Hartman, S. (2013). 2569:10.2992/007.085.0403 2189:carcharodontosaurids 1013:regression equations 641:published. In 2006, 632:A reconstruction of 9535:Dubious titanosaurs 6352:Chinshakiangosaurus 5294:2016PLoSO..1157793A 5229:2020SciNa.107...24M 5186:2020CrRes.11004408B 5174:Cretaceous Research 5143:2020JSAES..9802445C 5081:2009NW.....96..409C 5069:Naturwissenschaften 4962:2015JSAES..61..154D 4799:2001Paly...25..179V 4750:2015GSAB..127.1711R 4642:2004CrRes..25...61L 4630:Cretaceous Research 4336:2018NatEE...2..445S 4164:2016NatSR...619165G 4107:2014NatSR...4E6196L 3999:Andesaurus delgadoi 3879:2003JSPal...1..125W 3272:2014NatSR...4E6196L 3233:10.18261/let.56.2.5 3225:2023Letha..56..2.5P 3164:2016NatSR...619165G 3063:2018Palgy..61...13B 2884:2013PLoSO...878733S 2730:1994Sci...266.1805A 2689:The Dinosaur Report 2680:Paul, G.S. (1994). 2648:Paul, G.S. (1997). 2548:Paul, G.S. (2019). 2455:2004HBio...16...71M 2288:2010JVPal..30.1760S 1934:orders of magnitude 1022:Patagotitan mayorum 960:articular processes 817:to be smaller than 783:to be smaller than 437:. The generic name 9407:Opisthocoelicaudia 6479:Archaeodontosaurus 4499:Biological Reviews 4152:Scientific Reports 4095:Scientific Reports 3529:10.1242/jeb.048157 3260:Scientific Reports 3152:Scientific Reports 3095:Biological Reviews 3072:10.1111/pala.12329 2611:(1860): 20171219. 2443:Historical Biology 2052:is located in the 2042:Río Limay Subgroup 2027: 1981: 1907:The giant size of 1905: 1212: 1094:Opisthocoelicaudia 1085:Opisthocoelicaudia 1005: 935: 876: 851:may have exceeded 701: 619: 520:Museo Carmen Funes 500: 9882:Huincul Formation 9842: 9841: 9814:Open Tree of Life 9741:Taxon identifiers 9698: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9656: 9655: 9626: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9543:Bruhathkayosaurus 9526: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9518: 9517: 9244: 9243: 9162: 9161: 9084:Panamericansaurus 8921: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8430: 8429: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8363: 8362: 7831:Titanosauriformes 7824: 7823: 7694: 7693: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7472:Brachytrachelopan 7427: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7201:Haplocanthosaurus 7163: 7162: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7062:Dubious sauropods 7053: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7044: 6553: 6552: 6454: 6453: 6389:Protognathosaurus 6296: 6295: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6239: 5867: 5866: 5768: 5767: 5658: 5657: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5343:Media related to 4172:10.1038/srep19165 4115:10.1038/srep06196 3958:(1494): 915–921. 3811:978-0-253-34542-4 3674:978-0-520-25408-4 3603:978-0-253-35289-7 3522:(Pt 1): 131–146. 3433:10.7717/peerj.857 3280:10.1038/srep06196 3207:Bruhathkayosaurus 3172:10.1038/srep19165 3108:10.1111/brv.12638 2972:978-0-691-16766-4 2517:978-0-253-34857-9 2411:978-1-58834-574-5 2038:Huincul Formation 2019:Huincul Formation 2009:Palaeoenvironment 1972: 1888: 1887: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1835: 1834: 1693: 1692: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1618: 1610: 1609: 1601: 1600: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1582: 1574: 1573: 1565: 1564: 1474: 1473: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1332: 1324: 1323: 1100:, in addition to 1002:Museo de La Plata 733:Bruhathkayosaurus 643:Kenneth Carpenter 527:José F. Bonaparte 467:middle Cenomanian 463:Huincul Formation 348: 347: 321: 9924: 9835: 9834: 9822: 9821: 9809: 9808: 9796: 9795: 9783: 9782: 9781: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9736: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9706: 9662: 9651: 9645: 9640: 9634: 9532: 9414:Pellegrinisaurus 9325: 9280: 9259:Bustingorrytitan 9199:Futalognkosaurus 9047: 8965: 8934: 8858: 8841:Diamantinasauria 8733:Pellegrinisaurus 8639:Jiangshanosaurus 8530:Baotianmansaurus 8464: 8460: 8449: 8436: 8425: 8424: 8417: 8416: 8409: 8408: 8332:Diamantinasaurus 8317: 8312:Diamantinasauria 8251:Jiangshanosaurus 8002: 7837: 7728: 7724: 7713: 7700: 7689: 7684: 7545: 7438: 7370:Rebbachisaurinae 7331: 7228: 7223:Rebbachisauridae 7219: 7193: 7182: 7169: 7158: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7138: 7070:Bothriospondylus 7059: 7011: 6787:Eomamenchisaurus 6741:Mamenchisauridae 6721:Lapparentosaurus 6665:Spinophorosaurus 6566: 6471: 6467: 6330: 6326: 6315: 6302: 6291: 6290: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6133: 6065: 5968:Massospondylidae 5880: 5810: 5781: 5745:Jaklapallisaurus 5725:Thecodontosaurus 5675: 5671: 5533: 5529: 5518: 5505: 5451: 5442: 5435: 5434: 5390: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5352: 5342: 5326: 5325: 5315: 5305: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5248: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5100: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5025: 5019: 5018: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4981: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4927: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4884: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4852: 4842: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4758:10.1130/B31201.1 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4673: 4662: 4661: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4542: 4533: 4532: 4522: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4473: 4463: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4368: 4321: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4295: 4262: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4191: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4126: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4069: 4038: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3975: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3903: 3864: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3825: 3816: 3815: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3721: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3662: 3652: 3641: 3640: 3624: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3589: 3572: 3571: 3559: 3550: 3549: 3531: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3445: 3435: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3394: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3317: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3291: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3183: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3110: 3101:(6): 1759–1797. 3086: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3025: 3015: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2931:Skeletal Drawing 2922: 2916: 2915: 2905: 2895: 2863: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2803:on March 8, 2016 2802: 2787: 2774: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2754: 2715: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2654: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2628: 2596: 2581: 2580: 2554: 2545: 2522: 2521: 2503: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2466: 2440: 2431: 2416: 2415: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2349: 2318: 2317: 2307: 2282:(6): 1760–1772. 