716:
680:
are found in freshwater and soil habitats, especially in close relationships with plant roots. Associations with plants are thought to be largely beneficial. Over 113 species of plants in 35 different plant families have been documented to have benefited from association with a species of
627:
in 1925 by M.W. Beijerinck. In Brazil, during the 1970s, similar strains of this species were found associated with the roots of grain plants by scientists led by Dr. Johanna Döbereiner. Her group discovered that these bacteria had the ability to fix nitrogen. Due to this discovery,
2242:"Transfer of Conglomeromonas largomobilis subsp. largomobilis to the Genus Azospirillum as Azospirillum largomobile comb. nov., and Elevation of Conglomeromonas largomobilis subsp. parooensis to the New Type Species of Conglomeromonas, Conglomeromonas parooensis sp. nov"
876:
Isolated from roots of grasses in South
America; One of the best studied species in the genus; Heavily researched for applications in agriculture; Used commercially to promote crop growth, especially in South America.
1495:"A taxonomic study of the Spirillum lipoferum group, with descriptions of a new genus, Azospirillum gen. nov. and two species, Azospirillum lipoferum (Beijerinck) comb. nov. and Azospirillum brasilense sp. nov"
734:
that alter how the roots of plants grow. Affected roots frequently grow more branches and fine root hairs, which may help the plants acquire water and nutrients more efficiently. In addition to these changes,
610:
is possible between 5 °C and 42 °C and in substrates with a pH of 5 to 9, with optimal growth occurring around 30 °C and 7 pH. Microbiologists use nitrogen-free semi-solid media to isolate
1772:"Characterization of cellular, biochemical and genomic features of the diazotrophic plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum sp. UENF-412522, a novel member of the Azospirillum genus"
3042:
703:
strains have been researched for their effects in improving agricultural yields and improving growth of wild plants. In 2009, the first commercial inoculants containing
3016:
2654:
Zhao, Zhuo-li; Ming, Hong; Ding, Chen-Long; Ji, Wei-Li; Cheng, Li-Jiao; Niu, Ming-ming; Zhang, Yan-min; Zhang, Ling-Yu; Meng, Xiao-Lin; Nie, Guo-Xing (2020-01-01).
3055:
2703:
Lavrinenko, Ksenia; Chernousova, Elena; Gridneva, Elena; Dubinina, Galina; Akimov, Vladimir; Kuever, Jan; Lysenko, Anatoly; Grabovich, Margarita (2010-12-01).
2507:
Anandham, Rangasamy; Heo, Jun; Krishnamoorthy, Ramasamy; SenthilKumar, Murugaiyan; Gopal, Nellaiappan
Olgaganathan; Kim, Soo-Jin; Kwon, Soon-Wo (2019-05-01).
2556:
Young, C. C.; Hupfer, H.; Siering, C.; Ho, M.-J.; Arun, A. B.; Lai, W.-A.; Rekha, P. D.; Shen, F.-T.; Hung, M.-H.; Chen, W.-M.; Yassin, A. F. (2008-04-01).
838:
from the remaining strains. The second clade also has very high diversity and not enough resolution to determine strains species only using genetic data.
2990:
3029:
1623:"Accumulation of intra-cellular polyphosphate in Chlorella vulgaris cells is related to indole-3-acetic acid produced by Azospirillum brasilense"
2458:
Lin, S.-Y.; Young, C. C.; Hupfer, H.; Siering, C.; Arun, A. B.; Chen, W.-M.; Lai, W.-A.; Shen, F.-T.; Rekha, P. D.; Yassin, A. F. (2009-04-01).
2859:
2840:
2292:
1371:
1329:
1296:
1203:
751:
to make them more available to plants. However, how much nitrogen
Azospirillum contribute to crop plants via biological fixation is debated.
590:, meaning, under low oxygen conditions, they can change inert nitrogen from the air into biologically usable forms. At least three species,
2113:"Azospirillum halopraeferens sp. nov., a Nitrogen-Fixing Organism Associated with Roots of Kallar Grass (Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth)"
790:
Azospirillum genus harbor over than 20 described species. Despite the remarkable plant growth-promotion properties, less than half of
2901:
2882:
2821:
1413:
1239:"Azospirillum, a free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium closely associated with grasses: genetic, biochemical and ecological aspects"
3101:
2271:
Hartmann, Anton; Baldani, Jose Ivo (2006), Dworkin, Martin; Falkow, Stanley; Rosenberg, Eugene; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz (eds.),
2154:"Root-surface colonization of black mangrove seedlings by Azospirillum halopraeferens and Azospirillum brasilense in seawater"
603:
3034:
707:
came on the market, and by 2018, over 3 million doses were applied annually to crops by farmers, mainly in South
America.
