356:
treatment schedule, a cytotoxic medication may be given, in addition to the glucocorticoid. Commonly used cytotoxic agents include azathioprine, methotrexate, or cyclophosphamide. The dose of glucocorticoid medication may be decreased if response to treatment is good. This medication may be reduced gradually once the disease becomes inactive, slowly tapering the dose (to allow the body time to adjust) until the medication may be stopped completely. Conversely, if the disease remains active, the medication will need to be increased. After six months, if the medication cannot be reduced in frequency to alternate days, or if in 12 months the medications cannot be stopped completely, then treatment is deemed to have failed.
60:
36:
154:
noninvasive, and does not expose patients to radiation. It is also used for long-term monitoring of disease progression in
Takayasu arteritis. Not all vascular lesions are visible on ultrasound, and the accuracy of the scan depends, to some extent, on the person reading the scan, as the results are observed in real time.
289:
This type of arteritis is most common in females, with a median age of 25 years. Takayasu arteritis is more common in women of Asian descent who are in their reproductive years. However, over the past decades, its incidence in Africa, Europe, and North
America has been increasing. Takayasu arteritis
137:
Diagnosis of arteritis is based on unusual medical symptoms. Similar symptoms may be caused by a number of other conditions, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome (both heritable disorders of connective tissue), tuberculosis, syphilis, spondyloarthropathies, Cogans' syndrome, Buerger's,
733:
Chevalet, P; Barrier, J. H.; Pottier, P; Magadur-Joly, G; Pottier, M. A.; Hamidou, M; Planchon, B; El Kouri, D; Connan, L; Dupond, J. L.; De
Wazieres, B; Dien, G; Duhamel, E; Grosbois, B; Jego, P; Le Strat, A; Capdeville, J; Letellier, P; Agron, L (2000). "A randomized, multicenter, controlled trial
280:
Giant cell arteritis contains two different types of arteritides that are almost indistinguishable from one another. It includes two types, temporal arteritis and
Takayasu arteritis. Both types contain an occupancy of medium- and larger-sized arteries which are categorized based on the infiltration
141:
Angiography is commonly used in the diagnosis of
Takayasu arteritis, especially in the advanced stages of the disease, when arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysms may be observed. However, angiography is a relatively invasive investigation, exposing patients to large doses of radiation, so is
359:
Pulsed therapy is an alternative method of administering the medications above, using much higher doses over a short period of time (a pulse), to reduce the inflammation within the arteries. Methylprednisolone, a glucocorticoid, is often used for pulse therapy; cyclophosphamide is an alternative.
153:
Ultrasonography is an ideal method of diagnosing patients in early stages of arteritis when inflammation in the vessel walls occurs. It can also show the blood flow within the blood vessels. Ultrasonography is a popular first-line investigation for diagnosis because it is relatively quick, cheap,
149:
Magnetic resonance angiography is used to diagnose
Takayasu arteritis in the early stages, showing changes such as the thickening of the vessel wall. Even small changes may be measured, making MRA a useful tool for monitoring disease progression without exposing patients to the radiation of direct
355:
The first-line treatment for arteritis is oral glucocorticoid (steroid) medication, such as prednisone, taken daily for a period of three months. After this initial phase, the medication may be reduced in dose or frequency, e.g. every other day, if possible. If the disease worsens with the new
298:
Temporal arteritis, the second type of giant cell arteritis, is also a chronic, inflammatory disease involving mid- to large-sized arteries. Temporal arteritis has a higher incidence in people of
Scandinavian descent. However, the incidence rate differs based on population, region and races.
145:
Computed tomography angiography can determine the size of the aorta and its surrounding branches, and can identify vessel wall lesions in middle to late stages of arteritis. CTA can also show the blood flow within the blood vessels. Like angiography, CTA exposes patients to high dosages of
290:
is an inflammatory disease that mainly affects the larger vessels such as the aorta and its surrounding branches. Research focused on
Takayasu arteritis in the western parts of the world remains limited. An estimation suggests that, each year, the number of cases per million people is 2.6.
