377:
42:
393:
409:(Edmonston B strain) were licensed for use, see chart at right). Increasing uptake of the vaccine following outbreaks in 1971 and 1977 brought this down to thousands of cases per year in the 1980s. An outbreak of almost 30,000 cases in 1990 led to a renewed push for vaccination and the addition of a second vaccine to the recommended schedule. No more than 220 cases were reported in any year from 1997 to 2013, and the disease was believed no longer
385:
483:(WHO) recommends two doses of vaccine for all children. In countries with high risk of disease the first dose should be given around nine months of age. Otherwise it can be given at twelve months of age. The second dose should be given at least one month after the first dose. This is often done at age 15 to 18 months. After one dose at the age of nine months 85% are immune, while a dose at twelve months results in 95% immunity.
634:, 130 children received a "further attenuated" vaccine without gamma globulin, and 173 children acted as control subjects for both groups. As also shown in the Nigerian trial, the trial confirmed that the "further attenuated" vaccine was superior to the Edmonston B vaccine, and caused significantly fewer instances of fever and diarrhea. 2,000 children in the area were vaccinated with the further-attenuated vaccine.
587:
490:(CDC) recommends that children aged six to eleven months traveling outside the United States receive their first dose of MMR vaccine before departure and then receive two more doses; one at 12–15 months (12 months for children in high-risk areas) and the second as early as four weeks later. Otherwise the first dose is typically given at 12–15 months and the second at 4–6 years.
445:
half were attributable to one unvaccinated teenager who became infected during a visit to
Romania. This individual returned to a community with many unvaccinated children. The resulting outbreak infected 34 people, mostly children and virtually all unvaccinated; three of them were hospitalized. The public health response required making almost 5,000 phone calls as part of
5015:
5003:
2225:
2179:
1328:
2618:
679:
444:
worldwide. Although it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000, high rates of vaccination and excellent communication with those who refuse vaccination are needed to prevent outbreaks and sustain the elimination of measles. Of the 66 cases of measles reported in the U.S. in 2005, slightly over
613:
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, nearly twice as many children died from measles as from polio. The vaccine Enders developed was based on the
Edmonston strain of attenuated live measles virus, which was named for 11-year-old David Edmonston, the Fay student from whom Peebles had taken the culture
609:
in
Massachusetts, where an outbreak of measles was underway; Peebles was able to isolate the virus from blood samples and throat swabs, and was later able to cultivate the virus and show that the disease could be passed on to monkeys inoculated with the material he had collected. Enders was able to
404:
One dose is about 93% effective while two doses of the vaccine are about 97% effective at preventing measles. Before the widespread use of the vaccine, measles was so common that infection was considered "as inevitable as death and taxes." In the United States, reported cases of measles fell from 3
363:
and colleagues, and began to be distributed, becoming the only measles vaccine used in the United States since 1968. About 86% of children globally had received at least one dose of the vaccine as of 2018. In 2021, at least 183 countries provided two doses in their routine immunization schedule. It
740:
may be able to help those who do not have coverage. State law requires vaccinations for school children, but offer exemptions for medical reasons and sometimes for religious or philosophical reasons. All fifty states require two doses of the MMR vaccine at the appropriate age. A different vaccine
617:
In the mid-20th century, measles was particularly devastating in West Africa, where child mortality rate was 50 percent before age five, and the children were struck with the type of rash and other symptoms common prior to 1900 in
England and other countries. The first trial of a live attenuated
425:
led to improvements in measles vaccination coverage that averted an estimated 1.4 million measles deaths worldwide. The vaccine for measles led to the near-complete elimination of the disease in the United States and other developed countries. While the vaccine is made with a live virus which can
2628:
449:, arranging and performing testing as needed, and arranging emergency vaccination for at-risk people who had had contact with this person. Taxpayers and local healthcare organizations likely paid more than US$ 167,000 in direct costs to contain this one outbreak. A major
626:, Nigeria; in case he could be accused of exploiting the Nigerian population, Morley included his own four children in the study. The encouraging results led to a second study of about 450 children in the village and at the Wesley Guild Hospital in Ilesha.
416:
The benefits of measles vaccination in preventing illness, disability, and death have been well documented. Within the first 20 years of being licensed in the U.S., measles vaccination prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of
2310:
656:
in a single shot followed by a booster. One form is called "Attenuvax". The measles component of the MMR vaccine uses
Attenuvax, which is grown in a chick embryo cell culture using the Enders' attenuated Edmonston strain. Following
629:
Following another epidemic, a larger trial was undertaken in
September and October 1962, in New York City with the assistance of the WHO: 131 children received the live Enders-attenuated Edmonston B strain plus
5055:
290:'s effectiveness lasts many years. It is unclear if it becomes less effective over time. The vaccine may also protect against measles if given within a couple of days after exposure to measles.
