2341:, in exchange for accepting Byzantine suzerainty. When Constans' truce with the Arabs ended in 653, however, to avoid a new Arab invasion, Rshtuni voluntarily agreed to submit to Muslim overlordship. Emperor Constans then campaigned in person in Armenia, restoring Byzantine rule, but soon after his departure in early 654, the Arabs invaded the country. With their assistance, Rshtuni evicted the Byzantine garrisons from Armenia and secured Arab recognition as the presiding prince of Armenia, Iberia, and Albania. The Byzantines under general
39:
2538:
377:
1848:
2622:
Ashot was swiftly able to expand his power. Through family links with the two next most important princely families, the
Artsruni and the Siwnis, and through a cautious policy towards the Abbasids and the Arab emirates of Armenia, by the 860s he had succeeded in becoming in fact, if not yet in name,
2364:
In 661, however, Mu'awiya, now the victor of the Muslim civil war, ordered the
Armenian princes to re-submit to his authority and pay tribute. To avoid another war, the princes complied. The Arab policy of demanding that the tribute be paid in money affected the Armenian economy and society. Coins
2243:
are uncertain, as the various Arabic sources conflict with the Greek and
Armenian sources, both in chronology and in the details of the events. However, the broad thrust of the Arab campaigns is consistent between the sources, allowing for a reconstruction of events by modern scholars.
2414:, subdued the country in a series of campaigns. Although the Armenians rebelled in 703 and received Byzantine aid, Muhammad ibn Marwan defeated them and sealed the failure of the revolt by executing the rebel princes in 705. Armenia, along with the principalities of
2386:" in the 5th century. According to the terms of the treaty, the Armenian princes were submitted to—relatively low—taxation and the obligation to provide soldiers when requested, for which the princes were to be paid an annual subsidy of 100,000
2322:
more reliable, and have proposed different reconstructions of the early Arab raids between 640 and 650, based on a critical reading of the sources; it is clear, however, that the country did not submit to Arab rule at this time.
2381:
autonomy, regulated by the treaty signed between
Rhstuni and Mu'awiya. Indeed, as Aram Ter-Ghewondyan comments, under Arab suzerainty "the country enjoyed a degree of independence such as it had not known since the fall of the
3221:
4062:
2330:, and sacked Dvin, returning with over 35,000 captives. In 643, the Arabs invaded again from the direction of Arran, ravaged Ayrarat and reached Iberia, but were defeated in battle by the Armenian leader
2517:, followed by a significant increase in taxation so as to finance the Caliphate's increasing military needs in various fronts. The Armenians participated with troops in the hard-fought campaigns of the
4057:
1691:
3761:
2314:
Although Arab sources imply that the country was henceforth effectively under Arab rule, modern historians generally consider the contemporary account of the
Armenian bishop
1684:
2503:
was answerable to the Arab governor, being responsible for the collection of the taxes owed to the caliphal government and the raising of military forces when requested.
2584:, while Iberia and much of lowland Armenia came under the control of a series of Arab emirates. At the same time, the power vacuum left by the destruction of so many
4082:
4077:
2377:
For most of the second half of the 7th century, Arab presence and control in
Armenia was minimal. Armenia was considered conquered land by the Arabs but enjoyed
1677:
2210:
3645:
2392:. In exchange, no Arab garrison or official was installed in Armenian lands, and Arab assistance was even promised in the event of a Byzantine attack.
2345:
tried to recover control of the region, but without success. In 655, even
Byzantine Armenia was invaded, and the Arabs occupied Theodosiopolis (Arabic
3754:
2580:
was also decimated in the 780s, and a process of settlement with Arab tribes began which by the middle of the 9th century led to the
Islamization of
2459:
headquartered at Dvin, whose role however was limited to defence and the collection of taxes: the country was largely run by the local princes - the
2568:
in April 775. The failure of the rebellion saw the near-extinction, reduction to insignificance or exile to
Byzantium of some of the most prominent
2658:
2267:. A second expedition occurred in 642, only to be defeated and pushed out of the country. After this setback, the Arabs only undertook a raid from
2686:
With the submission of
Armenia to Muhammad ibn Marwan after 695, the province was formally incorporated into the Caliphate, and an Arab governor (
2365:
were struck in Dvin. The Armenians were forced to produce a surplus of food and manufactured goods for sale. A strong urban life was developed in
38:
2275:, but this only touched the Armenian borderlands. The Muslim sources place the actual conquest of the country in 645/646, under the command of
3715:
3548:
4067:
3747:
3634:
2802:
2778:
2152:
2607:, who had managed to win control over most of its area, declared himself "King of the Armenians". He received recognition by Caliph
2952:
3770:
2862:
2203:
89:
3825:
3578:
2087:
3007:
2964:
2940:
2157:
2097:
643:
2361:
in 657, effective Arab authority in the country ceased, and Mamikonian returned to Byzantine overlordship almost immediately.
351:
337:
323:
309:
284:
270:
256:
242:
4072:
4052:
3161:
2564:) and imposing harsher taxation, leading to the outbreak of another major rebellion in 774. The revolt was suppressed in the
1957:
1747:
1323:
1892:
1882:
2994:
2928:
2868:
2443:
2248:
2122:
888:
3197:
2934:
2895:
2826:
2178:
3733:. A History of the Armenian People, Volume I: Pre-History to 1500 AD, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa, 1993, Pp. 174.
2946:
2808:
2529:
as the presiding prince of Armenia, an act which essentially re-confirmed the country's autonomy within the Caliphate.