2271: 1975:A video showing 1973: 1782: 1758: 1742:Futalognkosaurus 1734: 1710: 1657: 1647: 1637: 1529: 1488: 1446:Futalognkosaurus 1438: 1431: 1407: 1380: 1356: 1288: 1264: 1240: 1230: 1223: 1215: 1149:Futalognkosaurus 1030: 981: 944:Leonardo Salgado 908: 896: 887: 886:vertebral centra 810: 802: 794: 749:Futalognkosaurus 658:Futalognkosaurus 561: 560:sacral vertebrae 550:dorsal vertebrae 516:Neuquén Province 335: 312: 305: 292: 276: 260: 244: 228: 159: 158: 128: 118: 48: 44:96.2–92.19 29:Temporal range: 21: 9932: 9931: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9847: 9846: 9843: 9838: 9830: 9825: 9817: 9812: 9804: 9799: 9791: 9786: 9779:Argentinosaurus 9777: 9776: 9771: 9762: 9761: 9756: 9749:Argentinosaurus 9743: 9733: 9723: 9721: 9711: 9709: 9701: 9699: 9690: 9681:Sauropod hiatus 9667: 9652: 9614: 9551:Campylodoniscus 9514: 9435: 9361: 9314: 9284:Nemegtosauridae 9278: 9240: 9177:Argentinosaurus 9158: 9096: 9036: 8954: 8930: 8913: 8873:Atsinganosaurus 8853:Lirainosaurinae 8847: 8834:Xianshanosaurus 8719:Normanniasaurus 8705:Narambuenatitan 8588:Dongyangosaurus 8456: 8443: 8426: 8419: 8411: 8403: 8383: 8359: 8339:Sarmientosaurus 8306: 8259:Phuwiangosaurus 8178: 7991: 7906:Brachiosauridae 7900: 7833: 7820: 7793: 7720: 7707: 7690: 7656: 7586: 7534: 7442:Dicraeosauridae 7433:Flagellicaudata 7419: 7364: 7320: 7294:Nopcsaspondylus 7286:Maraapunisaurus 7215: 7213:Diplodocimorpha 7206: 7189: 7176: 7159: 7141: 7133: 7117: 7041: 7025: 7000: 6973:Tehuelchesaurus 6891: 6851:Tienshanosaurus 6735: 6684: 6672:Tehuelchesaurus 6562: 6549: 6528:Vulcanodontidae 6522: 6463: 6450: 6409: 6359:Gongxianosaurus 6322: 6309: 6292: 6285: 6236: 6216: 6122: 6081:Jingshanosaurus 6073:Chuxiongosaurus 6060:Sauropodiformes 6054: 5977:Adeopapposaurus 5962: 5935: 5876: 5863: 5808: 5777: 5764: 5730: 5667: 5654: 5588: 5525: 5523:Sauropodomorpha 5512: 5510:Sauropodomorpha 5487: 5473:Sauropodomorpha 5467: 5461:Avemetatarsalia 5446:Avemetatarsalia 5436: 5421:Avemetatarsalia 5395: 5394: 5384: 5382:Sauropodomorpha 5379: 5345:Argentinosaurus 5335: 5330: 5329: 5288:(7): e0157793. 5275: 5274: 5270: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4885: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4807:10.2113/0250179 4780: 4779: 4775: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4711:(21): 227=232. 4707:. Nueva Serie. 4698: 4697: 4693: 4675: 4674: 4665: 4627: 4626: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4571: 4570: 4563: 4557: 4544: 4543: 4536: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4441: 4440: 4433: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4026: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3862: 3856:"A revision of 3853: 3852: 3845: 3827: 3826: 3819: 3812: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3654: 3653: 3644: 3637: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3591: 3590: 3575: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3369:(6): 20150215. 3363:Biology Letters 3352: 3351: 3347: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3006:(5): e1001853. 2993: 2992: 2988: 2973: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2865: 2864: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2824: 2823: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2785: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2671: 2663: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2598: 2597: 2584: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2525: 2518: 2505: 2504: 2495: 2487: 2464:10.1.1.694.1650 2438: 2433: 2432: 2419: 2412: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2351: 2350: 2321: 2273: 2272: 2263: 2258: 2173:rebbachisaurids 2159:Argentinosaurus 2157:In addition to 2109:Noeggerathiales 2082:drainage system 2030:Argentinosaurus 2023:Argentinosaurus 2011: 2002:Argentinosaurus 1994:Argentinosaurus 1985:Argentinosaurus 1977:Argentinosaurus 1965: 1960:Argentinosaurus 1946:Argentinosaurus 1930:Argentinosaurus 1926:Argentinosaurus 1909:Argentinosaurus 1894: 1889: 1881: 1872: 1863: 1854: 1845: 1836: 1766:Argentinosaurus 1694: 1629: 1620: 1611: 1602: 1593: 1584: 1575: 1566: 1554:Argentinosaurus 1475: 1343: 1334: 1325: 1194:Argentinosaurus 1186:Argentinosaurus 1178:Argentinosaurus 1163:Argentinosaurus 1141:Argentinosaurus 1096:and an unnamed 1090:Argentinosaurus 1076:Argentinosaurus 1051:Argentinosaurus 1039: 1032: 1009:Argentinosaurus 994: 986:Argentinosaurus 983: 974:Argentinosaurus 920:Argentinosaurus 910: 903:sauropods. The 898: 889: 879:Argentinosaurus 865: 853:Argentinosaurus 828:Maraapunisaurus 823:Argentinosaurus 819:Argentinosaurus 812: 804: 796: 781:Argentinosaurus 777:Argentinosaurus 741:Argentinosaurus 724:Argentinosaurus 719:Argentinosaurus 715:Argentinosaurus 710:Argentinosaurus 705:Argentinosaurus 690:Argentinosaurus 686:Argentinosaurus 682:Argentinosaurus 668:Argentinosaurus 663:Argentinosaurus 647:Argentinosaurus 634:Argentinosaurus 627:Argentinosaurus 622:Argentinosaurus 615:Argentinosaurus 607: 602: 594:Argentinosaurus 589:La Plata Museum 563: 524:palaeontologist 504:Argentinosaurus 492: 459:Argentinosaurus 450:Argentinosaurus 439:Argentinosaurus 434:A. huinculensis 421:Argentinosaurus 411:and parts of a 402:palaeontologist 394:Argentinosaurus 379:Argentinosaurus 373:in what is now 368:Late Cretaceous 352:Argentinosaurus 344: 341: 311: 308:Argentinosaurus 303: 290: 274: 258: 242: 230:Sauropodomorpha 226: 153: 119: 117: 116: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 43: 42: 31:Late Cretaceous 27: 25:Argentinosaurus 17: 12: 11: 5: 9930: 9928: 9920: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9849: 9848: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9836: 9823: 9810: 9797: 9784: 9769: 9753: 9751: 9745: 9744: 9739: 9732: 9731: 9719: 9696: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9672: 9669: 9668: 9665: 9658: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9612: 9605: 9597: 9590: 9582: 9575: 9568: 9561: 9558:Clasmodosaurus 9554: 9547: 9538: 9536: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9512: 9505: 9498: 9491: 9484: 9477: 9473:Maxakalisaurus 9469: 9462: 9454: 9445: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9425: 9418: 9410: 9403: 9395: 9387: 9380: 9371: 9369: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9359: 9355:Quaesitosaurus 9351: 9344: 9336: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9304: 9300:Quaesitosaurus 9296: 9288: 9286: 9277: 9276: 9269: 9262: 9254: 9252: 9250:Saltasauroidea 9246: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9202: 9195: 9187: 9180: 9172: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9156: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9114: 9106: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9087: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9062:Maxakalisaurus 9058: 9055:Adamantisaurus 9050: 9044: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9027: 9019: 9012: 9005: 9001:Epachthosaurus 8997: 8990: 8983: 