204:
pressings and oblations, five musical chants were sung and five recitations were chanted. The priests then partook in the drinking of the soma and the twelve oblations to the seasons, and the sacrifice of a goat to Agni. The midday pressing was similar and dedicated to Indra, and dakshina was also distributed on that day to the priests consisting of a varying multitude of cows. At the evening pressing only two musical chants were sung and two recitations chanted. Then proceeded the conclusory libations to the "yoking of the bay horses" and the sun, followed by the Avabhį¹tha. The Avabhį¹tha was the "unpurificatory" bathing of the sacrificer at the end of the sacrifice. After an antelope skin was put in the water body, the king, his wife, and the priests ritually bathe. Afterwards a sterile cow or eleven other animals are sacrificed. Throughout the entire night, the annahoma was performed at the
Uttaravedi (the northern altar). It consists of an oblation of clarified butter, fried rice, fried barley, and fried grain.
188:
144:, the priest and the sacrificer whispered mantras into its ear. A "four-eyed" black dog was killed with a club made of Sidhraka wood, then passed under the horse, and dragged to the river from which the water sprinkled on the horse had come and set to flow south. The horse was then set loose towards the north-east, to roam around wherever it chose, for the period of one year, or half a year, according to some commentators. The horse was associated with the Sun, and its yearly course. If the horse wandered into neighbouring provinces hostile to the sacrificer, they were to be subjugated. The wandering horse was attended by a herd of a hundred
406:
421:
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251:. A great number of animals, both tame and wild, were tied to other stakes, according to one commentator, 609 in total. The sacrificer offered the horse the remains of the night's oblation of grain. The horse was then suffocated to death. The chief queen ritually called on the king's fellow wives for pity. The queens walked around the dead horse reciting mantras and obscene dialogue with the priests. The chief queen then had to spend the night beside the dead horse in a position mimicking sexual intercourse and was covered with a blanket.
110:
75:. It was used by ancient Indian kings to prove their imperial sovereignty: a horse accompanied by the king's warriors would be released to wander for a year. In the territory traversed by the horse, any rival could dispute the king's authority by challenging the warriors accompanying it. After one year, if no enemy had managed to kill or capture the horse, the animal would be guided back to the king's capital. It would be then sacrificed, and the king would be declared as an undisputed sovereign.
175:. If the horse was lost, an oblation of cake, potsherd, and three other dishes to the deities of heaven and earth, along with an oblation of milk to VÄyu and pap to SÅ«rya. If the horse died, then another was selected and consecrated to replace it. During the absence of the horse, an uninterrupted series of ceremonies was performed in the sacrificer's home. Every day, three SÄvitreį¹£į¹i rites and one evening Dhį¹tihoma would be conducted by the priests. In the evening after the Dhį¹tihoma, two
447:
29:
1337:'s Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha states: "The three authors of the Vedas were buffoons, knaves, and demons. All the well-known formulae of the pandits, jarphari, turphari, etc. and all the obscene rites for the queen commanded in Ashvamedha, these were invented by buffoons, and so all the various kinds of presents to the priests, while the eating of flesh was similarly commanded by night-prowling demons."
280:
200:
the king would bathe, dress in black antelope skin, and sit on another skin in a hut in front of a fire, fasting in silence with a covered head and sleeping on the ground. The upasad was a multiday ceremony that precedes Soma sacrifices. It consisted of the acquisition and welcoming of Soma and the construction of various structures needed for the sacrifice, along with the sacrifice of a goat.
1972:
130:). Its object was the acquisition of power and glory, the sovereignty over neighbouring provinces, seeking progeny and general prosperity of the kingdom. It was enormously expensive, requiring the participation of hundreds of individuals, many with specialized skills, and hundreds of animals, and involving many precisely prescribed rituals at every stage.
1976:
478:. Most appear to be funerary practices associated with burial, but for some other cultures there is tentative evidence for rituals associated with kingship. The Ashvamedha is the clearest evidence preserved, but vestiges from Latin and Celtic traditions allow the reconstruction of a few common attributes.