834:
815:
138:
Behcet's, and
Kawasaki disease. Various imaging techniques may be used to diagnose and monitor disease progression. Imaging modalities may include direct angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and ultrasonography.
92:. Arteritis, a complex disorder, is still not entirely understood. Arteritis may be distinguished by its different types, based on the organ systems affected by the disease. A complication of arteritis is
1685:
376:
360:
This method has been shown to be successful for some patients. Immunosuppressive pulse therapy, such as with cyclophosphamide, has also demonstrated relief of symptoms associated with arteritis.
1929:
1678:
339:
Specific symptoms usually develop in the advanced stages of temporal arteritis. These symptoms can include damage to eyesight and sudden blindness in one or both eyes.
1924:
1671:
734:
using intravenous pulses of methylprednisolone in the initial treatment of simple forms of giant cell arteritis: A one year follow-up study of 164 patients".
899:
1472:
150:
angiography or CTA. MRA is an expensive investigation, and shows calcification of the aorta and distal branches less clearly than other imaging methods.
607:
Nagi-Miura, N; Harada, T; Shinohara, H; et al. (June 2006). "Lethal and severe coronary arteritis in DBA/2 mice induced by fungal pathogen, CAWS,
1901:
1244:
1249:
381:
1881:
663:
Chen, Chun-Hsiung; Kung, Shih-Ya; Tsai, Ying-Yang; Liao, Hsien-Tzung; Chou, Chung-Tei; Huang, De-Feng (2005). "Temporal
Arteritis".
1718:
1399:
1016:
1818:
1031:
892:
299:
Temporal arteritis is not uncommon in North America. The incidence rate is around 0.017% for individuals over 50 years of age.
1794:
1350:
342:
Polyarteritis nodosa of unknown mechanism can cause testicular pain. It is often associated with aneurysms and Hepatitis B.
1723:
1162:
1387:
1710:
1467:
1092:
1482:
1477:
1204:
1194:
207:
1886:
1583:
1234:
1209:
1026:
955:
885:
1695:
1608:
1551:
1199:
1152:
1002:
965:
704:
1360:
1355:
533:
Wen, Dan; Du, Xin; Ma, Chang-Sheng (1 December 2012). "Takayasu Arteritis: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis".
457:
Kerr GS, Hallahan CW, Giordano J, Leavitt RY, Fauci AS, Rottem M, Hoffman GS (June 1994). "Takayasu arteritis".
1760:
1593:
1406:
1179:
1157:
849:
142:
not recommended for routine, long-term monitoring of disease progression in patients with Takayasu arteritis.
1769:
1648:
1630:
1112:
1107:
1071:
1041:
1934:
1876:
1871:
1620:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1429:
1365:
1007:
908:
238:
230:
1866:
1738:
1625:
1370:
1229:
1221:
1189:
1076:
234:
1861:
1789:
1539:
1534:
1338:
1130:
275:
224:
201:
59:
1845:
1751:
1615:
1382:
838:
89:
1837:
1529:
1439:
1021:
778:
558:
482:
252:
184:
1320:
1269:
1169:
860:
743:
680:
628:
550:
474:
260:
An example of a secondary arteritis is arteritis caused by infection with the fungal pathogen
73:
48:
470:
1833:
1814:
1325:
974:
770:
713:
672:
620:
542:
466:
410:
262:
162:
Arteritis may be primary or secondary to some other disease process. The primary types are:
1896:
1756:
1728:
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1512:
1424:
1147:
1102:
982:
624:
242:
594:
1799:
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1416:
1279:
1239:
1174:
1135:
1046:
718:
699:
597:
Author: Christopher H Lee, MD. Coauthor(s): Jean Marie Hammel, MD. Updated: Sep 8, 2009
843:
676:
1918:
1434:
1097:
782:
486:
1765:
1575:
1487:
1302:
992:
935:
877:
562:
77:
53:
854:
546:
210:, other medium- and large-sized vessels, e.g. those supplying the head, eyes and
1781:
1640:
1036:
774:
211:
190:
865:
414:
1556:
1546:
1507:
1451:
1444:
1274:
824:
248:
217:
101:
93:
1891:
1310:
1051:
987:
926:
921:
828:
97:
85:
17:
747:
684:
632:
554:
302:
Symptoms of temporal arteritis are classified as specific and nonspecific.