8976: 8973:Antarctosaurus 8968: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8952: 8945: 8937: 8931: 8928:Eutitanosauria 8926: 8923: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8904: 8901:Mansourasaurus 8897: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8869: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8837: 8830: 8823: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8776:Tastavinsaurus 8772: 8765: 8758: 8751: 8744: 8741:Petrobrasaurus 8737: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8683:Malarguesaurus 8679: 8672: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8614: 8610:Epachthosaurus 8606: 8599: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8548: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8523:Austroposeidon 8519: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8490: 8483: 8475: 8467: 8457: 8452: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8432: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8373: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8349: 8342: 8335: 8328: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8287:Tangvayosaurus 8283: 8276: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8197: 8188: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8169: 8166:Tastavinsaurus 8162: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8138:Pukyongosaurus 8134: 8127: 8120: 8117:Liubangosaurus 8113: 8105: 8102:Liaoningotitan 8098: 8091: 8083: 8076: 8069: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8024:Astrophocaudia 8020: 8013: 8005: 7999: 7997:Somphospondyli 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7982: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7947: 7939: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7910: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7890: 7883: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7840: 7834: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7815:Lourinhasaurus 7811: 7803: 7801: 7799:Camarasauridae 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7784: 7776: 7769: 7765:Dashanpusaurus 7761: 7754: 7746: 7739: 7731: 7721: 7716: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7608:Dinheirosaurus 7604: 7596: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7577: 7569: 7562: 7553: 7551: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7446: 7444: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7410: 7407:Rebbachisaurus 7403: 7396: 7389: 7382: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7337: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7282: 7279:Lavocatisaurus 7275: 7268: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7231: 7225: 7216: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7196: 7190: 7185: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7165: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7108: 7105:Qinlingosaurus 7101: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7065: 7063: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7038:(see below ↓ ) 7035: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7022:(see below ↓ ) 7019: 7017: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6969: 6961: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6925: 6917: 6909: 6901: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6844:Rhomaleopakhus 6840: 6833: 6826: 6823:Mamenchisaurus 6819: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6775: 6772:Chuanjiesaurus 6768: 6764:Cetiosauriscus 6760: 6753: 6745: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6725: 6717: 6709: 6702: 6694: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6616:Dashanpusaurus 6612: 6609:Cetiosauriscus 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6569: 6563: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6540: 6532: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6516:Zizhongosaurus 6512: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6474: 6464: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6419: 6417: 6415:Lessemsauridae 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6403:Tuebingosaurus 6399: 6392: 6385: 6377: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6333: 6323: 6318: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6211:Sefapanosaurus 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6183:Melanorosaurus 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6020:Massospondylus 6016: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5991:Glacialisaurus 5987: 5984:Coloradisaurus 5980: 5972: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5953: 5945: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5930:Tuebingosaurus 5926: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5877: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5844:Pachysauriscus 5840: 5833: 5830:Gresslyosaurus 5826: 5818: 5816: 5814:Plateosauridae 5807: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5789:Plateosauravus 5784: 5778: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5740: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5678: 5668: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5629: 5622: 5619:Chromogisaurus 5615: 5607: 5598: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5526: 5521: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5477: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5454: 5448: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5423: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5393: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5334: 5333:External links 5331: 5328: 5327: 5268: 5207: 5164: 5120: 5059: 5040:(4): 903–912. 5020: 4993: 4939: 4894: 4876: 4812: 4793:(1): 179–197. 4773: 4724: 4691: 4663: 4617: 4587: 4561: 4556:978-1421420288 4555: 4534: 4505:(1): 117–155. 4485: 4431: 4404:(3): 401–438. 4380: 4330:(3): 445–451. 4307: 4273:(1): 136–181. 4244: 4223:(3): 529–541. 4203: 4138: 4081: 4047:(3): 505–520. 4024: 4011:(1): 155–181. 3987: 3938: 3915: 3873:(3): 125–160. 3843: 3817: 3810: 3792: 3775: 3756: 3733: 3704:(4): 357–376. 3680: 3673: 3659:The Dinosauria 3642: 3635: 3609: 3602: 3573: 3551: 3498: 3484: 3457: 3406: 3345: 3326:(4): 685–690. 3303: 3246: 3195: 3138: 3078: 3037: 2986: 2971: 2948: 2917: 2878:(10): e78733. 2851: 2814: 2766: 2724:(5192): 1805. 2701: 2669: 2640: 2582: 2563:(4): 335–358. 2523: 2516: 2493: 2449:(2–4): 71–83. 2417: 2410: 2392: 2365: 2358:(in Spanish). 