486:
562:
217:
46:
33:
374:
exposure: the length increases with water velocity until a certain point, then decreases as waves become more intense. The fronds can reach 2 m in length and are attached by a holdfast to rocks and boulders. In rare cases, the fronds can reach 6m long. The fronds are olive-green, olive-brown in color and somewhat compressed, but without a midrib.
386:, either male or female. The gametes are produced in the spring in conceptacles embedded in yellowish receptacles on short branches. A year after the plant is fertilized and forms a zygote, the first frond grows, and at the beginning of year 2, an air bladder forms, which creates a way to age the plants.
457:
to moderately exposed coasts, and often it dominates the intertidal zone (although subtidal populations are known to exist in very clear waters). However, it is rarely found on exposed shores, and if it is found, the fronds are usually small and badly scratched. This seaweed grows quite slowly, 0.5%
858:
has been harvested for centuries and the harvest has been maintained at sustainable levels since the late 1940s. Harvest can be done manually: on foot at low tide using a knife or sickle or from a boat using a cutter rake. It can also be harvested mechanically using specifically designed boats. In
863:
will be harvested intensively (>50% of the biomass removed) and left fallow for 3-5 years. In Canada and in
Cobscook Bay, Maine, USA, only between 17-25% of the biomass of a management sector can be harvested annually. Under this harvest regime, beds can recover their harvested biomass within a
373:
with large, egg-shaped air bladders set in series at regular intervals along the fronds and not stalked. The air bladders create a way for fronds broken by wave exposure or other causes to be dispersed and regrow in other areas. While the fronds can reach up to 2 m, the length depends on wave
698:, it has been used in Greenland as a dietary supplement. It was also been used for certain herbal teas, particularly kelp teas. It has long been used as an organic and mainstream fertilizer for many varieties of crops due to its combination of both
679:
extracts can be used to control body weight in obese mice. There is potential for these extracts to be efficient in humans, but most studies focus on the effects in small rodents, so more testing needs to be done.
1397:
Seip K. L. "Mathematical models of rocky shore ecosystems". In: Jørgensen S. E. & Mitch W J. (Eds.) Application of ecological modelling in environmental management, Part B, Chap 13, pp 341-433.
1666:
van Dijken, Jan W. V.; Koistinen, S.; Ramberg, Per (2015). "A randomized controlled clinical study of the effect of daily intake of
Ascophyllum nodosum alga on calculus, plaque, and gingivitis".
1407:
Geiselman, J. A.; McConnell, O. J. (1981). "Polyphenols in brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and
Ascophyllum nodosum: Chemical defenses against the marine herbivorous snail, Littorina littorea".
1188:
Arbuckle, J., Beal, B., Brawley, S., Domizi, S., Mercer, L., Preston, D., Seaver, G., Sferra, N., Thayer, P., Ugarte, R., Vonderweidt, C. 2014. Fishery management plan for rockweed (
2144:
Melhus, A.; Seip, KL; Seip, HM; Myklestad, S. (1978). "A preliminary study of the use of benthic algae as biological indicators of heavy metal pollution in Sørfjorden, Norway".
2769:
2676:
1895:"Clinical Efficacy of Brown Seaweeds Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus in the Prevention or Delay Progression of the Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of Clinical Trials"
470:. Its distribution is also limited by salinity, wave exposure, temperature, desiccation, and general stress. It may take approximately five years before becoming fertile.
1834:
Xu, Yuhan; Jia, Xiuzhen; Zhang, Wei; Xie, Qiaoling; Zhu, Meizhen; Zhao, Zifu; Hao, Jingyu; Li, Haoqiu; Du, Jinrui; Liu, Yan; Feng, Haotian; He, Jian; Li, Hongwei (2023).
2538:
2449:
2390:
2331:
2284:
2944:
2983:
973:
778:, and proteins which are all very beneficial and widely used in agriculture. Ireland, Scotland and Norway have provided the world's principal alginate supply.
2010:
M. D. Guiry & D. J. Garbary (1991). "Geographical and
Taxonomic guide to European Seaweeds of Economic Importance". In M. D. Guiry & Blunden (ed.).
1981:
L. G. Lewis; N. F. Stanley; G. G. Guist (1988). "Commercial production and applications of algal hydrocolloides". In C. A. Lembi & J. R. Waaland (ed.).