1200:
ruler
Prithvivyaghra, who, "desiring to become very powerful, was running after the horse of the Ashvamedha". The inscription does not clarify which king initiated this Ashvamedha campaign. Historian N. Venkataramanayya theorized that Prithvivyaghra was a feudatory ruler, who unsuccessfully tried to
259:
along with soma are offered in an oblation, and the priests dismember the horse and other animal victims with an oblation of their blood. On the third day an AtirÄtra was performed. The AtirÄtra was a Soma sacrifice in which there was a nocturnal session where soma was drunk. Afterwards an Avabhį¹tha
199:
After the return of the horse, more ceremonies were performed for a month before the main sacrifice. Twelve days of dÄ«kį¹£Ä rites took place, and then twelve days of upasad. The dÄ«kį¹£Ä rite was a preparatory consecration rite performed before sacrifices. It consisted of a preliminary oblation, and then
221:
by the chief queen and two other royal consorts. The chief queen (mahiį¹£Ä«) anointed the fore-quarters, the favorite wife (vÄvÄtÄ) the middle, and the discarded wife (parvį¹ktÄ«) the hindquarters. They also embellished the horse's head, neck, and tail with golden ornaments and 101 or 109 pearls. After
183:
bards and lutists would praise the patron king's generosity, who gave 4,000 cows and 400 gold coins to the priests on the first day of the sacrifice. Then a session of pariplavÄkhyÄna took place. The pariplÄvana was the cyclical recitation of tales, in which one out of ten topics would be discussed
203:
On the twenty-fifth day, the agniį¹£į¹oma was performed. The agniį¹£į¹oma was the main part of the Soma sacrifice. In the morning pressing, the soma was pressed out and offered along with "rice cakes, parched barley, flour in sour milk, parched rice, and a hot mixture of milk and sour milk". During the
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where the animal is worshipped without killing it, the religious motivation being prayer for overcoming enemies, the facilitation of child welfare and development, and clearance of debt, entirely within the allegorical interpretation of the ritual, and with no actual sacrifice of any animal.
398:
sacrificial post, and is inscribed "The king of kings who has performed the
Vajimedha sacrifice wins heaven after protecting the earth". The reverse shows a standing figure of the queen, holding a fan and a towel, and is inscribed "Powerful enough to perform the Ashvamedha sacrifice".
1170:
1205:
notes that no other inscriptions of
Nandivarman or his descendants mention his performance of Ashvamedha; therefore, it is more likely that the Ashvamedha campaign was initiated by Prithvivyaghra (or his overlord), and Nandivarman's general foiled it.
1248:) According to Dayananda, no horse was actually to be slaughtered in the ritual as per the Yajurveda. Following Dayananda, the Arya Samaj disputes the very existence of the pre-Vedantic ritual; thus Swami Satya Prakash Saraswati claims that
2690:
glosses 'ashva' as "the symbol of mobility, valour and strength" and 'medha' as "the symbol of supreme wisdom and intelligence", yielding a meaning of 'ashvamedha' of "the combination of the valour and strength and illumined power of
254:
On the next morning, the priests raised the queen from the place. One priest cut the horse along the "knife-paths" while other priests started reciting the verses of Vedas, seeking healing and regeneration for the horse. The horse's
1169:
1286:
stands for homage; it later on became synonymous with oblations in rituology, since oblations are offered, dedicated to the one whom we pay homage. The word deteriorated further when it came to mean 'slaughter' or
137:. Before the horse began its travels, at a moment chosen by astrologers, there was a ceremony and small sacrifice in the house, after which the king had to spend the night with the queen, but avoiding sex.
238:
were tied to the horse's front legs. A dark grey he-goat dedicated to Soma-PÅ«į¹£an was attached underneath the horse. On the two sides of the horse were attached a black goat to SÅ«rya and a white goat to
230:
were bound to sacrificial stakes near the fire, and seventeen other animals were attached with ropes to the horse. The he-goat dedicated to Agni was attached to the horse's chest. A ewe dedicated to
271:
refer to the
Ashvamedha (V.53): "The man who offers a horse-sacrifice every day for a hundred years, and the man who does not eat meat, the two of them reap the same fruit of good deeds."
1301:
since 1991 has organized performances of a "modern version" of the
Ashvamedha where a statue is used in place of a real horse, according to Hinduism Today with a million participants in
78:
The ritual is recorded as being held by many ancient rulers, but apparently only by two in the last thousand years. The most recent ritual was in 1741, the second one held by
Maharajah
2614:
Catherine B Asher (2008). "Rethinking a
Millennium: Perspectives on Indian History from the Eighth to the Eighteenth Century : Essays for Harbans Mukhia". In Rajat Datta (ed.).
335:
to perform the sacrifice, which is described at great length. The book traditionally comprises two sections and 96 chapters. The critical edition has one sub-book and 92 chapters.
2683:
2053:
101:, which have not been the norm in most forms of Hinduism for many centuries. The great prestige and political role of the Ashvamedha perhaps kept it alive for longer.
2094:
Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and
Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes
1873:
Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and
Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes
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treated the Ashvamedha as a rite having a cosmogonic structure which both regenerated the entire cosmos and reestablished every social order during its performance."