663:. The ending "-spirillum" refers to the shape of the bacteria, which is similar to spiral-shaped bacteria in the genus
2605:
Lin, Shih-Yao; Hameed, Asif; Liu, You-Cheng; Hsu, Yi-Han; Lai, Wei-An; Shen, Fo-Ting; Young, Chiu-Chung (2015-12-01).
1966:
Lin, Shih-Yao; Liu, You-Cheng; Hameed, Asif; Hsu, Yi-Han; Lai, Wei-An; Shen, Fo-Ting; Young, Chiu-Chung (2013-10-01).
1819:
Lin, Shih-Yao; Liu, You-Cheng; Hameed, Asif; Hsu, Yi-Han; Huang, Hsin-I; Lai, Wei-An; Young, Chiu-Chung (2016-03-01).
257:
2704:
2194:
1967:
2314:
201:
2362:"Azospirillum oryzae sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from the roots of the rice plant Oryza sativa"
2111:
Reinhold, B.; Hurek, T.; Fendrik, I.; Pot, B.; Gillis, M.; Kersters, K.; Thielemans, S.; De Ley, J. (1987-01-01).
3129:
1740:"Chapter Two - How the Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium Azospirillum Promotes Plant Growth—A Critical Assessment"
271:
3060:
3134:
779:
439:
215:
285:
159:
453:
229:
2313:
Peng, Guixiang; Wang, Huarong; Zhang, Guoxia; Hou, Wei; Liu, Yang; Wang, En Tao; Tan, Zhiyuan (2006-06-01).
2013:
Lin, Shih-Yao; Shen, Fo-Ting; Young, Li-Sen; Zhu, Zhi-Long; Chen, Wen-Ming; Young, Chiu-Chung (2012-05-01).
740:
397:
173:
369:
145:
2917:
1919:"Azospirillum doebereinerae sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with the C4-grass Miscanthus"
564:
411:
317:
303:
243:
187:
2509:"Azospirillum ramasamyi sp. nov., a novel diazotrophic bacterium isolated from fermented bovine products"
2852:
Azospirillum IV Genetics · Physiology · Ecology
Proceedings of the Fourth Bayreuth Azospirillum Workshop
2833:
Azospirillum III Genetics · Physiology · Ecology
Proceedings of the Third Bayreuth Azospirillum Workshop
383:
2195:"Azospirillum humicireducens sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from a microbial fuel cell"
467:
425:
3106:
3070:
2964:
2165:
1739:
1622:
1579:
2411:"Azospirillum palustre sp. nov., a methylotrophic nitrogen-fixing species isolated from raised bog"
556:
345:
66:
2760:"Azospirillum zeae sp. nov., a diazotrophic bacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of Zea mays"
2740:
2241:
1801:
1603:
1377:
691:
484:
31:
2955:
3078:
3021:
2897:
2878:
2855:
2836:
2817:
2789:
2781:
2732:
2724:
2685:
2677:
2636:
2628:
2587:
2579:
2538:
2530:
2489:
2481:
2440:
2432:
2391:
2383:
2342:
2334:
2288:
2222:
2214:
2134:
2093:
2085:
2044:
2036:
1995:
1987:
1948:
1940:
1899:
1891:
1850:
1842:
1793:
1720:
1702:
1652:
1644:
1595:
1524:
1475:
1419:
1409:
1367:
1325:
1302:
1292:
1260:
1199:
834:
strains and another the remaining species. This strongly suggests a higher differentiation of
660:
532:
2315:"Azospirillum melinis sp. nov., a group of diazotrophs isolated from tropical molasses grass"
1870:"Azospirillum canadense sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from corn rhizosphere"
3093:
3083:
2771:
2716:
2667:
2618:
2569:
2520:
2471:
2422:
2373:
2326:
2280:
2253:
2206:
2193:
Zhou, Shungui; Han, Luchao; Wang, Yueqiang; Yang, Guiqin; Zhuang, Li; Hu, Pei (2013-07-01).