2319: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2201:Skorpiovenator 2171:, and several 2105:Selaginellales 2010: 2007: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1645: 1643: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1213: 1182:Epachthosaurus 1122:synapomorphies 1118:plesiomorphies 1061:Epachthosaurus 1047:Titanosauridae 1038: 1037:Classification 1035: 1026: 993: 990: 977: 970:Epachthosaurus 965:Epachthosaurus 940:Fernando Novas 904: 895:opisthocoelous 892: 883: 864: 861: 833:mamenchisaurid 806: 798: 790: 645:reconstructed 606: 603: 601: 598: 557: 491: 488: 471:early Turonian 405:José Bonaparte 381:is one of the 346: 345: 342: 330: 329: 323: 322: 301: 297: 296: 288: 281: 280: 272: 265: 264: 256: 249: 248: 240: 233: 232: 224: 217: 216: 211: 204: 203: 198: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 147: 146: 130: 129: 121: 120: 112: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 49: 28: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9929: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9845: 9833: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9789: 9785: 9780: 9774: 9770: 9765: 9759: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9737: 9730: 9720: 9718: 9708: 9704: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9670: 9663: 9659: 9650: 9646: 9644: 9639: 9633: 9611: 9610: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9601:Mongolosaurus 9598: 9596: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9586:Macrurosaurus 9583: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9565:Hypselosaurus 9562: 9560: 9559: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9511: 9510: 9506: 9504: 9503: 9499: 9497: 9496: 9492: 9490: 9489: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9481:Neuquensaurus 9478: 9475: 9474: 9470: 9468: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9441:Saltasaurinae 9438: 9431: 9430: 9429:Zhuchengtitan 9426: 9424: 9423: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9399:Dreadnoughtus 9396: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9386: 9385: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9348:Qingxiusaurus 9345: 9342: 9341: 9337: 9335: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9320:Saltasauridae 9317: 9310: 9309: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9293:Nemegtosaurus 9290: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9237: 9236: 9232: 9230: 9229: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9218: 9216: 9215: 9214:Mendozasaurus 9211: 9208: 9207: 9203: 9201: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9191:Dzharatitanis 9188: 9186: 9185: 9181: 9179: 9178: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9155: 9154: 9150: 9148: 9147: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9139:Gondwanatitan 9136: 9134: 9133: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9113: 9112: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9088: 9086: 9085: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9070:Muyelensaurus 9067: 9064: 9063: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9052: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9020: 9018: 9017: 9013: 9011: 9010: 9006: 9003: 9002: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8994:Chucarosaurus 8991: 8989: 8988: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8975: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8960:Colossosauria 8957: 8951: 8950: 8949:Menucocelsior 8946: 8944: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8924: 8910: 8909: 8905: 8903: 8902: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8891: 8889: 8888: 8887:Lirainosaurus 8884: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8870: 8868: 8867: 8863: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8843: 8842: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8808: 8807: 8806:Trigonosaurus 8803: 8801: 8800: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8769:Ruyangosaurus 8766: 8764: 8763: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8750: 8749: 8748:Pitekunsaurus 8745: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8709: 8707: 8706: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8698:Mnyamawamtuka 8695: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8676:Magyarosaurus 8673: 8670: 8669: 8668:Ligabuesaurus 8665: 8663: 8662: 8661:Laplatasaurus 8658: 8656: 8655: 8654:Karongasaurus 8651: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8620: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8607: 8605: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8595:Dreadnoughtus 8592: 8590: 8589: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8560:Borealosaurus 8557: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8537:Barrosasaurus 8534: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8489: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8479:Aegyptosaurus 8476: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8423: 8418: 8415: 8407: 8377: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8346:Savannasaurus 8343: 8341: 8340: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8325:Australotitan 8322: 8321: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8277: 8275: 8274: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8225: 8224: 8220: 8218: 8217: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8193:Australodocus 8190: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8184:Euhelopodidae 8181: 8175: 8174: 8173:Triunfosaurus 8170: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8152:Sauroposeidon 8149: 8147: 8146: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8131:Padillasaurus 8128: 8126: 8125: 8121: 8119: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8109:Ligabuesaurus 8106: 8104: 8103: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8084: 8082: 8081: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8052:Chubutisaurus 8049: 8047: 8046: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8007: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7929:Brachiosaurus 7926: 7924: 7923: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7866:Fushanosaurus 7863: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7827: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7750:Bashunosaurus 7747: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7701: 7697: 7688: 7683: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573:Atlantosaurus 7570: 7568: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7549:Apatosaurinae 7546: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7515:Smitanosaurus 7512: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7486:Dyslocosaurus 7483: 7481: 7480: 7479:Dicraeosaurus 7476: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7458:Amargatitanis 7455: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7393:Katepensaurus 7390: 7388: 7387: 7386:Itapeuasaurus 7383: 7381: 7380: 7379:Demandasaurus 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7344:Cathartesaura 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7335:Limaysaurinae 7332: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7272:Histriasaurus 7269: 7266: 7265: 7264:Dzharatitanis 7261: 7259: 7258: 7257:Comahuesaurus 7254: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7187:Diplodocoidea 7183: 7179: 7175: 7174:Diplodocoidea 7170: 7166: 7157: 7153: 7151: 7145: 7137: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7091:Gigantosaurus 7088: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7015:Diplodocoidea 7012: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6958:Narindasaurus 6955: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6937:Losillasaurus 6934: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6886:Zigongosaurus 6883: 6881: 6880: 