854:
is commercially harvested in several countries, including Norway, Ireland, Scotland, France, Iceland, Canada and in USA. In some countries such as
Ireland,
629:
ends around Long Island, NY, on account of higher water temperatures when traveling farther south. It has been recorded as an accidental introduction near
458:
per day, carrying capacity is about 40 kg wet weight per square meter, and it may live for 10–15 years. It may typically overlap in distribution with
1759:"Effects of Edible Treats Containing Ascophyllum nodosum on the Oral Health of Dogs: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Single-Center Study"
1836:"The effects of Ascophyllum nodosum, Camellia sinensis-leaf extract, and their joint interventions on glycolipid and energy metabolism in obese mice"
2918:
665:, which are receptors on white blood cells that allow those cells to enter a tissue, causing inflammation. Since the fucoidans block inflammation,
2957:
2171:
Wang Y (2008). "Effects of phlorotannins from
Ascophyllum nodosum (brown seaweed) on in vitro ruminal digestion of mixed forage or barley grain".
868:
has been observed. Several studies have looked at the impact of the harvest on associated species and have found only limited short-term impacts.
3101:
3096:
3009:
2023:
1994:
1588:
1559:
1474:
1250:
1157:
1008:
952:
694:, and the manufacture of seaweed meal for animal and human consumption. Due to the high level of vitamins and minerals that bioaccumulate in
2704:
1504:
2467:) and associated epifaunal communities following cutter rake harvesting in Maine (Report). Department of Marine Resources, Maine, USA.
2905:
824:
absorbs cobalt, cadmium, lead, and indium metal ions out of the water. It has also been used to track environmental radioactivity.
2687:
3058:
2636:
B. M. Blinnabd; A. W. Diamonda; D. J. Hamiltonac (2008). "Factors
Affecting Selection of Brood-rearing Habitat by Common Eiders (
820:
for zinc has been reported to be of the order 10. It has been used in this way for over fifty years, and studies have shown that
2763:
1819:
Gawor, J; Jodkowska, K; Jank, M (2013). "Effects of an
Ascophyllum Nodosum Formulation on Oral Health Index in Dogs and Cats".
1717:
Wikner, S.; Timander, Christina; Bergström, J. (2007). "The systemic effect of a food additive on dental plaque and calculus".
1625:
A. W. Miller; A. L. Chang; N. Cosentino-Manning; G. M. Ruiz (2004). "A new record and eradication of the north
Atlantic alga
1466:
792:
itself has occasionally been introduced to
California, and several species frequently found in baitworm shipments, including
1604:
H. Stegenga; I. Mol; W. F. Prud'homme van Reine; G. M. Lokhorst (1997). "Checklist of the marine algae of the Netherlands".
2962:
2970:
1268:
2552:
1580:
944:
207:
910:
1193:
45:
1986:
1551:
1363:
Seip, K. L. (1980). "A mathematical model of competition and colonization in a community of marine benthic algae".
310:
has been used numerous times in scientific research and has even been found to benefit humans through consumption.
163:
2988:
2616:
446:
is found mostly on sheltered sites on shores in the midlittoral, where it can become the dominant species in the
816:
can be identified by its shoots, it has also been used to monitor concentrations of heavy metals in seawater. A
3091:
2249:(L.) Le Jol. plant morphology and biomass produced by cutter rake harvests in southern New Brunswick, Canada".
485:
2847:
1336:
Schonbeck, M. W.; Norton, T. A. (1980). "Factors controlling the lower limits of fucoid algae on the shore".
3086:
1242:
872:
Opponents of its wild harvest point to the alga's high habitat value for over 100 marine species, including
817:
699:
2871:
2809:
1893:
Keleszade, Enver; Patterson, Michael; Trangmar, Steven; Guinan, Kieran J.; Costabile, Adele (2021-01-30).
2298:
J.E. Johnston, H.N. Mittelstaedt, L.A. Braun, J.F. Muhlin, B.J. Olsen, H.M. Webber, A.J. Klemmer (2023).
2532:
2443:
2384:
2325:
2278:
1530:
622:
549:; however, as it only receives structural support from knotted wrack (not parasitically), it acts as an
186:
482:
serve as a flotation device, which allows sunlight to reach the plant better, aiding photosynthesis.