2173:
2124:
2075:
2026:
1979:
1930:
1881:
1832:
1783:
1747:
1710:
1692:
1634:
1587:
1514:
1506:
1465:
1455:
1359:
1250:
580:
78:
2705:"Azospirillum thiophilum sp. nov., a diazotrophic bacterium isolated from a sulfide spring"
1917:
Eckert, B; Weber, O B; Kirchhof, G; Halbritter, A; Stoffels, M; Hartmann, A (2001-01-01).
528:
520:
90:
1968:"Azospirillum fermentarium sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from a fermenter"
1821:"Azospirillum agricola sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from cultivated soil"
2169:
1583:
2607:"Azospirillum soli sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from agricultural soil"
2178:
2153:
1715:
1680:
1470:
1443:
1255:
1238:
830:
genomes, it is possible to identify two monophyletic groups, one harboring exclusively
686:
54:
2257:
1751:
3123:
2871:
1805:
1567:
1353:
731:
516:
1621:
Meza, Beatriz; de-Bashan, Luz E.; Hernandez, Juan-Pablo; Bashan, Yoav (2015-06-01).
1494:
1381:
2744:
2272:
1607:
584:
540:
524:
120:
1788:
1771:
1639:
3003:
2949:
2409:
Tikhonova, Ekaterina N.; Grouzdev, Denis S.; Kravchenko, Irina K. (2019-09-01).
2062:
Yang, Yunzhen; Zhang, RanRan; Feng, Jie; Wang, Chao; Chen, Jifeng (2019-12-01).
961:
to survive in seawater after experimental inoculation on the roots of mangroves
756:
2240:
Ben Dekhil, Susan; Cahill, Marian; Stackebrandt, E.; Sly, L.I. (January 1997).
770:
competes with pathogens on the roots for space and for trace nutrients such as
2152:
Puente, M.Esther; Holguin, Gina; Glick, Bernard R.; Bashan, Yoav (July 1999).
1697:
1591:
1460:
1363:
748:
587:
2940:
2785:
2728:
2681:
2632:
2583:
2534:
2485:
2436:
2387:
2338:
2218:
2138:
2129:
2112:
2089:
2040:
1991:
1944:
1935:
1918:
1895:
1846:
1770:
Rodrigues, Gustavo Lima; Matteoli, Filipe
Pereira; et al. (2022-01-01).
1706:
1648:
1599:
1306:
3047:
2977:
2284:
1423:
1004:
First species to be described in the genus; First isolated from garden soil
665:
572:
2793:
2736:
2720:
2689:
2672:
2655:
2640:
2623:
2606:
2591:
2542:
2525:
2508:
2493:
2444:
2427:
2410:
2395:
2346:
2226:
2210:
2097:
2080:
2063:
2048:
2031:
2014:
1999:
1983:
1952:
1903:
1854:
1837:
1820:
1797:
1724:
1656:
1479:
1264:
647:
had been described, most of which had been discovered after the year 2000.
2776:
2759:
2574:
2557:
2476:
2459:
2378:
2361:
2330:
1886:
1869:
1542:
1408:(10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall/Pearson Education.
1174:
2934:
1528:
1403:
1352:
Rosenberg E, DeLong EF, Lory S, Stackebrandt E, Thompson F, eds. (2014).
1043:
Isolated from sphagnum peat in Russia; Can use methanol as a food source
744:
656:
42:
1681:"Azospirillum: benefits that go far beyond biological nitrogen fixation"
1444:"Azospirillum: benefits that go far beyond biological nitrogen fixation"
759:
that protect the plant roots from stresses due to drought and flooding.
2995:
2894:
Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in rice : potential and prospects
2015:"Azospirillum formosense sp. nov., a diazotroph from agricultural soil"
1738:
Bashan, Yoav; de-Bashan, Luz E. (2010-01-01), Sparks, Donald L. (ed.),
1519:
1219:
135:
3008:
959:
Isolated from salt-tolerant Kallar grass in
Pakistan; Has been shown
567:, do not form spores, and have a slightly twisted oblong-rod shape.
2911:
2758:
Mehnaz, Samina; Weselowski, Brian; Lazarovits, George (2007-12-01).