478:
1746:
1524:
1126:
1063:
997:
948:
807:
204:, also often called temporal arteritis (although they differ slightly)
917:
819:
81:
1261:
35:
1293:
1667:
881:
403:
Perspectives in Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy
122:
Increased production of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
761:
Bose, P. (29 November 2012). "Takayasu's Arteritis".
797:
1854:
1831:
1780:
1737:
1709:
1702:
1639:
1574:
1565:
1500:
1460:
1415:
1319:
1301:
1292:
1260:
1220:
1125:
1085:
1062:
973:
964:
934:
916:
801:
763:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
582:
Stevens & Lowe: Pathology. At Fleshandbones.com
47:
28:
1930:Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries
578:
576:
574:
572:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
401:Hollier, L. H. (1 January 1989). "Arteritis".
1679:
893:
595:eMedicine Specialties > Temporal Arteritis
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
396:
394:
392:
390:
216:Lymphocytes, macrophages, and multinucleated
8:
590:
588:
112:Symptoms of general arteritis may include:
1706:
1686:
1672:
1664:
1571:
1473:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
1298:
970:
931:
900:
886:
878:
798:
700:"Answer: Can you identify this condition?"
665:Journal of the Chinese Medical Association
58:
34:
25:
717:
471:10.7326/0003-4819-120-11-199406010-00004
164:
369:
168:Comparison of major types of arteritis
1902:Congenital contractural arachnodactyly
1245:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
625:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.08.014
7:
1925:Systemic connective tissue disorders
1250:Generalized essential telangiectasia
96:, which can be fatal. Arteritis and
535:International Reviews of Immunology
189:Large vessels, including aorta and
14:
1400:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
1819:Mixed connective tissue disease
1795:Progressive systemic sclerosis
1351:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
698:Feilchenfeld, Zac (Nov 2011).
1:
1882:Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome
1163:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
1017:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
677:10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70170-4
1711:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1468:Chronic venous insufficiency
1093:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
547:10.3109/08830185.2012.740105
382:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1696:connective tissue disorders
1483:Inferior vena cava syndrome
1478:Superior vena cava syndrome
1205:Vertebral artery dissection
1195:Intracranial berry aneurysm
775:10.1136/jnnp-2012-304200a.2
736:The Journal of Rheumatology
318:Anorexia (loss of appetite)
208:Superficial temporal artery
1951:
1584:Hypertensive heart disease
1235:Arteriovenous malformation
1210:Familial aortic dissection
415:10.1177/153100358900200101
273:
15:
1810:
1724:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
1609:Renovascular hypertension
1552:Hepatic artery thrombosis
1200:Carotid artery dissection
1153:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
1003:Intermittent claudication
966:Peripheral artery disease
705:Canadian Family Physician
611:water-soluble fraction".
196:Histiocytes, giant cells
167:
84:, usually as a result of
42:
33:
1761:Juvenile dermatomyositis
1594:Hypertensive nephropathy
1407:Post-thrombotic syndrome
1388:Paget–Schroetter disease
1180:Coronary artery aneurysm
1158:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
335:Engorged, tender vessels
16:Not to be confused with
1770:Inclusion body myositis
1649:Orthostatic hypotension
1631:White coat hypertension
1108:Fibromuscular dysplasia
1072:Carotid artery stenosis
332:Claudication of the jaw
1887:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
1877:Eosinophilic fasciitis
1872:Polymyalgia rheumatica
1621:Pulmonary hypertension
1604:Secondary hypertension
1599:Essential hypertension
1589:Hypertensive emergency
1430:Portacaval anastomosis
1366:Portal vein thrombosis
1008:Critical limb ischemia
909:Cardiovascular disease
305:Nonspecific symptoms:
239:gastrointestinal tract
229:Medium-sized vessels,
1739:Inflammatory myopathy
1626:Systolic hypertension
1371:Renal vein thrombosis
1230:Arteriovenous fistula
1222:Vascular malformation
1190:Intracranial aneurysm
1077:Renal artery stenosis
1862:IgG4-related disease
1790:Systemic scleroderma
1540:Paradoxical embolism
1535:Cholesterol embolism
1361:May–Thurner syndrome
1356:Budd–Chiari syndrome
1339:Deep vein thrombosis
1334:primarily lower limb
1113:Raynaud's phenomenon
769:(Suppl 2): A1.2–A1.