2202:(Fucaceae, Phaeophyceae) in Ireland, with notes on the collection and use of some other brown algae".
653:
can reduce inflammation and speed up healing, especially after a serious injury. Brown algae contains
561:
216:
3063:
2879:
2421:
2362:
2258:
2211:
2118:
2063:
2015:
1631:
1526:
1416:
1372:
1302:
1114:
1101:
Pereira, L; Morrison, L; Shukla, PS; Critchley, AT (2020). "A concise review of the brown macroalga
394:
Several different varieties and forms of this species have been described, including the two below.
800:
649:
has been proven to have dental benefits in humans, dogs and cats. In addition to dental benefits,
529:
3040:
2657:
2598:
2227:
1718:
1699:
1648:
1440:
1318:
1293:
521:
302:. Its range further south of these latitudes is limited by warmer ocean waters. It dominates the
40:
2861:
1966:
J. Norrie & D. A. Hiltz (1999). "Seaweed Extract Research and Applications in Agriculture".
2949:
2733:
2708:
3106:
3022:
2091:
2019:
1990:
1934:
1916:
1875:
1857:
1798:
1780:
1730:
1691:
1683:
1584:
1555:
1470:
1432:
1246:
1153:
1068:
1050:
1004:
948:
836:
670:
497:, which can then act as a food source for plankton consumers. The coverage created by mats of
460:
3050:
3027:
2649:
2590:
2520:
2468:
2429:
2370:
2311:
2266:
2219:
2180:
2153:
2126:
2081:
2071:
1924:
1906:
1865:
1847:
1788:
1770:
1675:
1640:
1424:
1380:
1345:
1310:
1122:
1058:
1040:
634:
410:
248:
2109:
Seip, K.L. (1979). "A mathematical model for the uptake of heavy metals in benthic algae".
2996:
2778:
1757:
Gawor, Jerzy; Jank, Michał; Jodkowska, Katarzyna; Klim, Emilia; Svensson, Ulla K. (2018).
1743:
1458:
1145:
794:
303:
2754:
2425:
2366:
2262:
2215:
2122:
2067:
1870:
1835:
1420:
1376:
1306:
1118:
2086:
2045:
1929:
1894:
1793:
1758:
1063:
1028:
771:
475:
466:
279:
83:
70:
3080:
2790:
2602:
2184:
2157:
2130:
1703:
1644:
1384:
1349:
1000:
715:
630:
614:
610:
590:
582:
447:
339:
299:
203:
2661:
2231:
1952:
1722:
1652:
1490:
1444:
2594:
2487:
1218:
S. Hiscock (1979). "A field key to the British brown seaweeds (Heterokontophyta)".
876:
873:
840:
767:
602:
512:
244:
240:
96:
32:
1194:
https://www.maine.gov/dmr/sites/maine.gov.dmr/files/docs/DMRRockweedFMPJan2014.pdf
2463:
T. Trott & P.F. Larsen (2008). Evaluation of short-term changes in rockweed (
2076:
1505:"Продукция Бурых Водорослей Ascophyllum Nodosum И Fucus Vesiculosus В Белом Море"
784:
is frequently used as packaging material for baitworm and lobster shipments from
3035:
2975:
2931:
2841:
2524:
2472:
2316:
2299:
785:
755:
606:
598:
594:
406:
126:
2832:
2653:
2434:
2405:
2375:
2346:
1126:
2556:
2300:"Bed-scale impact and recovery of a commercially important intertidal seaweed"
2270:
2223:
1911:
1852:
1679:
880:
775:
707:
691:
116:
1920:
1861:
1784:
1775:
1687:
1054:
864:
year, and no long term impact of the harvest on the biomass or morphology of
2910:
2892:
2856:
2745:
919:
747:
731:
723:
711:
578:
546:
422:
Cotton, which is found at very sheltered locations, such as at the heads of
295:
287:
57:
2507:
A. Phillippi, K. Tran, A. Perna (2014). "Does intertidal canopy removal of
2095:
1938:
1879:
1802:
1695:
1436:
1072:
2826:
2054:
1606:
763:
703:
687:
662:
654:
618:
550:
534:
501:
can serve as protection for several marine species, including barnacles (
427:
423:
291:
251:
146:
3001:
2351:
after two decades of continuous commercial harvesting in eastern Canada"
2923:
1428:
1322:
884:
759:
719:
574:
566:
542:
454:
431:
369:
has long tough and leathery fronds, irregularly dichotomously branched
322:
236:
136:
106:
2245:
R.A. Ugarte, G. sharp, B. Moore (2006). "Changes in the brown seaweed
2044:
Chang, A. L.; Blakeslee, A. M. H.; Miller, A. W.; Ruiz, G. M. (2011).