2558:"Azospirillum rugosum sp. nov., isolated from oil-contaminated soil"
1868:
Mehnaz, Samina; Weselowski, Brian; Lazarovits, George (2007-03-01).
1679:
Fukami, Josiane; Cerezini, Paula; Hungria, Mariangela (2018-05-04).
1510:
2982:
1568:"Assessment of affinity and specificity of Azospirillum for plants"
715:
714:
655:
The prefix "Azo-" comes from the French word "azote", which means
2764:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2709:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2660:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2611:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2562:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2513:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2464:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2415:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2366:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2319:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2199:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2068:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2019:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1972:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1923:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1874:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1825:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1322:
Plasticity in plant-growth-promoting and phytopathogenic bacteria
575:
and sometimes multiple flagella, which they use to move rapidly.
2656:"Azospirillum thermophilum sp. nov., isolated from a hot spring"
1179:
771:
2915:
659:. This prefix is used to denote the ability of the bacteria to
636:
by Jeffery Tarrand, Noel Krieg, and Döbereiner, who also added
2969:
2896:. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.
1566:
Pereg, Lily; de-Bashan, Luz E.; Bashan, Yoav (February 2016).
623:
The first species described in the genus was originally named
615:
from samples. The most commonly used media is called "NFb".
726:
promote plant growth through a variety of mechanisms. Many
1355:
The Prokaryotes: Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria
2460:"Azospirillum picis sp. nov., isolated from discarded tar"
1289:
Handbook for Azospirillum: Technical Issues and Protocols
988:
Isolated from lake water in Australia; originally called
826:
sp. strains. When accessing a phylogenetic tree with all
2064:"Azospirillum griseum sp. nov., isolated from lakewater"
606:, and can live, if necessary, without oxygen. Growth of
2279:, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 115–140,
985:
corrig. (Skerman et al. 1983) Ben Dekhil et al. 1997
1074:
Isolated from bovine fermentation products in Korea
774:. The plants' immune systems can also be primed by
2924:
2870:
2854:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
2835:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
1746:, vol. 108, Academic Press, pp. 77–136,
1493:Tarrand JJ, Krieg NR, Döbereiner J (August 1978).
1358:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
782:, a process known as induced systemic resistance.
2117:International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
762:Plant growth can also be promoted indirectly by
719:Azospirillum promotes growth of fine root hairs.
946:Isolated from water from Baiyang Lake in China
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1087:Isolated from oil contaminated soil in Taiwan
643:to the genus. By 2020, twenty-one species of
1437:
1435:
1433:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1237:Steenhoudt O, Vanderleyden J (October 2000).
975:Isolated from a microbial fuel cell in China
8:
2360:Xie, Cheng-Hui; Yokota, Akira (2005-07-01).
1442:Fukami J, Cerezini P, Hungria M (May 2018).
920:Isolated from a fermentation tank in Taiwan
695:was positively affected by the presence of
2912:
2873:Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology
1402:Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J (2003).
1100:Isolated from agricultural soil in Taiwan
933:Isolated from agricultural soil in Taiwan
863:Isolated from agricultural soil in Taiwan
20:
2775:
2671:
2622:
2573:
2524:
2475:
2426:
2377:
2177:
2128:
2079:
2030:
1934:
1885:
1836:
1787:
1714:
1696:
1638:
1518:
1469:
1459:
1254:
1131:Isolated from a sulfide spring in Russia
1196:Plant Microbes Symbiosis: Applied Facets
840:
673:Ecological and agricultural significance
1156:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1017:Isolated from molasses grass in China
7:
3071:9a226f74-2661-42cf-a9cf-7d91666932d7
2877:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
1287:Cassán FD, Okon Y, Creus CM (2015).
1113:Isolated from a hot spring in China
2246:Systematic and Applied Microbiology
1324:. New York, NY: Imprint: Springer.
1144:Isolated from corn roots in Canada
890:Isolated from corn roots in Canada
847:Paper that first described species
794:species have the genome sequenced:
786:Known species and genetic diversity
531:bacterial genus from the family of
2892:Khush GS, Bennett J, eds. (1992).