1867:
3991:
2883:
2537:
2455:
2196:
2067:
1972:
1827:
3960:
2877:
2754:
2712:
2518:
818:
2907:
3595:
2982:
2922:
2901:
2766:
2663:
2576:. In its aftermath, the Caliphate tightened its grip on the Transcaucasian provinces: the nobility of neighbouring
2383:
2276:
2234:
2127:
2037:
1997:
2976:
2705:
2700:
2790:
2674:
2256:
2147:
2022:
302:
143:
3503:
2853:
2820:
4047:
3574:
3534:
3192:
3039:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2478:
2319:
2280:
1567:
1872:
1847:
3519:
A. Ter-Ghevondyan's "Chronology of the Ostikans of Arminiya," Patma-banasirakan handes (1977) 1, pp. 117-128.
2247:
According to the Arabic sources, the first Arab expedition reached Armenia in 639/640, on the heels of their
2970:
2832:
2396:
2182:
2057:
1771:
1313:
3111:
3099:
3051:
2291:, the capital of the former Persian portion of Armenia. Dvin capitulated after a few days of siege, as did
3063:
2736:
2724:
2668:
2648:
2577:
2470:
2419:
2354:
2296:
1790:
1751:
1418:
1363:
289:
4016:
3117:
2889:
2092:
2032:
1408:
2653:
4021:
3900:
3069:
2796:
1552:
1433:
4006:
4001:
3865:
3835:
3724:
Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001, Pp. 341.
3681:
3671:
3141:
3129:
3123:
3105:
3093:
2988:
2913:
2814:
2760:
2748:
2694:
2565:
2526:
2492:
2411:
2288:
2167:
1860:
1781:
1642:
958:
653:
160:
83:
3540:
The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
3407:
Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001, 107, map 81.
3880:
3850:
3820:
3730:
3627:
Between Islam and Byzantium: Aght'amar and the Visual Construction of Medieval Armenian Rulership
3135:
3087:
3075:
2616:
2604:
2553:
2326:
Armenian histories report that the Arabs first arrived in 642, penetrating the central region of
2140:
2080:
2047:
1977:
1962:
1947:
1836:
1815:
1348:
1113:
998:
858:
583:
518:
3739:
938:
2560:
revoking the privileges and abolishing the subsidies paid to the various Armenian princes (the
2342:
4042:
3955:
3925:
3915:
3711:
3689:
3685:
3630:
3613:
3544:
3238:
3230:
3201:
3147:
3081:
2841:
2597:
2581:
2549:
2466:
2423:
2415:
2335:
2304:
2272:
2268:
2117:
2112:
2042:
1987:
1807:
1755:
1712:
1458:
1303:
908:
548:
538:
528:
413:
275:
261:
124:
3996:
3986:
3935:
3815:
3605:
3226:
3166:
3057:
3045:
3033:
2407:
2331:
2308:
2252:
2027:
2010:
1992:
1887:
1612:
1608:
1597:
1578:
1223:
1203:
1123:
918:
798:
723:
713:
663:
593:
493:
443:
316:
2603:
Despite several insurrections, the Emirate of Armenia lasted until 884, when the Bagratuni
2521:
in the 720s and 730s. As a result, in 732, governor Marwan ibn Muhammad (the future Caliph
376:
3890:
3845:
3660:
3507:
2487:
2482:
2260:
2186:
2107:
2102:
2052:
1940:
1803:
1799:
1785:
1728:
1548:
1518:
1378:
1283:
1273:
1183:
1163:
1053:
988:
948:
928:
838:
763:
753:
703:
673:
613:
603:
483:
433:
330:
247:
129:
743:
2279:. The Arabs first moved against the western, Byzantine portion of the country, captured
3965:
3910:
3810:
3590:
3582:
3027:
2958:
2608:
2334:
and forced back. After this success, Rshtuni was recognized as ruler of Armenia by the
2062:
1952:
1623:
1533:
1477:
1253:
1143:
1073:
773:
1818:
covering much of southern Caucasia and the subsequent Kūst-i Kapkōh of the Sāsānians).
4036:
3830:
3609:
3586:
3570:
3558:
1967:
1503:
1008:
868:
213:
3727:
Garbis Armen. Historical Atlas of Armenia. A. N. E. C., New York, 1987, Pp. 52.
3675:
3188:"Հայաստանի Օստիկանության սահմանները [Borders of the Vicegerency of Arminia]"
4011:
3940:
3920:
3701:
3566:
3562:
1507:
978:
733:
147:
139:
3705:
3538:
3950:
3930:
3860:
3840:
3001:
2358:
2338:
1897:
1367:
1133:
1043:
828:
683:
633:
173:
152:
1770:
in exchange for tribute and the Armenians' loyalty during times of war, Caliph
3885:
3790:
3657:
The History of the Armenian People: From the remotest times to the present day
3518:
3021:
2593:
2573:
2474:
1653:
1293:
1263:
1093:
898:
463:
3693:
3617:
3242:
3205:
104:
91:
3945:
3855:
2772:
2557:
2522:
1982:
1763:
1759:
1638:
1593:
1563:
1488:
1473:
878:
848:
693:
453:
393:
73:
3664:
2283:
and defeated a Byzantine army, before subduing the Armenian princes around
1758:, following their conquest of these regions in the 7th century. Though the
2434:), which was rebuilt by the Arabs and served as the seat of the governor (
3905:
3895:
3870:
3805:
3800:
3647:
L'Arménie entre Byzance et l'Islam: depuis la conquête arabe jusqu'en 886
2589:
2461:
2366:
2350:
2284:
1912:
1811:
1422:
1193:
1153:
1103:
1063:
968:
623:
473:
344:
208:
3710:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
3970:
3875:
2612:
2327:
2162:
1902:
1776:
1582:
1492:
1462:
1397:
1243:
1233:
1213:
1173:
1083:
1018:
808:
423:
70:
66:
2556:, a period of repression was inaugurated. This was followed by Caliph
2438:) and of an Arab garrison. For much of the remaining Umayyad period,
3795:
3500:
2637:
2541:
2388:
2315:
2292:
2264:
1927:
1922:
1907:
1740:
1657:
1537:
1393:
403:
62:
3736:
John Douglas. The Armenians, J. J. Winthrop Corp., New York, 1992.