1045:
971:
O. Morton (2003). "The marine macroalgae of County Donegal, Ireland".
2936:
804:, may have been introduced to the San Francisco Bay region this way.
735:
727:
658:
586:
283:
2803:
2581:)–Dominated Low-Energy Rocky Shores of the Northern Gulf of Maine".
1953:"Production, Trade and Utilization of Seaweeds and Seaweed Products"
1314:
2897:
453:
The species is found in a range of coastal habitats from sheltered
2345:
J.S. Lauzon-Guay, R.A. Ugarte, B.L. Morse, C.A. Robertson (2021).
2198:
M. Guiry & L. Morrison (2013). "The sustainable harvesting of
2046:"Establishment Failure in Biological Invasions: A Case History of
751:
560:
484:
370:
334:
326:
1821:
Weterynaria W Praktyce (Veterinary Medicine in Practice) Magazine
3014:
743:
739:
2884:
2807:
2404:
J.S. Lauzon-Guay, A.I. Feibel, B.L. Morse, R.A. Ugarte (2023).
519:
act as chemical defenses against the marine herbivorous snail,
418:
Free-floating forms of this species are found in, for example,
2410:
in relation to commercial harvesting in New Brunswick, Canada"
1577:
A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland
2577:
P. Larsen (2010). "The Macroinvertebrate Fauna of Rockweed (
895:
This article incorporates CC BY-2.5 text from the reference
1463:
Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol. I: Rhodophyta. Part 3A
1029:"Therapies from fucoidan; multifunctional marine polymers"
1629:(Phaeophyceae) from San Francisco Bay, California, USA".
493:
Excess sperm can be released during the reproduction of
2766:: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme
941:
Marine Algae of the Northeastern Coast of North America
489:
Epiphytic red algae on knotted wrack at Roscoff, France
474:
is an autotroph, meaning that it makes its own food by
2707:. The Quoddy Tides. September 22, 2000. Archived from
2553:"Six plans approved for Cobscook Bay rockweed harvest"
2816:
2770:
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
1266:M. J. Lynn (1949). "A rare alga from Larne Lough".
478:, like other plants and algae. The air bladders on
2555:. The Quoddy Tides. March 25, 2011. Archived from
2513:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
2304:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
1237:H. Stegenga; J. J. Bolton; R. J. Anderson (1997).
2684:Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife
1152:Second Edition. Wild Nature Press, Plymouth, UK.
788:to various domestic and international locations.
350:) by Stackhouse (Papenfuss 1950), under the name
1535:. Det nordiske Forlag Ernst Bojesen, Copenhagen.
545:penetrate the host. It is considered by some as
2640:) in the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada".
2012:Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
342:1753. The species was transferred to the genus
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
573:This species has been recorded in Europe from
2039:
2037:
2035:
1814:
1812:
1287:D. C. Gibb (1957). "The free-living forms of
1140:
1138:
1136:
1022:
1020:
990:
988:
974:Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society
966:
964:
8:
2537:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2448:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2389:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2330:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2283:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
934:
932:
930:
909:M. D. Guiry & Wendy Guiry (2006-11-23).
904:
902:
879:, commercially important fish, wild ducks,
633:, California, and eradicated as a potential
812:Because the age of the different parts of
537:, commonly found growing in dense tufts on
2804:
215:
31:
20:
2617:"Gulf of Maine Rockweed Conference Notes"
2511:alter the community structure beneath?".
2433:
2374:
2315:
2085:
2075:
1928:
1910:
1869:
1851:
1792:
1774:
1532:Botany of the Færöes Part II, pp. 339–532
1192:). Maine Department of Marine Resources.