4595:
2302:
547:
Pregnancy: MMR vaccine and its components should not be given to pregnant women. Women of childbearing age should check with their doctor about getting vaccinated prior to getting pregnant.
460:
such as preventing respiratory infections, that may be greater than those of measles prevention alone. These benefits are greater when the vaccine is given before one year of age. A high-
344:(WHO) recommends measles vaccine be given at nine months of age in areas of the world where the disease is common, or at twelve months where the disease is not common. Measles vaccine is
297:. Most children do not experience any side effects; those that do occur are usually mild, such as fever, rash, pain at the site of injection, and joint stiffness; and are short-lived.
388:
Measles cases reported in Canada before and after introduction of the vaccine. Between 1959 and 1968 measles was not nationally reportable, hence there are no data are this period.
119:
2633:
A strain of measles virus isolated in 1954 by Dr. Thomas C. Peebles, instructor in pediatrics at
Harvard, and Enders, formed the basis for the development of the present vaccine
1353:
1173:
891:
670:
found that the measles vaccine uptake led to increases in income of 1.1 percent and positive effects on employment due to greater productivity by those who were vaccinated.
4870:
2955:
1090:
250:
41:
4839:
4488:
2343:
2780:
4588:
1206:
869:
3631:
2011:"Effect of measles vaccination in infants younger than 9 months on the immune response to subsequent measles vaccine doses: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
3520:
87:
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2852:
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use the cultivated virus to develop a measles vaccine in 1963 by attenuation through cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts of the material isolated by
Peebles.
4943:
3671:
3666:
1716:
Bloch AB, Orenstein WA, Stetler HC, Wassilak SG, Amler RW, Bart KJ, et al. (October 1985). "Health impact of measles vaccination in the United States".
658:
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cause side effects, these are far fewer and less serious than the sickness and death caused by measles itself; side effects ranging from rashes to, rarely,
2210:
4581:
3414:
3398:
3364:
3333:
2982:
2204:
2160:
1307:
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if they are aged six to 12 months. However, after the child is 12 months old they should receive two additional doses to ensure long-lasting protection.
487:
405:
to 4 million with 400 to 500 deaths to tens of thousands per year following introduction of two measles vaccines in 1963 (both an inactivated and a live
368:. As outbreaks easily occur in under-vaccinated populations, non-prevalence of disease is seen as a test of sufficient vaccination within a population.
3433:
2988:
2907:
Ovsyannikova IG, Johnson KL, Naylor S, Poland GA (February 2005). "Identification of HLA-DRB1-bound self-peptides following measles virus infection".
4068:
4854:
2702:
2885:
2060:"The non-specific effects of vaccines and other childhood interventions: the contribution of INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems"
836:
352:
before being injected either just under the skin or into a muscle. Verification that the vaccine was effective can be determined by blood tests.
2566:
2477:
3681:
340:). The measles vaccine is equally effective for preventing measles in all formulations, but side effects vary for different combinations. The
4539:
4467:
2522:
2441:
1834:
1446:
The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
365:
4073:
3158:
4880:
3068:
1386:
1248:
1065:
4844:
4105:
3783:
3636:
2164:
996:
4604:
4515:
3852:
3822:
3455:
1808:
1477:
1345:
927:
355:
The measles vaccine was first introduced in 1963. In that year, the
Edmonston-B strain of measles virus was turned into a vaccine by
3927:
3285:
1637:
1508:
1242:
1137:
1059:
1026:
3337:
3300:
1960:
1590:
1567:
1159:
3128:
902:
644:, a pioneer in the development of vaccinations, developed an improved version of the measles vaccine in 1968 and subsequently the
4963:
4810:
4494:
3464:
1668:
1419:
962:
741:
distribution within a single territory by age or social class may define different general perceptions of vaccination efficacy.
4078:
3098:
2947:
1082:
4875:
4849:
4115:
4083:
3907:
3857:
1780:
457:
149:
4173:
2332:
2280:
302:
3778:
1694:
3368:
2536:
1313:
1276:
2772:
4654:
3971:
3676:
2455:
2109:"The effect of helminth infection on vaccine responses in humans and animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
737:
1198:
861:
619:
359:
and colleagues and licensed in the United States. In 1968, an improved and even weaker measles vaccine was developed by
2420:
Stratton K, Ford A, Rusch E, Clayton EW, et al. (Committee to Review Adverse Effects of Vaccines) (9 April 2012).