2240:
1917:
1743:
1627:
1382:
1352:
2349:) and cemented their control of the country by taking Rhstuni to
3785:
3283:
3281:
2300:
1877:
1522:
3743:
3379:
3377:
1814:
into a large regional zone called Armīniya (cf. the Achaemenid
3337:
3335:
3333:
2641:
3364:
3362:
3187:
2491:), a title which in the 9th century, beginning probably with
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3268:
3266:
3264:
1846:
1739:), was a political and geographic designation given by the
2465:. The province was divided into four regions: Arminiya I (
2406:). Beginning in 700, the Caliph's brother and governor of
2659:
Al-Qasim ibn Rabi'a ibn Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt al-Thaqafi
4063:
States and territories disestablished in the 9th century
3543:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1774:
introduced direct Arab rule of the region, headed by an
4058:
States and territories established in the 7th century
2697:(c. 695–705), represented by the following deputies:
2544:
of the Abbasid Caliphate, minted in Arminiya province
3659:, Barry, Ernest F., trans., Boston: Hairenik Press,
2611:
of the Abbasid dynasty in 885 and Byzantine Emperor
2446:(Upper Mesopotamia) under a single governor into an
2239:
The details of the early conquest of Armenia by the
3979:
3778:
207:
193:
183:
169:
159:
135:
120:
79:
57:
21:
3501:Arab Governors (Ostikans) of Arminiya, 8th Century
3220:
2636:These are reported as governors under the Caliphs
2588:clans was filled by two other great families, the
2318:, partly corroborated by the Byzantine chronicler
2495:, evolved into the title of "prince of princes" (
2395:The situation changed in the reign of the caliph
2353:, where he died in 656, and appointing his rival
2499:). Acting as the head of the other princes, the
2357:in his stead. However, with the outbreak of the
3150:Աշոտ Ա Հայոց Արքայ, Աշոտ Ե իշխան Հայոց, 862–884
2299:. During the same time, another Arab army from
1796:
3488:
3464:
3383:
3341:
2430:(الارمينيا), with its capital at Dvin (Arabic
3755:
2874:Ahmad ibn Yazid ibn Usayd al-Sulami (795–797)
2644:(r. 656–661), as well as the early Umayyads:
2204:
1685:
8:
2859:Al-Abbas ibn Jarir ibn Yazid al-Bajali (794)
2426:) was grouped into one vast province called
3440:
3428:
3395:
3368:
3324:
3312:
3287:
3272:
3255:
3762:
3748:
3740:
3596:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2229:Early period: the Arab conquest of Armenia
2211:
2197:
1821:
1692:
1678:
366:
37:
18:
3604:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 634–640.
2536:
2481:). The local nobility was headed, as in
1810:practice by organising most of southern
3476:
3452:
3353:
3178:
2935:Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani
2442:was usually grouped with Arran and the
1835:
1824:
369:
2937:(813–?) (828–832), (841), (c. 842–844)
2373:Establishment of direct Muslim control
4083:Subdivisions of the Umayyad Caliphate
4078:Subdivisions of the Abbasid Caliphate
3677:The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia
3416:
2303:, under Salman ibn Rabi'a, conquered
192:
182:
178:
7:
2453:Arminiya was governed by an emir or
1766:prince to represent the province of
370:Historical Arab states and dynasties
1732:
2803:Yazid ibn Asid ibn Zafir al-Sulami
2779:Yazid ibn Asid ibn Zafir al-Sulami
14:
3707:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025
2787:Salih ibn Subai al-Kindi (c. 767)
2497:իշխանաց իշխան, ishkhanac' ishkhan
2473:), Arminiya III (the area around
3771:States in late medieval Anatolia
3610:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0064
3229:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
3222:"Georgia, Georgians, until 1300"
2997:(870–875, nominally until 882/3)
2863:Musa ibn Isa ibn Musa al-Hashimi
2773:Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad
791:Western dynasties and caliphates
375:
349:
335:
321:
307:
282:
268:
254:
240:
3650:(in French). Paris: De Boccard.
3072:Գրիգոր Ա Մամիկոնեան, 662–684/85
2941:Muhammad ibn Khalid al-Shaybani
2713:Abd al-Aziz ibn Hatim al-Bahili
2572:families, most importantly the
2401:
2158:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
16:Province of the Arab Caliphates
3237:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
3066:Համազասպ Բ Մամիկոնեան, 655–658
2953:Yusuf ibn Abi Sa'id al-Marwazi
2908:Muhammad ibn Yazid al-Shaybani
2847:Umar ibn Ayyub al-Kinani (793)
2548:With the establishment of the
2485:times, by a presiding prince (
1:
3042:Վարազ Տիրոց Բ Բագրատունի, 645
2995:Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani
2947:Abu Sa'id Muhammad al-Marwazi
2929:Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi
2809:Uthman ibn 'Umara ibn Khuraym
2511:
1784:. According to the historian
61:Province (largely autonomous
47:
3198:Armenian Academy of Sciences
3196:(in Armenian) (1). Yerevan:
3186:Yeghiazaryan, Arman (2005).