1062:
1044:
1239:Seaweeds of the South African West Coast
354:(Guiry and Guiry 2020). The combination
898:
2530:
2441:
2382:
2323:
2276:
1739:
1728:
1575:F. G. Hardy & M. D. Guiry (2006).
1148:, Brodie, J.A. and Bunker, J.A. 2017.
2489:Ecological Implications of Rockweed,
1491:"Knotted Wrack (Ascophyllum nodosum)"
7:
2787:Priority species in Northern Ireland
2742:AlgaeBase: listing the world's algae
2732:M.D. Guiry & G.M. Guiry (2009).
1170:A Handbook of the British Seaweeds.
332:. The original name (basionym) was
282:, along the north-western coast of
2753:J. M. Hill & N. White (2007).
2173:Animal Feed Science and Technology
14:
1208:: London, John van Voorst, London
533:(L.) T.A. Christensen is a small
2677:"Migratory Shorebird Assessment"
2185:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.03.013
1645:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.04081.x
1150:Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland.
997:Marine Algae of Northern Ireland
661:-rich polymers. Fucoidans block
278:. It grows only in the northern
44:
2764:Marine Life Information Network
1763:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
298:and the north-eastern coast of
2595:10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00004.1
1899:Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
235:is a large, common cold water
1:
3102:Taxa named by John Stackhouse
1241:. Bolus Herbarium Humber 18,
1206:A Manual of the British Algae
601:, and North America from the
358:was made by Le Jolis (1863).
3097:Monotypic brown algae genera
2414:Journal of Applied Phycology
2355:Journal of Applied Phycology
2251:Journal of Applied Phycology
2204:Journal of Applied Phycology
2158:10.1016/0013-9327(78)90099-X
2131:10.1016/0304-3800(79)90012-7
2077:10.1371/journal.pone.0016035
1668:Clinical Oral Investigations
1581:British Phycological Society
1385:10.1016/0304-3800(80)90065-4
1350:10.1016/0022-0981(80)90021-0
1107:Journal of Applied Phycology
1027:Fitton, Janet Helen (2011).
945:University of Michigan Press
625:. The southern boundary of
2583:Journal of Coastal Research
2525:10.1016/j.jembe.2014.07.018
2473:10.13140/RG.2.2.11583.23201
2317:10.1016/j.jembe.2023.151869
1409:Journal of Chemical Ecology
835:contains the phlorotannins
254:. Its common names include
3123:
2705:"Life Within the Rockweed"
2654:10.1675/1524-4695-31.4.520
2435:10.1007/s10811-023-03028-6
2376:10.1007/s10811-021-02427-x
1987:Cambridge University Press
1968:Agro Food Industry Hi-tech
1552:Cambridge University Press
1269:Irish Naturalists' Journal
1127:10.1007/s10811-020-02246-6
746:, etc.). It also contains
2493:(L.) le Jolis, Harvesting
2271:10.1007/s10811-006-9044-8
2224:10.1007/s10811-013-0027-2
1912:10.3390/molecules26030714
1853:10.3389/fnut.2023.1242157
1680:10.1007/s00784-014-1383-2
859:some countries, a bed of
382:Each individual plant is
223:
214:
192:
185:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1776:10.3389/fvets.2018.00168
686:is harvested for use in
405:has been described from
2347:"Biomass and height of
1983:Algae and Human Affairs
1338:J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol
1243:University of Cape Town
509:), and marine isopods.
505:) , periwinkles (genus
314:Scientific name history
1840:Frontiers in Nutrition
1467:Natural History Museum
1172:British Museum, London
1105:(Linnaeus) Le Jolis".
657:, which are sulfated,
570:
503:Semibalanus balanoides
490:
2016:John Wiley & Sons
939:W. R. Taylor (1962).
669:can be considered an
564:
488:
352:Ascophyllum laevigata
2711:on September 8, 2008
2638:Somateria mollissima
2486:J.C. Fegley (2001).
2111:Ecological Modelling
1632:Journal of Phycology
1548:The Ecology of Algae
1546:F. E. Round (1981).