6879:Yuanmousaurus 6876: 6874: 6873: 6872:Xinjiangtitan 6869: 6867: 6866: 6865:Wamweracaudia 6862: 6860: 6859: 6858:Tonganosaurus 6855: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6815:Klamelisaurus 6812: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6794:Huangshanlong 6791: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6713:Ferganasaurus 6710: 6708: 6707: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6690:Cetiosauridae 6687: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6556: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6537:Tazoudasaurus 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6494:Ohmdenosaurus 6491: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6457: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6396:Schleitheimia 6393: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373:Leonerasaurus 6370: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6345:Blikanasaurus 6342: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6289: 6284: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6176:Leonerasaurus 6173: 6171: 6170: 6169:Lamplughsaura 6166: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6117:Yunnanosaurus 6114: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6013:Lufengosaurus 6010: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5950:Eucnemesaurus 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5941:Riojasauridae 5938: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5870: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5823:Euskelosaurus 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5771: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5697:Bagualosaurus 5694: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5665:Bagualosauria 5661: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633:Pampadromaeus 5630: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5594:Saturnaliidae 5591: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5576:Pampadromaeus 5573: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5555:Gigantoscelus 5552: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5075:(3): 409–14. 5074: 5070: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5006: 4997: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4774: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4725: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4578:Geodiversitas 4575: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4393: 4384: 4381: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4308: 4300:September 23, 4292: 4288: 4287:10044/1/53967 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4259: 4257: 4248: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4082: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4025: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4000: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3916: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3859: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3779: 3776: 3772:(1): 235–255. 3771: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3693: 3684: 3681: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3636:9780520246232 3632: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3508:Pyenson, N.D. 3502: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3481:(4): 527–544. 3480: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3357:Dreadnoughtus 3349: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3051:Palaeontology 3048: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2840: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2782: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2393: 2380: 2379:Lmneuquen.com 2376: 2369: 2366: 2362:(3): 271–282. 2361: 2357: 2356: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2223:Huinculsaurus 2219: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2178:Cathartesaura 2174: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2086:braided river 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2054:Neuquén Basin 2051: 2047: 2046:Neuquén Group 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2008: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1978: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1922:Matthew Wedel 1919: 1915: 1910: 1903: 1898: 1892:Palaeobiology 1891: 1884: 1876: 1875: 1867: 1866: 1858: 1857: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1839: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1784: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1718:Mendozasaurus 1712: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1682:Muyelensaurus 1676: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1641:Colossosauria 1639: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1624: 1623: 1615: 1614: 1606: 1605: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1578: 1570: 1569: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1415:Mendozasaurus 1409: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1338: 1337: 1329: 1328: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1272:Muyelensaurus 1266: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1198:Colossosauria 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157:and named it 1156: 1155: 1154:Mendozasaurus 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1103:Lirainosaurus 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029:cnemial crest 1023: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1003: 998: 991: 989: 987: 982: 975: 971: 967: 966: 961: 957: 952: 949: 945: 941: 932: 931:Matthew Wedel 927: 923: 921: 917: 914: 909: 902: 897: 888: 880: 874: 869: 862: 860: 858: 854: 850: 849: 844: 843: 838: 834: 830: 829: 824: 820: 816: 811: 803: 795: 788: 787: 782: 778: 774: 773: 768: 767: 762: 761: 756: 755: 754:Dreadnoughtus 750: 746: 742: 737: 735: 734: 729: 725: 720: 716: 711: 706: 697: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 678: 673: 669: 664: 660: 659: 654: 653: 648: 644: 639: 635: 630: 628: 623: 616: 611: 604: 599: 597: 595: 590: 586: 585:fossilization 582: 578: 574: 573:Rodolfo Coria 570: 565: 562: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 525: 521: 517: 513: 512:Plaza Huincul 509: 505: 496: 489: 487: 485: 484: 480: 476: 475:million years 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 435: 430: 426: 425:Rodolfo Coria 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 403: 399: 398:Plaza Huincul 395: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 369: 365: 362: 358: 354: 353: 340: 339: 331: 328: 324: 319: 315: 310: 309: 302: 299: 298: 295: 289: 286: 283: 282: 279: 273: 270: 267: 266: 263: 257: 254: 251: 250: 247: 241: 238: 235: 234: 231: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 163: 162: 157: 152: 148: 144: 140: 139:Plaza Huincul 136: 131: 127: 122: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 47: 40: 36: 32: 26: 22: 19: 9844: 9748: 9635: 9609:Titanosaurus 9607: 9599: 9592: 9584: 9579:Loricosaurus 9577: 9572:Iuticosaurus 9570: 9563: 9556: 9549: 9541: 9509:Yamanasaurus 9507: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9479: 9471: 9464: 9456: 