3144:Բագրատ Բ Բագրատունի, 830–851
3120:Մուշէղ Բ Մամիկոնեան, 748–753
3102:Գրիգոր Բ Մամիկոնեան, 745–746
3015:Presiding princes of Armenia
2919:Sulayman ibn Yazid (807–808)
2896:Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani
2842:Al-Fadl ibn Yahya al-Barmaki
2827:Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani
2706:Abdallah ibn Hatim al-Bahili
2701:Uthman ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba
2669:Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi
1788:in the third edition of the
4068:States in medieval Anatolia
3992:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
3655:Morgan, Jacques de (1918),
3644:Laurent, Joseph L. (1919).
3629:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
3132:Սմբատ Է Բագրատունի, 761–775
3126:Սահակ Է Բագրատունի, 755–761
3090:Սմբատ Զ Բագրատունի, 691–711
2884:Nasr ibn Habib al-Muhallabi
2791:Bakkar ibn Muslim al-Uqayli
1973:Christianization of Armenia
511:Arab empires and caliphates
105:40.00468611°N 44.57917000°E
43:Map of the Caucasus and of
4099:
3138:Աշոտ Դ Բագրատունի, 806–826
3108:Աշոտ Գ Բագրատունի, 746–748
3096:Աշոտ Գ Բագրատունի, 732–744
3084:Ներսէս Կամսարական, 689–691
3078:Աշոտ Բ Բագրատունի, 686–690
2923:Asad ibn Yazid al-Shaybani
2902:Asad ibn Yazid al-Shaybani
2869:Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Harashi
2854:Khalid ibn Yazid al-Sulami
2821:Yusuf ibn Rashid al-Sulami
2767:Ishaq ibn Muslim al-Uqayli
2664:Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri
2277:Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri
2235:Muslim conquest of Armenia
2232:
2038:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
1998:Muslim conquest of Armenia
3535:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
3506:October 29, 2013, at the
3219:Rapp, Stephen H. (2020).
3060:Թէոդորոս Ռշտունի, 654–655
3048:Թէոդորոս Ռշտունի, 654–655
3036:Թէոդորոս Ռշտունի, 638–645
2675:Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra
2627:Arab governors of Armenia
2263:and penetrated as far as
2257:Muslim conquest of Persia
2148:First Republic of Armenia
2023:Principality of Hamamshen
1893:Lchashen–Metsamor culture
1883:Trialeti–Vanadzor culture
1716:
303:Principality of Hamamshen
219:
203:
179:
144:Armenian Apostolic Church
36:
31:
3193:Patma-Banasirakan Handes
3114:Գրիգոր Բ Մամիկոնեան, 748
3054:Մուշէղ Բ Մամիկոնեան, 654
3040:Varaztirots II Bagratuni
3030:Դավիթ Սահառունի, 635–638
2977:al-Abbas ibn al-Musta'in
2878:Sa'id ibn Salm al-Bahili
2755:Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi
2743:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
2731:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
2719:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
2533:Abbasid period until 884
2369:as the economy revived.
2320:Theophanes the Confessor
2259:. The Arabs were led by
1717:Հայաստանի Օստիկանություն
819:Umayyad state of Córdoba
110:40.00468611; 44.57917000
26:Հայաստանի Օստիկանություն
3325:Canard & Cahen 1960
3313:Canard & Cahen 1960
3288:Canard & Cahen 1960
3273:Canard & Cahen 1960
3256:Canard & Cahen 1960
2983:Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz
2971:Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani
2833:Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi
2506:A census and survey of
2058:Principality of Khachen
1923:Urartu (Kingdom of Van)
1868:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
1851:Coat of Arms of Armenia
1772:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
1762:initially permitted an
1721:Hayastani ostikanut'yun
65:principalities) of the
3235:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3064:Hamazasp IV Mamikonian
3024:Մժեժ Բ Գնունի, 628–635
2737:Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah
2725:Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah
2649:Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman
2545:
2519:Second Arab–Khazar War
2359:First Muslim Civil War
2355:Hamazasp IV Mamikonian
2249:conquest of the Levant
1852:
1820:
1791:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1709:Ostikanate of Arminiya
290:Principality of Iberia
195:• Disestablished
23:Ostikanate of Arminiya
4073:Former principalities
4053:885 disestablishments
4017:Philaretos Brachamios
3118:Mushegh VI Mamikonian
3112:Gregory II Mamikonian
3100:Gregory II Mamikonian
3052:Mushegh IV Mamikonian
2967:al-Shaybani (857–862)
2890:Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan
2690:) installed at Dvin:
2623:an autonomous king.
2540:
2255:and the start of the
2033:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
1850:
1798:Early Arabs followed
1409:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1324:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
121:Common languages
3672:Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram
3625:Jones, Lynn (2007).
3070:Gregory I Mamikonian
2797:al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba
2163:Contemporary Armenia
1780:with his capital in
1707:, also known as the
4007:Knights Hospitaller
4002:Empire of Trebizond
3489:Ter-Ghewondyan 1976
3479:, pp. 213–215.
3465:Ter-Ghewondyan 1976
3431:, pp. 123–124.
3384:Ter-Ghewondyan 1976
3342:Ter-Ghewondyan 1976
3290:, pp. 636–637.
3258:, pp. 635–637.
3142:Bagrat II Bagratuni
3130:Smbat VII Bagratuni
3124:Sahak VII Bagratuni
3106:Ashot III Bagratuni
3094:Ashot III Bagratuni
3008:Muhammad ibn Khalid
2965:Muhammad ibn Khalid
2914:Khuzayma ibn Khazim
2815:Khuzayma ibn Khazim
2761:Marwan ibn Muhammad
2749:Marwan ibn Muhammad
2695:Muhammad ibn Marwan
2566:Battle of Bagrevand
2527:Ashot III Bagratuni
2493:Bagrat II Bagratuni
2412:Muhammad ibn Marwan
2168:Republic of Artsakh
1918:Nairi Confederation
1873:Kura–Araxes culture
386:Ancient Arab states
185:• Established
101: /
3881:Kadi Burhan al-Din
3731:George Bournoutian
3579:Lévi-Provençal, E.