1365:Ecological Modelling
915:(Linnaeus) Le Jolis"
818:concentration factor
2848:Ascophyllum nodosum
2818:Ascophyllum nodosum
2781:Ascophyllum nodosum
2757:Ascophyllum nodosum
2736:Ascophyllum nodosum
2579:Ascophyllum nodosum
2509:Ascophyllum nodosum
2491:Ascophyllum nodosum
2465:Ascophyllum nodosum
2426:2023JAPco..35.2371L
2408:Ascophyllum nodosum
2367:2021JAPco..33.1695L
2349:Ascophyllum nodosum
2263:2006JAPco..18..351U
2247:Ascophyllum nodosum
2216:2013JAPco..25.1823G
2200:Ascophyllum nodosum
2123:1979EcMod...6..183S
2068:2011PLoSO...616035C
2050:in California, USA"
1627:Ascophyllum nodosum
1493:. 10 February 2019.
1421:1981JCEco...7.1115G
1377:1980EcMod..10...77S
1307:1957JEcol..45...49G
1289:Ascophyllum nodosum
1204:Harvey, W.H. 1841.
1190:Ascophyllum nodosum
1119:2020JAPco..32.3561P
1103:Ascophyllum nodosum
913:Ascophyllum nodosum
852:Ascophyllum nodosum
833:Ascophyllum nodosum
801:Littorina saxatilis
782:Ascophyllum nodosum
684:Ascophyllum nodosum
677:Ascophyllum nodosum
647:Ascophyllum nodosum
645:The consumption of
530:Polysiphonia lanosa
495:Ascophyllum nodosum
472:Ascophyllum nodosum
444:Ascophyllum nodosum
399:Ascophyllum nodosum
390:Varieties and forms
367:Ascophyllum nodosum
356:Ascophyllum nodosum
319:Ascophyllum nodosum
308:Ascophyllum nodosum
232:Ascophyllum nodosum
196:Ascophyllum nodosum
2559:on October 6, 2011
2048:Littorina littorea
1429:10.1007/BF00987632
1294:Journal of Ecology
995:O. Morton (1994).
808:Toxicological uses
571:
522:Littorina littorea
491:
16:Species of seaweed
3074:
3073:
3023:Open Tree of Life
2810:Taxon identifiers
2675:L. Tudor (2000).
2025:978-0-471-92947-5
1996:978-0-521-32115-0
1738:Missing or empty
1590:978-3-906166-35-3
1561:978-0-521-22583-0
1476:978-0-11-310045-3
1252:978-0-7992-1793-3
1168:Newton, L. 1931.
1158:978-0-9955673-3-7
1046:10.3390/md9101731
1039:(10): 1731–1760.
1010:978-0-900761-28-7
954:978-0-472-04904-2
837:tetraphlorethol C
671:anti-inflammatory
461:Fucus vesiculosus
294:) including east
228:
227:
167:
3114:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3018:
3017:
3005:
3004:
2992:
2991:
2979:
2978:
2976:NHMSYS0021058637
2966:
2965:
2953:
2952:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2913:
2901:
2900:
2888:
2887:
2875:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2783:— knotted wrack"
2773:
2749:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2686:. Archived from
2681:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2420:(5): 2371–2381.
2401:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2380:
2378:
2361:(3): 1695–1708.
2342:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2321:
2319:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2274:
2257:(3–5): 351–359.
2242:
2236:
2235:
2210:(6): 1823–1830.
2195:
2189:
2188:
2179:(1–4): 375–395.
2168:
2162:
2161:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2079:
2041:
2030:
2029:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1914:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1855:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1778:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1674:(6): 1507–1518.
1663:
1657:
1656:
1639:(6): 1028–1031.
1622:
1616:
1615:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1415:(6): 1115–1133.
1404:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1186:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1144:Bunker, F.StP.,
1142:
1131:
1130:
1113:(6): 3561–3584.