9450:Abditosaurus 9448: 9427: 9420: 9412: 9405: 9397: 9389: 9382: 9376:Abditosaurus 9374: 9353: 9346: 9338: 9331: 9308:Tapuiasaurus 9306: 9298: 9291: 9271: 9266:Titanomachya 9264: 9257: 9235:Puertasaurus 9233: 9226: 9221:Notocolossus 9219: 9212: 9206:Jiangxititan 9204: 9197: 9189: 9184:Drusilasaura 9182: 9176: 9175: 9168:Lognkosauria 9151: 9144: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9109: 9102:Aeolosaurini 9091:Rinconsaurus 9089: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9060: 9053: 9042:Rinconsauria 9029: 9023:Tengrisaurus 9021: 9016:Quetecsaurus 9014: 9007: 8999: 8992: 8985: 8978: 8971: 8947: 8940: 8906: 8899: 8894:Lohuecotitan 8892: 8885: 8880:Garrigatitan 8878: 8871: 8866:Ampelosaurus 8864: 8839: 8832: 8825: 8820:Uberabatitan 8818: 8813:Sonidosaurus 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8784:Tengrisaurus 8782: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8755:Rapetosaurus 8753: 8746: 8739: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8691:Malawisaurus 8689: 8681: 8674: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8637: 8632:Huabeisaurus 8630: 8623: 8616: 8608: 8601: 8593: 8586: 8579: 8574:Choconsaurus 8572: 8567:Brasilotitan 8565: 8558: 8550: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8521: 8516:Atacamatitan 8514: 8509:Argyrosaurus 8507: 8500: 8492: 8485: 8477: 8472:Abdarainurus 8470: 8454:Titanosauria 8441:Titanosauria 8410: 8369:Titanosauria 8353:Wintonotitan 8351: 8344: 8337: 8330: 8323: 8299: 8294:Yongjinglong 8292: 8285: 8280:Tambatitanis 8278: 8271: 8264: 8257: 8249: 8244:Huanghetitan 8242: 8237:Huabeisaurus 8235: 8228: 8223:Gannansaurus 8221: 8214: 8207: 8201:Chiayusaurus 8199: 8191: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8115: 8107: 8100: 8095:Jiutaisaurus 8093: 8087:Jiangxititan 8085: 8080:Garumbatitan 8078: 8071: 8064: 8059:Dongbeititan 8057: 8050: 8043: 8036: 8031:Austrosaurus 8029: 8022: 8015: 8008: 7984: 7979:Venenosaurus 7977: 7970: 7965:Sonorasaurus 7963: 7956: 7951:Giraffatitan 7949: 7941: 7936:Cedarosaurus 7934: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7892: 7887:Pelorosaurus 7885: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7813: 7808:Camarasaurus 7806: 7786: 7780:Haestasaurus 7778: 7773:Europasaurus 7771: 7763: 7756: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7592:Diplodocinae 7581:Brontosaurus 7579: 7571: 7564: 7558:Amphicoelias 7556: 7540:Diplodocidae 7527: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7465:Bajadasaurus 7463: 7456: 7451:Amargasaurus 7449: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7358:Rayososaurus 7356: 7349: 7342: 7315:Zapalasaurus 7313: 7308:Xenoposeidon 7306: 7299: 7292: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7262: 7255: 7250:Campananeyen 7248: 7243:Amazonsaurus 7241: 7234: 7199: 7140: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7006:Neosauropoda 6993: 6986: 6979: 6971: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6927: 6921:Haestasaurus 6919: 6911: 6904: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6777: 6770: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6729:Patagosaurus 6727: 6719: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6679:Volkheimeria 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6651:Perijasaurus 6649: 6644:Nebulasaurus 6642: 6635: 6628: 6623:Dystrophaeus 6621: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6595:Barapasaurus 6593: 6586: 6581:Asiatosaurus 6579: 6572: 6542: 6535: 6514: 6506: 6501:Rhoetosaurus 6499: 6492: 6485: 6477: 6445:Lessemsaurus 6443: 6436: 6429: 6424:Antetonitrus 6422: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6379: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6273: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6115: 6110:Yizhousaurus 6108: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6071: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5998:Ignavusaurus 5996: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5955: 5948: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5902:Ignavusaurus 5900: 5893: 5886: 5858:Yimenosaurus 5856: 5851:Plateosaurus 5849: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5803:Xixiposaurus 5801: 5794: 5787: 5775:Plateosauria 5757: 5750: 5743: 5736:Unaysauridae 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5647: 5639: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5609: 5601: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5562:Guaibasaurus 5560: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5425: 5416: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5246:11336/135530 5220: 5216: 5210: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4996: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4888: 4869:December 14, 4867:. Retrieved 4850:11336/161858 4830: 4826: 4815: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4741: 4738:GSA Bulletin 4737: 4727: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4685: 4681: 4636:(1): 61–87. 4633: 4629: 4610:December 29, 4608:. Retrieved 4599: 4590: 4581: 4577: 4546: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4471:11336/106658 4451: 4447: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4383: 4371:. Retrieved 4327: 4323: 4310: 4298:. Retrieved 4270: 4264: 4255: 4247: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4074:November 14, 4072:. Retrieved 4044: 4040: 4027: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3990: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3906:. Retrieved 3870: 3866: 3858:Titanosaurus 3857: 3837: 3833: 3801: 3795: 3785: 3778: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3753:(4): 48–49R. 3750: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3683: 3658: 3620: 3612: 3593: 3567: 3563: 3519: 3515: 3501: 3487: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3460: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3348: 3323: 3319: 3306: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3198: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3098: 3094: 3057:(1): 13–48. 3054: 3050: 3040: 3003: 3000:PLOS Biology 2999: 2989: 2961: 2939:. Retrieved 2930: 2920: 2875: 2871: 2844:November 20, 2842:. Retrieved 2838: 2832: 2828: 2805:. Retrieved 2798:the original 2793: 2789: 2780: 2759:November 20, 2757:. Retrieved 2721: 2717: 2704: 2688: 2656: 2643: 2608: 2604: 2560: 2556: 2507: 2446: 2442: 2401: 2395: 2385:November 25, 2383:. Retrieved 2381:(in Spanish) 2378: 2368: 2359: 2353: 2279: 2275: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2221: 2213:Tralkasaurus 2211: 2205: 2199: 2196:abelisaurids 2192: 2182: 2176: 2168:Choconsaurus 2166: 2158: 2156: 2152:crocodilians 2090: 2029: 2028: 2022: 2001: 1993: 1984: 1982: 1976: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1945: 1929: 1925: 1918:Mark Hallett 1908: 1906: 1882: 1824:Puertasaurus 1822: 1821: 1805: 1804: 1790:Notocolossus 1788: 1787: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1740: 1739: 1716: 1715: 1704:Lognkosauria 1680: 1679: 1665:Rinconsaurus 1663: 1662: 1651:Rinconsauria 1632: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1535: 1534: 1513:Drusilasaura 1511: 