260:
takes place. However, in the Ashvamedha sinners and criminals also take part in the purificatory bathing. Afterwards twenty-one sterile cows are sacrificed, and the
405:
420:
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each night, with 36 cycles of the ten topics. The tales were witnessed by an audience of onlookers called the upadrÄį¹£į¹į¹, who attended in their free time.
133:
The horse to be sacrificed must be a white stallion with black spots. The preparations included the construction of a special "sacrificial house" and a
1122:
Inscriptions; one interpretation of the inscriptions suggests that he merely participated in the Ashvamedha performed by his grandfather Madhavaraja II
152:
men, sons of princes or high court officials, charged with guarding the horse from all dangers and inconvenience, but never impeding or driving it.
1106:
Inscriptions; one interpretation of the inscriptions suggests that he merely participated in the Ashvamedha performed by his father Madhavaraja II
247:. A white goat dedicated to VÄyu was attached to the tail. A cow about to give birth was dedicated to Indra, and a dwarfish cow was dedicated to
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The next day the horse was consecrated with more rituals, tethered to a post, and addressed as a god. It was sprinkled with water, and the
2734:
2718:
2589:
P. K. Gode (1953). "Some contemporary Evidence regarding the aÅvamedha Sacrifice performed by Sevai Jayasing of Amber (1699-1744 A. D.)".
155:
The escort had to prevent the stallion from mating with any mares during its journey, and if he did, an oblation of milk was performed to
432:
215:(RV) 1.6.1,2 (YajurVeda (YV) VSM 23.5,6) was recited. The horse was then driven into water and bathed. After this, it was anointed with
1910:
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3135:
3082:
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1920:
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1410:
A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages
2061:
2196:
Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Rgvedic history: poets, chieftains and politics
113:
A 19th-century painting, depicting the preparation of an army to follow the sacrificial horse. Probably from an illustration to
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682:
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was distributed to the priests. The main dakshina forms either the four wives of the king or their four hundred attendants.
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sacrifice was an annual event, and apparently the only time horses were sacrificed, rather than cattle or smaller animals.
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3072:
2768:
1363:
Scholar Manohar L. Varadpande, praised the ritual as "social occasions of great magnitude". Rick F. Talbott writes that "
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He argues that the animals listed as sacrificial victims are just as symbolic as the list of human victims listed in the
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tradition in which the king in Ireland conducted a rite of symbolic marriage with a sacrificed horse. The Roman
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and is frequently mentioned in his writings as an example of the perceived degradation of Brahmanical culture.
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Horse sacrifices were performed among the ancient Germans, Armenians, Iranians, Chinese, Greeks, among others.
53:
109:
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the word in the sense of the Horse Sacrifice does not occur in the Samhitas In the terms of cosmic analogy,
1160:
by Krishna-bhatta, a participant in Jai Singh's Ashvamedha ceremony and a court poet of his son Ishvar Singh
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1573:
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2870:"Sacred Sacrifice: Ritual Paradigms in Vedic Religion and Early Christianity" by Rick F. Talbott, p. 133
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2210:
1354:
514:
2787:, English translation by E. B. Cowell and A. E. Gough, 1904 quoted in Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (ed.),
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branches show evidence for horse sacrifice, and comparative mythology suggests that they derive from a
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relatives of the Nagas credit them with 10 horse-sacrifices, although they do not name these kings.
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1459:. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p.
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mention numerous legendary performances of the horse sacrifice. For example, according to the
317:), or the "Book of Horse Sacrifice," the fourteenth of eighteen books of the Indian epic poem
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44:
2640:
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Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary
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On the twenty-sixth day, the king was ritually purified, and the horse was yoked to a gilded
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The Critical and Cultural Study of the Shatapatha Brahmana by Swami Satya Prakash Saraswati
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1295:(which is generally accepted as a purely symbolic sacrifice already in Rigvedic times).
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1962:, translated by Wendy Doniger with Brian K. Smith, p.104. Penguin Books, London, 1991
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Inscriptions of his descendants state that he performed four Ashvamedha sacrifices
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was attached under the horse's mouth. Two black-bellied he-goats dedicated to the
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1179:, 1st century BCE, mentions two Ashvamedha rituals by Pushyamitra in the city of
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1997:
1574:"The AÅvamedha: in the context of early South Asian socio-political development"
1226:
971:
525:. He again performed a thousand Ashvamedha on different locations and a hundred
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452:
385:
319:
33:
2215:
The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity
521:, three hundred on the banks of Sarasvati and four hundred on the banks of the
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shows the horse anointed and decorated for sacrifice, standing in front of a
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779:
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114:
3053:
Sacred Sacrifice: Ritual Paradigms in Vedic Religion and Early Christianity
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The Sivanvayal pillar inscription states that he performed ten Ashvamedhas
235:
2807:
Holy Cow: The Hare Krishna Contribution to Vegetarianism and Animal Rights
2789:
Carvaka/Lokayata: An Anthology of Source Materials and Some Recent Studies
58:
2217:. Indian Philology and South Asian Studies. De Gruyter. pp. 85ā125.
