Filipino shamans - Knowledge (XXG)

2868:(head of the community), the babaylan takes in the role of interim head of the community. Babaylans were powerful ritual specialists who were believed to have influence over the weather and tap various spirits in the natural and spiritual realms. Babaylans were held in such high regard as they were believed to possess powers that can block the dark magic of an evil datu or spirit and heal the sick or wounded. Among other powers of the babaylan were to ensure a safe pregnancy and child birth. As a spiritual medium, babaylans also lead rituals with offerings to the various divinities or deities. As an expert in divine and herb lore, incantations, and concoctions of remedies, antidotes, and a variety of potions from various roots, leaves, and seeds, the babaylans were also regarded as allies of certain datus in subjugating an enemy, hence, the babaylans were also known for their specialization in medical and divine combat. According to William Henry Scott (Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippines Culture and Society) a Katalonan could be of either sex, or male transvestites (bayoguin), but were usually women from prominent families who were wealthy in their own right. According to Luciano P. R. Santiago (To Love and to Suffer) as remuneration for their services they received a good part of the offerings of food, wine, clothing, and gold, the quality and quantity of which depended on the social status of the supplicant. Thus, the catalonas filled a very prestigious as well as lucrative role in society. 3000:

the Spanish chronicler Chirino claimed that the natives had no religious writings, but on the same account narrated that a native possessed an indigenous poetic book. The book was utilized by the natives to express a "deliberate pact" with what the Spanish called with prejudice as "the devil", which contextually was an indigenous god and not a demon. The book was one of many of those burned by order of the colonizers. The scholar Beyer also noted of the time when a Spanish priest boasted about burning indigenous religious writings, specifically "more than three hundred scrolls written in the native character". To further prove the existence of indigenous religious writings, Chinese sources before the Spanish colonial era maintain the existence of such writings from the Philippines. In 1349, the Chinese Wang Ta-yuan recorded that widows of important leaders in Manila spent the rest of their lives poring over indigenous religious texts. Spanish sources note that native writings were written on native reeds and leaves that were turned into a papyrus-like material, while iron points and other locally-manufactured pointed objects were used pens. Bamboo was also utilized for writing. The native population had a high level of literacy even prior to Spanish contact, where every native could write in and read the indigenous writing systems.

2183:"Manila Manuscript" also emphasized the auxiliary role of gender non-conforming male shamans in relation to the female shamans. These evidences, together with the fact that there were no written accounts of female sex/male gender identification amongst the women who exercised authority within the spiritual sphere, prove that spiritual potency was not dependent upon the identification with a neuter "third" sex/gender space, but rather on the identification with the feminine – whether the biological sex was female or male. Femininity was considered the vehicle to the spirit world during the pre-colonial era, and the male shaman's identification with the feminine reinforced the normative situation of female as shaman. While Brewer (1999) agreed that it is naïve to dismiss the existence of a principal male shaman during the precolonial era, she also argued that such cases were unusual rather than the norm, and that the statistical imbalance in favour of principal male shamans occurred as a result of the influence of the male-centered Hispano-Catholic culture, such that in the late nineteenth century and in the early years of the twentieth century, in some areas like Negros, all the 1895: 2324:

put them in competition with one another. Individual success was attributed to the power of the deities with whom they identified, and who took possession of them in their frenzied dancing. The Tagalog word “olak” according to Ferdinand Blumentritt is a term for the trembling of the whole body of the catalona, when she becomes possessed by the devil (anito). As spirit mediums, they conducted séances during which they spoke with the voice of spirits (anito), assisted by an "alagar" ("alagad", meaning personal attendant) to carry on the dialogue with the supernatural, or sent their own kaluluwa (soul) to seek lost souls. In this state of trance, the catalona was called “tarotaro” , for it was believed that the ancestral spirits had entered her body and were speaking from inside her. According to Blumentritt “tarotaro” is a Tagalog term describing the katalonas while possessed by the spirits, in this state, they cried tarotaro. When a catalona held the gift of prophecy, she was named masidhi (the fervent one).

2096: 313: 2875:, among the jobs of the shaman range from being a merchant, warrior, farmer, fisherfolk, blacksmith, crafstfolk, weaver, potter, musician, and even as a barber or chef, depending on the preference of the shaman, skill of the shaman, and the need of the community. Some shamans have more than two occupations at a time, especially if a community lacks people with the needed skills to take upon the role of certain jobs. This tradition of having a second job (or more than two jobs) has been ingrained in certain cultural societies in the Philippines and is still practiced today by certain communities that have not been converted into Christianity. Specific communities that have been converted into Islam have also preserved this tradition through Muslim imams. 3429: 42: 2550: 2695:, shamans are entirely differentiated from sorcerers. Shamans deal with the spirit world and supernatural beings but do not have magical powers of their own; while sorcerers were regarded as human beings with powers gained from magical spells or objects. Illnesses believed to be caused by sorcery are treated differently from illnesses caused by spirits. The former are treated with counter-spells, simple antidotes, and physical healing; while the latter requires the intervention or dialogue with the spirits and thus a shaman ritual. 2316:. Unbound spirits always possess shamans during rituals. Either voluntarily or involuntarily. In contrast, bound spirits, as a rule, do not possess shamans. Instead, they are simply spoken to by the shaman. Bound spirits that inadvertently "stick" to humans are considered dangerous, and are the causes of spiritual illnesses, ranging from confusion, strange food cravings, lust, to unreasoning anger. Sometimes in order to speak to certain bound spirits, the shaman may need the intercession of their 337: 7205: 271: 2491: 1862:, "forest" or "thicket"). Other scholars believed that the origin of the word catalonan is from its root word “talo” which according to them is a Tagalog word originally means "to converse", thus the word catalonan literally means someone who converse or communicate with the spirits (anito). According to Blumentritt an old Tagalog word “tarotaro” is a term describing the catalonas while possessed by the spirits (anito). In some 2241: 1967:. In cases of people with "shamanic illness", these initiation rites are regarded as the cure, where the initiate regains health or sanity by conceding to the wishes of the spirits and "answering the call". When volunteered rather than volunteering, their relatives are usually required to pay a large fee to the senior shaman for the training. Initiation rites can range from simply inducing a 4349:. They are described as being charismatic, very intelligent, confident, and strong-willed. They have a tendency to dominate others, and can do so without consciously being aware of it. They are natural leaders and are often respected ranking members of the community and thus tend to become sorcerers, shamans, chieftains, master craftsmen, or renowned warrior-heroes (known variously as 473: 1985: 2835:, however, these witches actually include a variety of different kinds of people with differing occupations and cultural connotations which depend on the ethnic group they are associated with. They are completely different from the Western notion of what a witch is. Notable examples of witches in a Philippine concept are the mannamay, witches known to the Ibanag people, 3032: 4709:

The maganito went by several different names throughout the islands depending on linguistic groups, such as the babaylan, but the term maganito and similar variations appear to be a more universal of a term in Spanish colonial sources. Because of this universality and its indigenous origins, the term

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The Katalonas performed public ceremonies for community prosperity, fertility, or seasonable weather as well as private services to diagnose and cure ailments. They were respected for these functions but they were also feared sorcerers able to work black magic. Their numbers too were large enough to

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is believed to bring misfortune and evil, and various points in the compass all had different aspects depending on where the mouth was facing. These were consulted when making future plans like travel, trade, or marriage. When building houses, shamans were also often consulted to determine the most

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For the previous statement regarding the Bolinao Manuscript, see paragraph 29. For the previous statement related to the Manila manuscript, see paragraph 31. For Brewer's comment regarding the spiritual potency of the shaman depending on identification with femininity and not on the identification

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The Spanish chroniclers was also guilty of erasing indigenous religious texts, claiming that the natives never had any religious writings such as books. However, scholars agree that such statement reflected a desire by the colonizers to deny the existence of what they did not approve. For example,

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of various animals and plants. They have inhuman and abstract qualities, reflecting their particular dominions. They do not normally appear in human form and are usually gender-less or androgynous. They rarely concern themselves with human affairs. Rituals involving these spirits are almost always

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After the Spanish conquest of the Philippines, the practice of shamanism became clandestine due to persecution by the Catholic clergy. During this period, male shamans (particularly those specialized in the non-religious arts of herbalism and healing) became predominant. Female shamans became less

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After initiation, the apprentices are then trained in the details of their role. This training includes learning about the rituals, the chants and songs, the sacrifices appropriate for each spirit, oral histories, herbs and healing practices, and magic spells, among others. They usually assist the

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named Diego Magsanga, along with his wife (who was said to be a skilled midwife), converted to Christianity. After he was baptized he became a faithful assistant of the friars in expanding Christianity in Silang, Cavite, teaching children and adults the catechism. Chirino also reported that many

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In modern Philippine society, their roles have largely been taken over by folk healers, which are now predominantly male, while some are still being falsely accused as "witches". In areas where the people have not been converted into Muslims or Christians, notably ancestral domains of indigenous

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between 1679 and 1685, animistic paraphernalia were confiscated from 148 people. Of those, 145 were female shamans, and the remaining three were transvestite male shamans, thus highlighting the statistical imbalance between the female-to-male ratio of indigenous shamans. The anonymously-written

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assumed the voice, mannerisms, hairstyle, and dress of females. They were treated as women by the community and were considered as comparable to biological women aside from their incapability to give birth to children. Their social status and recognition also granted them access to professions

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were seen as "shamans" whose souls and spirit guides were apparently more powerful than the native ones. They desecrated religious objects, sacred trees, and sacred areas with impunity, earning the awe of the natives. They could also cure various diseases that the native shamans could not.

2053:. Shamans either had spirit companions from birth, drew their attention during the "shamanic illness", or gained their allegiance during initiation into shamanism. Spirits are believed to be social beings, with individual quirks and personalities (both good and bad). The friendship of 3649:. Like their predecessors, they claimed supernatural powers and used fetishistic amulets, holy oils, and magic spells in battle. They attacked both American troops and local Filipinos cooperating with the American colonial government. The last Pulajanes leader was killed in 1911. 2342:

Healing was the most important role for shamans in their communities. Shamans distinguished between two kinds of illnesses, the natural (or non-spiritual) illnesses, and the spiritual illnesses. Natural illnesses do not require a shaman for healing, while spiritual illnesses do.

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served a threefold purpose. It gave the male shaman status and authority in a sphere that would otherwise have been denied to him. It reinforced the stereotypical boundaries of femininity, but in so doing it also, importantly, reinforced the normative situation of woman as

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are essential in shamanistic rituals as they prevent the shaman's soul from getting lost in the spirit world. They also communicate entreaties on behalf of the shaman to more powerful spirits or deities, as well as fight evil spirits during healing or exorcism rituals.

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was closely tied to healing, as it was primarily used for diagnosing illnesses. It can be done by the shamans or by specialized apprentices with the necessary skill. Various paraphernalia and rituals are used to diagnose illnesses, examples include seashells, ginger,

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Indeed, both female and male shamans, for ritual purposes, dressed in clothing that was identified as belonging to women. In the relative gender symmetry prevalent throughout the archipelago at this time, the temporary or permanent male/feminine inversion of the

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In most Philippine ethnic groups, shamans were predominantly female due to the role of the shaman (especially the medium) being an intrinsically feminine one. Among the minority of males, most belonged to a special class of shamans—the feminized men known as

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can result in the loss of the person's mind and identity—thus insanity. Spiritual illnesses also include delirium, depression, trauma, fainting spells, and other mental illnesses. Evil or undesirable behavior may also be blamed on disharmony between the

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will also mean the death of the body. They can range from wounds, broken bones, poisoning, and snakebites. These can be treated by skilled shamans, but were more often relegated to apprentices or assistants specializing in healing or herbalism.