2179:10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00619.x
1256:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00552.x
1030:Isolated from rice roots in Japan
14:
1499:Canadian Journal of Microbiology
583:, but many can also function as
2814:Azospirillum/plant associations
1405:Brock biology of microorganisms
619:Discovery and reclassification
1:
2258:10.1016/S0723-2020(97)80050-1
1752:10.1016/s0065-2113(10)08002-8
1789:10.1016/j.micres.2021.126896
1640:10.1016/j.resmic.2015.03.001
1056:Isolated from tar in Taiwan
990:Conglomeromonas largomobilis
873:corrig. Tarrand et al. 1979
739:can also alter the forms of
632:was reclassified in 1978 as
312:. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)
182:. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)
2850:Klingmüller W, ed. (2012).
2831:Klingmüller W, ed. (2012).
968:Azospirillum humicireducens
952:Azospirillum halopraeferens
3151:
896:Azospirillum doebereinerae
780:resist attack by pathogens
689:, the growth of the algae
308:(Beijerinck 1925) Tarrand
2816:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
2158:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
1698:10.1186/s13568-018-0608-1
1592:10.1007/s11104-015-2778-9
1461:10.1186/s13568-018-0608-1
1364:10.1007/978-3-642-30197-1
1243:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
1106:Azospirillum thermophilum
913:Azospirillum fermentarium
766:reducing plant disease.
490:
483:
141:
134:
126:
119:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
2273:"The Genus Azospirillum"
2130:10.1099/00207713-37-1-43
1936:10.1099/00207713-51-1-17
1776:Microbiological Research
1627:Research in Microbiology
981:Azospirillum largimobile
822:and several undescribed
661:fix atmospheric nitrogen
2285:10.1007/0-387-30745-1_6
1128:Lavrinenko et al. 2010
926:Azospirillum formosense
907:grass roots in Germany
869:Azospirillum brasilense
2721:10.1099/ijs.0.018853-0
2673:10.1099/ijsem.0.003788
2624:10.1099/ijsem.0.000618
2526:10.1099/ijsem.0.003320
2428:10.1099/ijsem.0.003560
2211:10.1099/ijs.0.046813-0
2081:10.1099/ijsem.0.003460
2032:10.1099/ijs.0.030585-0
1984:10.1099/ijs.0.050872-0
1838:10.1099/ijsem.0.000904
1040:Tikhonova et al. 2019
997:Azospirillum lipoferum
883:Azospirillum canadense
850:Details about species
720:
711:Plant growth promotion
634:Azospirillum lipoferum
128:Azospirillum lipoferum
2777:10.1099/ijs.0.65128-0
2575:10.1099/ijs.0.65065-0
2477:10.1099/ijs.0.65837-0
2379:10.1099/ijs.0.63503-0
2331:10.1099/ijs.0.64025-0
1887:10.1099/ijs.0.64804-0
1543:"Genus: Azospirillum"
1071:Anandham et al. 2019
1036:Azospirillum palustre
956:Reinhold et al. 1987
856:Azospirillum agricola
718:
604:facultative anaerobes
539:bacteria can promote
2812:Okon Y, ed. (1994).
2617:(Pt_12): 4601–4607.
1978:(Pt_10): 3762–3768.
1744:Advances in Agronomy
1080:Azospirillum rugosum
1027:Xie and Yokota 2005
1010:Azospirillum melinis
1001:Tarrand et al. 1979
939:Azospirillum griseum
164:Dos Santos Ferreira
2869:Garrity GM (2005).
2205:(Pt_7): 2618–2624.
2170:1999FEMME..29..283P
2025:(Pt_5): 1185–1190.
1584:2016PlSoi.399..389P
1141:Mehnaz et al. 2007
1023:Azospirillum oryzae
900:Eckert et al. 2001
887:Mehnaz et al. 2007
699:. Since the 1970s,
630:Spirillum lipoferum
625:Spirillum lipoferum
559:class of bacteria.
557:Alphaproteobacteria
350:Xie and Yokota 2005
294:. 1983) Ben Dekhil
67:Alphaproteobacteria
1291:. Cham: Springer.
1084:Young et al. 2008
1049:Azospirillum picis
721:
692:Chlorella vulgaris
685:. In addition to
571:have at least one
3117:
3116:
3079:Open Tree of Life
3048:azospirillum.html
2918:Taxon identifiers
2861:978-3-642-73072-6
2842:978-3-642-70791-9
2770:(12): 2805–2809.
2715:(12): 2832–2837.
2294:978-0-387-25495-1
2074:(12): 3676–3681.