1713:
1711:
1329:, an atheistic school of Indian philosophy that assumed various forms of
1241:
793:
721:
526:
352:
289:
261:
256:
168:
141:
16:
Horse sacrifice ritual followed by the Årauta tradition of Vedic religion
2861:"History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1" by Manohar Laxman Varadpande, p.46
1853:
1837:
1810:
1794:
1558:
1534:
1266:
1222:
1197:
1196:(alias Pallavamalla) states that his general Udayachandra defeated the
1180:
504:
394:
389:
388:(reigned c. 415ā455 CE) commemorates their Ashvamedha sacrifices. The
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97:, as had the various folk religions of India. Brahminical Hinduism had
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The Ashvamedha could only be conducted by a powerful victorious king (
1310:
1277:
518:
83:
3175:
The Ecology of Sulawesi (The Ecology of Indonesia Series, Volume IV)
2428:
The Ecology of Sulawesi (The Ecology of Indonesia Series, Volume IV)
2617:
Excavating Communalism: Kachhwaha Rajadharma and Mughal Sovereignty
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1376:
1313:
1272:
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1213:
857:
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522:
482:
328:
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208:
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2595:. Vol. 2. Singhi Jain Shastra Sikshapith. pp. 288ā291.
1201:
challenge Nandivarman's Ashvamedha campaign. However, historian
365:
240:
223:
217:
164:
156:
126:
2959:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age
2408:
2406:
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1729:
1658:
163:. If he became ill without injury, then an oblation of cake to
3032:
The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective
2938:
Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition
1636:. Translated by Spratt, Philip. Susil Gupta. pp. 108ā109.
1340:
According to some writers, ashvamedha is a forbidden rite for
1516:
1514:
1391: ā Negligent or abusive action against animals by humans
1325:
The earliest recorded criticism of the ritual comes from the
360:, mentions a horse sacrifice performed at the behest of King
159:. If the horse became ill with injury, an oblation of pap to
2956:
Dineshchandra Sircar (1962). Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (ed.).
2211:"4. Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parametres"
1408:
Monier-Williams, Monier; Leumann, E.; Cappeller, C. (2005).
1333:
and religious indifference. A quotation of the CÄrvÄka from
2973:
Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India
2791:(New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research, 1990)
2425:
Tony Whitten; Greg S. Henderson; Muslimin Mustafa (2012).
2372:
517:
performed a hundred Ashvamedha ceremonies on the banks of
2743:. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. Oct 13, 2005. Archived from
537:, the practice of the sacrifice diminished remarkably.
167:. If he was afflicted with eye disease, an oblation to
1309:
on April 16 to 20, 1994. Such modern performances are
287:
performing the Ashvamedha ritual; illustration to the
171:. If the horse drowned, an oblation was performed to
2651:
2486:
2395:
2324:
1842:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
1799:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
1704:. Vol. 3. Poona: Prasad Prakashan. p. 251.
1683:
1681:
1679:
1040:
Madhavaraja II (alias Madhavavarman or Sainyabhita)
756:
Jagatpur inscriptions mention his fourth Ashvamedha
689:
king, but there is no definitive evidence for this.
303:
The best-known text describing the sacrifice is the
2168:
The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India
2091:Thomas V. Gamkrelidze; Vjaceslav V. Ivanov (1995).
1870:Thomas V. Gamkrelidze; Vjaceslav V. Ivanov (1995).
2906:
2170:. Oxford University Press. pp. 619ā626, 699.
2028:The Mahabharata: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning
1219:The horse Shyamakarna on the bank of Lake Dudumbhi
2030:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, p 478
1244:or a ritual to get connected to the "Inner Sun" (
884:Coins of the king and records of his descendants
540:The historical performers of Ashvamedha include:
243:. Two goats with shaggy thighs were dedicated to
2549:
2537:
1504:
1502:
1500:
2836:horse sacrifice was prohibited in the Kali Yuga
2463:
2117:
2043:. Gurgaon: Penguin Books India, pp xxiii - xxvi
1935:
1440:
1250:
1188:The Udayendiram inscription of the 8th-century
3172:; Greg S. Henderson; Muslimin Mustafa (2012).