1510: 1496:Puertasaurus 1494: 1493: 1463:Quetecsaurus 1461: 1460: 1444: 1443: 1413: 1412: 1401:Lognkosauria 1388:Notocolossus 1386: 1385: 1362: 1361: 1311: 1310: 1294: 1293: 1270: 1269: 1248:Rinconsaurus 1246: 1245: 1234:Rinconsauria 1218: 1193: 1190:Rinconsauria 1185: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1167:sister taxon 1162: 1159:Lognkosauria 1152: 1148: 1140: 1133:Lithostrotia 1130: 1126:paraphyletic 1113:Titanosaurus 1111: 1101: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1075: 1073: 1069:Titanosauria 1065:Andesauridae 1060: 1054: 1050: 1040: 1021: 1017: 1008: 1006: 985: 973: 969: 963: 953: 948:Jaime Powell 936: 919: 878: 877: 852: 846: 840: 831:and a giant 826: 822: 818: 814: 809:parapophyses 793:neural spine 784: 780: 776: 770: 764: 758: 752: 748: 745:Puertasaurus 744: 740: 738: 731: 723: 718: 714: 709: 704: 702: 689: 685: 681: 677:Puertasaurus 675: 667: 662: 656: 650: 646: 638:Gregory Paul 633: 631: 626: 621: 620: 614: 593: 576: 566: 547: 538: 503: 501: 481: 458: 449: 447: 443:huinculensis 442: 438: 433: 432: 420: 393: 391: 387:Titanosauria 378: 351: 350: 349: 337: 336: 327:Type species 307: 306: 294:Lognkosauria 284: 278:Titanosauria 268: 252: 236: 220: 207: 194: 24: 18: 9857:Titanosaurs 9773:Wikispecies 9594:Microcoelus 9502:Saltasaurus 9488:Paralititan 9384:Alamosaurus 9273:Udelartitan 9228:Patagotitan 9125:Bravasaurus 9118:Arrudatitan 9111:Aeolosaurus 9077:Overosaurus 9009:Jainosaurus 8987:Bonitasaura 8908:Paludititan 8799:Traukutitan 8494:Angolatitan 8301:Yunmenglong 8266:Qiaowanlong 8159:Sibirotitan 8124:Oceanotitan 8066:Europatitan 8045:Brontomerus 8038:Brohisaurus 8010:Angolatitan 7943:Galvesaurus 7915:Abydosaurus 7880:Ornithopsis 7873:Fusuisaurus 7859:Eucamerotus 7758:Daanosaurus 7743:Aragosaurus 7644:Supersaurus 7566:Apatosaurus 7529:Tharosaurus 7400:Nigersaurus 7351:Limaysaurus 7112:Ultrasaurus 6988:Turiasaurus 6951:Moabosaurus 6944:Mierasaurus 6913:Bellusaurus 6897:Turiasauria 6837:Qijianglong 6801:Hudiesaurus 6779:Datousaurus 6699:Cetiosaurus 6658:Shunosaurus 6602:Bellusaurus 6574:Algoasaurus 6560:Eusauropoda 6508:Sanpasaurus 6461:Gravisauria 6381:Pulanesaura 6366:Isanosaurus 6338:Amygdalodon 6204:Pulanesaura 6162:Irisosaurus 6148:Anchisaurus 6128:Anchisauria 6102:Xingxiulong 6048:Xingxiulong 6041:Sarahsaurus 5957:Riojasaurus 5923:Sarahsaurus 5909:Kholumolumo 5752:Macrocollum 5690:Asylosaurus 5626:Nhandumirim 5603:Buriolestes 5569:Mbiresaurus 5541:Buriolestes 5098:11336/52024 4979:11336/37899 4956:: 154–163. 4925:11336/89326 4910:(1): 1–29. 4904:Ameghiniana 4767:11336/36686 4584:(1): 71–11. 4373:October 30, 3929:Ameghiniana 3908:January 11, 3747:Ameghiniana 3719:11336/21928 3469:Supersaurus 3219:(2): 1–11. 2941:November 4, 2807:December 9, 2783:Cope, 1878" 2355:Ameghiniana 2305:11336/73562 2250:iguanodonts 2233:Overoraptor 2193:Mapusaurus, 2184:Limaysaurus 2145:sphenodonts 2125:angiosperms 2117:gnetophytes 2115:(including 2113:gymnosperms 2107:, possible 1944:dinosaurs. 1807:Patagotitan 1537:Patagotitan 1364:Bonitasaura 1313:Overosaurus 1296:Aeolosaurus 1171:Patagotitan 907:pleurocoels 901:macronarian 842:Supersaurus 837:diplodocids 815:Patagotitan 801:diapophyses 786:Patagotitan 772:Alamosaurus 760:Paralititan 652:Saltasaurus 636:created by 600:Description 9851:Categories 9495:Rocasaurus 9422:Qunkasaura 9391:Baurutitan 9153:Shingopana 8980:Baalsaurus 8827:Volgatitan 8762:Rukwatitan 8726:Nullotitan 8712:Ninjatitan 8647:Kaijutitan 8618:Gandititan 8581:Daxiatitan 8544:Baurutitan 8487:Andesaurus 8378:see below↓ 8073:Fukuititan 8017:Arkharavia 7972:Soriatitan 7922:Atlasaurus 7894:Rugocaudia 7852:Duriatitan 7788:Yuzhoulong 7736:Abrosaurus 7718:Macronaria 7705:Macronaria 7629:Kaatedocus 7622:Galeamopus 7615:Diplodocus 7601:Barosaurus 7508:Pilmatueia 7501:Lingwulong 7494:Kaatedocus 7414:Tataouinea 7326:Khebbashia 7301:Sidersaura 7031:Macronaria 6981:Tendaguria 6965:Oplosaurus 6929:Janenschia 6830:Omeisaurus 6706:Chebsaurus 6630:Janenschia 6544:Vulcanodon 6487:Kotasaurus 6438:Ledumahadi 6231:see below↓ 6190:Meroktenos 6006:Leyesaurus 5895:Gyposaurus 5759:Unaysaurus 5718:Pantydraco 5683:Arcusaurus 5649:Saturnalia 5482:see below↓ 5430:Dinosauria 5412:Sauropsida 5180:: 104408. 5137:: 102445. 4833:(1): R26. 4787:Palynology 4688:: 231–253. 3935:(1): 3–32. 3840:: 169–190. 3359:body mass" 2256:References 2239:Aoniraptor 2218:noasaurids 2207:Ilokelesia 2198:including 2175:including 2149:neosuchian 2097:liverworts 2070:Cenomanian 2066:tuffaceous 2062:sandstones 1956:Mapusaurus 1951:Mapusaurus 1056:Andesaurus 913:air-filled 857:blue whale 848:Diplodocus 839:, such as 672:titanosaur 502:The first 483:Mapusaurus 392:The first 262:Macronaria 214:Saurischia 201:Dinosauria 35:Cenomanian 9729:Argentina 9717:Dinosaurs 9458:Bonatitan 9340:Isisaurus 9146:Punatitan 8625:Hamititan 8603:Elaltitan 8552:Bonatitan 8273:Silutitan 8230:Gobititan 8216:Euhelopus 7958:Lusotitan 7651:Tornieria 7637:Leinkupal 7522:Suuwassea 7236:Agustinia 7084:Dinodocus 7077:Cardiodon 6808:Jingiella 6757:Anhuilong 6320:Sauropoda 6307:Sauropoda 6222:Sauropoda 6197:Mussaurus 6155:Camelotia 6034:Pradhania 5874:Massopoda 5641:Panphagia 5583:Panphagia 5398:Kingdom: 5263:218913199 5202:214118853 5159:213781725 5054:129233849 4988:0895-9811 4934:134332465 4859:127726069 4658:0195-6671 4426:145939866 4180:2045-2322 4158:: 19165. 3570:: 73–130. 3383:1744-9561 3241:259782734 3158:: 19165. 3133:221404013 3117:1469-185X 2981:954055249 2831:] of 2691:: 12–13. 2577:210840060 2459:CiteSeerX 2228:paravians 2163:sauropods 2141:squamates 2139:turtles, 2093:hornworts 2078:Santonian 2072:to early 2058:Patagonia 1914:oviparous 933:for scale 863:Vertebrae 545:-PVPH 1. 490:Discovery 409:vertebrae 375:Argentina 359:of giant 314:Bonaparte 246:Sauropoda 174:Kingdom: 168:Eukaryota 143:Argentina 9758:Wikidata 9466:Ibirania 9132:Caieiria 8942:Inawentu 8145:Ruixinia 7986:Vouivria 7845:Astrodon 7098:Neosodon 6588:Bagualia 6431:Ingentia 6141:Aardonyx 6088:Qianlong 5916:Musankwa 5888:Gryponyx 5796:Ruehleia 5711:Nambalia 5704:Efraasia 5611:Eoraptor 5548:Eoraptor 5406:Chordata 5404:Phylum: 5400:Animalia 5322:27410683 5282:PLOS ONE 5255:32468191 5115:23619863 5107:19057888 5017:: 13–33. 4863:Archived 4604:Archived 4529:21251189 4480:31340217 4418:31715707 4364:Archived 4352:29379183 4291:Archived 4239:17768539 4198:26777391 4133:25186586 4101:: 6196. 4065:Archived 4061:62837802 3982:12028774 3899:Archived 3895:53997295 3728:25250458 3546:12100333 3538:21147977 3452:25870766 3426:: e857. 3401:26063751 3340:53126360 3298:25186586 3266:: 6196. 