1373:978-3-642-30196-4
1331:978-1-4614-9203-0
1320:Katsy EI (2014).
1298:978-3-319-06542-7
1205:978-81-322-2068-8
1194:Arora NK (2014).
1148:
1147:
1137:Azospirillum zeae
1110:Zhao et al. 2020
1093:Azospirillum soli
1014:Peng et al. 2006
972:Zhou et al. 2013
943:Yang et al. 2019
820:A. halopraeferens
600:A. humicireducens
533:Rhodospirillaceae
508:
507:
502:
477:
463:
449:
435:
421:
407:
393:
379:
365:
351:
341:
327:
313:
299:
290:corrig. (Skerman
281:
272:A. humicireducens
267:
258:A. halopraeferens
253:
239:
225:
211:
197:
183:
169:
155:
16:Genus of bacteria
3142:
3130:Rhodospirillales
3110:
3109:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3051:
3050:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3024:
3012:
3011:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2985:
2973:
2972:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2913:
2907:
2888:
2876:
2865:
2846:
2827:
2798:
2797:
2779:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2675:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2626:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2577:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2528:
2519:(5): 1369–1375.
2504:
2498:
2497:
2479:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2430:
2421:(9): 2787–2793.
2406:
2400:
2399:
2381:
2372:(4): 1435–1438.
2357:
2351:
2350:
2325:(6): 1263–1271.
2310:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2034:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1938:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1889:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1840:
1831:(3): 1453–1458.
1816:
1810:
1809:
1791:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1700:
1676:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1578:(1–2): 389–414.
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1284:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1170:
1097:Lin et al. 2015
1053:Lin et al. 2009
930:Lin et al. 2012
917:Lin et al. 2013
860:Lin et al. 2016
841:
816:A. doebereinerae
496:
471:
457:
443:
429:
415:
401:
387:
373:
359:
349:
335:
332:A. oleiclasticum
321:
307:
289:
275:
261:
247:
233:
219:
205:
202:A. doebereinerae
191:
178:corrig. Tarrand
177:
163:
149:
79:Rhodospirillales
21:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3135:Bacteria genera
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2920:
2910:
2904:
2891:
2885:
2868:
2862:
2849:
2843:
2830:
2824:
2811:
2807:
2805:Further reading
2802:
2801:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2277:The Prokaryotes
2270:
2269:
2265:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1754:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1678:
1677:
1664:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1511:10.1139/m78-160
1492:
1491:
1487:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1416:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1374:
1351:
1350:
1339:
1332:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1299:
1286:
1285:
1272:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1224:www.uniprot.org
1218:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1172:
1171:
1158:
1153:
788:
741:plant nutrients
713:
687:vascular plants
675:
653:
621:
555:belongs in the
549:
547:Characteristics
529:nitrogen-fixing
521:microaerophilic
494:Conglomeromonas
440:A. thermophilum
216:A. fermentarium
130:
115:
108:
107:
93:
91:Azospirillaceae
81:
69:
57:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3098:
3088:
3075:
3065:
3052:
3039:
3026:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2974:
2961:
2946:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2889:
2883:
2866:
2860:
2847:
2841:
2828:
2822:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2750:
2695:
2666:(1): 550–554.
2646:
2597:
2568:(4): 959–963.
2548:
2499:
2470:(4): 761–765.
2450:
2401:
2352:
2305:
2293:
2263:
2232:
2185:
2164:(3): 283–292.
2144:
2103:
2054:
2005:
1958:
1909:
1880:(3): 620–624.
1860:
1811:
1762:
1730:
1662:
1633:(5): 399–407.
1613:
1572:Plant and Soil
1558:
1534:
1485:
1429:
1414:
1387:
1372:
1337:
1330:
1312:
1297:
1270:
1249:(4): 487–506.