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by dressing up in women's clothing. He and his followers killed a Spanish priest and burned the town church before escaping to the mountains. Tapar and other leaders of his movement were captured and executed by Spanish and Filipino soldiers.

2217:, however, did not immediately change the originally feminine role of the shamans. Male shamans in the late 17th century still dressed as women during rituals, even though they did not do so in their day-to-day activities. Unlike the ancient 3530:" ("Whirlwind God") and proclaimed himself the savior of the people. He declared that they would stop paying taxes to the Spanish government. He formed a community of around two thousand followers (whom the Spanish authorities called the 2289:

The second type of spirits are the "unbound" spirits that have an independent existence. They appear in animals (usually as birds) or human-like forms, have gender differentiation, and have personal names. They are most similar to the

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who saw the spread of Catholicism as a threat. He rallied around two thousand followers in an effort to "return to the old ways", but his rebellion was crushed by the Spanish authorities with the help of converted native auxiliaries.

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shamans. During the 17th to 18th centuries, Spanish administrators in the Philippines burned people convicted of homosexual relations at the stake and confiscated their possessions, in accordance with a decree by the president of the

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records that their "unnatural crime" was punished by the Muslim peoples in Mindanao with death by burning or drowning, and that their houses and property were also burned as they believed that the behavior was contagious.

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people followed Magsanga and even the Jesuits could not surpass him when it came to devotion to the teachings of the Church and diligence in teaching his brethren. Magsanga was not a priest; his likely role was that of a

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Labastida, Sean Clark Luinor Antallan; Alapay, Johnpolven; Billones, Jenny; Gonzales, Jackquilyn; Macuja, Yra; Manlapig, Ena Eloisa; Montevirgen, Maurice Joy; Pineda, Karla Joyce; Tirol, Fritzie Andrea (April 29, 2016).

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from a past event), and strange visions or dreams. These are regarded as encounters with the spirits, where the soul of the person is said to be journeying to the spirit world. In cases like this, it is said that a

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in 1887. His wife and relatives attempted to continue the movement, but they were eventually captured and exiled by Spanish authorities. The remnants of the group either descended to banditry or joined other later

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selling amulets and magical pieces of paper. Their members were mostly from the illiterate rural poor who had little knowledge of formal Catholic teachings and were living in extreme poverty under colonial rule.

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detaches to travel through the spirit world, resulting in dreams. However, when this separation happens when the person is awake, it results in spiritual illnesses. The causes of the separation can include the

1894: 3471:) who claimed they had supernatural powers over diseases in 1865; Benedicta, an old woman and a healer who called herself "La Santa de Leyte" ("The Saint of Leyte") in 1862 and prophesied that the island of 2817:

There are also "true" sorcerers who are said to have hereditary sorcerous powers. Unlike healers, they do not consider the justice of their actions. The latter type of sorcerers are often conflated with the

7171: 5221: 1878:“talo or talotalo” means ‘a prayer or to pray’. Linguist Malcolm Mintz, however, offers a different etymology. He determines that the Tagalog root word is “tulong” which means to help. Some writers such as 2990:, or mentally unstable and were harshly persecuted by the Spanish clergy. The Spanish burned down everything they associated with the native people's indigenous religions (including shrines such as the 1971:

through herbs or alcohol, to inducing personal crises through physical or psychological hardship. Extreme examples of initiation rites include getting buried alive or being immersed in water overnight.

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wore his hair long (which is unusual for Tagalog men) and braided it to signify his priesthood. Before he was baptized, in front of an audience, he cut his hair as a sign that the power of the

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Anito: 16th century Tagalog and Visayan (according to Spanish records): an idol or deity inhabiting the idol, also maganito: a ceremony for such idols, and anitero: (Sp.) witch doctor, shaman.

3610: 2996:), even forcefully ordering native children to defecate on their own gods' idols, murdering those who disobeyed. Spanish friars often sought out and persecuted female shamans in particular. 3313:

in 1565 when their expedition first landed on the islands. Like Tamblot, Bankaw and Pagali both wanted a return to the old ways. Bankaw renounced his Catholic faith and built a temple to a

2718:) which was equated with " power". Their alleged powers include conjuring fire or water, flight, shape-shifting, invisibility, invulnerability, and the ability to call down disasters. The 2309:

These categories are not static, however. A bound spirit can become unbound, and vice versa. Some shamans have spirit guides which are originally nature spirits that have become unbound.

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senior shaman during ceremonies until their training is complete, which can take months to years. Each shaman can have one or more such apprentices, at varying ranks or specializations.

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There are various names for sorcerers in Philippine ethnic groups, different from the term for "shaman". Most of these names have negative connotations, and thus is also translated to "

3894:. In general, there was a great degree of sexual freedom in precolonial Filipino societies. Virginity was not valued, adultery was not perceived negatively, and there was wide use of 3141:, shamans, usually male, are now relegated to folk healing and dealing with "indigenous" spirits. All other aspects of the religious life of Muslim Filipinos have been taken over by 2895:

and the introduction of Catholic Christianity resulted in the extinction of most native shamanistic practices. Christianity was initially seen by native Filipinos as another type of

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favoured Mintz suggestion and used the term catolonan (which is actually a Pampangan term) to refer to the priests and priestesses of the Tagalogs instead of catalona or catalonan.

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of a person to prepare them for challenges, problems and obstacles. This ritual also protects the person from possible spiritual attack caused by malevolent spirits and sorcery.

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Names of spirits are generally not spoken aloud outside of a shamanic ritual, as it is believed that it may provoke them. They are instead referred to in euphemistic terms like

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peoples, the shamans and their cultural traits have continued to exist with their respective communities, although these shamans and their practices are being slowly diluted by

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Turner, Robert P.; Lukoff, David; Barnhouse, Ruth Tiffany; Lu, Francis G. (1995). "Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV".

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by leading them to a city that would rise from the waves; and many more. These movements were usually suppressed by the Spanish by imprisoning their leaders or exiling them.

4513: 2031:, with more powerful shamans having many. Certain individuals like powerful leaders or warriors (especially those with shaman relatives) are also believed to have their own 3073:) movement of the 20th century. However, their methods of worship remained basically the same. The faith healers were still, in essence, mediums; but instead of channeling 1959:

After being chosen, shamans go through an initiation rite. These rites are meant to gain or transfer the patronage of a spirit. Among Visayans, this ritual is known as the

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named Salindagaw Masingir that can take the aspect of typhoons, floods, and pillars of fire; while King Dalondong a Mimbantas of the kingdom of Gindolongan Marogong has a

2306:) in modern Filipino folklore. Unlike the "bound" spirits, these spirits can be invited into human households, and their rituals can take place both outdoors and indoors. 2095: 242: 4064:). (Scott, 1994; Tan, 2008; Mercado, 1991) Most of the terms for the astral soul literally translate to "twin" or "double", from PAN *duSa, "two". (Yu, 2000; Blust, 2010) 2320:, who in turn will possess the shaman. Bound spirits can also be interacted with by non-shamans, like when offering sacrifices to the spirit of the forest before a hunt. 3254:

Open revolts led by shamans were common during Spanish rule. Aside from the early revolts in the 17th century, most of these were led by religious leaders who practiced

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Castano, José. 1895. “Breve Noticia Acerca del Origen, Religión, Creencias y Supersticiones de los Antiguos Indios del Bícol.” Madrid: Colegio de Misioneros de Almagro.

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after experiencing what has been termed a "shamanistic initiatory crisis" (also "shamanic illness" or "shamanic madness"). This includes serious or chronic illnesses,

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named Tapar in 1663. Tapar syncretized native shamanism with Catholic terminology and declared himself "God Almighty" of a new religion. He also emulated the ancient

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leaders of the Visayan peasant revolts in the late 19th century often claimed to possess these kinds of powers. A more common use of the power to command elements is

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A few followers of the native shamanism resisted Spanish rule and conversion, especially in areas difficult to reach for Spanish missionaries, like the highlands of

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This prevalence of the male in matters spiritual was not replicated in the Philippine case, where it was the female shamans who predominated in the religious realm.

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shamans, he dressed in women's clothing and assumed feminine mannerisms even though he was married to a woman. He claimed supernatural powers much like the ancient

3157:. They follow Islam but also provide traditional healing practices and cultural rituals retained from their shamanistic past. They usually perform minor rites like 2901:. The Spanish missionaries exploited this misconception in their successful conversion and occupation of most of the islands with minimal military support. Spanish 5236: 5024: 7193: 3126:

are now usually male (except midwives). They are sought out by those with minor ailments or illnesses that modern medicine can not diagnose or cure. Like ancient

8067: 8057: 2281:). They "own" places and concepts like agricultural fields, forests, cliffs, seas, winds, lightning, or realms in the spirit world. Some were also "keepers" or 312: 5913: 2143:

became shamans by virtue of being themselves. Unlike female shamans, they neither needed to be chosen nor did they undergo initiation rites. However, not all

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who, together with a group of peers he was leading, was convinced by Jesuit priest Francisco Almerique to convert to Christianity. Chirino noted that this

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maganito will be used as a general term to describe all the animist shaman missionaries came into contact with in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

2892: 6912: 3304:. Bankaw's rebellion was notable as Bankaw was one of the first converts to Catholicism in the Philippines. As a young man, he had formerly welcomed the 2205:

who were recorded by early Spanish colonists as being married to men. In some ethnic groups, marriage was a prerequisite for gaining full shaman status.

3617:. He surrendered on August 6, 1907, to American authorities and was sentenced to death. This was later commuted to life imprisonment and he died in the 381: 6154: 222: 2871:

Shamans of the many ethnicities in the Philippines always have another role in the community, aside from being spiritualists. Similar to the Shinto

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covertly. Healer-sorcerers who practice this kind of sorcery usually justify it as a form of criminal punishment, as a widespread belief is that

4942: 8052: 3251:. Shamanistic rituals also continued to be performed secretly in some areas, though these were punished by the Spanish clergy when discovered. 5511:

They came to their calling through attacks of illness or insanity which could be cured by accepting the call, and then attached themselves an

6817: 5504: 4740: 4666: 2586:), and chicken entrails. Diviners have names that indicate their preferred methods. For example, a diviner using alum crystals is known as a 7229: 7210: 2166:

Historical accounts suggest that during the precolonial period in the Philippines, female shamans predominated in the religious realm. The

292: 247: 235: 3201:, Pedro Hurtado Desquibel. Several instances of such punishments were recorded by the Spanish priest Juan Francisco de San Antonio in his 7067: 3838:, though they were not necessarily shamans (Garcia, 2008; Kroeber, 1918). In modern Filipino languages, the most commonly used terms are 2354:(sometimes referred to as "twin souls" or "double souls"). A person is believed to be composed of at least two souls—the breath of life ( 8037: 5948: 5730: 2058: 515: 4673:

A more general terminology that seems be used throughout the archipelago is based on the signifier for the spirit anito. These include

2814:. Sorcery of this type is seen as a kind of "justice", especially for people who can not (or failed to) legally prosecute a wrongdoer. 8047: 8042: 7186: 6833: 5049: 4523: 5307: 3578:), disseminated anti-colonial ideas, and launched attacks on towns in Antique and Iloilo. The group was eventually suppressed by the 7033: 7003: 6973: 6790: 6651: 6624: 6541: 6511: 6481: 6241: 6122: 6093: 6066: 6037: 5893: 5778: 5690: 5382: 5355: 5178: 5097: 4636: 3890:

Early colonial accounts point out that same-sex sexual relations were common for precolonial Filipinos of both sexes, not only the

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Aside from rituals and herbal medicine, an ubiquitous traditional healing method done by shamans and healers is massage with oils (

5983: 5806: 4982: 3416:) were religious leaders so named because of their penchant for identifying themselves with Christian religious figures. They led 6424: 5433: 3606: 377: 6387: 2963:

and being described as having European features, along with a propensity for deceiving, seducing, and playing tricks on people.