2498:
2451:
2353:
2141:
3151:A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India
3098:. Vol. I - Circa 5th-8th centuries A.D.
2849:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Writings and Speeches
2671:"having seven horses" is another name of the
2412:
2054:"Sloka & Translation | Valmiki Ramayanam"
2015:The Mahabharata (Volume 14): Ashwamedha Parva
1730:Monier-Williams, Leumann & Cappeller 2005
1659:Monier-Williams, Leumann & Cappeller 2005
1421:
1419:
8:
2129:
1520:
222:this, the horse, a hornless black-necked he-
3021:The Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa
2166:Jamison, Stephanie; Brereton, Joel (2014).
2153:
2002:The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa
1838:"The AÅvamedha: its Original Signification"
1795:"The AÅvamedha: Its Original Signification"
1225:'s commentary on Ashvamedha, 19th century,
2514:An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History
1412:. Asian Educational Services. p. 115.
685:. Some scholars believe Sarvatata to be a
542:
529:. Following the vast empires ruled by the
1865:
1863:
1756:
1646:
1535:"The AÅvamedha or Indian Horse Sacrifice"
844:Omgodu inscription of his great-grandson
2343:. Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan. p. 30.
2194:Erdosy, George; Witzel, Michael (1995).
1453:Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.).
211:, together with three other horses, and
108:
27:
2699:
2697:
2641:Ayodhya Revisited by Kunal Kishore p.24
1876:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 402ā403.
1823:
1768:
1491:
1430:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 68.
1400:
1165:
401:
1095:Madhyamaraja I (alias Ayashobhita II)
3100:Indian Council of Historical Research
2913:. Stanford University Press. p.
2909:Kingship and Community in Early India
2832:The Vedas: With Illustrative Extracts
2189:
2187:
1947:
1717:
1670:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1349:This part of the ritual offended the
7:
2887:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas
2568:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 466.
2517:. Taylor & Francis. p. 77.
1896:
1780:
1687:
1606:
1594:
3130:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3127:Sacrificed Wife / Sacrificer's Wife
2997:Class and Religion in Ancient India
2941:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1578:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
1240:, the Ashvamedha is considered an
683:Ghosundi and Hathibada inscriptions
2592:Studies in Indian Literary History
2260:Political History of Ancient India
1973:"Horse sacrifice Add. 15295, f.33"
1744:A Dictionary, Sanskrit and English
1700:Apte, Vaman Shivaram (1957ā1959).
376:One type of the gold coins of the
99:evolved opposing animal sacrifices
14:
2431:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 76.
2097:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 70.
966:Legend of Bhaskaravarman's seals
1720:, p. 100, 105-106, 108-109.
1545:(4). Taylor & Francis: 257.
1385: ā Animal sacrifice to Mars
1168:
742:Records of his son and grandson
445:
431:
419:
404:
148:, and one or four hundred young
3074:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
2511:Karl J. Schmidt (20 May 2015).
2373:Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya 2007
2198:. De Gruyter. pp. 237ā242.
1912:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
1746:. A. Asher and Co. p. 137.
724:mentions his second Ashvamedha
191:Depiction of the Asvamedha in
2810:. Lantern Books. p. 212.
2562:Rama Shankar Tripathi (1942).
2337:Dinesh Chandra Shukla (1978).
2293:. Discovery Publishing House.
1428:Historical Dictionary of India
1:
2675:, referring to the horses of
1742:GoldstĆ¼cker, Theodor (1856).
1551:10.1080/0015587X.1969.9716646
1280:, the Most Supreme. The word
1256:s the Sun. In respect to the
1177:Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription
1111:Dharmaraja (alias Manabhita)
481:A similar ritual is found in
2620:. Aakar Books. p. 232.
2026:van Buitenen, J.A.B. (1973)
460:Similar sacrifices elsewhere
384:(reigned c. 350ā370 CE) and
93:had evidently included many
3154:. Pearson Education India.
3035:. Oxford University Press.
2771:September 29, 2007, at the
2686:September 29, 2007, at the
2213:. In Erdosy, George (ed.).
1996:Ganguli, K.M. (1883-1896) "
1353:reformer and framer of the
59:
23:Aswamedham (disambiguation)
3235:
2992:Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya
2905:Charles Drekmeier (1962).
2735:"Ashwamedha Yagam in city"
2721:December 13, 2006, at the
2340:Early history of Rajasthan
1533:Stutley, Margaret (1969).
1379: ā Horses in Hinduism
828:Hirahadagalli inscription
476:Proto-Indo-European ritual
463:
426:The queen, reverse of last
20:
3092:Snigdha Tripathy (1997).
3029:Glucklich, Ariel (2007).