3225:. In Fleet, Kate;
3136:Ashot IV Bagratuni
3088:Smbat VI Bagratuni
3076:Ashot II Bagratuni
2838:Abd al-Qadir (791)
2654:Mughira ibn Shu'ba
2617:Macedonian dynasty
2554:Abbasid Revolution
2546:
2501:ishkhanac' ishkhan
2287:and marching onto
2068:Kingdom of Cilicia
2048:Kingdom of Artsakh
2028:Kingdom of Armenia
2018:Emirate of Armenia
1978:Kingdom of Sophene
1958:Kingdom of Armenia
1948:Satrapy of Armenia
1853:
1725:Emirate of Armenia
1451:Current monarchies
1114:Sharifate of Mecca
584:Emirate of Tbilisi
574:Emirate of Armenia
424:Kingdom of Osroene
4030:
4029:
3717:978-0-520-20496-6
3686:Livraria Bertrand
3550:978-0-7914-1827-7
3491:, pp. 53ff..
3467:, pp. 21–22.
3398:, pp. 52–54.
3148:Ashot V Bagratuni
3082:Nerses Kamsarakan
3010:al-Shaybani (878)
2799:(770/771–773/774)
2682:Emirs (Ostikans)
2640:(r. 644–656) and
2582:Caucasian Albania
2550:Abbasid Caliphate
2467:Caucasian Albania
2416:Caucasian Albania
2336:Byzantine emperor
2305:Caucasian Albania
2295:further north in
2273:Salman ibn Rabi'a
2221:
2220:
2128:National movement
2118:Armenian genocide
2113:Armenian question
2043:Kingdom of Syunik
1988:Byzantine Armenia
1816:satrapy of Armina
1806:, and ultimately
1756:Caucasian Albania
1702:
1701:
1667:
1666:
1442:
1441:
1434:Tippu Tip's State
1332:
1331:
1304:Emirate of Beihan
1036:Arabian Peninsula
1027:
1026:
782:
781:
566:Eastern dynasties
557:
556:
502:
501:
414:Nabataean Kingdom
404:Kingdom of Lihyan
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
295:
294:
276:Albania (satrapy)
262:Byzantine Armenia
127:(native language)
4090:
3997:Empire of Nicaea
3987:Byzantine Empire
3980:Christian states
3936:Sultanate of Rum
3764:
3757:
3750:
3741:
3721:
3697:
3682:Nina G. Garsoïan
3680:. Translated by
3667:
3651:
3640:
3621:
3554:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3441:Blankinship 1994
3438:
3432:
3429:Blankinship 1994
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3396:Blankinship 1994
3393:
3387:
3381:
3372:
3369:Blankinship 1994
3366:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3291:
3285:
3276:
3270:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3183:
3167:Islam in Armenia
3058:Theodore Rshtuni
3046:Theodore Rshtuni
3034:Theodore Rshtuni
2989:Abi'l-Saj Devdad
2784:Sulayman (755–?)
2516:
2513:
2477:), Arminiya IV (
2471:Caucasian Iberia
2469:), Arminiya II (
2450:super-province.
2405:
2403:
2332:Theodore Rshtuni
2297:Caucasian Iberia
2213:
2206:
2199:
2081:Early modern age
1993:Sasanian Armenia
1840:
1822:
1804:Parthian Arsacid
1752:Caucasian Iberia
1746:to the lands of
1734:
1718:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1455:
1454:
1419:Nabahani dynasty
1364:Nabahani dynasty
1349:Makhzumi dynasty
1345:
1344:
1040:
1039:
795:
794:
594:Emirate of Crete
570:
569:
515:
514:
494:Kingdom of Kinda
444:Kingdom of Hatra
394:Kingdom of Qedar
390:
389:
379:
367:
353:
352:
339:
338:
325:
324:
317:Bagratid Armenia
311:
310:
299:
298:
286:
285:
272:
271:
258:
257:
244:
243:
237:
236:
221:
220:
116:
115:
113:
112:
111:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
52:
49:
41:
19:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4048:Former emirates
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4022:Zaccaria family
3975:
3774:
3768:
3718:
3700:
3670:
3654:
3643:
3637:
3624:
3557:
3551:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3513:
3508:Wayback Machine
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3419:, pp. 1–2.
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3294:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3231:Rowson, Everett
3218:
3217:
3213:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3162:Greater Armenia
3158:
3153:
3017:
2684:
2634:
2632:Early governors
2629:
2535:
2514:
2510:was undertaken
2400:
2375:
2271:in 645, led by
2261:Iyad ibn Ghanim
2237:
2231:
2226:
2217:
2173:
2172:
2153:Armenian S.S.R.
2143:
2133:
2132:
2123:Western Armenia
2108:Armenian Oblast
2103:Russian Armenia
2098:Ottoman Armenia
2088:Iranian Armenia
2083:
2073:
2072:
2053:Zakarid Armenia
2013:
2003:
2002:
1963:Armenian Empire
1943:
1933:
1932:
1863:
1838:
1831:
1786:Stephen H. Rapp
1748:Greater Armenia
1737:imārat armīniya
1698:
1669:
1668:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1379:Mahdali dynasty
1342:
1334:
1333:
1274:Muscat and Oman
1044:Imamate of Oman
1037:
1029:
1028:
792:
784:
783:
567:
559:
558:
512:
504:
503:
434:Emesene Dynasty
387:
350:
336:
331:Bagratid Iberia
322:
308:
283:
269:
255:
248:Persian Armenia
241:
196:
186:
151:
128:
109:
107:
103:
100:
95:
92:
90:
88:
87:
86:
53:
50:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4096:
4094:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3911:Ottoman Empire
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3811:Candaroğulları
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3716:
3698:
3668:
3652:
3641:
3636:978-0754638520
3635:
3622:
3575:Kramers, J. H.