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rituals. The first are the environmental or nature spirits "bound" to a particular location or natural phenomenon (similar to

8062: 8001: 7880: 7778: 7653: 6236:. Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations. Vol. 3. Editrice Pontifica Universita Gregoriana. pp. 148, 149. 786:. However, different ethnic groups had different names for shamans, including shamans with specialized roles. These include: 161: 6886: 5591: 5144: 2213:(shaman or otherwise) were punished harshly and driven to hiding. The change in women's status and the ostracization of the 2191:

during the late Spanish colonial period was probably the influence of the male-led Catholic church that "ousted" the female

41: 5286:"Mystical Chants in the Bajau Society: A Preliminary Observation on the Changes in the Mindset Towards the Planting Ritual" 3487:

and isolated herself and her followers from Spanish rule; Francisco Gonzalez (alias "Francisco Sales" or "Fruto Sales") of

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was a result of the natives abandoning their ancestral beliefs. It was suppressed by neighboring Christian townsmen led by

2071:, and blood from a sacrificial animal (usually a chicken or a pig) in order to maintain good relations. This friendship of 7773: 7688: 7605: 7485: 7179: 6111:"Contrasting Landscapes, Conflicting Ontologies: Assessing Environmental Conservation on Palawan Island (The Philippines)" 156: 93: 83: 5984:"Intersections: Baylans, Asogs, Transvestism, and Sodomy: Gender, Sexuality and the Sacred in Early Colonial Philippines" 3134:

distinguish between "spiritual diseases" and "natural diseases"; the latter they will usually refer to a medical doctor.

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movement was initially purely religious, only reacting defensively to Spanish persecution. However, by the 1880s, some

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Sorcery was not restricted to shamans, but were also a common claim for leaders and warrior-heroes. In the pre-Islamic

8077: 7920: 5222:"The Traditional Maranaw Governance System: Descriptives, Issues and Imperatives for Philippine Public Administration" 3086: 2810:

does not work on people who are innocent. Their targets are usually "wrongdoers" like thieves, adulterous spouses, or

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Mora, Manolete (2005). "Mind, Body, Spirit, and Soul: A Filipino Epistemology of Adeptness in Musical Performance".

3420:-like religious movements, promising prosperity, supernatural powers, or healing to their followers. Most were mere 7951: 7905: 7239: 3428: 3310: 2743:. According to local legend, she alleviated a three-year drought by performing a ritual that summoned a rainstorm. 2549: 2764:) that grant them superhuman abilities. King Awilawil o Ndaw of the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan for example, has a 2147:

trained to become shamans. Castano (1895) states that the people of Bicol would hold a thanksgiving ritual called

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affected the physical world, from the phases of the moon, to eclipses, the weather, floods, and earthquakes. The

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The People of the Philippines, Their Religious Progress and Preparation for Spiritual Leadership in the Far East

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or disappearing for several days with no memory of the events), bouts of insanity (including those induced by

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Numerous types of shamans use different kinds of items in their work, such as talismans or charms known as

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of a deceased shaman will often "return" to a living relative who might choose to become a shaman as well.

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More general terms used by Spanish sources for native shamans throughout the archipelago were derived from

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To Love and to Suffer: the development of the religious congregations for women in the Spanish Philippines

6846: 2729: 1883: 534: 7991: 4909: 3169:(exorcism). A version of the traditional massage therapy conducted by folk healers also exists, known as 7996: 7971: 7946: 7120: 6746:

Census of the Philippine Islands, Taken Under the Director of the Philippine Commission in the Year 1903

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Songs and Gifts at the Frontier: Person and Exchange in the Agusan Manobo Possession Ritual, Philippines

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who claimed he was Jesus Christ in 1811; Ignacio Dimas, who led the "Tres Cristos" ("Three Christs") of

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that guide them and intercede for them. These spirits are usually referred to in euphemistic terms like

1929: 499: 7981: 7976: 3559: 3506:

groups became more violently anti-colonial. The first such group was the one led by Ponciano Elofre, a

6055:"The passing of rice spirits: cosmology, technology, and gender relations in the colonial Philippines" 7885: 7595: 7377: 7234: 7214: 6935: 6351:

Tradisyunal nga Pamulong: A Rationale on the Persistence of Faith Healing Practices in Miagao, Iloilo

4950: 4159:. Though the cycles do not correspond exactly, all of them were used as a sort of geomantic calendar. 3659: 3338: 3098: 2347: 2235: 1948: 1159: 751: 678: 566: 495: 449: 33: 5195: 3567: 2394:

represents the person's identity, mind, and strength of will. Both are required in a living person.

7925: 7865: 7855: 6834:

https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-15-1977/francisco-indian-prespanish-philippines.pdf

6749:. Vol. I: Geography, History, and Population. United States Bureau of the Census. p. 328. 4376: 3217: 3189: 3090: 2880: 2725: 2171: 1836: 1832: 1129: 3570:, a sacred pilgrimage site for shamans. Lampinio led a force of around 400 people. They collected 336: 8006: 7986: 7961: 7875: 7829: 7286: 7156: 7095: 7049: 6754: 6699: 6592: 6536:. Vol. 1. Marawi: Folklore Division, University Research Center, Mindanao State University. 6326: 6207: 6199: 5848: 5644: 5636: 5122: 4890: 4696:'She Serves the Lord': Feminine Power and Catholic Appropriation in the Early Spanish Philippines 4213: 3956: 3563: 3508: 3182: 2632: 1856: 1840: 1459: 1224: 622: 275: 4862: 3915:

Spirits in human form are believed to be distinguishable from humans because they do not have a

2221:, they did not have sexual relations with other men, and indeed, were usually married to women. 2065:

must regularly offer sacrifices to these spirits, usually consisting of food, alcoholic drinks,

4458: 3743:

These sacrifices vary depending on the type of spirit being interacted with (Buenconsejo, 2002)

2039:

are also believed to guide, teach, and inspire skilled artists and craftsmen in the community.

7900: 7860: 7819: 7590: 7449: 7439: 7408: 7337: 7270: 7071: 7029: 6999: 6969: 6813: 6786: 6647: 6620: 6537: 6507: 6477: 6237: 6118: 6089: 6062: 6033: 5889: 5774: 5686: 5567: 5500: 5463: 5378: 5351: 5174: 5093: 4736: 4662: 4632: 4519: 4225: 3694: 3598: 3575: 3165: 2946: 2710:). They could purportedly command the elements through magic spells and the strength of their 2313: 1937: 1867: 1848: 1844: 1658: 1617: 1408: 953: 942: 766: 612: 7332: 5960: 5770: 3601:

in 1896 against Spanish rule. After the Philippines was ceded to the United States after the

3208:

Feminized men were also persecuted harshly in the (then recently) Islamized ethnic groups in

2619:), usually depicted as a gigantic serpent or dragon with a looped tail. The movements of the 194: 8011: 7870: 7347: 6528: 6191: 5628: 5559: 5453: 5445: 4921: 4700: 4372: 4009: 3895: 3704: 3618: 3464: 3331: 3320: 3271: 3255: 2797: 2761: 1634: 1576: 1492: 1470: 1391: 1331: 1177: 1029: 791: 762: 708: 5822: 5815:, Transvestism, and Sodomy: Gender, Sexuality and the Sacred in Early Colonial Philippines" 5058: 4694: 2409:

Spiritual illnesses, on the other hand, are believed to be caused by the separation of the

1921:, older shamans can choose apprentices from among the eligible young women of the village. 7839: 7814: 7539: 7372: 7342: 6392: 6365: 6021: 5316: 4661:. C. Brewer and the Institute of Women's Studies, St. Scholastica's College. p. 156. 4177: 4049: 4041: 3985: 3523: 3444: 3383: 3287: 3102: 2971: 1875: 975: 903: 704: 690: 648: 388: 199: 5057:. CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. National Library of the Philippines. Archived from 4612:

Dempwolff, Otto (1934–1938). "Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes".

2959:) during this period were also syncretized with the friars themselves, becoming known as 2929:

prayers and verses became part of the shaman's repertoire of magical chants and spells.

7559: 7549: 7316: 7311: 7301: 6558: 5991: 5458: 5089:

The Man In The Fairy Tale Isle (Colored Version): A true story narrated by Laura Montez

4986: 4389: 4237: 4185: 4135: 4033: 4017: 3835: 3198: 3178: 2852: 2747: 2733: 2652: 1852: 1308: 1272: 914: 868: 852: 724: 658: 586: 487: 392: 98: 5685:. Current Research in Ethnomusicology: Outstanding Dissertations Volume 4. Routledge. 5471: 5113:

Williams, Mark S. (1997). "Causality, Power, and Cultural Traits of the Maguindanao".

4446: 3629:

Concurrent with Papa Isio's rebellion in Negros Occidental against American rule, the

2490: 8026: 7743: 7554: 7534: 7423: 6401: 6349: 6211: 5852: 5765:

Clash of Spirits: The History of Power and Sugar Planter Hegemony on a Visayan Island

5763: 5648: 5563: 5399: 5285: 4590: 4201: 4061: 4025: 3993: 3823: 3593:("Pope Isio"). He was a former member of the Dios Buhawi group. He organized his own 3468: 3409: 3371: 3291: 3247:(resettlement) and move deeper into the island interiors at the instigation of their 3094: 3044: 2811: 2698:

In contrast, in Visayan societies, the most powerful shamans were sorcerers known as

2438:

being captured, attacked, or seduced by another spirit; or simply the refusal of the

2245: 1989: 1587: 1105: 964: 832: 602: 576: 556: 477: 103: 6716:

Myths of the Philippines; Gaverza, J.K., 2014, University of the Philippines Diliman

3108:

Other shamans abandoned the animistic aspects of shamanism and became folk healers (

2839:, witches that use materials from nature and the cursee as a form of curse, and the 2401:. While they do not require a shaman, they are still important, as the death of the 2240: 7915: 7783: 7544: 7529: 7138:

Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Andaman Islands, and Madagascar

7025:

A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War

6726:

Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander; Edward Gaylord Bourne, eds. (1904).

4001: 3878: 3771: 3519: 3306: 3007:

was provided by a Spanish priest named Pedro Chirino (1604). He wrote that a blind

2628: 2422: 2351: 2337: 2099: 2008: 1918: 1898: 1814: 1207: 1088: 1065: 843: 758:

is a suffixed form, and thus believe that Dempwolff's interpretation is incorrect.

747: 668: 632: 522: 412: 317: 171: 6182:

Gaabucayan, Samuel (1971). "The Medicine Men of Agusan in Mindanao, Philippines".

3562:(better known as "Gregorio Dios", and also known as "Hilario Pablo" or "Papa") in 2982:

were stigmatized by the Catholic clergy as "priests of the devil" and labeled as

7023: 6993: 6963: 6807: 6780: 6744: 6641: 6501: 6231: 6115:

Ethnographies of Conservation: Environmentalism and the Distribution of Privilege

6110: 6083: 6054: 6025: 5881: 5680: 5528: 5494: 5372: 5345: 5087: 4730: 4658:

Holy Confrontation: Religion, Gender, and Sexuality in the Philippines, 1521-1685

4656: 3770:

is the term used for transvestite male shamans in most of the Visayas and in the

2828:-like supernatural beings capable of appearing human (or were originally human). 2187:

were male. Lachica (1996) has also hypothesized that the disappearance of female

7910: 7728: 7703: 7564: 7403: 7357: 7306: 7204: 6258: 4549: 3699: 3527: 3488: 2950: 2840: 2836: 2807: 2803: 2785: 2673: 2363: 1941: 384: 88: 5914:"The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature" 4910:"The Tribal Philosophical Thoughts of the Higaunon of Iligan City, Philippines" 3089:. Late-20th-century and 21st-century faith healers also frequently use western 1917:

they were apprenticed to, usually a relative. In some cultures, like among the

7895: 7834: 7678: 7668: 7362: 7265: 4926: 3709: 3674: 3243: 3052: 2983: 2975: 2938: 2918: 2567: 2333: 2278: 2253: 2179: 1419: 743: 526: 472: 461: 457: 432: 78: 6690:

Millare, Florencio D. (1955). "The Tinguians and Their Old Form of Worship".