2962:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
2834:. Book Tree. p. 62.
2716:Hinduism Today, June 1994
2652:Dineshchandra Sircar 1962
2487:Dineshchandra Sircar 1971
2396:Dineshchandra Sircar 1971
2325:Dineshchandra Sircar 1971
2223:10.1515/9783110816433-009
2041:The Mahabharata, Volume 1
2017:. Calcutta: Elysium Press
1915:. Penguin Books Limited.
1836:Karmarkar, R. D. (1949).
730:Vasishthiputra Chamtamula
314:
48:
3050:Rick F. Talbott (2005).
2884:Ashvini Agrawal (1989).
2565:History of Ancient India
2255:Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra
2209:Witzel, Michael (1995).
1793:Karmakar, R. D. (1949).
1331:philosophical skepticism
1276:; He is the same as the
350:, the first book of the
3077:. Penguin Books India.
2976:. Motilal Banarsidass.
2890:. Motilal Banarsidass.
656:Ayodhya inscription of
577:Trasadasyu Paurukutsya
275:Mentions in Hindu epics
67:ritual followed by the
3204:Vedic animal sacrifice
3095:Inscriptions of Orissa
2058:www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in
2004:(12 Volumes). Calcutta
1909:Dalal, Roshen (2014).
1456:India through the ages
1289:
1270:, the Creator, is the
1229:
1090:(Deoghar) inscription
1056:Simhavarman (possibly
713:1st or 2nd century CE
703:Musanagar inscription
293:
196:
121:
36:
3178:. Tuttle Publishing.
3071:Roshen Dalal (2010).
2785:Sarvadarsana-sangraha
2550:Snigdha Tripathy 1997
2538:Snigdha Tripathy 1997
1632:Renou, Louis (1957).
1572:Bose, Saikat (2020).
1217:
984:Barganga inscription
282:
190:
112:
31:
2968:Dineshchandra Sircar
2766:Ashwamedhayagnam.org
2747:on December 14, 2005
2464:Ashvini Agrawal 1989
2287:Pruthi, Raj (2004).
2118:Rick F. Talbott 2005
1936:Rick F. Talbott 2005
1757:Apte & 1957-1959
1647:Apte & 1957-1959
1441:Rick F. Talbott 2005
1203:Dineshchandra Sircar
792:The inscriptions of
722:Nanaghat inscription
629:Janamejaya PÄrikį¹£ita
32:Ashvamedha yajna of
21:For other uses, see
3104:Motilal Banarsidass
2499:David M. Knipe 2015
2452:David M. Knipe 2015
2354:David M. Knipe 2015
2156:, pp. 130ā131.
2142:David M. Knipe 2015
2064:on 26 November 2020
1355:Indian constitution
1346:, the current age.
1238:Dayananda Sarasvati
1236:reform movement of
1210:In Hindu revivalism
1158:Ishvaravilasa Kavya
1153:Kachwahas of Jaipur
1032:Chalukyas of Vatapi
998:Chalukyas of Vatapi
817:Shivaskanda Varman
812:Ellore inscription
766:c. 270 ā c. 330 CE
633:Later Vedic Period
597:Early Vedic Period
3209:Horses in Hinduism
3056:. Wipf and Stock.
2413:Upinder Singh 2008
2290:Vedic Civilization
2265:Cosmo Publications
2039:Debroy, B. (2010)
2013:Dutt, M.N. (1905)
1950:, p. 104-105.
1813:– via JSTOR.
1561:– via JSTOR.
1482:Glucklich, 111-112
1473:Glucklich, 111-114
1426:Mansingh, Surjit.
1389:Cruelty to animals
1230:
1088:Vaidyanatha temple
876:c. 335/350ā375 CE
801:Vijaya-devavarman
788:Nagas of Padmavati
644:Pushyamitra Shunga
615:Later Vedic Period
581:Early Vedic Period
564:Early Vedic Period
535:Chalukya dynasties
496:List of performers
414:, Ashvamedha horse
306:Ashvamedhika Parva
294:
197:
122:
37:
3122:Stephanie Jamison
3113:978-81-208-1077-8
3063:978-1-59752-340-0
3007:978-1-84331-332-8
2983:978-81-208-2790-5
2924:978-0-8047-0114-3
2897:978-81-208-0592-7
2627:978-81-89833-36-7
2575:978-81-208-0018-2
2552:, pp. 74ā75.