497:(NHS) recommendation is for a first dose at around 13 months of age and the second at three years and four months old.
274:. Nearly all of those who do not develop immunity after a single dose develop it after a second dose. When the rate of
4556:
1974:
Mina MJ (June 2017). "Measles, immune suppression and vaccination: direct and indirect nonspecific vaccine benefits".
2844:
2250:
4993:
4093:
3530:
3513:
3188:
2504:
2009:
Nic Lochlainn LM, de Gier B, van der Maas N, van Binnendijk R, Strebel PM, Goodman T, et al. (November 2019).
464:
vaccine resulted in worse outcomes in girls, and consequently is not recommended by the World Health Organization.
392:
310:
1083:"ProQuad- measles, mumps, rubella and varicella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension"
4938:
4788:
4143:
3269:
3062:
2588:
2339:
1839:
1441:
1413:
1380:
1167:
801:
666:
480:
434:
341:
2199:
5035:
4970:
4890:
4745:
4098:
4063:
4058:
4053:
3427:
3296:
661:
recommendations, Merck decided not to resume production of Attenuvax as standalone vaccine on 21 October 2009.
521:
1900:"Implications of a 2005 measles outbreak in Indiana for sustained elimination of measles in the United States"
286:
of measles typically no longer occur; however, they may occur again if the rate of vaccination decreases. The
4958:
4953:
4723:
4631:
4544:
4477:
4458:
4254:
4226:
4188:
4183:
4163:
3686:
2977:
1408:
598:
494:
418:
97:
5040:
4674:
4525:
4454:
3448:
532:
441:
410:
2948:"M-M-R II- measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension"
4520:
4354:
4349:
3800:
3746:
3656:
2875:
2694:
467:
The immune response to measles vaccine can be impaired by the presence of parasitic infections such as
2725:
2107:
Natukunda A, Zirimenya L, Nassuuna J, Nkurunungi G, Cose S, Elliott AM, et al. (September 2022).
1835:"The Man Who Saved Your Life - Maurice R. Hilleman - Developer of Vaccines for Mumps and Pandemic Flu"
805:
4750:
4708:
4403:
4344:
4135:
3773:
3651:
3602:
3569:
3503:
2623:
2558:
594:
577:
Moderate or severe illness. However, mild illness (e.g., common cold) is usually not contraindicated.
3354:
4684:
4326:
4292:
4178:
3944:
3939:
3885:
3716:
3584:
3556:
3508:
2880:
192:
2481:
1844:
520:, rash, injection site pain and, in rare cases, red or purple discolorations on the skin known as
4703:
4359:
4193:
3934:
3895:
3880:
3756:
3726:
3646:
3564:
3150:
3039:
2753:
1803:
1741:
406:
345:
75:
3408:
3057:
3392:
5050:
4902:
4664:
4482:
4449:
4428:
4282:
4123:
4013:
3902:
3763:
3588:
3551:
3441:
3281:
3241:
3031:
2924:
2825:
2745:
2676:
2528:
2518:
2447:
2437:
2402:
2138:
2089:
2040:
1991:
1952:
1921:
1898:
Parker AA, Staggs W, Dayan GH, Ortega-Sánchez IR, Rota PA, Lowe L, et al. (August 2006).
1772:
1733:
1602:
1541:
1504:
1375:
1238:
1232:
1055:
1049:
828:
602:
337:
177:
164:
2156:
1560:"Measles Prevention: Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP)"
988:
543:
It is inadvisable for some people to receive the measles or MMR vaccine, including cases of:
201:
5045:
4908:
4805:
4408:
4393:
4249:
4110:
4023:
3273:
3231:
3223:
3023:
2916:
2815:
2737:
2666:
2658:
2510:
2429:
2392:
2384:
2333:"Information Sheet: Observed Rate of Vaccine Reactions: Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccines"
2128:
2120:
2079:
2071:
2030:
2022:
1983:
1911:
1725:
1533:
1449:
820:
637:
590:
Cases of measles and deaths per 100000, per year, in the United States over the 20th century
360:
283:
3423:
3353:
Gastanaduy PA, Redd SB, Clemmons NS, Lee Adria D, Hickman CJ, Rota PA, et al. (2019).
1866:
1798:
1469:
919:
5007:
4413:
4211:
4018:
3842:
3812:
3795:
3721:
3711:
3641:
3580:
3576:
3525:
3011:
2272:
525:
446:
384:
325:
1940:
1760:
1625:
1610:
1559:
1129:
1018:
380:
Measles cases reported in the United States before and after introduction of the vaccine.