5434:"The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics" 3641:("those who wear red"), they were led by Faustino Ablen ("Papa Faustino") in 3589:

rebellion in the 19th century was led by Dionisio Magbuelas, better known as

3534:) and would regularly attack Spanish-controlled towns. Emulating the ancient 2860:

were highly respected members of the community, on par with the pre-colonial

2660:

propitious placement of the foundations to avoid the ill luck brought by the

2128:

related to the spiritual realm, such as shamans and religious functionaries.

2075:, once earned, is enduring. They become, in essence, part of the family. The 7824: 7788: 7763: 7723: 7658: 7623: 7524: 7413: 7382: 7367: 7352: 6913:"PEACETALK: Understanding the typology of Filipino Muslim religious leaders" 6503:

Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World

6295: 3664: 3590: 3432: 3421: 3110: 3056: 3040: 2974:

of Philippine animistic cultures, in general, became more subdued under the

2922: 2672:

Some shamans were believed to be able to control the physical world through

2418: 2261: 1984: 551: 453: 373: 166: 146: 63: 6732:. Vol. 38 (1674–1683). The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 114, 218. 5467: 4515:

Looking For The Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in Philippine History

3951: 2294:

of European folklore. These are the most common types of spirits to become

2274: 439: 387:. These shamans specialized in communicating, appeasing, or harnessing the 5632: 5571: 4447:"The Tinguian; Social, Religious, and Economic life of a Philippine tribe" 4409:("herbalist"). These generalist healers were also known by the Spanish as 3645:; and Pablo Bulan ("Papa Pablo"), Antonio Anugar, and Pedro de la Cruz in 2949:

people. These flourished as they were tolerated by the Spanish clergy as "

7758: 7753: 7738: 7698: 7663: 7633: 7628: 7291: 7260: 7167:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

4265: 4153: 4139: 3916: 3480: 3375: 3234: 3209: 2987: 2914: 2872: 2752: 2685: 2677: 2611: 2602: 2555: 1933: 1483: 415:, by which they could contact and interact with the spirits and deities ( 121: 6703: 6596: 6330: 5126: 4894: 3491:

who claimed in 1888 that he was a king sent to save people from another

3039:

Shamans who were assimilated by the church syncretized their roles into

2970:

was lost under Spanish colonization. The role of women and the relative

17: 7798: 7793: 7648: 7643: 7516: 7475: 7470: 7418: 7255: 6559:"Darangen: In Original Maranao Verses, with English Translation, Vo. 5" 6203: 5640: 4704: 3669: 3638: 3440: 3395: 3279: 3238: 3115: 3061: 2992: 2945:-like powers to the idols such as miraculous healing or the ability to 2861: 2832: 2825: 2720: 2579: 2175: 1871: 530: 511: 482: 328: 176: 136: 2425:

literature). This separation happens normally during sleep, where the

685:-derived terms have largely disappeared among lowland Filipinos after 7768: 7733: 7638: 7580: 7387: 7296: 5449: 3936:, literally meaning "those unlike us". (Buenconsejo, 2002; Tan, 2008) 3679: 3543: 3456: 3367: 3342: 3159: 2910: 2820: 2781: 2740: 2681: 2572: 1968: 151: 141: 73: 58: 7126:

Shamanism, Catholicism, and Gender Relations in Colonial Philippines

6806:

Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (September 1, 2006).

6317:

Mercado, Leonardo N. (1991). "Soul and Spirit in Filipino Thought".

6195: 3145:. A direct equivalent of the Christian Filipino "faith healers" and 3031: 2909:

By the late 16th century, Christian symbols and paraphernalia (like

2831:

The negative counterparts of the shamans are collectively called as

5416: 7930: 7890: 7748: 7713: 7708: 7683: 7673: 7613: 7585: 7480: 7465: 4169: 4146: 3960: 3852: 3724: 3646: 3642: 3514: 3472: 3427: 3379: 3374:

was led by a healer named Lagutao. He claimed that an outbreak of

3346: 3315: 3275: 3230: 3082: 3078: 3030: 2955: 2926: 2902: 2897: 2772:

named Mabokelod a Romba which took the form of a giant crocodile.

2692: 2548: 2533: 2522: 2379: 2291: 2282: 2273:

There are two general types of spirits usually interacted with in

2266: 2239: 2094: 2050: 2046: 1983: 1953: 1893: 1432: 770: 742:, in the meaning of "one who escorts a soul to the other world (a 471: 423: 417: 396: 335: 322: 311: 257: 131: 68: 3597:

group from remnants of Elofre's followers and led an uprising in

1412: 7693: 7506: 5918:

Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History

4591:"Baylan : Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology" 3719: 3689: 3455:

leaders in the 19th century. They include Lungao, a healer from

3417: 3296: 2865: 2576: 2195:

since the people were looking for parallels to the male clergy.

2159:, assisted him and led the women in singing what was called the 2067: 861: 340:

A performer depicting a shaman in a recent Babaylan Festival of

126: 7175: 5819:

Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context

3443:

after his surrender to American authorities in 1907. Note his "

1827:

According to Jaime Veneracion, Katalonan incorporates the root

4375:

culture as well as similar "men of prowess" concepts in other

4173: 3946: 3633:

movement in eastern Visayas turned their attention to the new

3613:. However, he picked up armed resistance again in 1899 in the 2485: 2256:. They were intermediaries between the physical world and the 6583:

Saber, Mamitua (1961). "Darangen: The Epic of the Maranaws".

6530:

Darangen: In Original Maranao Verse, with English Translation

6155:"Faith Healing in the Philippines: An Historical Perspective" 6085:

A History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos

5515:, apprentices, to some older babaylan, frequently a relative. 3105:), with little connection to traditional shamanic religions. 2378:

is believed to reside in the pit of the stomach (usually the

6669:"The complementary roles of the Mandirigma and the Babaylan" 4881:

Lambrecht, Godfrey (1960). "Anitu Rites Among the Gaddang".

2590:, while a diviner that prefers to conduct a ritual known as 2462:

Shamans may also perform rituals to heal and strengthen the

693:

where it persisted and acquired the Spanish feminine suffix

40: 7108:

Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippines Culture and Society

7070:. The Visayan Daily Star. November 10, 2009. Archived from 3286:

Tamblot's revolt inspired another rebellion in neighboring

580: 6809:

The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

5496:

Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society

4765:"Naming the PHILIPPINE SHAMAN: Which Term Should You Use?" 4732:

Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society

2601:

Diviners are also able to foretell the future and perform

6782:

Gender Pluralism: Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times

5882:"Precolonial Gender-Crossing and the Babaylan Chronicles" 5290:

International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation

3326:. Bankaw was beheaded, while Pagali and eighty-one other 3214:

Historia de las Islas de Mindanao, Iolo, y sus adyacentes

2390:

represents the person's body and bodily urges; while the

2350:

cultures, animistic Filipinos believed in the concept of

2248:

shaman performing a sacred wake ritual with a death chair

514:

and spelling variants thereof. They are all derived from

5886:

Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM

5838:"Male Homosexuality in the Philippines: a short history" 2788:, and sacred oil concoctions, among many other objects. 2151:

that was "presided" by an "effeminate" priest called an

2027:("guide"), among other terms. Shamans have at least one 1383: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1335: 6743:

United States Philippine Commission, 1900-1916 (1905).

6425:"Witches in Philippines' Siquijor province are old hat" 4451:

Field Museum of Natural History: Anthropological Series

2502: 2474:

among Visayan shamans. It strengthens and empowers the

1901:

shamans (the two women in the foreground) conducting a

1627: 1621: 5679:

Buenconsejo, José S. (2002). Post, Jennifer C. (ed.).

4797:"Walking between heaven and earth: The babaylan today" 3483:, Iloilo in the late 1880s who proclaimed herself the 2446:. While it is not immediately lethal, the loss of the 1463: 7022:

Constantino, Renato; Constantino, Letizia R. (1975).

5315:. National Library of the Philippines. Archived from 4856: 4854: 2559:

in a calendar year, as explained in Mansueto Porras'

6832:

chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/

5025:"Philippine Shamanism and Southeast Asian Parallels" 4870:. The Babaylan Symposium. St. Scholastica's College. 3447:" and the woman's dress worn by the man to his left. 3203:

Chronicas de la Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio

3122:

massage therapy with oils. These modern versions of

2937:) were replaced by Catholic idols and their rituals 1995:

overseeing the ritual sacrifice of a pig during the

1956:

chose the person, rather than the other way around.

1098: 1092: 7939: 7848: 7807: 7604: 7573: 7515: 7494: 7458: 7432: 7396: 7325: 7279: 7248: 7222: 7017: 7015: 6233:

Inculturation of Filipino-Chinese Culture Mentality

4908:Daug & Ashera Dyan T. Neri, Artchil C. (2013). 4699:(M.A.). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. p. 4. 4361:in various Filipino ethnic groups). The concept of 2843:, witches that utilize insects as a form of curse. 2201:can freely marry and have children, including male 544: 538: 7056:. Today Printers and Publishers. pp. 110–118. 5762: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 3715:Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people 3188:Most strongly affected by this religious shift to 2397:Natural illnesses are the result of damage to the 1264: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1021: 1015: 1009: 1003: 997: 991: 985: 979: 560: 3237:. In Spanish-controlled areas (especially in the 2688:Island, where healer-sorcerers are still common. 1940:, strange events or behavior (including climbing 1169: 1163: 6617:Cebuano Sorcery: Malign Magic in the Philippines 6113:. In Anderson, David G.; Berglund, Eeva (eds.). 3945:With strong parallels to human-like beings like 3278:in 1621–1622. It was led by a male shaman named 2802:Sorcerers are also believed to have powers that 2756:epic poem, heroes are born with "twin spirits" ( 957: 521:, meaning "shaman" (probably originally female, 6527:Coronel, Maria Delia; Cali, Hadji Lawa (1986). 6177: 6175: 5592:"The Sulod: A Mountain People in Central Panay" 3955:, as well as diminutive human-like beings like 2061:. The shamans do not command them. People with 1199: 1193: 1187: 1181: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1133: 616: 494:The most common native terms for shamans among 5432:Greenhill, S.J.; Blust, R; Gray, R.D. (2008). 5196:"IP leaders hold tribal ritual to save Mt Apo" 5081: 5079: 3759:, "shaman in ritual transvestite attire"; and 3475:would sink; Clara Tarrosa, an eighty-year-old 3319:. Their rebellion was defeated by the Spanish 3241:), entire villages would defy the policies of 2541:. It is still commonly practiced to this day. 946: 606: 7187: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6032:. Studies in Liturgy. Vol. 77. Peeters. 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5706:Madarang, Rhea Claire E. (January 29, 2013). 5585: 5583: 5581: 5529:"6 Guidelines for Becoming a Filipino Shaman" 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 3366:A religious uprising in 1785 in Ituy (modern 3051:movement in the 17th and 18th centuries, the 2605:rituals. A key mythological creature used in 2374:, which can travel to the spirit world). The 2135:(1668), the Spanish historian and missionary 1831:which in ancient Tagalog meant "forest" (cf. 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1580: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1395: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1039: 1033: 935: 929: 918: 907: 836: 781: 775: 711: 672: 443: 442:rituals. There were also various subtypes of 406: 400: 366: 352: 293: 8: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6495: 6493: 6342: 6340: 6057:. In Gin, Ooi Keat; Tuan, Hoang Anh (eds.). 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 3605:, he was initially made "military chief" of 3542:. He was killed while attacking the town of 2362:, which stays with the living body) and the 2174:investigation of the shamans in the town of 2170:(1685), for example, records that during an 1609: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1121: 1115: 1109: 968: 689:in the Spanish era. Some exceptions include 642: 636: 32: 6759:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6667:Mallari, Perry Gil S. (November 16, 2013). 6381: 6379: 5888:. The University of the Philippines Press. 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5614: 5612: 5229:Philippine Journal of Public Administration 4595:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 4097:(Ilocano, Itawis, Zambal, & Pampango); 3065:movement of the late 19th century, and the 2784:or anting-anting, curse deflectors such as 2003:The shaman's power to communicate with the 1818: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1401: 1081: 1075: 1069: 896: 890: 884: 878: 872: 795: 698: 662: 652: 27:Shamans of ethnic groups in the Philippines 7194: 7180: 7172: 6965:The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook 6292:"Pacete: Exploring the spirit world in us" 6259:"Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: *du" 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5942: 5940: 5907: 5905: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4550:"Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: *ba" 3790:. In the rest of Luzon, they are known as 3300:named Bankaw and his son Pagali who was a 754:have noted that there is no evidence that 596: 590: 570: 300: 286: 31: 7096:Babaylan: Folk Healers in the Philippines 6938:. Panitikan: Philippine Literature Portal 6610: 6608: 6606: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6225: 6223: 6221: 5457: 4925: 4790: 4788: 4786: 3266:The first recorded armed revolt led by a 2466:of a person. These include the ritual of 2133:Historia de las islas e indios de Bisayas 716:, although the meaning has shifted after 626: 7215:including their mythologies and folklore 7132:The Religious System and Culture of Nias 6987: 6985: 6354:. University of the Philippines Visayas. 6026:"Inculturation: An Interpretative Model" 5947:Geremia-Lachica, Maria Milagros (1996). 5731:"Brief encounter with a Manobo babaylan" 5339: 5337: 5138: 5136: 4941:Manipon, Roel Hoang (February 1, 2021). 4914:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4518:. New Day Publishers. pp. 124–127. 3972:Other names for the astral soul include 3755:is from Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian 3566:from 1888. The uprising was formed near 3163:(cutting the hair of the firstborn) and 2887:Persecution, decline, and syncretization 738:("escort", "accompany") with the suffix 6998:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 99–100. 6847:"The Filipina as ritualist and warrior" 6845:Mallari, Perry Gil S. (March 8, 2014). 6646:. University of the Philippines Press. 6449:Tomada, Nathalie M. (October 3, 2010). 6030:Liturgy and Inculturation: Introduction 5769:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 5499:. Ateneo University Press. p. 83. 5374:Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog 4795:Mayuga, Sylvia L. (November 15, 2012). 4616:(Special Publications nos. 15, 17, 19). 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4445:Cole, Fay-Cooper; Gale, Albert (1922). 4432: 3736: 3047:and miracle workers. These include the 2893:Spanish colonization of the Philippines 7140:by Frank M. LeBar and George N. Appell 6752: 6476:. Lopez Group Foundation. p. 65. 6059:Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1350-1800 5527:De Guzman, Daniel (December 4, 2016). 5418:The T'boli: Songs, Stories and Society 5401:The T'boli: Songs, Stories and Society 5145:"Foreign Influences on Muslim Rituals" 5092:. BoD - Books on Demand. p. 404. 4835:Cojuangco, Tingting (March 23, 2008). 4483:Limos, Mario Alvaro (March 18, 2019). 4440: 4438: 4436: 4388:Examples include the festivals of the 3016:. Chirino also mentioned another male 2434:getting lost in the spirit world; the 2102:potters, the person on the right is a 1874:it means ‘a malediction or curse’. In 1358:(mediator, keeper of traditions, also 6294:. SunStar Philippines. Archived from 5949:"Panay's Babaylan: The Male Takeover" 5552:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 5263:"Palaw'an-English-Tagalog Dictionary" 4983:"The Healing Arts of the Philippines" 4614:Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen 3400:The 19th century saw the rise of the 1913:inherited their status from an older 1870:“tarotaro” means ‘to pray’, while in 774:("spirit"), these include terms like 7: 8068:Southeast Asian traditional medicine 8058:Indigenous Philippine folk religions 7211:Indigenous Philippine folk religions 6936:"Philippine Gay Culture: Conclusion" 6934:Garcia, J. Neil C. (June 23, 2014). 6117:. Berghahn Books. pp. 171–188. 5347:Introducing Anthropology of Religion 5284:Mahali, Saidatul Nornis Hj. (2015). 5235:(1 & 2): 155–203. Archived from 4985:. Jade Dragon Online. Archived from 4767:. The Aswang Project. Archived from 2252:The primary role of shamans were as 320:renewing an offering to the spirit ( 248:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines 6423:Haas, Benjamin (October 30, 2011). 6263:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary 4631:. New Day Publishers. p. 148. 4554:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary 4176:" in English sources. They include 3826:, the highest-ranking shaman was a 3558:uprising was led by a shaman named 3118:, and practitioners of traditional 3043:in the Christian context, becoming 2312:Not all shamanic rituals result in 2270:), both malevolent and benevolent. 2155:. His female counterpart, called a 395:. They were almost always women or 8073:Traditional healthcare occupations 6619:. University of California Press. 3077:, they instead claimed to channel 3003:An account of the conversion of a 2966:The previously high status of the 2635:every three months; facing north ( 25: 6729:The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803 6290:Pacete, Ver F. (March 16, 2017). 6257:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. 6053:Aguilar, Filomeno V. Jr. (2015). 5761:Aguilar, Filomeno V. Jr. (1998). 5729:Morales, Ime (January 22, 2013). 5398:Talavera, Maria Jezia P. (2013). 4864:Babaylan: She Dances in Wholeness 4861:Miclat-Cacayan, Agnes N. (2005). 4548:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. 4134:Similar beliefs exist throughout 4121:(Maranao & Maguindanao); and 3864:From paragraph 26 (Brewer 1999): 3097:terminology and practices (like " 731:may have ultimately derived from 7203: 6911:Morales, Yusuf (July 26, 2017). 6061:. Routledge. pp. 250, 251. 5564:10.1097/00005053-199507000-00003 5377:. Lulu Press, Inc. p. 322. 5261:Macdonald, Charles (July 2011). 5220:Ibañez-Nolasco, Liberty (2004). 5194:Cauayan, Editha (May 24, 2016). 3607:La Castellana, Negros Occidental 3225:Resistance against colonial rule 2489: 372:, among many other names), were 269: 6615:Lieban, Richard Warren (1977). 6506:. Verso Books. pp. 96–97. 5708:"In the presence of a Babaylan" 5171:Songs and Gifts at the Frontier 5023:Demetrio, Francisco R. (1973). 4818:Laubach, Frank Charles (1925). 3451:There are numerous examples of 3412:" or "false god", from Spanish 3149:are Islamized shamans known as 2627:was central to a sixteen-point 2609:geomancy in the Visayas is the 2035:that give them magical powers. 516:Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian 7881:Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko 6585:Philippine Sociological Review 5350:. Routledge. pp. 68, 69. 5309:Philippine Ethnography: Badjao 5115:Philippine Sociological Review 5051:Philippine Ethnography: Ivatan 4735:. University of Hawaii Press. 3774:. Other Visayan terms include 3035:Performers depicting babaylans 703:. It also survives among some 411:). They were believed to have 1: 8053:Healthcare in the Philippines 7486:Witchcraft in the Philippines 7128:, 1521-1685 by Carolyn Brewer 6779:Peletz =, Michael G. (2009). 6643:Revisiting Usog, Pasma, Kulam 6474:Iloilo: A Rich and Noble Land 5493:Scott, William Henry (1994). 5169:Buenconsejo, Jose S. (2013). 4729:Scott, William Henry (1994). 4693:Fluckiger, Steven J. (2018). 4627:Scott, William Henry (1988). 3290:in the same time period. The 2978:culture of the Spanish. Most 2049:, but they are more commonly 431:. Their primary role were as 7153:The Threshold of the Pacific 6812:. ANU E Press. p. 338. 6230:Yu, Jose Vidamor B. (2000). 6028:. In Lamberts, Jozef (ed.). 3635:American colonial government 3258:rather than true shamanism. 448:specializing in the arts of 7921:Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang 7134:, Indonesia by Peter Suzuki 7068:"Papa Isio marker unveiled" 5880:Garcia, J. Neil C. (2008). 5836:Garcia, J. Neil C. (2004). 5438:Evolutionary Bioinformatics 5371:Jean-Paul G. Potet (2013). 3216:(1667), the Spanish priest 1864:Malayo-Polynesian languages 746:)". However, the linguists 8094: 8038:Filipino religious leaders 7952:Philippine folk literature 6887:"Dios-Dios in the Visayas" 6400:(9): 37–41. Archived from 5959:(1): 53–60. Archived from 5344:Eller, Jack David (2015). 4981:Apostol, Virgil J. Mayor. 4824:. George H. Doran Company. 4485:"The Fall of the Babaylan" 4365:is comparable to the term 3766:, "sterile" or "asexual". 