1098:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1048:
1024:
1015:
1014:
992:
983:
982:
968:
959:
958:
936:
925:
924:
906:
635:invasive species
411:Northern Ireland
219:
198:
162:
49:
48:
35:
21:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3092:Edible seaweeds
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3057:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2997:Observation.org
2995:
2987:
2982:
2974:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2883:
2878:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2812:
2795:
2793:
2776:
2755:"Knotted wrack
2752:
2734:"Knotted wrack
2731:
2728:
2723:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2529:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2440:
2406:"Morphology of
2403:
2402:
2398:
2381:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2322:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2275:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2146:Environ. Pollut
2143:
2142:
2138:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1737:
1727:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1315:10.2307/2257076
1286:
1285:
1281:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1187:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1143:
1134:
1100:
1099:
1080:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1011:
994:
993:
986:
970:
969:
962:
955:
938:
937:
928:
908:
907:
900:
893:
871:
849:
830:
810:
795:Carcinus maenas
772:polysaccharides
643:
559:
441:
392:
380:
364:
316:
304:intertidal zone
210:
200:
194:
181:
178:A. nodosum
161:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:Fucales genera
3079:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3055:
3045:
3032:
3019:
3006:
2993:
2980:
2967:
2954:
2941:
2928:
2915:
2902:
2889:
2876:
2866:
2853:
2838:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2774:
2750:
2727:
2726:External links
2724:
2722:
2721:
2696:
2693:on 2012-10-12.
2667:
2648:(4): 520–529.
2628:
2608:
2569:
2544:
2499:
2478:
2455:
2396:
2337:
2290:
2237:
2190:
2163:
2136:
2117:(3): 183–197.
2101:
2031:
2024:
2002:
1995:
1973:
1958:
1944:
1885:
1826:
1808:
1749:
1709:
1658:
1617:
1610:. supplement.
1596:
1589:
1567:
1560:
1538:
1518:
1496:
1482:
1475:
1450:
1399:
1390:
1355:
1344:(2): 131–150.
1328:
1291:(L.) Le Jol".
1279:
1258:
1251:
1229:
1210:
1197:
1174:
1161:
1132:
1078:
1016:
1009:
984:
960:
953:
926:
897:
892:
889:
848:
845:
829:
826:
809:
806:
716:micronutrients
700:macronutrients
642:
639:
558:
555:
476:photosynthesis
467:Fucus serratus
440:
437:
436:
435:
415:
414:
391:
388:
379:
376:
363:
360:
315:
312:
280:Atlantic Ocean
276:Norwegian kelp
226:
225:
221:
220:
212:
211:
201:
190:
189:
183:
182:
175:
173:
169:
168:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
71:Diaphoretickes
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3119:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2792:
2791:Ulster Museum
2788:
2784:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2496:(PhD thesis).
2495:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2152:(2): 101107.
2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:(1): e16035.
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1989:, Cambridge.
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1509:Биология Моря
1506:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:(2): 77–104.
1370:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1220:Field Studies
1214:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1001:Ulster Museum
998:
991:
989:
985:
980:
976:
975:
967:
965:
961:
956:
950:
946:
943:. Ann Arbor,
942:
935:
933:
931:
927:
922:
921:
916:
914:
905:
903:
899:
896:
890:
888:
886:
882:
878:
877:invertebrates
875:
869:
867:
862:
857:
853:
846:
844:
842:
838:
834:
827:
825:
823:
819:
815:
807:
805:
803:
802:
797:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
777:
773:
769:
768:organic acids
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
640:
638:
636:
632:
631:San Francisco
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:Hudson Strait
612:
611:Baffin Island
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:Faroe Islands
580:
576:
569:, Netherlands
568:
563:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:
526:
524:
523:
518:
514:
513:Phlorotannins
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
462:
456:
451:
449:
448:littoral zone
445:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:A. n. mackaii
417:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:
396:
395:
389:
387:
385:
377:
375:
372:
368:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
338:
336:
331:
328:
324:
320:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
300:North America
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:feamainn bhuí
261:
257:
256:knotted wrack
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:
224:Distribution
222:
218:
213:
209:
205:
199:
197:
191:
188:
187:Binomial name
184:
180:
179:
174:
171:
170:
165:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:Stramenopiles
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2817:
2794:. Retrieved
2786:
2780:
2768:. Plymouth:
2762:
2756:
2741:
2735:
2713:. Retrieved
2709:the original
2699:
2688:the original
2683:
2670:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2620:. Retrieved
2611:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:the original
2547:
2533:cite journal
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2464:
2458:
2444:cite journal
2417:
2413:
2407:
2399:
2385:cite journal
2358:
2354:
2348:
2340:
2326:cite journal
2307:
2303:
2293:
2279:cite journal
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2011:
2005:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1947:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1820:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1712:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1576:
1570:
1547:
1541:
1531:
1521:
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1301:(1): 49–83.