3327:
3212:"Modelling and assessing public health policies to counteract Italian measles outbreaks"
690:
Measles is seldom given as an individual vaccine and is often given in combination with
5019:
4915:
4740:
4650:
4550:
4277:
4168:
4128:
4008:
3829:
3768:
3323:
3120:
2820:
2803:
2671:
2646:
2397:
2372:
2133:
2108:
2084:
2059:
2035:
2010:
1660:
641:
631:
461:
3266:
The immunological basis for immunization series : module 7: measles - Update 2009
2026:
1987:
954:
5029:
4573:
4433:
4418:
4388:
4383:
4238:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3890:
3736:
3535:
3090:
3043:
2229:
2183:
2058:
Sankoh O, Welaga P, Debpuur C, Zandoh C, Gyaase S, Poma MA, et al. (June 2014).
1537:
1332:
501:
468:
329:
111:
2757:
2371:
Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V (November 2021).
376:
4510:
4153:
4048:
3981:
3922:
3917:
3741:
3597:
3488:
3468:
2388:
1745:
1690:
724:
586:
569:
333:
132:
127:
433:
Measles vaccination averted 57 million deaths being between 2000 and 2022, as per
3358:
3211:
1301:
1268:
736:
Most health insurance plans in the United States cover the cost of vaccines, and
4975:
4895:
4297:
4287:
4148:
3954:
3949:
3862:
3837:
3805:
3731:
3593:
3484:
3476:
717:
683:
645:
505:
356:
321:
298:
275:
105:
33:
2503:
Institute of Medicine (US) Immunization Safety Review Committee (17 May 2004).
2421:
4784:
4423:
4398:
4088:
4038:
3409:"MMRV (Measles, Mumps, Rubella & Varicella) Vaccine Information Statement"
3227:
2920:
710:
606:
427:
279:
212:
3245:
3035:
453:
was averted due to high rates of vaccination in the surrounding communities.
4472:
4043:
3911:
3480:
2480:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 August 2008. Archived from
699:
91:
2928:
2829:
2680:
2532:
2451:
2406:
2142:
2093:
2044:
1995:
1956:
1925:
1776:
1545:
832:
504:
recommends that children traveling outside North America should receive an
2749:
2741:
2662:
1737:
1729:
1606:
4980:
4948:
4735:
4627:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4272:
4028:
3964:
3959:
3027:
3012:"The Long-Term Effects of Measles Vaccination on Earnings and Employment"
2726:"Past, present, and future of measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccines"
2242:
2075:
1916:
1899:
702:(chickenpox) vaccines. Below is the list of measles-containing vaccines:
450:
294:
17:
3236:
3180:
1454:
1130:"MMR Vaccination | What You Should Know | Measles, Mumps, Rubella | CDC"
824:
4755:
4730:
4713:
4670:
4033:
3790:
3472:
3277:
691:
653:
349:
317:
287:
271:
70:
62:
52:
5014:
2124:
301:
has been documented in about 3.5–10 cases per million doses. Rates of
4336:
4321:
3607:
623:
422:
306:
1234:
CDC health information for international travel 2014 the yellow book
618:
measles vaccine was undertaken in 1960 by the British paediatrician
557:
Weakened immune system due to HIV/AIDS or certain medical treatments
421:, and 5,200 deaths. From 1999 to 2004 a strategy led by the WHO and
3393:"MMR (Measles, Mumps, & Rubella) Vaccine Information Statement"
2514:
2433:
678:
551:
237:
4660:
4331:
4216:
3817:
3751:
3322:
Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S, eds. (2021).
1939:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (December 2006).
695:
677:
649:
585:
517:
397:
391:
383:
375:
2876:"Maurice R. Hilleman Dies; Created Vaccines (washingtonpost.com)"
2373:"Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children"
2228:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2182:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1799:"Dr. Thomas C. Peebles, Who Identified Measles Virus, Dies at 89"
1331:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
955:"About Measles Vaccination | Vaccination and Immunizations | CDC"
862:"Measles Vaccination and Infection: Questions and Misconceptions"
550:
HIV-infected children, who may receive measles vaccines if their
4680:
3626:
228:
158:
4577:
3437:
1759:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (March 2006).
171:
1624:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (July 2007).
2802:
Morley DC, Woodland M, Krugman S, Friedman H, Grab B (1964).
2595:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 23 April 2020.
2509:. Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.
348:
of measles. It comes as a dried powder which is mixed with a
2773:"David Morley - a career of service that started in Nigeria"
1667:(13th ed.). Washington D.C.: Public Health Foundation.