3571:Gibb, H. A. R.
3559:Canard, Marius
3555:
3549:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3511:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3455:, p. 213.
3445:
3443:, p. 153.
3433:
3421:
3409:
3400:
3388:
3373:
3371:, p. 107.
3358:
3356:, p. 211.
3346:
3329:
3327:, p. 637.
3317:
3315:, p. 636.
3292:
3277:
3275:, p. 635.
3260:
3248:
3227:Krämer, Gudrun
3211:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3028:David Saharuni
3025:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2959:Bugha al-Kabir
2956:
2950:
2944:
2943:(c. 842/844–?)
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2600:in the north.
2592:in the south (
2534:
2531:
2488:իշխան, ishkhan
2404: 685–705
2374:
2371:
2281:Theodosiopolis
2233:Main article:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2093:Five Melikdoms
2090:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2063:Mongol Armenia
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1878:Legend of Hayk
1875:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:Ras al Khaymah
1470:
1469:
1466:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1394:Mazrui dynasty
1390:
1389:
1386:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
995:
994:
991:
985:
984:
981:
975:
974:
971:
965:
964:
961:
955:
954:
951:
945:
944:
941:
935:
934:
931:
925:
924:
921:
915:
914:
911:
905:
904:
901:
895:
894:
891:
885:
884:
881:
875:
874:
871:
865:
864:
861:
855:
854:
851:
845:
844:
841:
835:
834:
831:
825:
824:
821:
815:
814:
811:
809:Fihrid Emirate
805:
804:
801:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
780:
779:
776:
770:
769:
766:
760:
759:
756:
750:
749:
746:
740:
739:
736:
730:
729:
726:
720:
719:
716:
710:
709:
706:
700:
699:
696:
690:
689:
686:
680:
679:
676:
670:
669:
666:
660:
659:
656:
650:
649:
646:
640:
639:
636:
630:
629:
626:
620:
619:
616:
610:
609:
606:
600:
599:
596:
590:
589:
586:
580:
579:
576:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
555:
554:
551:
545:
544:
541:
535:
534:
531:
525:
524:
521:
513:
510:
509:
506:
505:
500:
499:
496:
490:
489:
486:
480:
479:
476:
470:
469:
466:
460:
459:
456:
450:
449:
446:
440:
439:
436:
430:
429:
426:
420:
419:
416:
410:
409:
406:
400:
399:
396:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
372:
371:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
347:
341:
340:
333:
327:
326:
319:
313:
312:
305:
296:
293:
292:
287:
279:
278:
273:
265:
264:
259:
251:
250:
245:
233:
232:
227:
217:
216:
211:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
171:
170:Historical era
167:
166:
163:
157:
156:
137:
133:
132:
122:
118:
117:
96:44°34′45.012″E
81:
77:
76:
59:
55:
54:
42:
34:
33:
29:
28:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4095:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Danishmendids
3829:
3827:
3826:Çubukoğulları
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:Muslim states
3777:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3702:Whittow, Mark
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3563:Cahen, Claude
3560:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3386:, p. 21.
3385:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3344:, p. 20.
3343:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3022:Mjej II Gnuni
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2835:(788–791) (?)
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2805:(773/774–778)
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2228:
2223:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Roman Armenia
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Armenia Minor
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:إمارة أرمينية
1730:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:Umm al-Quwain
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
990:
987:
986:
982:
980:
977:
976:
972:
970:
967:
966:
962:
960:
957:
956:
952:
950:
947:
946:
942:
940:
937:
936:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
920:
917:
916:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
900:
897:
896:
892:
890:
887:
886:
882:
880:
877:
876:
872:
870:
869:Muslim Sicily
867:
866:
862:
860:
857:
856:
852:
850:
847:
846:
842:
840:
837:
836:
832:
830:
827:
826:
822:
820:
817:
816:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
800:
797:
796:
788:
787:
777:
775:
772:
771:
767:
765:
762:
761:
757:
755:
752:
751:
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
735:
732:
731:
727:
725:
722:
721:
717:
715:
712:
711:
707:
705:
702:
701:
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
685:
682:
681:
677:
675:
672:
671:
667:
665:
662:
661:
657:
655:
652:
651:
647:
645:
642:
641:
637:
635:
632:
631:
627:
625:
622:
621:
617:
615:
612:
611:
607:
605:
602:
601:
597:
595:
592:
591:
587:
585:
582:
581:
577:
575:
572:
571:
563:
562:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
520:
517:
516:
508:
507:
498:450 AD–550 AD
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
485:
482:
481:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
455:
452:
451:
447:
445:
442:
441:
438:64 BC–300s AD
437:
435:
432:
431:
428:132 BC–244 AD
427:
425:
422:
421:
418:400 BC–106 AD
417:
415:
412:
411:
408:600 BC–100 BC
407:
405:
402:
401:
398:800 BC–300 BC
397:
395:
392:
391:
383:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
348:
346:
343:
342:
334:
332:
329:
328:
320:
318:
315:
314:
306:
304:
301:
300:
297:
291:
288:
281:
280:
277:
274:
267:
266:
263:
260:
253:
252:
249:
246:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
218:
215:
212:
210:
209:ISO 3166 code
206:
202:
198:
188:
175:
172:
168:
164:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
126:
123:
119:
114:
93:40°0′16.870″N
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
46:
40:
35:
30:
20:
4012:Latin Empire
3941:Sahib Ataids
3921:Qara Qoyunlu
3773:(after 1071)
3706:
3676:
3656:
3646:
3626:
3601:
3594:
3539:
3514:
3496:
3484:
3477:Whittow 1996
3472:
3460:
3453:Whittow 1996
3448:
3436:
3424:
3412:
3403:
3391:
3354:Whittow 1996
3349:
3320:
3251:
3234:
3214:
3191:
3181:
2793:(c. 769–770)
2687:
2685:
2635:
2621:
2602:
2585:
2569:
2561:
2547:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2397:Abd al-Malik
2394:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2363:
2346:
2325:
2313:
2246:
2238:
2017:
1903:Arme–Shupria
1797:
1789:
1775:
1767:
1736:
1724:
1720:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1663:1921–present
1648:1900–present
1633:1868–present
1618:1833–present
1603:1810–present
1588:1783–present
1573:1775–present
1558:1761–present
1543:1752–present
1528:1749–present
1513:1744–present
1508:Saudi Arabia
1498:1727–present
1483:1727–present
1468:1631–present
573:
478:300s–500s AD
230:Succeeded by
229:
224:
148:Paulicianism
140:Christianity
44:
3961:Tanrıbermiş
3956:Tacettinids
3951:Sarukhanids
3931:Shah-Armens
3916:Pervâneoğlu
3901:Mengüjekids
3861:Germiyanids
3841:Dulkadirids
3591:Pellat, Ch.