1229:
1220:"Azospirillum"
1211:
1204:
1186:
1175:"Azospirillum"
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
986:
983:
977:
976:
973:
970:
964:
963:
957:
954:
948:
947:
944:
941:
935:
934:
931:
928:
922:
921:
918:
915:
909:
908:
903:Isolated from
901:
898:
892:
891:
888:
885:
879:
878:
874:
871:
865:
864:
861:
858:
852:
851:
848:
845:
787:
784:
732:plant hormones
712:
709:
674:
671:
652:
651:Origin of name
649:
620:
617:
548:
545:
506:
505:
504:
503:
488:
487:
481:
480:
479:
478:
464:
450:
436:
422:
408:
394:
380:
366:
352:
342:
328:
314:
300:
286:A. largimobile
282:
268:
254:
240:
226:
212:
198:
184:
170:
160:A. baldaniorum
156:
139:
138:
132:
131:
124:
123:
117:
116:
109:
101:
99:
95:
94:
89:
87:
83:
82:
77:
75:
71:
70:
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:Pseudomonadota
53:
51:
47:
46:
41:
39:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3147:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2905:
2903:971-22-0035-3
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2884:0-387-24145-0
2880:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2823:0-8493-4925-7
2819:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:(8): 967–80.
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1415:0-13-066271-2
1411:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
991:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
962:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
849:
846:
843:
842:
839:
837:
836:A. brasilense
833:
832:A. brasilense
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:A. thiophilum
797:
796:A. brasilense
793:
785:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
729:
725:
717:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:
688:
684:
679:
672:
670:
668:
667:
662:
658:
650:
648:
646:
642:
639:
635:
631:
626:
618:
616:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:A. thiophilum
593:
589:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:gram-negative
562:
558:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Gram-negative
514:
513:
500:
495:
492:
491:
489:
486:
482:
475:
470:
469:
465:
461:
456:
455:
454:A. thiophilum
451:
447:
442:
441:
437:
433:
428:
427:
423:
419:
414:
413:
409:
405:
400:
399:
395:
391:
386:
385:
381:
377:
372:
371:
367:
363:
357:
353:
348:
347:
343:
339:
333:
329:
325:
320:
319:
315:
311:
306:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
287:
283:
279:
274:
273:
269:
265:
260:
259:
255:
251:
246:
245:
241:
237:
232:
231:
230:A. formosense
227:
223:
218:
217:
213:
209:
204:
203:
199:
195:
190:
189:
185:
181:
176:
175:
174:A. brasilense
171:
167:
162:
161:
157:
153:
148:
147:
143:
142:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
113:
106:
105:
100:
97:
96:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
40:
37:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2956:Azospirillum
2926:Azospirillum
2925:
2893:
2872:
2851:
2832:
2813:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2298:, retrieved
2276:
2266:
2252:(1): 72–77.
2249:
2245:
2235:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2123:(1): 43–51.
2120:
2116:
2106:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2022:
2018:
2008:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1929:(1): 17–26.
1926:
1922:
1912:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1755:, retrieved
1743:
1733:
1688:
1684:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1550:. Retrieved
1547:lpsn.dsmz.de
1546:
1537:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1451:
1447:
1404:
1354:
1321:
1315:
1288:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1198:. Springer.
1195:
1189:
1178:
1136:
1122:
1121:
1119:Azospirillum
1118:
1105:
1092:
1079:
1065:
1064:
1062:Azospirillum
1061:
1048:
1035:
1022:
1009:
996:
989:
980:
967:
960:
951:
938:
925:
912:
904:
895:
882:
868:
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835:
831:
828:Azospirillum
827:
824:Azospirillum
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:A. lipoferum
803:
799:
795:
792:Azospirillum
791:
789:
776:Azospirillum
775:
768:Azospirillum
767:
764:Azospirillum
763:
761:
757:antioxidants
753:Azospirillum
752:
737:Azospirillum
736:
728:Azospirillum
727:
724:Azospirillum
723:
722:
705:Azospirillum
704:
701:Azospirillum
700:
697:Azospirillum
696:
690:
683:Azospirillum
682:
678:Azospirillum
677:
676:
664:
654:
645:Azospirillum
644:
640:
638:Azospirillum
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
613:Azospirillum
612:
608:Azospirillum
607:
599:
595:
591:
585:microaerobic
577:Azospirillum
576:
569:Azospirillum
568:
561:Azospirillum
560:
553:Azospirillum
552:
550:
541:plant growth
537:Azospirillum
536:
525:fermentative
512:Azospirillum
511:
510:
509:
498:
493:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
398:A. ramasamyi
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
355:
344:
337:
331:
323:
316:
309:
304:A. lipoferum
302:
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249:
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207:
200:
193:
188:A. canadense
186:
179:
172:
165:
158:
151:
144:
127:
121:Type species
111:
104:Azospirillum
103:
102:
25:Azospirillum
24:
18:
3004:iNaturalist
2950:Wikispecies
1685:AMB Express
1520:10919/54873
1448:AMB Express
812:A. palustre
588:diazotrophs
458:Lavrinenko
370:A. palustre
146:A. agricola
3124:Categories
2300:2020-11-07
1782:: 126896.