892:"Summary of the WHO position on Measles Vaccine- April 2017"
560:
Having a parent or sibling with a history of immune problems
3360:
Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases
3329:
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
1665:
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
1524:
Babbott FL, Gordon JE (September 1954). "Modern measles".
293:
The vaccine is generally safe, even for those infected by
3216:
International Journal of Simulation and Process Modelling
1589:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1994).
5056:
World Health Organization essential medicines (vaccines)
723:
Mumps, measles, rubella and varicella combined vaccine (
516:
Adverse effects associated with the MMR vaccine include
413:
in the United States. In 2014, 667 cases were reported.
2804:"Measles and Measles Vaccination in an African Village"
1761:"Progress in reducing global measles deaths, 1999-2004"
366:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
257:
2366:
2364:
1160:"Information Sheet Observed Rate of Vaccine Reactions"
313:
do not appear to be increased by measles vaccination.
4991:
3091:"Priorix - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
1626:"Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 2007"
1591:"Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 1993"
1019:"Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination | CDC"
563:
Condition that makes a patient bruise or bleed easily
531:
Numerous studies have found no relationship between
4931:
4863:
4832:
4823:
4798:
4777:
4768:
4694:
4641:
4620:
4611:
4503:
4442:
4374:
4265:
4237:
4204:
3873:
3704:
3697:
3616:
3544:
3496:
2426:
Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality
1231:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014).
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
806:"Measles vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2017"
227:
211:
191:
186:
148:
143:
118:
104:
86:
81:
69:
58:
51:
3121:"VFC | Home | Vaccines for Children Program | CDC"
2593:Vaccine Recommendations and Guidelines of the ACIP
2428:. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
4840:London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases
4489:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
2942:
2940:
2938:
2619:"Work by Enders Brings Measles Vaccine License"
2506:Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism
2194:
2192:
1077:
1075:
200:
3181:"MMR Vaccine Mandates for Child Care and K-12"
2303:"Measles vaccine: Canadian immunization guide"
1296:
1294:
4589:
3449:
1792:
1790:
1226:
1224:
1054:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 127.
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
716:Mumps, measles and rubella combined vaccine (
682:Mumps, measles and rubella combined vaccine (
566:Recent transfusion of blood or blood products
430:, occur in a small percentage of recipients.
8:
1663:. In Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S (eds.).
1526:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
982:
980:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
574:Receiving other vaccines in the past 4 weeks
32:
2559:"Guidelines for Vaccinating Pregnant Women"
2478:"Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine"
2377:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1945:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1765:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1630:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1595:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1262:
1260:
1258:
949:
947:
945:
648:in 1971, which vaccinates against measles,
4829:
4774:
4617:
4596:
4582:
4574:
3701:
3456:
3442:
3434:
3415:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3399:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3365:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3334:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3305:. London, England: Public Health England.
3016:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
2983:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2978:"Q&As about Monovalent M-M-R Vaccines"
2563:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2205:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2161:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1501:Vaccine, vaccination, and immunization law
1308:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1273:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1051:The essential guide to children's vaccines
993:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
488:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
40:
3426:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3357:. In Roush SW, Baldy LM, Hall MH (eds.).
3235:
2819:
2808:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
2670:
2396:
2132:
2083:
2034:
1915:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1453:
1237:. Oxford University Press. p. 250.
270:protects against becoming infected with
4998:
4855:Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance
3332:(14th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S.
3302:Immunisation against infectious disease
1350:The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
1346:"Vaccine History: Developments by Year"
750:
110:
3151:"State Vaccination Requirements | CDC"
2200:"Birth-18 Years Immunization Schedule"
1251:from the original on 8 September 2017.
1068:from the original on 8 September 2017.
709:Measles and rubella combined vaccine (
396:Measles cases reported in England and
31:
3340:from the original on 30 December 2016
3309:from the original on 12 November 2019
2855:from the original on 24 February 2014
2422:"Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine"
2349:from the original on 17 December 2019
2064:International Journal of Epidemiology
1828:
1826:
1783:from the original on 16 October 2007.
1697:from the original on 13 February 2015
1448:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1389:from the original on 28 November 2022
1179:from the original on 19 December 2019
614:that led to the virus's cultivation.
554:lymphocyte count is greater than 15%.
96:
7:
4881:National Malaria Eradication Program
2991:from the original on 19 October 2019
2888:from the original on 20 October 2012
2458:from the original on 7 November 2017
2283:from the original on 31 January 2013
2167:from the original on 29 January 2020
1671:from the original on 7 February 2015
1422:from the original on 6 February 2018
1209:from the original on 5 December 2021
999:from the original on 29 January 2020
842:from the original on 23 January 2023
706:Measles vaccine (standalone vaccine)
131:
4845:Global Polio Eradication Initiative
2589:"Contraindications and Precautions"
2539:from the original on 7 October 2014
1963:from the original on 13 March 2015.