3393: 2850: 2804:cause harm to other people 2795: 2691:In some cultures like the 2651:) in a given twelve-month 2520: 2331: 2260:, due to their ability to 2233: 2106:in female attire (c. 1922) 1370:(healer against sorcery), 1233:(female shaman, midwife), 253:Shrines and sacred grounds 8048:Feminism and spirituality 8043:Austronesian spirituality 7163:, and Frederic Henry Drew 7144:The Polynesian Wanderings 7054:Negros Occidental History 6992:Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). 6785:. Routledge. p. 84. 6153:Salazar, Zeus A. (2007). 6109:Novellino, Dario (2003). 6082:Francia, Luis H. (2013). 5953:Review of Women's Studies 5590:Jocano, J. Landa (1958). 5173:. Routledge. p. 91. 5143:Loyre, Ghislaine (1998). 4927:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n9p74 4379:cultures. (Aguilar, 1998) 3881:gender, see paragraph 34. 3830:. They are also known as 3637:. Calling themselves the 3572:contribuciones babaylanes 3439:followers in a prison in 3324:Alonso Fajardo de Entenza 3143:Islamic religious leaders 2386:resides in the head. The 525:, or hermaphroditic) or " 326:) of a warrior's shield ( 7326:Epic and folklore heroes 7161:Sir Grafton Elliot Smith 7028:. Monthly Review Press. 6962:Woods, Damon L. (2006). 6640:Tan, Michael L. (2008). 6472:Feleo, Anita B. (2007). 6386:McClenon, James (1985). 5988:intersections.anu.edu.au 5805:Brewer, Carolyn (1999). 5086:Stummer, Martin (2017). 4837:"Women, North and South" 4655:Brewer, Carolyn (2001). 3761:Proto-Central Philippine 3192:were the feminized male 2941:, including attributing 2864:. In the absence of the 2750:society depicted in the 2728:. A notable example was 2163:, in honor of Gugurang. 2137:Francisco Ignacio Alcina 727:has also theorized that 7445:Battle of Dolores River 5912:Kroeber, A. L. (1918). 4943:"When we were babaylan" 3615:Philippine–American War 3311:Miguel López de Legazpi 2631:. It faces a different 1924:A few, however, become 1819: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1628: 1622: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1581: 1464: 1413: 1402: 1396: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1265: 1259: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1200: 1194: 1188: 1182: 1170: 1164: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1099: 1093: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1058: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1022: 1016: 1010: 1004: 998: 992: 986: 980: 969: 958: 947: 936: 930: 919: 908: 897: 891: 885: 879: 873: 837: 796: 782: 776: 712: 699: 673: 663: 653: 643: 637: 627: 617: 607: 597: 591: 571: 561: 545: 539: 444: 401: 353: 342:Bago, Negros Occidental 7967:Kapampangan literature 7957:Philippine epic poetry 6885:Marco, Sophia (2001). 6566:Asian Folklore Studies 6184:Asian Folklore Studies 6088:. The Overlook Press. 5994:on September 9, 2019. 4589:McCoy, Alfred (1982). 3448: 3036: 2564: 2262:influence and interact 2249: 2107: 2007:is derived from their 2000: 1930:near-death experiences 1906: 1884:Luciano P. R. Santiago 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 581: 535:Austronesian languages 533:in other non-Filipino 491: 407: 367: 344: 333: 316:1922: a shaman of the 276:Philippines portal 223:Mythological creatures 45: 8063:Religious occupations 7997:Pangasinan literature 7972:Hiligaynon literature 7947:Philippine literature 7121:Luciano P.R. Santiago 6404:on September 17, 2019 6388:"Island of Sorcerers" 6370:Some Filipino Beliefs 5825:on February 12, 2020. 5633:10.1353/amu.2005.0022 4405:Derived from Spanish 3963:. (Buenconsejo, 2002) 3919:. (Buenconsejo, 2002) 3585:The last significant 3431: 3233:and the interiors of 3034: 2972:gender egalitarianism 2776:Talismans and potions 2552: 2243: 2098: 1987: 1897: 500:Island Southeast Asia 475: 339: 315: 44: 7074:on November 13, 2009 6995:Struggle for Freedom 6557:Miura, Taro (1993). 6500:Davis, Mike (2002). 5963:on February 12, 2020 5862:on December 8, 2019. 5531:. The Aswang Project 5322:on February 15, 2019 5242:on February 10, 2020 5064:on November 23, 2018 4510:Scott, William Henry 4138:. These include the 4101:(northern Ilocano); 3934:"hindi kagaya natin" 3822:. Notably among the 3660:Philippine mythology 3603:Spanish–American War 3526:. He took the name " 2730:Estrella Bangotbanwa 2553:The rotation of the 2286:conducted outdoors. 2236:Philippine mythology 1949:psychological trauma 480:to prepare land for 350:, commonly known as 218:Mythological figures 34:Philippine mythology 7992:Mindanao literature 7926:The Mythology Class 7866:Ang Mahiwagang Baul 7378:Malakas and Maganda 7112:William Henry Scott 7050:Sa-onoy, Modesto P. 6451:"Mystical Siquijor" 6372:. W. Glaisher, Ltd. 6298:on October 18, 2018 5821:(2). Archived from 4341:People with strong 3877:with the neuter or 3611:American government 3341:was an uprising in 3332:burned at the stake 3190:Abrahamic religions 2953:". Nature spirits ( 2881:Abrahamic religions 2655:. The mouth of the 2482:Traditional massage 2115:in the Visayas and 1880:William Henry Scott 389:spirits of the dead 36: 8078:Women and religion 8007:Tagbanwa mythology 8002:Tagalog literature 7987:Ilokano literature 7962:Cebuano literature 7830:Hudhud hi Aliguyon 7606:Mythical creatures 7157:Charles Elliot Fox 6894:Philippine Studies 6849:. The Manila Times 6692:Philippine Studies 6671:. The Manila Times 6319:Philippine Studies 5599:Philippine Studies 5415:Cabalza, Chester. 5152:Philippine Studies 4883:Philippine Studies 4394:Santo Niño de Cebú 3619:old Bilibid Prison 3509:cabeza de barangay 3449: 3183:Maguindanao people 3037: 2633:cardinal direction 2565: 2501:. You can help by 2264:with the spirits ( 2250: 2168:Bolinao Manuscript 2108: 2001: 1907: 733:Proto-Austronesian 492: 385:Philippine islands 345: 334: 46: 8020: 8019: 7982:Ifugao literature 7977:Ibanag literature 7820:Code of Kalantiaw 7591:Code of Kalantiaw 7574:Legendary objects 7495:Spiritual persons 7450:Negros Revolution 7440:Dagohoy Rebellion 7433:Historical events 7409:Francisco Dagohoy 7397:Historical people 7148:William Churchill 6819:978-1-920942-85-4 6453:. PhilStar Global 6429:Los Angeles Times 5982:Brewer, Carolyn. 5924:(Part II): 35–37. 5733:. GMA News Online 5506:978-971-550-135-4 5265:. SIL Philippines 4799:. GMA News Online 4742:978-971-550-135-4 4668:978-971-8605-29-5 3930:"dili ingon nato" 3906:). (Brewer, 1999) 3896:genital piercings 3695:Negros Revolution 3599:Negros Occidental 3576:revolutionary tax 3560:Gregorio Lampinio 3137:Similarly, among 3028:had been broken. 2519: 2518: 2442:to return to the 2417:(referred to as " 2314:spirit possession 2139:records that the 2051:non-human spirits 2023:("guardian"), or 2009:spirit companions 1456:(healer, midwife) 859:(also the female 393:spirits of nature 310: 309: 16:(Redirected from 8085: 8012:Waray literature 7940:Literary sources 7871:Aso ni San Roque 7502:Filipino shamans 7476:Pulajan religion 7348:Daragang Magayon 7235:Creation stories 7208: 7207: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7173: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7019: 7010: 7009: 6989: 6980: 6979: 6959: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6891: 6882: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6776: 6765: 6764: 6758: 6750: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6723: 6717: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6612: 6601: 6600: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6563: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6535: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6497: 6488: 6487: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6383: 6374: 6373: 6366:Starr, Frederick 6362: 6356: 6355: 6344: 6335: 6334: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6287: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6227: 6216: 6215: 6179: 6170: 6169: 6159: 6150: 6129: 6128: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6022:Brazal, Agnes M. 6018: 6005: 6004: 5990:. Archived from 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5944: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5909: 5900: 5899: 5877: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5855:. Archived from 5842: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5802: 5785: 5784: 5768: 5758: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5676: 5653: 5652: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5596: 5587: 5576: 5575: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5474:on June 24, 2020 5470:. Archived from 5461: 5450:10.4137/EBO.S893 5429: 5423: 5422: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5321: 5314: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5241: 5226: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5063: 5056: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5029: 5020: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4989:on July 16, 2015 4978: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4953:on June 11, 2021 4949:. Archived from 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4858: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4792: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4726: 4713: 4712: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4586: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4545: 4530: 4529: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4480: 4463: 4462: 4442: 4422: 4403: 4397: 4386: 4380: 4373:Pacific Islander 4339: 4333: 4166: 4160: 4132: 4126: 4071: 4065: 3970: 3964: 3943: 3937: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3888: 3882: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3705:Tamblot Uprising 3384:Dominican friars 3321:Governor-general 3272:Tamblot uprising 3256:Folk Catholicism 3218:Francisco Combés 3139:Muslim Filipinos 3095:pseudoscientific 2798:Filipino witches 2514: 2511: 2493: 2486: 2047:ancestor spirits 1905:ritual (c. 1922) 1822: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1631: 1625: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1584: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1467: 1416: 1405: 1399: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1185: 1173: 1167: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1125: 1119: 1113: 1102: 1096: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 989: 983: 972: 961: 950: 939: 933: 922: 911: 900: 894: 888: 882: 876: 840: 799: 785: 779: 715: 705:Muslim Filipinos 702: 687:Christianization 676: 666: 656: 646: 640: 630: 620: 610: 600: 594: 584: 574: 564: 548: 542: 476:A ritual of the 447: 410: 404: 370: 356: 348:Filipino shamans 302: 295: 288: 274: 273: 272: 116:Mythical animals 37: 21: 8093: 8092: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8033:Asian shamanism 8023: 8022: 8021: 8016: 7935: 7896:Encantadia Saga 7849:Popular culture 7844: 7815:Biag ni Lam-ang 7803: 7600: 7596:Gintong Salakot 7569: 7511: 7490: 7454: 7428: 7392: 7388:Princess Urduja 7343:Bernardo Carpio 7321: 7275: 7249:Supreme deities 7244: 7218: 7202: 7200: 7119:, 1565-1898 by 7104: 7102:Further reading 7092: 7087: 7077: 7075: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6991: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6961: 6960: 6951: 6941: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6889: 6884: 6883: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6793: 6778: 6777: 6768: 6751: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6711: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6614: 6613: 6604: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6561: 6556: 6555: 6551: 6544: 6533: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6499: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6456: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6385: 6384: 6377: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6346: 6345: 6338: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6289: 6288: 6277: 6267: 6265: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6229: 6228: 6219: 6196:10.2307/1177763 6181: 6180: 6173: 6157: 6152: 6151: 6132: 6125: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6020: 6019: 6008: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5946: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5911: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5879: 5878: 5867: 5859: 5845:IIAS Newsletter 5840: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5804: 5803: 5788: 5781: 5760: 5759: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5678: 5677: 5656: 5618: 5617: 5610: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5579: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5507: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5268: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5147: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5085: 5084: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4980: 4979: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4860: 4859: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4771:on July 6, 2018 4763:Clark, Jordan. 