281:of the giant cells.
276:Giant cell arteritis
270:Giant cell arteritis
225:Polyarteritis nodosa
202:Giant cell arteritis
90:autoimmune responses
1752:Dermatopolymyositis
1616:Benign hypertension
328:Specific symptoms:
1530:Pulmonary embolism
1440:Esophageal varices
1378:upper limb / torso
1022:Arteriolosclerosis
294:Temporal arteritis
285:Takayasu arteritis
253:fibrinoid necrosis
185:Takayasu arteritis
108:Signs and Symptoms
1912:
1911:
1827:
1826:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1501:Arteries or veins
1496:
1495:
1321:Venous thrombosis
1288:
1287:
1270:Cherry hemangioma
1170:Aortic dissection
1121:
1120:
956:Buerger's disease
875:
874:
712:(11): 1296–1297.
258:
257:
76:characterized by
74:vascular disorder
67:
66:
23:Medical condition
1942:
1867:Behçet's disease
1846:Sjögren syndrome
1834:hypersensitivity
1815:Overlap syndrome
1719:Drug-induced SLE
1707:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1665:
1572:
1383:Mondor's disease
1326:Thrombophlebitis
1299:
975:Arteriosclerosis
971:
932:
902:
895:
888:
879:
799:
787:
786:
758:
752:
751:
730:
724:
723:
721:
695:
689:
688:
660:
637:
636:
609:Candida albicans
604:
598:
592:
583:
580:
567:
566:
530:
491:
490:
459:Ann. Intern. Med
454:
419:
418:
398:
385:
374:
263:Candida albicans
165:
80:of the walls of
63:
62:
38:
26:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1897:Marfan syndrome
1850:
1823:
1806:
1776:
1757:Dermatomyositis
1733:
1729:Lupus nephritis
1698:
1692:
1662:
1653:
1635:
1561:
1518:Microangiopathy
1513:Macroangiopathy
1492:
1456:
1425:Gastric varices
1411:
1324:
1315:
1284:
1256:
1216:
1148:Aortic aneurysm
1134:
1117:
1103:Erythromelalgia
1081:
1058:
983:Atherosclerosis
960:
924:
912:
906:
876:
871:
870:
810:
796:
791:
790:
760:
759:
755:
732:
731:
727:
697:
696:
692:
662:
661:
640:
613:Atherosclerosis
606:
605:
601:
593:
586:
581:
570:
532:
531:
494:
456:
455:
422:
400:
399:
388:
375:
371:
366:
353:
348:
324:General malaise
312:Low grade fever
296:
287:
278:
272:
243:skeletal muscle
179:Histopathology
176:Affected organs
160:
135:
110:
57:
43:Artery (normal)
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1800:CREST syndrome
1797:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1567:Blood pressure
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1417:Varicose veins
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1328:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1280:Spider angioma
1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1262:Vascular nevus
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1240:Telangiectasia
1237:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1182:
1177:
1175:Aortic rupture
1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1140:
1138:
1136:pseudoaneurysm
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1047:Oxycholesterol
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
979:
977:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
953:
952:
951:
940:
938:
929:
914:
913:
907:
905:
904:
897:
890:
882:
873:
872:
869:
868:
857:
846:
831:
811:
806:
805:
803:
802:Classification
795:
794:External links
792:
789:
788:
753:
742:(6): 1484–91.
725:
690:
671:(7): 333–335.