2524:978-1-317-47680-1
2267:, p. 14,39,
2232:978-3-11-081643-3
2130:Roshen Dalal 2010
1521:Roshen Dalal 2010
1164:
1163:
1149:1734 and 1741 CE
1128:Rajadhiraja Chola
1058:Narasimhavarman I
858:Kutai Martadipura
95:animal sacrifices
57:
3226:
3189:
3165:
3141:
3117:
3088:
3067:
3046:
3025:
3011:
2987:
2963:
2952:
2928:
2912:
2901:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2798:
2792:
2781:
2775:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2731:
2725:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2692:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2399:
2393:
2376:
2370:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2305:
2304:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2163:
2157:
2154:K M Ganguly 1896
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2060:. Archived from
2050:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2005:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1975:. Archived from
1969:
1963:
1960:The Laws of Manu
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1848:(3/4): 334ā339.
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1610:
1609:, p. 18,20.
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1506:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1172:
697:1st century BCE
676:1st century BCE
663:Malavikagnimitra
543:
449:
435:
423:
408:
364:, the father of
316:
193:History of India
119:Jaimini Bharata.
62:
52:
50:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3168:
3162:
3144:
3138:
3120:
3114:
3091:
3085:
3070:
3064:
3049:
3043:
3028:
3024:. Sacred Texts.
3014:
3008:
2990:
2984:
2966:
2955:
2949:
2931:
2925:
2904:
2898:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:. p. 1376.
2847:
2846:
2842:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2782:
2778:
2773:Wayback Machine
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2723:Wayback Machine
2714:
2710:
2702:
2695:
2688:Wayback Machine
2681:akhandjyoti.org
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2402:
2394:
2379:
2371:
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2352:
2348:
2336:
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2331:
2323:
2308:
2301:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2233:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2065:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2008:
1998:Aswamedha Parva
1995:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1979:on 29 June 2020
1971:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:, p. 1363.
1755:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1677:
1669:
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1593:
1589:
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1532:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1373:
1323:
1299:Gayatri Pariwar
1258:adhyatma paksha
1221:, illustrating
1212:
1184:
1173:
941:5th century CE
926:5th century CE
854:4th century CE
836:4th century CE
820:4th century CE
750:3rd century CE
738:Andhra Ikshvaku
734:3rd century CE
593:SudÄs Paijavana
515:Emperor Bharata
498:
468:
466:Horse sacrifice
462:
455:
450:
441:
436:
427:
424:
415:
409:
374:
343:
301:
277:
165:Agni VaiÅvÄnara
107:
65:horse sacrifice
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3166:
3160:
3142:
3136:
3118:
3112:
3089:
3083:
3068:
3062:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3012:
3006:
2988:
2982:
2964:
2953:
2947:
2933:David M. Knipe
2929:
2923:
2902:
2896:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2840:
2823:
2816:
2793:
2783:Madhavacarya,
2776:
2758:
2726:
2708:
2693:
2656:
2654:, p. 263.
2644:
2633:
2626:
2606:
2581:
2574:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2523:
2503:
2491:
2489:, p. 179.
2468:
2466:, p. 139.
2456:
2444:
2437:
2417:
2415:, p. 510.
2400:
2398:, p. 176.
2377:
2375:, p. 203.
2358:
2346:
2329:
2327:, p. 175.
2306:
2299:
2279:
2273:
2246:
2231:
2201:
2183:
2176:
2158:
2146:
2144:, p. 234.
2134:
2122:
2120:, p. 142.
2110:
2103:
2083:
2081:Glucklich, 111
2074:
2045:
2032:
2019:
2006:
1989:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1938:, p. 123.
1928:
1921:
1901:
1899:, p. 4-5.
1889:
1882:
1859:
1828:
1826:, p. 258.
1816:
1785:
1773:
1771:, p. 259.
1761:
1749:
1734:
1732:, p. 178.
1722:
1707:
1692:
1675:
1673:, p. 105.
1663:
1661:, p. 206.
1651:
1649:, p. 816.
1639:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1564:
1525:
1523:, p. 399.
1510:
1508:Glucklich, 112
1496:
1494:, p. 257.
1484:
1475:
1466:
1445:
1443:, p. 111.