3583:Schacht, J.
3200:: 243–258.
3002:Al-Mufawwid
2609:Al-Mu'tamid
2428:al-Arminiya
2339:Constans II
2269:Adharbayjan
2011:Middle Ages
1898:Hayasa-Azzi
1837:History of
1368:Pate Island
1341:East Africa
1134:Sulaymanids
1074:Ukhaidhirds
859:Sulaymanids
829:Muhallabids
734:Munqidhites
634:Shirvanshah
488:300s–602 AD
458:196–1100 AD
448:100s–241 AD
225:Preceded by
174:Middle Ages
153:Sunni Islam
108: /
4037:Categories
3926:Ramadanids
3886:Karamanids
3836:Dilmachids
3791:Aq Qoyunlu
3684:. Lisbon:
3567:"Armīniya"
3417:Jones 2007
2596:) and the
2594:Vaspurakan
2574:Mamikonian
2552:after the
2515: 725
2475:Aras River
2253:Byzantines
2141:Modern age
1861:Prehistory
1808:Achaemenid
1654:Hashemites
1609:Al Maktoum
1579:Al Khalifa
1264:Upper Yafa
1254:Ya'arubids
1094:Qarmatians
979:Sumadihids
468:220–638 AD
464:Ghassanids
161:Government
74:Caliphates
51: 740
3946:Saltukids
3856:Eshrefids
3821:Chobanids
3694:490638192
3674:(1976) .
3618:495469456
3600:Volume I:
3587:Lewis, B.
3243:1873-9830
3206:0135-0536
3004:(875–878)
2991:(867–870)
2985:(866–867)
2979:(863–865)
2973:(862–863)
2961:(852–855)
2955:(851–852)
2949:(849–851)
2910:(802–803)
2904:(801–802)
2898:(799–801)
2880:(797–799)
2865:(794–795)
2856:(793–794)
2844:(791–793)
2829:(787–788)
2823:(786–787)
2817:(785–786)
2811:(778–785)
2781:(753–755)
2775:(750–753)
2769:(744–750)
2763:(735–744)
2757:(733–735)
2751:(732–733)
2745:(730–732)
2739:(729–730)
2733:(725–729)
2727:(721–725)
2721:(709–721)
2715:(706–709)
2677:(ca. 686)
2671:(ca. 657)
2598:Bagratuni
2562:nakharars
2558:al-Mansur
2523:Marwan II
2462:nakharars
2343:Maurianos
2251:from the
2187:Etymology
1983:Commagene
1941:Antiquity
1723:) or the
1639:Al Sharqi
1594:Al Nuaimi
1564:Al Mualla
1553:Abu Dhabi
1549:Al Nahyan
1489:Al Qasimi
1474:Al Qasimi
1438:1860–1887
1428:1858–1895
1413:1856–1964
1403:1746–1828
1388:1277–1495
1373:1203–1894
1328:1926–1970
1318:1906–1934
1308:1903–1967
1298:1858–1967
1294:Qu'aitids
1288:1836–1921
1284:Rashidids
1278:1820–1970
1268:1800–1967
1258:1624–1742
1248:1597–1872
1238:1463–1521
1228:1454–1526
1218:1395–1967
1214:Kathirids
1208:1305–1487
1204:Jarwanids
1198:1253–1320
1188:1229–1454
1178:1159–1174
1168:1154–1624
1164:Nabhanids
1158:1083–1174
1148:1076–1253
1138:1063–1174
1128:1047–1138
1124:Sulayhids
1023:1837–1969
1019:Senussids
1013:1554–1659
1003:1230–1492
993:1049–1078
983:1041–1091
973:1039–1110
963:1031–1091
959:Jawharids
953:1027–1063
949:Muzaynids
943:1026–1057
939:Hammudids
933:1023–1062
929:Yahsubids
923:1023–1091
913:1020–1086
903:1013–1039
893:1012–1051
883:1004–1412
849:Aghlabids
778:1697–1842
768:1517–1865
758:1480–1677
748:1517–1697
738:1025–1157
728:1024–1080
724:Mirdasids
714:Numayrids
694:Jarrahids
684:Mazyadids
664:Hamdanids
654:Hashimids
614:Habbarids
604:Dulafids
454:Tanukhids
136:Religion
4043:Arminiya
3906:Menteshe
3891:Karasids
3871:Hamidids
3866:Hacıemir
3851:Erzincan
3846:Eretnids
3806:Aydinids
3801:Artuqids
3704:(1996).