1904:The New England Journal of Medicine
1199:"MEASLES VACCINE - Essential drugs"
601:for work on the polio virus, sent
346:based on a live but weakened strain
236:
46:A child is given a measles vaccine.
4605:Eradication of infectious diseases
4516:Eradication of infectious diseases
4273:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
3371:from the original on 1 August 2020
3264:World Health Organization (2009).
2705:from the original on 30 April 2019
2313:from the original on 17 March 2019
1356:from the original on 28 April 2022
1140:from the original on 26 April 2020
1029:from the original on 26 April 2020
965:from the original on 27 April 2020
25:
4944:Mathematical modelling of disease
4106:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
3191:from the original on 12 June 2020
3161:from the original on 2 April 2020
3101:from the original on 6 April 2020
3071:from the original on 6 April 2020
2958:from the original on 6 April 2020
2783:from the original on 29 June 2022
2569:from the original on 6 April 2020
2253:from the original on 8 March 2019
2213:from the original on 6 March 2016
1811:from the original on 6 April 2020
1640:from the original on 13 June 2018
1503:. Bloomberg Law. pp. 10–30.
1316:from the original on 6 April 2020
1279:from the original on 6 April 2020
1093:from the original on 6 April 2020
872:from the original on 3 April 2022
5013:
5001:
4811:Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
4495:Alternative vaccination schedule
3465:Artificial induction of immunity
2909:Journal of Immunological Methods
2843:Pritchard J (13 November 1997).
2771:Beautysays (27 September 2009).
2223:
2177:
1570:from the original on 15 May 2012
1538:10.1097/00000441-195409000-00013
1480:from the original on 1 June 2019
1326:
989:"Measles and the Vaccine (Shot)"
930:from the original on 1 June 2019
524:, or seizures related to fever (
320:and in combinations such as the
4876:Boll Weevil Eradication Program
4850:Global Certification Commission
3131:from the original on 1 May 2020
2627:. 22 March 1963. Archived from
2599:from the original on 1 May 2019
2015:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
336:(a combination of MMR with the
27:Vaccine used to prevent measles
4327:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
2389:10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5
2307:Public Health Agency of Canada
1941:"Measles--United States, 2005"
901:. 20 July 2017. Archived from
316:The vaccine is available both
1:
4655:Eradication of dracunculiasis
3858:Group B streptococcal disease
3677:Vaccines for Children Program
2027:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30396-2
1988:10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30185-8
1691:"Measles Cases and Outbreaks"
1409:"Immunization Coverage - WHO"
813:Weekly Epidemiological Record
738:Vaccines for Children Program
2874:Sullivan P (13 April 2005).
2845:"Obituary: Dr C. A. Pearson"
2157:"Vaccine (Shot) for Measles"
1833:Collins H (30 August 1999).
1659:Wallace G, Leroy Z (2015).
5072:
2277:National Health Service UK
2247:National Health Service UK
1797:Martin D (4 August 2010).
1458:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
1376:"Measles Fact Sheet - WHO"
597:, who had shared the 1954
486:In the United States, the
311:inflammatory bowel disease
4939:Globalization and disease
4789:Eradication of rinderpest
4534:
3363:. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S.
3270:World Health Organization
3228:10.1504/IJSPM.2021.118832
3063:European Medicines Agency
2921:10.1016/j.jim.2004.12.020
2724:Hilleman MR (July 1992).
2645:Griffin DE (March 2018).
2340:World Health Organization
1840:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1442:World Health Organization
1414:World Health Organization
1381:World Health Organization
1203:medicalguidelines.msf.org
1168:World Health Organization
802:World Health Organization
667:American Economic Journal
481:World Health Organization
435:World Health Organization
342:World Health Organization
247:
39:
4971:Tuberculosis elimination
4891:India National PolioPlus
3853:Clostridioides difficile
3428:Medical Subject Headings
1976:The Journal of Infection
522:thrombocytopenic purpura
324:(a combination with the
4632:Eradication of smallpox
4116:Tick-borne encephalitis
3268:. Geneva, Switzerland:
1267:CDC (5 November 2020).
599:Nobel Prize in Medicine
495:National Health Service
419:intellectual disability
303:Guillain–Barré syndrome
4675:Eradication of malaria
4526:List of vaccine topics
3521:Mathematical modelling
3295:Ramsay M, ed. (2019).
2273:"MMR vaccine overview"
2163:(CDC). 2 August 2019.