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4728: 4727: 4716: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4669: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4629:A Sagada Reader 4626: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4588: 4587: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4547: 4546: 4533: 4526: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4466: 4444: 4443: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4404: 4400: 4387: 4383: 4340: 4336: 4167: 4163: 4133: 4129: 4072: 4068: 4054:kadengan-dengan 3971: 3967: 3944: 3940: 3927: 3923: 3914: 3910: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3655: 3627: 3524:Negros Oriental 3445:Papal vestments 3398: 3392: 3364: 3339:Tapar rebellion 3288:Carigara, Leyte 3264: 3227: 3103:psychic surgery 2889: 2855: 2849: 2800: 2794: 2778: 2670: 2547: 2525: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2499:needs expansion 2484: 2423:anthropological 2340: 2330: 2238: 2232: 2227: 2093: 2045:spirits can be 1982: 1936:and trembling, 1892: 1825: 1257:( healer, also 1198:(diviner, also 1150:(diviner, also 752:Stephen Trussel 488:swidden farming 470: 376:of the various 306: 270: 268: 263: 262: 243:Tagalog beliefs 238: 228: 227: 213: 205: 204: 200:Bernardo Carpio 190: 189:Mythical heroes 182: 181: 117: 109: 108: 54: 53:Mythical beings 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8091: 8089: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8025: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7906:Juan dela Cruz 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7808:Literary works 7805: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7610: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7560:Mount Pinatubo 7557: 7552: 7550:Mount Makiling 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7521: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7459:Belief systems 7456: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7283: 7281: 7280:Lesser deities 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7150: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7114: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7091: 7090:External links 7088: 7086: 7085: 7059: 7041: 7034: 7011: 7004: 6981: 6974: 6949: 6926: 6903: 6860: 6837: 6825: 6818: 6798: 6791: 6766: 6735: 6718: 6709: 6698:(4): 403–414. 6682: 6659: 6652: 6632: 6625: 6602: 6591:(1/2): 42–46. 6575: 6549: 6542: 6519: 6512: 6489: 6482: 6464: 6441: 6415: 6375: 6357: 6336: 6325:(3): 287–302. 6309: 6275: 6249: 6242: 6217: 6171: 6130: 6123: 6101: 6094: 6074: 6067: 6045: 6038: 6006: 5974: 5936: 5927: 5901: 5894: 5865: 5828: 5786: 5779: 5744: 5721: 5698: 5691: 5654: 5608: 5577: 5558:(7): 435–444. 5542: 5519: 5505: 5485: 5424: 5407: 5390: 5383: 5363: 5356: 5333: 5299: 5276: 5253: 5212: 5186: 5179: 5161: 5132: 5105: 5098: 5075: 5041: 5000: 4964: 4947:Tribune.net.ph 4933: 4900: 4889:(3): 584–602. 4873: 4850: 4827: 4810: 4782: 4755: 4741: 4714: 4685: 4667: 4647: 4637: 4619: 4604: 4566: 4531: 4525:978-9711005245 4524: 4501: 4464: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4398: 4390:Black Nazarene 4381: 4334: 4234:mangngibawanen 4161: 4136:Southeast Asia 4127: 4089:(Pangasinan); 4066: 3965: 3938: 3921: 3908: 3883: 3869: 3857: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3626: 3623: 3568:Mount Balabago 3394:Main article: 3391: 3388: 3363: 3360: 3263: 3260: 3226: 3223: 3199:Real Audiencia 3099:psychic energy 2888: 2885: 2853:Barangay state 2848: 2845: 2796:Main article: 2793: 2790: 2777: 2774: 2739:from southern 2669: 2666: 2594:is known as a 2546: 2543: 2521:Main article: 2517: 2516: 2496: 2494: 2483: 2480: 2346:Like in other 2329: 2326: 2302:(from Spanish 2254:spirit mediums 2234:Main article: 2231: 2230:Spirit mediums 2228: 2226: 2223: 2209:common, while 2123:in Luzon. The 2092: 2091:Sex and gender 2089: 1981: 1978: 1891: 1888: 1824: 1823: 1812: 1656: 1632: 1615: 1585: 1574: 1490: 1481: 1468: 1457: 1417: 1406: 1389: 1329: 1306: 1299:(healer, also 1270: 1266:ebpamangalamat 1222: 1205: 1175: 1157: 1127: 1103: 1086: 1063: 1027: 973: 962: 951: 940: 923: 912: 901: 866: 850: 841: 830: 800: 788: 725:Otto Dempwolff 469: 466: 308: 307: 305: 304: 297: 290: 282: 279: 278: 265: 264: 261: 260: 255: 250: 245: 239: 236:Folk religions 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 225: 220: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 197: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 118: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 106: 101: 99:Maria Makiling 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 55: 52: 51: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8090: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7744:Nuno sa punso 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7540:Mount Kanlaon 7538: 7536: 7535:Mount Banahaw 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7517:Sacred places 7514: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7424:Nardong Putik 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7240:Soul concepts 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7197: 7192: 7190: 7185: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7174: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7060: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7042: 7037: 7035:9780853453949 7031: 7027: 7026: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7005:9789712350450 7001: 6997: 6996: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6975:9781851096756 6971: 6967: 6966: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6937: 6930: 6927: 6914: 6907: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6848: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6829: 6826: 6821: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6802: 6799: 6794: 6792:9781135954895 6788: 6784: 6783: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6748: 6747: 6739: 6736: 6731: 6730: 6722: 6719: 6713: 6710: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6683: 6670: 6663: 6660: 6655: 6653:9789715425704 6649: 6645: 6644: 6636: 6633: 6628: 6626:9780520034204 6622: 6618: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6576: 6572:(2): 319–322. 6571: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6550: 6545: 6543:9789711110338 6539: 6532: 6531: 6523: 6520: 6515: 6513:9781859843826 6509: 6505: 6504: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6485: 6483:9789719390404 6479: 6475: 6468: 6465: 6452: 6445: 6442: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6416: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6353: 6352: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6313: 6310: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6250: 6245: 6243:9788876528484 6239: 6235: 6234: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6162:Asian Studies 6156: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6124:9780857456748 6120: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6102: 6097: 6095:9781468315455 6091: 6087: 6086: 6078: 6075: 6070: 6068:9781317559191 6064: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6046: 6041: 6039:9789068318371 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5975: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5895:9789715425773 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5780:9780824820824 5776: 5772: 5767: 5766: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5732: 5725: 5722: 5709: 5702: 5699: 5694: 5692:9780415941242 5688: 5684: 5683: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5605:(4): 401–436. 5604: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5543: 5530: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5489: 5486: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5425: 5420: 5419: 5411: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5394: 5391: 5386: 5384:9781291457261 5380: 5376: 5375: 5367: 5364: 5359: 5357:9781317579144 5353: 5349: 5348: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5318: 5311: 5310: 5303: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5277: 5264: 5257: 5254: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5213: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5180:9781136719738 5176: 5172: 5165: 5162: 5158:(4): 429–451. 5157: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5106: 5101: 5099:9783744864862 5095: 5091: 5090: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5060: 5053: 5052: 5045: 5042: 5038:(2): 128–154. 5037: 5033: 5032:Asian Studies 5026: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4874: 4866: 4865: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4838: 4831: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4814: 4811: 4798: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4756: 4744: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4638:9789711003302 4634: 4630: 4623: 4620: 4615: 4608: 4605: 4601:(3): 141–194. 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4421:(Marco, 2001) 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4396:(McCoy, 1982) 4395: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4345:are known as 4344: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3580:Guardia Civil 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3469:Camarines Sur 3466: 3465:Nueva Cáceres 3462: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3410:god pretender 3407: 3403: 3397: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3372:Nueva Vizcaya 3369: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3294:was led by a 3293: 3292:Bankaw revolt 3289: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3205:(1738–1744). 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3057:revolutionary 3055:(and usually 3054: 3050: 3046: 3045:faith healers 3042: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2925:objects, and 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2876: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2847:Social status 2846: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2815: 2813: 2812:land grabbers 2809: 2805: 2799: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2693:Manobo people 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2647:), and east ( 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2551: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2513: 2510:December 2018 2504: 2500: 2497:This section 2495: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2382:), while the 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172:Inquisitional 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1980:Spirit guides 1979: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1821: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1793:(herbalist), 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1748:makinaadmanon 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1549:(herbalist), 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1388:(head shaman) 1386: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1260:ebpamanggamut 1255: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1012: 1006: 1000: 994: 988: 982: 977: 974: 971: 966: 963: 960: 955: 952: 949: 944: 941: 938: 932: 927: 924: 921: 916: 913: 910: 905: 902: 899: 893: 887: 881: 875: 870: 867: 865:of the tribe) 864: 863: 858: 854: 851: 849: 845: 842: 839: 834: 831: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 801: 798: 793: 790: 789: 787: 784: 778: 773: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 734: 730: 726: 723:The linguist 721: 719: 714: 710: 706: 701: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 557:Kadazan-Dusun 554: 553: 547: 541: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 489: 485: 484: 479: 478:Iraya Mangyan 474: 467: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 446: 441: 438: 434: 430: 426: 425: 420: 419: 414: 413:spirit guides 409: 403: 398: 397:feminized men 394: 390: 386: 383: 379: 378:ethnic groups 375: 371: 369: 363: 362: 357: 355: 349: 343: 338: 331: 330: 325: 324: 319: 314: 303: 298: 296: 291: 289: 284: 283: 281: 280: 277: 267: 266: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 237: 232: 231: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 209: 208: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 186: 185: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 119: 113: 112: 105: 104:Nuno sa punso 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 50: 49: 43: 39: 38: 35: 30: 19: 7916:Luna Mystika 7784:Tigmamanukan 7545:Mount Lantoy 7530:Mount Arayat 7501: 7166: 7152: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7116: 7107: 7076:. Retrieved 7072:the original 7062: 7053: 7044: 7024: 6994: 6968:. ABC-CLIO. 6964: 6940:. Retrieved 6929: 6917:. Retrieved 6906: 6897: 6893: 6851:. Retrieved 6840: 6828: 6808: 6801: 6781: 6745: 6738: 6728: 6721: 6712: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6673:. Retrieved 6662: 6642: 6635: 6616: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6569: 6565: 6552: 6529: 6522: 6502: 6473: 6467: 6455:. Retrieved 6444: 6432:. Retrieved 6428: 6418: 6406:. Retrieved 6402:the original 6397: 6391: 6369: 6360: 6350: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6300:. Retrieved 6296:the original 6266:. Retrieved 6262: 6252: 6232: 6190:(1): 39–54. 