1757:2020-11-03
1552:2020-10-20
1173:Parte AC.
1151:References
1123:thiophilum
905:Miscanthus
755:also make
749:phosphorus
641:brasilense
592:A. melinis
551:The genus
412:A. rugosum
374:Tikhonova
356:A. palatum
318:A. melinis
244:A. griseum
2786:1466-5026
2729:1466-5026
2682:1466-5026
2633:1466-5026
2584:1466-5026
2535:1466-5026
2486:1466-5026
2437:1466-5026
2388:1466-5026
2339:1466-5026
2219:1466-5026
2139:0020-7713
2090:1466-5026
2041:1466-5026
1992:1466-5026
1945:1466-5026
1896:1466-5026
1847:1466-5026
1806:239491293
1707:2191-0855
1691:(1): 73.
1649:0923-2508
1600:0032-079X
1454:(1): 73.
1307:908335504
1066:ramasamyi
808:A. oryzae
666:Spirillum
573:flagellum
402:Anandham
346:A. oryzae
262:Reinhold
2935:Wikidata
2794:18048728
2737:20081019
2690:31651377
2641:26382036
2592:18398202
2543:30810523
2494:19329602
2445:31237535
2396:16014463
2347:16738102
2227:23264502
2098:31135333
2049:21742820
2000:23645021
1953:11211255
1904:17329796
1855:26786719
1798:34715447
1725:29728787
1657:25797155
1480:29728787
1424:49558966
1382:12080582
1265:10978548
745:nitrogen
743:such as
730:excrete
657:nitrogen
497:Skerman
485:Synonyms
384:A. picis
110:Tarrand
86:Family:
50:Phylum:
43:Bacteria
38:Domain:
3022:1271176
2996:3221657
2941:Q794056
2745:2151995
2166:Bibcode
1716:5935603
1608:8547931
1580:Bibcode
1471:5935603
581:aerobic
472:Mehnaz
468:A. zeae
426:A. soli
206:Eckert
192:Mehnaz
136:Species
98:Genus:
74:Order:
62:Class:
3107:571002
3094:223483
3091:uBio:
3084:559467
3068:NZOR:
3035:956804
3009:356982
2983:1AZOSG
2900:
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1380:
1370:
1328:
1305:
1295:
1263:
1202:
598:, and
523:, non-
501:. 1983
476:. 2007
462:. 2010
448:. 2020
434:. 2015
420:. 2008
416:Young
406:. 2019
392:. 2009
378:. 2019
364:. 2009
340:. 2020
326:. 2006
298:. 1997
280:. 2013
266:. 1987
252:. 2019
238:. 2012
224:. 2013
210:. 2001
196:. 2007
168:. 2020
154:. 2016
114:. 1979
3102:WoRMS
3017:IRMNG
2970:98233
2741:S2CID
1802:S2CID
1604:S2CID
1378:S2CID
844:Name
515:is a
499:et al
474:et al
460:et al
446:et al
444:Zhao
432:et al
418:et al
404:et al
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362:et al
360:Zhou
338:et al
324:et al
322:Peng
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112:et al
3056:NCBI
3043:LPSN
3030:ITIS
2991:GBIF
2978:EPPO
2898:ISBN
2879:ISBN
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2837:ISBN
2818:ISBN
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1476:PMID
1420:OCLC
1410:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1303:OCLC
1293:ISBN
1261:PMID
1200:ISBN
1180:LPSN
772:iron
747:and
602:are
579:are
563:are
527:and
430:Lin
388:Lin
234:Lin
220:Lin
150:Lin
3061:191
2965:EoL
2772:doi
2717:doi
2668:doi
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2570:doi
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2254:doi
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2125:doi
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2027:doi
1980:doi
1931:doi
1882:doi
1833:doi
1784:doi
1780:254
1748:doi
1711:PMC
1693:doi
1635:doi
1631:166
1588:doi
1576:399
1515:hdl
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1466:PMC
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