1298:
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1223:
1219:
1213:
1205:
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1189:
1169:
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1106:
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1036:
1033:Marine Drugs
1032:
996:
978:
972:
940:
918:
912:
894:
870:
865:
860:
855:
851:
850:
841:tetrafucol A
832:
831:
821:
813:
811:
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789:
781:
780:
756:gibberellins
695:
683:
682:
676:
675:
666:
650:
646:
644:
626:
623:Newfoundland
603:Bay of Fundy
572:
565:Observed in
557:Distribution
538:
528:
527:
520:
516:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
492:
479:
471:
465:
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383:
381:
378:Reproduction
366:
365:
355:
351:
347:
343:
333:
329:
321:is the only
318:
317:
307:
275:
272:knotted kelp
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
245:Phaeophyceae
231:
230:
229:
195:
193:
177:
176:
157:
156:
127:Phaeophyceae
117:Ochrophytina
90:
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64:
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3036:SeaLifeBase
2932:iNaturalist
2842:Wikispecies
2777:O. Morton.
2018:, England.
1846:: 1242157.
1554:Cambridge.
1527:F. Børgesen
1459:C. A. Maggs
1146:Maggs, C.A.
1003:, Belfast.
790:Ascophyllum
786:New England
776:amino acids
692:fertilisers
607:Nova Scotia
599:Netherlands
595:Isle of Man
539:Ascophyllum
407:Larne Lough
362:Description
344:Ascophyllum
330:Ascophyllum
158:Ascophyllum
113:Subphylum:
25:Ascophyllum
3081:Categories
2869:Calflora:
2796:2007-01-30
2744:. Galway:
2715:2011-03-24
2642:Waterbirds
2622:2011-03-23
2563:2011-03-23
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1515:(5). 2009.
1469:, London.
1276:: 301–304.
891:References
881:shorebirds
866:A. nodosum
861:A. nodosum
856:A. nodosum
847:Harvesting
822:A. nodosum
814:A. nodosum
748:cytokinins
696:A. nodosum
667:A. nodosum
651:A. nodosum
627:A. nodosum
517:A. nodosum
499:A. nodosum
480:A. nodosum
348:Ascophylla
286:(from the
241:brown alga
164:Stackhouse
2857:AlgaeBase
2746:AlgaeBase
2603:130047075
2589:: 36–42.
2519:: 53–60.
1921:1420-3049
1862:2296-861X
1823:(10): 74.
1785:2297-1769
1704:254086069
1688:1436-3771
1055:1660-3397
920:AlgaeBase
828:Chemistry
688:alginates
663:selectins
655:fucoidans
579:White Sea
547:parasitic
507:Littorina
455:estuaries
424:sea lochs
384:dioecious
296:Greenland
288:White Sea
260:egg wrack
247:) in the
172:Species:
58:Eukaryota
3107:Fucaceae
2950:10966460
2833:Q1415896
2827:Wikidata
2662:86353110
2232:15354280
2096:21264336
2055:PLoS ONE
1939:33573121
1880:37693249
1871:10483828
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1731:cite web
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1653:85943266
1607:Gorteria
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1073:22072995
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885:seabirds
764:mannitol
760:betaines
619:Labrador
551:epiphyte
543:rhizoids
535:red alga
428:Scotland
340:Linnaeus
292:Portugal
268:rockweed
252:Fucaceae
208:Le Jolis
147:Fucaceae
143:Family:
103:Phylum:
54:Domain:
2924:3196524
2422:Bibcode
2363:Bibcode
2259:Bibcode
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2064:Bibcode
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1614:: 3–57.
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1323:2257076
1303:Bibcode
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1115:Bibcode
1064:3210604
874:benthic
591:Britain
575:Ireland
567:Zeeland
439:Ecology
432:Ireland
337:nodosus
325:in the
323:species
237:seaweed
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123:Class:
107:Gyrista
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249:family
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3059:WoRMS
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2989:52969
2963:11331
2945:IRMNG
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2911:65541
2906:EUNIS
2872:13038
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2680:(PDF)
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2599:S2CID
2228:S2CID
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1700:S2CID
1649:S2CID
1441:S2CID
1319:JSTOR
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335:Fucus
327:genus
91:Clade
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3002:8085
2984:NCBI
2958:ITIS
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