6187: 6183: 6165: 6161: 6114: 6104: 6084: 6077: 6058: 6048: 6029: 5998: 5995: 5992:the original 5987: 5977: 5967:February 12, 5965:. Retrieved 5961:the original 5956: 5952: 5930: 5921: 5917: 5885: 5857:the original 5844: 5831: 5823:the original 5818: 5812: 5808: 5764: 5735:. Retrieved 5724: 5712:. Retrieved 5701: 5681: 5627:(2): 81–95. 5624: 5620: 5602: 5598: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5533:. Retrieved 5522: 5512: 5510: 5495: 5488: 5476:. 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Retrieved 4488: 4454: 4450: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4384: 4377:Austronesian 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4278:dalongdongan 4277: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4222:mangkukusino 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4164: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4037: 4029: 4021: 4013: 4005: 3997: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3950: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3886: 3872: 3865: 3860: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3772:Bicol Region 3767: 3763: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3739: 3630: 3628: 3625:20th century 3594: 3586: 3584: 3571: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3520:Zamboanguita 3513: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3476: 3452: 3450: 3436: 3413: 3408:(literally " 3405: 3401: 3399: 3390:19th century 3378:in northern 3365: 3362:18th century 3354: 3350: 3336: 3327: 3314: 3307:conquistador 3305: 3301: 3295: 3285: 3267: 3265: 3262:17th century 3253: 3248: 3242: 3228: 3213: 3207: 3202: 3193: 3187: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3048: 3038: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2908: 2896: 2890: 2877: 2870: 2857: 2856: 2830: 2819: 2816: 2801: 2779: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2736: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2704:dalongdongan 2703: 2699: 2697: 2690: 2674:incantations 2671: 2661: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2629:compass rose 2624: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2538: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2507: 2503:adding to it 2498: 2475: 2471: 2468:batak dungan 2467: 2463: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2402: 2398: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2352:soul dualism 2348:Austronesian 2345: 2341: 2338:Soul dualism 2322: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2272: 2265: 2258:spirit world 2251: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2167: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2130: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2083: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2015:("friend"), 2012: 2005:spirit world 2002: 1996: 1992: 1974: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1942: 1925: 1923: 1919:Isneg people 1914: 1910: 1908: 1902: 1859: 1828: 1826: 1640:tao d'mangaw 1487: 1478: 1474: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1189:mangindaloan 1026:(apprentice) 860: 856: 847: 844:Balanguingui 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 769: 760: 755: 748:Robert Blust 739: 735: 728: 722: 718:Islamization 694: 682: 603:Old Javanese 550: 523:transvestite 518: 507: 503: 496:Austronesian 493: 481: 436: 429:spirit world 422: 416: 382:pre-colonial 365: 360: 359: 351: 347: 346: 327: 321: 318:Itneg people 172:Tigmamanukan 29: 7911:Luna Blanca 7729:Manananggal 7704:Hantu Demon 7565:Mount Pulag 7555:Mount Mayon 7404:Dios Buhawi 7358:Irong-Irong 6915:. MindaNews 6900:(1): 42–77. 6302:October 18, 5621:Asian Music 5444:: 271–283. 5296:(1): 35–43. 5205:December 4, 4705:10125/62485 4415:saludadores 4411:mediquillos 4242:mangkukulam 4218:mangkukusim 4214:Kapampangan 4194:managinulod 4113:(Ilonggo); 4085:(Kalinga); 3980:(Visayan); 3850:. See also 3551:movements. 3528:Dios Buhawi 3493:great flood 3489:Jaro, Leyte 3485:Virgin Mary 3404:"shamans". 3244:reducciónes 3087:Holy Spirit 3067:espiritista 2976:patriarchal 2951:white magic 2939:syncretized 2862:noble class 2841:mambabarang 2837:mangkukulam 2808:black magic 2792:Black magic 2786:buntot pagi 2531:) known as 2364:astral soul 2059:reciprocity 1805:(diviner), 1599:mangungubat 1567:(diviner), 1564:pangatahoan 1552:manggagamot 1465:magbulungay 1452:(diviner), 1236:pendarpa'an 1225:Maguindanao 1160:Kapampangan 1120:(midwife), 1062:(herbalist) 681:). However 529:". Various 468:Terminology 94:Mangkukulam 89:Manananggal 84:Mambabarang 8027:Categories 7835:Juan Tamad 7679:Dalaketnon 7669:Bungisngis 7363:Juan Tamad 7266:Mangindusa 6168:(2): 1–15. 5847:(35): 13. 4839:. PhilStar 4428:References 4419:curanderos 4407:herbolario 4326:mang-aawug 4322:mang-aawog 4314:manughiwit 4290:mamalarang 4286:mamamarang 4270:dalagangan 4254:may-galing 4250:mangagaway 4246:mancocolam 4226:Pangasinan 4190:managtanem 4105:(Ibanag); 4081:(Ivatan); 4077:(Bontoc); 4038:kiyaraluwa 3834:among the 3710:Two-spirit 3675:Hun and po 3609:under the 3595:babaylanes 3540:dalagangan 3532:babaylanes 3437:babaylanes 3422:charlatans 3177:among the 3071:spiritista 2919:holy water 2915:crucifixes 2851:See also: 2726:rainmaking 2700:dalagangan 2653:lunar year 2643:), south ( 2596:mangluluop 2588:magtatawas 2568:Divination 2545:Divination 2334:Mananambal 2332:See also: 2279:genii loci 2180:Pangasinan 2057:depend on 1938:depression 1890:Initiation 1837:Masbatenyo 1833:Hiligaynon 1808:mananabang 1802:manghihila 1796:manghuhula 1787:(healer), 1781:(healer), 1778:mananambal 1649:(healer), 1646:tao mulung 1558:manghuhula 1555:(healer), 1488:banawangon 1479:tanguiling 1420:Sama-Bajau 1403:pamomolong 1355:manhuhusay 1254:pangagamot 1251:(healer), 1245:(medium), 1239:(medium), 1192:(healer), 1144:(healer), 1138:(medium), 1130:Kankana-ey 1114:(medium), 1094:mandadawak 1059:mangngagas 1056:(medium), 981:mandadawak 954:Hiligaynon 898:paradiwata 744:psychopomp 498:groups in 458:divination 427:) and the 79:Juan Tamad 7825:Hinilawod 7789:Tikbalang 7764:Sarimanok 7724:Kumakatok 7659:Berberoka 7654:Berbalang 7624:Amalanhig 7525:Mount Apo 7414:Papa Isio 7383:Sarimanok 7368:Kalantiaw 7353:Datu Daya 7230:Religions 6755:cite book 6212:153002277 5853:141119860 5710:. Rappler 5649:145375061 5269:April 10, 4330:mang-aaug 4318:mamumuyag 4230:manananem 4182:parakaraw 4140:Cambodian 4109:(Isneg); 4022:ikaruruwa 4010:Kankanaey 3879:third sex 3788:babayenon 3665:Bobohizan 3639:Pulajanes 3631:dios-dios 3621:in 1911. 3591:Papa Isio 3587:dios-dios 3582:by 1890. 3556:dios-dios 3549:dios-dios 3504:dios-dios 3500:dios-dios 3453:dios-dios 3435:with two 3433:Papa Isio 3406:Dios-dios 3402:dios-dios 3349:led by a 3147:albolaryo 3130:, modern 3111:arbularyo 3085:, or the 3062:dios-dios 3053:messianic 3041:mysticism 2988:satanists 2921:) became 2721:dios-dios 2678:talismans 2649:sidlangan 2641:katungdan 2639:), west ( 2419:soul loss 2413:from the 1932:, sudden 1857:Agutaynen 1841:Inabaknon 1811:(midwife) 1742:mamumuhat 1676:babailana 1614:(diviner) 1611:pagalamat 1577:Talaandig 1573:(midwife) 1522:manganito 1516:catalonan 1498:katalonan 1460:Sarangani 1428:wali jinn 1367:manukasey 1284:binulusan 1269:(diviner) 1242:pedtompan 1171:catulunan 1165:katulunan 1141:mansib-ok 1135:manbunong 1126:(diviner) 1111:machanitu 1077:dorarakit 1041:mangoodan 1023:manalisig 970:mambunong 937:balyán-an 892:paraanito 829:(diviner) 803:Aeta/Agta 623:Mongondow 552:bobohizan 454:herbalism 437:pag-anito 368:katalonan 167:Tikbalang 147:Sarimanok 64:Berbalang 7886:Dyesebel 7840:Maragtas 7759:Sarangay 7754:Santelmo 7739:Minokawa 7699:Engkanto 7664:Biringan 7634:Anggitay 7629:Amomongo 7419:Pulajans 7338:Aliguyon 7317:Sinukuan 7312:Makiling 7292:Bakunawa 7271:Kabunian 7261:Kan-Laon 7078:July 10, 7052:(1992). 6704:42719181 6597:43498156 6457:July 15, 6434:July 14, 6408:July 14, 6368:(1930). 6331:42633258 6024:(1996). 5737:July 17, 5714:July 17, 5468:19204825 5127:41853689 4957:June 11, 4895:42719586 4748:July 18, 4675:maganito 4512:(1992). 4494:July 12, 4392:and the 4347:dunganon 4310:sigbinan 4306:paktolan 4294:barangan 4282:busalian 4274:dunganon 4262:hukloban 4258:hukluban 4198:mannamay 4050:Bukidnon 4042:Tagbanwa 4030:karaduwa 4006:ab-abiik 3957:brownies 3917:philtrum 3812:bayoquin 3808:bayoguin 3784:binabaye 3700:Santería 3653:See also 3554:Another 3481:Tigbauan 3477:babaylan 3467:(modern 3461:Libmanan 3376:smallpox 3351:babaylan 3328:babaylan 3302:babaylan 3270:was the 3268:babaylan 3249:babaylan 3235:Mindanao 3210:Mindanao 3132:babaylan 3128:babaylan 3124:babaylan 3116:midwives 3091:esoteric 3022:katalona 3018:katalona 3009:katalona 3005:katalona 2980:babaylan 2968:babaylan 2961:engkanto 2933:images ( 2911:rosaries 2873:kannushi 2858:Babaylan 2753:Darangen 2708:busalian 2686:Siquijor 2662:bakunawa 2657:bakunawa 2645:bagatnan 2625:bakunawa 2621:bakunawa 2612:bakunawa 2607:babaylan 2603:geomancy 2580:crystals 2561:Signosan 2556:Bakunawa 2455:and the 2372:kaluluwa 2300:engkanto 2199:Babaylan 2193:babaylan 2189:babaylan 2185:babaylan 1934:seizures 1926:babaylan 1915:babaylan 1911:babaylan 1868:Tahitian 1866:such as 1849:Palawano 1845:Capisano 1790:siruhano 1760:diwatero 1754:diwatera 1736:catooran 1730:katooran 1670:babailán 1664:babaylan 1655:(healer) 1629:babaylan 1623:bawalyan 1618:Tagbanwa 1593:mangubat 1510:catalona 1504:katalona 1484:Suludnon 1409:Palaw'an 1349:baylanon 1343:baylanen 1302:tambalon 1296:tambajon 1220:mabalian 1153:mankutom 1147:mankotom 1083:anitowan 1071:alopogan 1053:mangalag 999:mon-lapu 943:Higaonon 926:Hanunó'o 904:Bukidnon 880:balyán-a 857:babaiyon 838:mabalian 797:tambalan 777:maganito 707:like in 679:Makassar 613:Balinese 567:Ma'anyan 546:bobolian 540:babalian 537:include 531:cognates 512:cognates 445:babaylan 391:and the 354:babaylan 212:Subjects 122:Bakunawa 18:Babaylan 7799:Wak Wak 7794:Tiyanak 7779:Siyokoy 7709:Higante 7689:Duwende 7649:Batibat 7644:Bal-Bal 7373:Lam-ang 7333:Ama-ron 7256:Bathala 7223:General 6942:July 7, 6919:July 6, 6853:July 6, 6675:July 5, 6268:July 7, 6204:1177763 6002:shaman. 5641:4098517 5572:7623015 5535:July 6, 5478:May 19, 5459:2614200 5200:Rappler 5068:July 6, 4993:July 6, 4843:July 6, 4803:July 6, 4775:July 6, 4679:anitera 4559:July 5, 4489:Esquire 4266:Visayan 4238:Tagalog 4210:manulib 4186:Ilocano 4147:Burmese 4125:(Lumad) 4058:gimokud 4052:), and 4034:Mangyan 4018:Ilocano 4014:karurua 3990:linnawa 3836:Subanen 3816:binabae 3804:bayogin 3564:Antique 3441:Bacolod 3396:Pulahan 3280:Tamblot 3239:Visayas 3179:Maranao 3166:ruqqiya 3151:pandita 3014:hermano 2993:dambana 2984:witches 2947:possess 2833:witches 2826:vampire 2824:, evil 2762:Maranao 2748:Maranao 2737:ma-aram 2734:Karay-a 2682:potions 2668:Sorcery 2637:aminhan 2472:batakan 2457:ginhawa 2444:ginhawa 2415:ginhawa 2403:ginhawa 2399:ginhawa 2388:ginhawa 2376:ginhawa 2360:hininga 2356:ginhawa 2328:Healing 2304:encanto 2292:fairies 2176:Bolinao 2157:baliana 1997:dipdipo 1993:mumbaki 1965:tupadan 1872:Rapanui 1784:himagan 1772:anitero 1766:anitera 1700:baliana 1659:Visayan 1652:m'tonbu 1605:magubat 1540:anitero 1534:anitera 1493:Tagalog 1471:Subanen 1450:kalamat 1438:papagan 1392:Maranao 1326:baliyan 1309:Mandaya 1273:Mamanwa 1201:soli-an 1195:soliran 1183:ma-aram 1178:Karay-a 1123:mamalak 1100:alpogan 1047:manilao 1030:Ilocano 1017:mumbaki 1011:alpogan 1005:tumunoh 993:insupak 920:mailang 915:Gaddang 886:balyana 853:Banwaon 848:duwarta 792:Abaknon 783:anitera 767:Visayan 763:Tagalog 756:*balian 729:*balian 709:Maranao 700:balyana 683:*balian 674:balieng 671:); and 519:*balian 483:kaingin 462:sorcery 450:healing 435:during 433:mediums 380:of the 374:shamans 329:kalasag 195:Ama-ron 177:Tiyanak 162:Siyokoy 137:Limokon 7876:Bagani 7856:Alamat 7774:Sirena 7769:Sigbin 7734:Manaul 7684:Diwata 7639:Aswang 7581:Agimat 7297:Mayari 7287:Amihan 7209: 7032: 7002: 6972: 6816: 6789: 6702: 6650: 6623: 6595: 6540: 6510: 6480: 6329: 6240: 6210: 6202: 6121: 6092: 6065: 6036: 5892: 5851: 5809:Baylan 5777: 5689: 5647: 5639: 5570: 5513:alabay 5503: 5466: 5456: 5381: 5354: 5177: 5125: 5096: 4893: 4739: 4665: 4635: 4522: 4363:dungan 4359:banwar 4355:bagani 4351:bayani 4343:dungan 4302:osikan 4298:usikan 4206:mamkaw 4202:Ivatan 4172:" or " 4152:, and 4087:kemkem 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