3665:5788153M
3593:(eds.).
3565:(1960).
3537:(1994).
3504:Archived
3233:(eds.).
3156:See also
2931:(c. 813)
2925:(c. 810)
2619:in 886.
2590:Artsruni
2586:nakharar
2570:nakharar
2525:) named
2508:Arminiya
2483:Sasanian
2440:Arminiya
2422:(modern
2384:Arsacids
2379:de facto
2367:Caucasia
2351:Damascus
2347:Qaliqala
2285:Lake Van
2179:Timeline
1828:a series
1826:Part of
1812:Caucasia
1800:Sāsānian
1768:Arminiya
1764:Armenian
1713:Armenian
1705:Arminiya
1643:Fujairah
1624:Al Thani
1534:Al Sabah
1423:Wituland
1358:896–1279
1314:Idrisids
1244:Qasimids
1224:Tahirids
1194:Usfurids
1184:Rasulids
1154:Zurayids
1118:968–1925
1104:Wajihids
1098:899–1077
1088:897–1962
1078:865–1066
1064:Yufirids
1058:819–1138
1054:Ziyadids
1048:751–1970
989:Tahirids
919:Abbadids
899:Tujibids
873:831–1091
839:Idrisids
823:756–1031
803:710–1019
799:Salihids
764:Harfushs
754:Turabays
718:990–1081
708:990–1096
704:Uqaylids
698:970–1107
688:961–1150
678:955–1071
674:Rawadids
668:890–1004
658:869–1075
638:861–1538
624:Kaysites
618:854–1011
588:736–1122
553:909–1171
549:Fatimids
543:750–1258
539:Abbasids
529:Umayyads
519:Rashidun
484:Lakhmids
474:Salihids
345:Kaysites
165:Monarchy
125:Armenian
45:Arminiya
3971:Tzachas
3876:Inalids
3528:Sources
3000:Ja'far
2916:(803–?)
2850:? (793)
2688:ostikan
2615:of the
2613:Basil I
2605:Ashot I
2436:ostikan
2424:Georgia
2389:dirhams
2328:Ayrarat
2224:History
2183:Origins
1839:Armenia
1777:ostikan
1760:caliphs
1583:Bahrain
1519:Al Said
1504:Al Saud
1493:Sharjah
1463:Morocco
1459:'Alawis
1398:Mombasa
1234:Jabrids
1174:Mahdids
1144:Uyunids
1108:926–965
1084:Rassids
1068:847–997
1009:Saadids
999:Nasrids
909:Amirids
889:Bakrids
879:Kanzids
863:814–922
853:800–909
843:788–974
833:771–793
813:745-757
774:Shihabs
744:Ma'nids
648:864–928
644:Alavids
628:860–964
608:840–897
598:824–961
578:654–884
533:661–750
523:632–661
155:(state)
80:Capital
71:Abbasid
67:Umayyad
32:654–884
3796:Alaiye
3714:
3692:
3663:
3633:
3616:
3589:&
3561:&
3547:
3241:
3204:
2638:Uthman
2578:Iberia
2542:Dirham
2448:ad hoc
2444:Jazira
2420:Iberia
2316:Sebeos
2293:Tiflis
2265:Bitlis
1928:Etiuni
1908:Mushki
1888:Armani
1830:on the
1754:, and
1741:Muslim
1729:Arabic
1658:Jordan
1538:Kuwait
969:Hudids
130:Arabic
63:vassal
58:Status
3896:Ladik
3816:Canik
3569:. In
3173:Notes
2892:(799)
2886:(799)
2871:(795)
2479:Taron
2432:Dabil
2408:Arran
2309:Arran
2241:Arabs
1913:Urumu
1744:Arabs
1628:Qatar
1613:Dubai
1598:Ajman
1383:Kilwa
1353:Shewa
3966:Teke
3786:Ahis
3712:ISBN
3690:OCLC
3631:ISBN
3614:OCLC
3545:ISBN
3239:ISSN
3202:ISSN
2456:wali
2418:and
2301:Iraq
2289:Dvin
1782:Dvin
1523:Oman
84:Dvin
69:and
3606:doi
3602:A–B
2642:Ali
2311:).
199:884
189:654
4039::
3688:.
3661:OL
3612:.
3598:.
3585:;
3581:;
3577:;
3573:;
3376:^
3361:^
3332:^
3295:^
3280:^
3263:^
3190:.
2512:c.
2410:,
2402:r.
2185:•
2181:•
1802:,
1750:,
1735:,
1731::
1719:,
1715::
214:AM
146:,
48:c.
3763:e
3756:t
3749:v
3720:.
3696:.
3639:.
3620:.
3608::
3553:.
3245:.
3208:.
2399:(
2307:(
2212:e
2205:t
2198:v
1794::
1727:(
1711:(
1693:e
1686:t
1679:v
1660:)
1656:(
1645:)
1641:(
1630:)
1626:(
1615:)
1611:(
1600:)
1596:(
1585:)
1581:(
1570:)
1566:(
1555:)
1551:(
1540:)
1536:(
1525:)
1521:(
1510:)
1506:(
1495:)
1491:(
1480:)
1476:(
1465:)
1461:(
1425:)
1421:(
1400:)
1396:(
1385:)
1381:(
1370:)
1366:(
1355:)
1351:(
150:)
142:(
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