1433:
1415:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1372:
1369:
1358:B. R. Ambedkar
1322:
1319:
1307:Madhya Pradesh
1262:Prajapati-Agni
1211:
1208:
1194:Nandivarman II
1186:
1185:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1114:c. 726ā727 CE
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1098:c. 670ā700 CE
1096:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1043:c. 620ā670 CE
1041:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
995:
992:
986:
985:
982:
977:
974:
968:
967:
964:
959:
956:
954:Narayanavarman
950:
949:
947:
942:
939:
938:Krishnavarman
935:
934:
932:
927:
924:
920:
919:
917:
912:
909:
907:Madhava Varman
903:
902:
900:
895:
892:
886:
885:
882:
877:
874:
868:
867:
865:
855:
852:
846:
845:
842:
837:
834:
830:
829:
826:
821:
818:
814:
813:
810:
805:
802:
798:
797:
790:
785:
782:
776:
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772:
767:
764:
758:
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748:
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586:
583:
578:
574:
573:
571:
566:
561:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
501:Sanskrit epics
497:
494:
464:Main article:
461:
458:
457:
456:
451:
444:
442:
437:
430:
428:
425:
418:
416:
410:
403:
373:
372:On Gupta coins
370:
342:
337:
300:
295:
276:
273:
106:
103:
91:Vedic religion
73:Vedic religion
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3231:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Hindu rituals
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3187:
3185:9781462905072
3181:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3161:9788131711200
3157:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3146:Upinder Singh
3143:
3139:
3137:9780195096637
3133:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3084:9780143414216
3080:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3042:9780195314052
3038:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2948:9780199397709
2944:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2817:9781590560662
2813:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2802:Rosen, Steven
2797:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2706:, p. 415; 476
2705:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2540:, p. 67.
2539:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2504:
2501:, p. 10.
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
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1365:Mircea Eliade
1361:
1359:
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1132:1044ā1052 CE
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1024:Pulakeshin II
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894:414 ā 455 CE
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832:
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762:Pravarasena I
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104:
102:
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89:The original
87:
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2447:
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2062:the original
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1967:
1959:
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1769:Stutley 1969
1764:
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1690:, p. 4.
1666:
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1577:
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1492:Stutley 1969
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1293:Purushamedha
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1102:Shailodbhava
1047:Shailodbhava
1007:Sthitavarman
990:Pulakeshin I
872:Samudragupta
808:Shalankayana
753:Varshaganya
747:Shilavarman
666:of Kalidasa
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648:185ā149 BCE
539:
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491:
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412:Samudragupta
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125:
123:
118:
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80:Jai Singh II
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40:
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3016:K M Ganguly
2677:his chariot
1634:Vedic India
1227:Maharashtra
1083:Later Gupta
1079:655ā680 CE
1076:Adityasena
1063:630ā668 CE
1028:610ā642 CE
1011:565ā585 CE
994:543ā566 CE
976:518ā542 CE
972:Bhutivarman
958:494ā518 CE
911:440ā460 CE
804:300ā350 CE
784:305ā320 CE
709:Satakarni I
510:Mahabharata
453:Kumaragupta
386:Kumaragupta
320:Mahabharata
298:Mahabharata
34:Yudhisthira
3198:Categories
3000:. Anthem.
2877:References
2691:intellect"
2068:2024-02-25
1983:2024-02-25
1948:Renou 1957
1718:Renou 1957
1671:Renou 1957
1303:Chitrakoot
1234:Arya Samaj
930:Traikutaka
923:Dharasena
850:Mulawarman
717:Satavahana
694:Devimitra
560:Purukutsa
362:Dasharatha
135:fire altar
41:Ashvamedha
2740:The Hindu
2665:bahuvrihi
2241:238465491
1897:Bose 2020
1781:Bose 2020
1688:Bose 2020
1607:Bose 2020
1595:Bose 2020
1584:(2): 3ā4.
1396:Footnotes
1343:Kali Yuga
1321:Reception
1264:, or the
862:Indonesia
860:(present
780:Bhavanaga
679:Gajayana
672:Sarvatata
658:Dhanadeva
347:Balakanda
285:Kaushalya
232:Sarasvatī
181:Kshatriya
150:kshatriya
115:Lakshmisa
60:aÅvamedha
54:romanized
3148:(2008).
3124:(1996).
3018:(1896).
2994:(2007).
2970:(1971).
2935:(2015).
2804:(2004).
2769:Archived
2719:Archived
2684:Archived
2669:saptÄÅva
2257:(2006),
1854:41784542
1811:41784542
1539:Folklore
1371:See also
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1242:allegory
794:Vakataka
770:Vakataka
700:Unknown
610:ParÄ«kį¹£it
552:Dynasty
546:Monarch
527:Rajasuya
353:Ramayana
340:Ramayana
311:Sanskrit
290:Ramayana
262:dakshina
257:epiploon
226:, and a
179:and two
146:geldings
142:Adhvaryu
63:) was a
45:Sanskrit
2601:2499291
1559:1258749
1327:CÄrvÄka
1267:Purusha
1232:In the
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1190:Pallava
1181:Ayodhya
1067:Pallava
945:Kadamba
840:Pallava
824:Pallava
601:Bharata
555:Source
505:Puranas
390:obverse
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2753:2014
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