3190:26777391 3125:32869488 3032:24802911 2935:Archived 2912:24348896 2872:PLOS ONE 2750:Archived 2746:17737065 2693:Archived 2661:Archived 2635:28794222 2485:Archived 2481:56028251 2314:86501269 2245:Gualicho 2230:such as 2220:such as 2191:such as 2129:dipnoans 2121:conifers 2074:Turonian 2040:and the 1942:theropod 916:chambers 569:San Juan 535:holotype 479:theropod 364:dinosaur 361:sauropod 188:Chordata 184:Phylum: 178:Animalia 164:Domain: 39:Turonian 9819:4129245 9806:4822770 9793:4658415 9764:Q130859 9703:Portals 8502:Arackar 6906:Amanzia 6750:Analong 6637:Jobaria 6095:Seitaad 5410:Class: 5313:4943716 5290:Bibcode 5225:Bibcode 5182:Bibcode 5139:Bibcode 5077:Bibcode 4958:Bibcode 4795:Bibcode 4746:Bibcode 4638:Bibcode 4520:3045712 4398:Zootaxa 4360:3375335 4332:Bibcode 4189:4725985 4160:Bibcode 4124:5385829 4103:Bibcode 3973:1690971 3875:Bibcode 3698:Zootaxa 3443:4393826 3392:4528471 3289:5385829 3268:Bibcode 3221:Bibcode 3213:Lethaia 3181:4725985 3160:Bibcode 3059:Bibcode 3023:4011683 2903:3864407 2880:Bibcode 2726:Bibcode 2718:Science 2626:5563814 2451:Bibcode 2284:Bibcode 2123:), and 2048:. This 2034:Neuquén 2025:in blue 1938:amniote 1137:derived 1108:dubious 980:laminae 429:species 300:Genus: 113:↓ 9031:Vahiny 8792:Tiamat 8209:Erketu 6027:Ngwevu 5320: 5310: 5261: 5253: 5200: 5157: 5113: 5105: 5052: 4986: 4932: 4857: 4656: 4553: 4527: 4517: 4478: 4424: 4416: 4358: 4350: 4237: 4196: 4186: 4178: 4131: 4121: 4059: 3980: 3970: 3893: 3808: 3726: 3671: 3667:–322. 3633: 3629:–228. 3600: 3544: 3536: 3450: 3440: 3399: 3389: 3381: 3338: 3296: 3286: 3239: 3188: 3178: 3131: 3123: 3115: 3030: 3020: 2979: 2969: 2910: 2900: 2744: 2633: 2623: 2575: 2514: 2479: 2461: 2408: 2312: 2210:, and 2161:, the 2137:chelid 1883: 1110:genus 1045:, the 1043:family 805:, and 769:, and 739:While 554:sacrum 508:fibula 413:sacrum 371:period 320:, 1993 316:& 9832:66645 5426:Clade 5417:Clade 5259:S2CID 5198:S2CID 5155:S2CID 5111:S2CID 5050:S2CID 4930:S2CID 4891:: 10. 4855:S2CID 4422:S2CID 4367:(PDF) 4356:S2CID 4320:(PDF) 4294:(PDF) 4261:(PDF) 4068:(PDF) 4057:S2CID 4037:(PDF) 3902:(PDF) 3891:S2CID 3863:(PDF) 3542:S2CID 3420:PeerJ 3336:S2CID 3316:(PDF) 3237:S2CID 3129:S2CID 2801:(PDF) 2786:(PDF) 2753:(PDF) 2714:(PDF) 2696:(PDF) 2685:(PDF) 2664:(PDF) 2653:(PDF) 2573:S2CID 2553:(PDF) 2488:(PDF) 2477:S2CID 2439:(PDF) 2310:S2CID 2101:ferns 2084:of a 1145:basal 1098:taxon 1082:with 1080:clade 992:Limbs 581:tibia 514:, in 417:femur 357:genus 355:is a 318:Coria 285:Clade 269:Clade 253:Clade 237:Clade 221:Clade 208:Clade 195:Clade 9801:GBIF 9333:Igai 5837:Issi 5459:see 5318:PMID 5251:PMID 5103:PMID 5011:Gaia 4984:ISSN 4871:2019 4654:ISSN 4612:2019 4551:ISBN 4525:PMID 4476:PMID 4414:PMID 4402:4577 4375:2019 4348:PMID 4302:2019 4235:PMID 4194:PMID 4176:ISSN 4129:PMID 4076:2019 3978:PMID 3910:2020 3806:ISBN 3724:PMID 3702:3683 3669:ISBN 3631:ISBN 3598:ISBN 3534:PMID 3448:PMID 3397:PMID 3379:ISSN 3294:PMID 3186:PMID 3121:PMID 3113:ISSN 3028:PMID 2977:OCLC 2967:ISBN 2943:2018 2908:PMID 2846:2018 2809:2016 2761:2019 2742:PMID 2631:PMID 2512:ISBN 2406:ISBN 2387:2019 2242:and 2131:and 2119:and 2050:unit 1998:pace 1920:and 1059:and 1020:and 972:and 946:and 845:and 728:Paul 605:Size 455:pace 52:PreꞒ 9788:EoL 6995:Zby 5308:PMC 5298:doi 5241:hdl 5233:doi 5221:107 5190:doi 5178:110 5147:doi 5093:hdl 5085:doi 5042:doi 4974:hdl 4966:doi 4920:hdl 4912:doi 4845:hdl 4835:doi 4803:doi 4762:hdl 4754:doi 4742:127 4713:doi 4646:doi 4515:PMC 4507:doi 4466:hdl 4456:doi 4406:doi 4340:doi 4283:hdl 4275:doi 4271:184 4225:doi 4184:PMC 4168:doi 4119:PMC 4111:doi 4049:doi 4013:doi 4009:163 3968:PMC 3960:doi 3956:269 3883:doi 3838:169 3714:hdl 3706:doi 3665:259 3627:201 3524:doi 3520:214 3438:PMC 3428:doi 3387:PMC 3371:doi 3328:doi 3284:PMC 3276:doi 3229:doi 3176:PMC 3168:doi 3103:doi 3067:doi 3018:PMC 3008:doi 2898:PMC 2888:doi 2829:sic 2734:doi 2722:266 2621:PMC 2613:doi 2609:284 2565:doi 2469:doi 2300:hdl 2292:doi 2133:gar 2056:in 1169:of 543:MCF 537:of 469:to 41:), 37:to 9853:: 9829:: 9816:: 9803:: 9790:: 9775:: 9760:: 5428:: 5419:: 5316:. 5306:. 5296:. 5286:11 5284:. 5280:. 5257:. 5249:. 5239:. 5231:. 5219:. 5196:. 5188:. 5176:. 5153:. 5145:. 5135:98 5133:. 5109:. 5101:. 5091:. 5083:. 5073:96 5071:. 5048:. 5038:24 5036:. 5032:. 5015:11 5013:. 5009:. 4982:. 4972:. 4964:. 4954:61 4952:. 4928:. 4918:. 4908:55 4906:. 4879:^ 4861:. 4853:. 4843:. 4831:19 4829:. 4825:. 4801:. 4791:25 4789:. 4785:. 4760:. 4752:. 4740:. 4736:. 4703:. 4686:71 4684:. 4680:. 4666:^ 4652:. 4644:. 4634:25 4632:. 4620:^ 4598:. 4582:28 4580:. 4576:. 4564:^ 4537:^ 4523:. 4513:. 4503:86 4501:. 4497:. 4474:. 4464:. 4452:91 4450:. 4446:. 4434:^ 4420:. 4412:. 4400:. 4396:. 4362:. 4354:. 4346:. 4338:. 4326:. 4322:. 4289:. 4281:. 4269:. 4263:. 4233:. 4221:79 4219:. 4215:. 4192:. 4182:. 4174:. 4166:. 4154:. 4150:. 4127:. 4117:. 4109:. 4097:. 4093:. 4063:. 4055:. 4045:56 4043:. 4039:. 4007:. 4003:. 3976:. 3966:. 3954:. 3950:. 3933:34 3931:. 3927:. 3897:. 3889:. 3881:. 3869:. 3865:. 3846:^ 3836:. 3832:. 3820:^ 3770:14 3768:. 3751:43 3749:. 3722:. 3712:. 3700:. 3696:. 3645:^ 3576:^ 3568:30 3566:. 3554:^ 3540:. 3532:. 3518:. 3514:. 3479:65 3477:. 3473:. 3446:. 3436:. 3422:. 3418:. 3395:. 3385:. 3377:. 3367:11 3365:. 3361:. 3334:. 3324:56 3322:. 3318:. 3292:. 3282:. 3274:. 3262:. 3258:. 3235:. 3227:. 3217:56 3215:. 3211:. 3184:. 3174:. 3166:. 3154:. 3150:. 3127:. 3119:. 3111:. 3099:95 3097:. 3093:. 3081:^ 3065:. 3055:61 3053:. 3049:. 3026:. 3016:. 3004:12 3002:. 2998:. 2975:. 2951:^ 2933:. 2929:. 2906:. 2896:. 2886:. 2874:. 2870:. 2854:^ 2837:. 2817:^ 2794:36 2792:. 2788:. 2769:^ 2748:. 2740:. 2732:. 2720:. 2716:. 2687:. 2672:^ 2629:. 2619:. 2607:. 2603:. 2585:^ 2571:. 2561:85 2559:. 2555:. 2526:^ 2496:^ 2483:. 2475:. 2467:. 2457:. 2447:16 2445:. 2441:. 2420:^ 2377:. 2360:30 2322:^ 2308:. 2298:. 2290:. 2280:30 2278:. 2264:^ 2226:, 2216:, 2204:, 2181:, 2147:, 2143:, 2135:, 2111:, 2103:, 2099:, 2095:, 2088:. 2021:, 1962:. 1200:. 1071:. 797:, 763:, 757:, 751:, 747:, 596:. 486:. 431:, 287:: 271:: 255:: 239:: 223:: 210:: 197:: 141:, 137:, 102:Pg 46:Ma 9705:: 9604:? 9589:? 9546:? 9476:? 9461:? 9453:? 9432:? 9417:? 9402:? 9394:? 9379:? 9358:? 9343:? 9311:? 9303:? 9209:? 9194:? 9065:? 9026:? 9004:? 8844:? 8787:? 8779:? 8736:? 8686:? 8671:? 8642:? 8613:? 8598:? 8555:? 8547:? 8497:? 8482:? 8356:? 8254:? 8204:? 8196:? 8112:? 8090:? 7946:? 7897:? 7783:? 7768:? 7753:? 7632:? 7576:? 7561:? 7489:? 7361:? 7289:? 7267:? 6976:? 6968:? 6932:? 6924:? 6916:? 6818:? 6782:? 6767:? 6732:? 6724:? 6716:? 6519:? 6511:? 6482:? 6406:? 6384:? 6376:? 6105:? 6076:? 6051:? 6001:? 5644:? 5636:? 5614:? 5606:? 5374:e 5367:t 5360:v 5324:. 5300:: 5292:: 5265:. 5243:: 5235:: 5227:: 5204:. 5192:: 5184:: 5161:. 5149:: 5141:: 5117:. 5095:: 5087:: 5079:: 5056:. 5044:: 5003:" 4990:. 4976:: 4968:: 4960:: 4936:. 4922:: 4914:: 4873:. 4847:: 4837:: 4809:. 4805:: 4797:: 4770:. 4764:: 4756:: 4748:: 4721:. 4715:: 4709:6 4660:. 4648:: 4640:: 4614:. 4531:. 4509:: 4482:. 4468:: 4458:: 4428:. 4408:: 4377:. 4342:: 4334:: 4328:2 4304:. 4285:: 4277:: 4241:. 4227:: 4200:. 4170:: 4162:: 4156:6 4135:. 4113:: 4105:: 4099:4 4078:. 4051:: 4021:. 4015:: 3984:. 3962:: 3912:. 3885:: 3877:: 3871:1 3814:. 3730:. 3716:: 3708:: 3690:" 3677:. 3639:. 3606:. 3548:. 3526:: 3495:. 3454:. 3430:: 3424:3 3403:. 3373:: 3342:. 3330:: 3300:. 3278:: 3270:: 3264:4 3243:. 3231:: 3223:: 3192:. 3170:: 3162:: 3156:6 3135:. 3105:: 3075:. 3069:: 3061:: 3034:. 3010:: 2983:. 2945:. 2914:. 2890:: 2882:: 2876:8 2848:. 2811:. 2763:. 2736:: 2728:: 2637:. 2615:: 2579:. 2567:: 2520:. 2471:: 2453:: 2414:. 2389:. 2316:. 2302:: 2294:: 2286:: 334:† 304:† 291:† 275:† 259:† 243:† 227:† 107:N 97:K 92:J 87:T 82:P 77:C 72:D 67:S 62:O 57:Ꞓ 33:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index