687:
591:
533:MMR vaccine and autism
401:
389:
381:
4771:agricultural diseases
4521:Vaccinate Your Family
3972:Japanese encephalitis
3324:"Chapter 13: Measles"
3297:"Chapter 21: Measles"
3067:. 17 September 2018.
2954:. 24 September 2019.
2742:10.1542/peds.90.1.149
2695:"The Measles Vaccine"
2663:10.1089/vim.2017.0143
1730:10.1542/peds.76.4.524
1089:. 26 September 2019.
987:CDC (2 August 2019).
681:
589:
395:
387:
379:
282:is greater than 92%,
4709:Lymphatic filariasis
4404:John Franklin Enders
3355:"Chapter 7: Measles"
3028:10.1257/pol.20190509
2777:Nigeria Health Watch
2631:on 3 November 2012.
2624:The Hartford Courant
1982:(Suppl 1): S10–S17.
1917:10.1056/NEJMoa060775
1601:(53): i–xvii, 1–73.
1352:. 20 November 2014.
1269:"History of Measles"
1136:. 24 December 2019.
664:A 2022 study in the
595:John Franklin Enders
458:non specific effects
4685:Eradication of yaws
3585:Virus-like particle
3509:Vaccine ingredients
3097:. 14 January 2020.
2987:. 26 October 2009.
2881:The Washington Post
2249:. 20 October 2017.
2209:. 5 February 2019.
2113:Parasite Immunology
1499:Abramson B (2018).
1312:. 5 February 2018.
1048:Mitchell D (2013).
732:Society and culture
167:(Prescription only)
53:Vaccine description
36:
4561:Never to phase III
4360:Hexavalent vaccine
4174:Epstein–Barr virus
4069:Oxford–AstraZeneca
3757:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
3419:. 22 October 2019.
3403:. 22 October 2019.
3058:"M-M-RVaxPro EPAR"
2736:(1 Pt 2): 149–53.
2699:The New York Times
2279:. 8 October 2019.
2076:10.1093/ije/dyu101
1804:The New York Times
961:. 9 January 2020.
688:
622:in a village near
592:
407:attenuated vaccine
402:
390:
382:
338:chickenpox vaccine
4989:
4988:
4927:
4926:
4903:Polio in Pakistan
4819:
4818:
4764:
4763:
4665:Polio eradication
4571:
4570:
4483:Vaccines and SIDS
4370:
4369:
4144:Hepatitis A and B
4120:Varicella zoster
3577:Subunit/component
3157:. 11 March 2019.
3010:Atwood A (2022).
2701:. 28 March 1963.
2647:"Measles Vaccine"
2524:978-0-309-09237-1
2484:on 8 October 2008
2443:978-0-309-21436-0
2342:(WHO). May 2014.
2125:10.1111/pim.12939
2021:(11): 1246–1254.
1385:. 20 March 2023.
1302:"Measles History"
603:Thomas C. Peebles
539:Contraindications
265:
264:
175:
162:
16:(Redirected from
5063:
5018:
5017:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4997:
4909:Every Last Child
4830:
4806:Ovine rinderpest
4775:
4618:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4575:
4462:MMR autism fraud
4409:Maurice Hilleman
4394:Hilary Koprowski
3702:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3435:
3420:
3404:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3291:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3210:Scirè G (2021).
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3185:www.immunize.org
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3127:. 2 April 2019.
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2944:
2933:
2932:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2383:(11): CD004407.
2368:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2337:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2309:. 18 July 2007.
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1843:. Archived from
1830:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1613:on 9 March 2010.
1609:. Archived from
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1418:. 14 July 2022.
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1264:
1253:
1252:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1126:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1025:. 5 April 2021.
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
984:
975:
974:
972:
970:
951:
940:
939:
937:
935:
916:
910:
909:
908:on 8 March 2022.
907:
896:
888:
882:
881:
879:
877:
858:
852:
851:
849:
847:
841:
810:
798:
638:Maurice Hilleman
456:The vaccine has
361:Maurice Hilleman
261:
260:
253:
240:
204:
173:
170:
160:
157:
135:
114:
100:
44:
37:
35:
21:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5036:1963 in biology
5026:
5025:
5024:
5012:
5002:
5000:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4923:
4859:
4825:
4815:
4794:
4770:
4760:
4696:
4690:
4643:
4637:
4613:
4607:
4602:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4551:Clinical trials
4530:
4499:
4438:
4414:Stanley Plotkin
4376:
4366:
4278:Cancer vaccines
4261:
4255:Schistosomiasis
4233:
4227:Trypanosomiasis
4200:
4164:Cytomegalovirus
4074:Pfizer–BioNTech
3869:
3693:
3642:Vaccine wastage
3612:
3540:
3492:
3462:
3424:Measles Vaccine
3407:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3374:
3372:
3352:
3343:
3341:
3321:
3312:
3310:
3294:
3288:
3263:
3259:
3257:Further reading
3254:
3253:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2915:(1–2): 153–67.