638:
619:(2): 310–320.
599:
584:
568:
541:(6): 462–473.
492:
465:(11): 919–29.
420:
386:
368:
367:
365:
362:
352:
349:
347:
344:
337:
336:
333:
326:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
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295:
292:
286:
283:
274:Main article:
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109:
106:
65:
64:
51:
45:
44:
40:
39:
31:
30:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1947:
1936:
1935:Inflammations
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
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1435:Caput medusae
1433:
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1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
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1111:
1109:
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1101:
1099:
1098:Degos disease
1096:
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128:Reduced pulse
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
113:
107:
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100:are forms of
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
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71:
61:
55:
52:
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
27:
19:
1766:Polymyositis
1576:Hypertension
1488:Venous ulcer
1394:
1377:
1345:
1333:
1303:Inflammation
1184:
1143:
1032:Hyperplastic
993:Fatty streak
943:
936:Inflammation
859:
848:
833:
814:
766:
762:
756:
739:
735:
728:
709:
703:
693:
668:
664:
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538:
534:
462:
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406:
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380:
372:
358:
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341:
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327:
304:
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297:
288:
279:
261:
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212:optic nerves
161:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
116:Inflammation
111:
78:inflammation
69:
68:
54:Rheumatology
1782:Scleroderma
1641:Hypotension
1185:head / neck
1037:Cholesterol
927:capillaries
377:"Arteritis"
351:Medications
321:Weight loss
249:Neutrophils
237:, kidneys,
218:giant cells
146:radiation.
1919:Categories
1838:autoimmune
1557:Vasculitis
1547:Thrombosis
1508:Angiopathy
1452:Varicocele
1445:Hemorrhoid
1275:Halo nevus
1131:dissection
922:arterioles
861:DiseasesDB
409:(1): 1–8.
364:References
235:PNS damage
102:vasculitis
94:thrombosis
1892:fibrillin
1694:Systemic
1311:Phlebitis
1052:Trans fat
988:Foam cell
944:Arteritis
911:(vessels)
783:219209165
346:Treatment
173:Arteritis
133:Diagnosis
98:phlebitis
86:infection
70:Arteritis
49:Specialty
29:Arteritis
18:arthritis
1747:Myositis
1525:Embolism
1127:Aneurysm
1064:Stenosis
998:Atheroma
949:Aortitis
918:Arteries
748:10852275
685:16038374
633:16157343
555:23215768
487:21784938
315:Sweating
309:Headache
193:branches
82:arteries
1703:General
1346:abdomen
1027:Hyaline
855:D001167
719:3215611
563:5434700
479:7909656
245:, heart
125:Limping
1832:Other
781:
746:
716:
683:
631:
561:
553:
485:
477:
56:
1855:Other
1461:Other
1294:Veins
1144:torso
1086:Other
866:13750
844:447.6
825:I77.6
779:S2CID
559:S2CID
483:S2CID
158:Types
119:Fever
72:is a
1395:head
925:and
850:MeSH
839:9-CM
744:PMID
681:PMID
629:PMID
551:PMID
475:PMID
191:arch
1042:LDL
835:ICD
829:M31
816:ICD
771:doi
714:PMC
673:doi
621:doi
617:186
543:doi
467:doi
463:120
411:doi
379:at
231:CNS
88:or
1921::
1817:/
1768:*
1146::
1129:/
920:,
864::
853::
842::
827:,
823::
820:10
777:.
767:83
765:.
740:27
738:.
710:57
708:.
702:.
679:.
669:68
667:.
641:^
627:.
615:.
587:^
571:^
557:.
549:.
539:31
537:.
495:^
481:.
473:.
461:.
423:^
405:.
389:^
266:.
251:,
241:,
233:,
104:.
1836:/
1759:/
1687:e
1680:t
1673:v
1323:/
1133:/
901:e
894:t
887:v
837:-
818:-
808:D
785:.
773::
750:.
722:.
687:.
675::
635:.
623::
565:.
545::
489:.
469::
417:.
413::
407:2
20:.
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