2906:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2849:The Independent
2842:
2841:
2837:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2565:. August 2016.
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2444:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2178:
2170:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1951:(50): 1348–51.
1938:
1937:
1933:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1847:on 6 March 2009
1832:
1831:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1245:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1128:
1127:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1062:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
986:
985:
978:
968:
966:
953:
952:
943:
933:
931:
918:
917:
913:
905:
894:
890:
889:
885:
875:
873:
860:
859:
855:
845:
843:
839:
808:
800:
799:
752:
747:
734:
676:
642:Merck & Co.
584:
541:
526:febrile seizure
514:
512:Adverse effects
493:In the UK, the
477:
447:contact tracing
374:
350:specific liquid
326:rubella vaccine
268:Measles vaccine
256:
254:
251:(what is this?)
248:
243:
223:
207:
182:
139:
47:
34:Measles vaccine
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5069:
5067:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5010:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4932:Related topics
4929:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4916:The Final Inch
4912:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4781:
4779:
4772:
4769:Eradication of
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4741:Onchocerciasis
4738:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4668:
4658:
4651:Dracunculiasis
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4624:
4622:
4615:
4614:human diseases
4612:Eradication of
4609:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4578:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4429:Katalin KarikĂł
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4243:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4184:Herpes simplex
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4084:Sinopharm BIBP
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4034:Bharat Biotech
4031:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3657:Vaccine injury
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3617:Administration
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3591:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3405:
3387:
3386:External links
3384:
3382:
3381:
3350:
3319:
3292:
3286:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3202:
3172:
3142:
3112:
3082:
3049:
3002:
2969:
2934:
2899:
2866:
2835:
2794:
2763:
2716:
2686:
2637:
2610:
2580:
2550:
2523:
2515:10.17226/10997
2495:
2469:
2442:
2434:10.17226/13164
2412:
2360:
2324:
2294:
2264:
2234:
2188:
2148:
2099:
2070:(3): 645–653.
2050:
2001:
1966:
1931:
1883:
1858:
1822:
1786:
1751:
1708:
1682:
1651:
1616:
1581:
1551:
1516:
1509:
1491:
1461:
1433:
1400:
1367:
1337:
1290:
1254:
1243:
1220:
1190:
1151:
1104:
1071:
1060:
1040:
1010:
976:
941:
911:
883:
853:
819:(17): 205–27.
804:(April 2017).
749:
748:
746:
743:
733:
730:
729:
728:
721:
714:
707:
675:
672:
632:gamma globulin
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
572:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
548:
540:
537:
513:
510:
476:
473:
373:
370:
263:
262:
245:
244:
242:
241:
233:
231:
225:
224:
222:
221:
217:
215:
209:
208:
206:
205:
197:
195:
189:
188:
184:
183:
181:
180:
168:
154:
152:
146:
145:
141:
140:
138:
137:
124:
122:
116:
115:
108:
102:
101:
94:
84:
83:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
60:
56:
55:
49:
48:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5068:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:Live vaccines
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5009:
4999:
4995:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4871:United States
4869:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4822:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4767:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4693:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4434:Drew Weissman
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:H. Fred Clark
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:Louis Pasteur
4387:
4385:
4384:Edward Jenner
4382:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:DTwP-HepB-Hib
4353:
4351:
4350:DTaP-IPV-HepB
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:combination:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4239:Helminthiasis
4236:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:combination:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
3836:
3835:
3834:combination:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3747:Meningococcus
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Leptospirosis
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Vaccine court
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:GAVI Alliance
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3287:9789241597555
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3203:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:Viral Immunol
2648:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2496:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2230:public domain
2212:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:public domain
2166:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2119:(9): e12939.
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1910:(5): 447–55.
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:(4): 524–32.
1723:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:(3): 334–61.
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1510:9781682675830
1506:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:public domain
1315:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1244:9780199948505
1240:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1061:9781466827509
1057:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1041:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1011:
998:
994:
990:
983:
981:
977:
964:
960:
956:
950:
948:
946:
942:
929:
925:
921:
915:
912:
904:
900:
893:
887:
884:
871:
867:
863:
857:
854:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
803:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
751:
744:
742:
739:
731:
726:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
705:
704:
703:
701:
697:
693:
685:
680:
673:
671:
669:
668:
662:
660:
655:
651:
647:
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